KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380

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 KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380
Unit – I
Chapter 1. STATICS OF PARTICLE

1. Define force. State the effects of force.

epiyahf my;yJ rPuhf ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; xU
nghUspd; epiyia khw;wf;$ba my;yJ khw;w Kaw;rpf;ff;
$ba nrayhdJ tpir (force) vdg;gLk;.
Effects of force:
tpirahdJ mJ nray;gLk; jpirapy; xU nghUis
efh;j;Jk; my;yJ efh;j;j KaYk;.
xU nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpirahdJ

2.
mg;nghUis Row;w KaYk;.
What are the characteristics of force?
1) Magnitude
2) Direction

3.
3) Point of application on the body
State the principle of transmissibility of forces.
,e;j jj;Jtj;jpd;gb> “xU nghUspd; xU Gs;spapy;
nray;gLk; xU tpirapid> me;j tpir nray;gLk;
Neh;f;Nfhl;by; (line of action) cs;s kw;nwhU Gs;spapy;
nray;gLkhW khw;wp mikj;jhYk;> me;j tpirapdhy;

4.
cUthFk; ntspg;Gw tpisT khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;”.
Classify the system of forces.
1) Coplanar forces
a) Collinear
b) Concurrent
c) Parallel
d) Non-concurrent, Non-parallel
2) Non-coplanar
a) Concurrent
b) Parallel

5.
c) Non-concurrent, Non-parallel
What are coplanar and non-coplanar forces?
xU mikg;gpy; cs;s tpirfshJ xNu jsj;jpy;
nray;gl;lhy; mit coplanar forces vdg;gLk;.
xU mikg;gpy; cs;s tpirfshdJ ntt;NtW
jsq;fspy; nray;gl;lhy; mit non-coplanar forces
vdg;gLk;.

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 6. Differentiate between collinear and concurrent forces.
KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380

Coplanar collinear : ,e;j mikg;gpy; cs;s midj;J

tpirfSk; xNu jsj;jpYk; xNu Neh;f;Nfhl;bYk;
nray;gLk;.
Coplanar concurrent : ,e;j mikg;gpy; cs;s midj;J
tpirfSk; xNu jsj;jpYk; xNu nghJg;Gs;spapYk;

7. Define resultant of forces.

nray;gLk;.

xU nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; gy;NtW tpirfspd; %yk;

mg;nghUspd; kPJ cUthf;fg;gLk; ntspg;Gw tpisTfs;
khwhj tifapy;> midj;J tpirfSf;Fk; <lhf
nray;glf;$ba xNu tpirahdJ resultant (njhFgad;)
vdg;gLk;. Resultant MdJ equivalent action vdTk;

8. State Parallelogram law of forces.

miof;fg;gLk;.

tpirfspd; ,izfu tpjpapd;gb> “xU Gs;spapy; nray;gLk;

,uz;L tpirfspd; kjpg;G kw;Wk; jpirfis> xU
,izfuj;jpd; mLj;jLj;j gf;fq;fshf vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;>
,izfuj;jpd; %iytpl;lkhdJ ,e;j ,U tpirfSf;fhd

9. Write the equation to find out the magnitude and direction of

njhFgadpd; (resultant) kjpg;G kw;Wk; jpirapidf; Fwpf;Fk;”.

Magnitude of resultant, 𝑅 = √𝑃 2 + 𝑄2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝛼

resultant of two collinear forces.

𝑄 sin 𝛼
Direction of resultant, 𝜃 = tan−1 (
𝑃 + 𝑄 cos 𝛼 )
,q;F, 𝑃 kw;Wk; 𝑄 = ,uz;L Neh;f;Nfhl;L tpirfs;
𝛼 = ,uz;L tpirfSf;F ,ilNaahd Nfhzk;.
10. Write down the relationship in law of sines.
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
,q;F, a, b, kw;Wk; c Mfpait Kf;Nfhz gf;fq;fspd; ePsq;fs;.

11. State the triangular law of forces.

A, B, kw;Wk; C Mfpait mtw;wpd; vjph;f;Nfhzq;fs;.

tpirfspd; Kf;Nfhz tpjpg;gb> “xU Gs;spapy; nray;gLk;

,uz;L tpirfspd; kjpg;G kw;Wk; jpirfis> xU
Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; mLj;jLj;j gf;fq;fshf thpirapy; vLj;Jf;
nfhz;lhy;> Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; %d;whtJ gf;fkhdJ ,e;j ,U
tpirfSf;fhd njhFgadpd; (resultant) kjpg;G kw;Wk;
jpirapid vjph; thpirapy; Fwpf;Fk;”.
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12. State the polygon law of forces.
KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380

tpirfspd; gy;Nfhz tpjpg;gb> “xU jsj;jpd; xNu Gs;spapy;

nray;gLk; gy tpirfspd; kjpg;G kw;Wk; jpirfis> xU
gy;Nfhzj;jpd; jpwe;j gf;fq;fshf thpirapy; vLj;Jf;
nfhz;lhy;> gy;Nfhzj;ij epiwT nra;Ak; gf;fkhdJ ,e;j
tpirfSf;fhd njhFgadpd; (resultant) kjpg;G kw;Wk;

13. Write down the formula to find out the magnitude and direction
jpirapid vjph; thpirapy; Fwpf;Fk;”.

of resultant of several forces.

midj;J tpirfspd; njhFgad;, 𝑅 = √(𝑅𝑥 )2 + (𝑅𝑦 )2
𝑅𝑦
MdJ 𝑋 –mr;Rld; 𝑅 Vw;gLj;Jk; Nfhzk;> tan 𝜃 =
𝑅𝑥
,q;F> 𝑅𝑥 = Σ𝐹𝑥 =𝑋-mr; R jpirapy; m i d j; J tpirf spd; njhFga d;
𝑅𝑦 = Σ𝐹𝑦 = 𝑌 -mr; R jpirapy; m i dj; J tpirf spd; njhFga d;
14. What are external and internal forces?
NrhjidapLk; nghUspd; kPJ gpw nghUl;fspd;
jhf;fj;jpidf; Fwpg;gJ ntspg;Gw tpir (external forces)
MFk;. nrYj;jg;gLk; tpirfs;> xU nghUspd; jd;
vil> jhq;fg;gLk; ,lq;fspy; cUthFk; vjph; tpirfs;
Mfpait ntspg;Gw tpirfspy; mlq;Fk;.
xU nghUspy; Jfs;fis xd;whf ,izj;J
itj;jpUf;Fk; tpir cl;Gw tpir (internal forces) MFk;.
cl;Gw tpirapd; %yk; xU nghUspy; internal stress kw;Wk;

15. Define moment of a force.

strain cUthFk;.

(𝑟) kjpg;G (𝐹 )
xU Gs;spapy; ,Ue;J tpir nray;gLk; Nfhl;bd;
nrq;Fj;Jj; J}uk; kw;Wk; tpirapd;
Mfpatw;wpd; ngUf;Fj; njhifNa> mg;Gs;spiag; nghUj;J

xU Gs;spiag; nghWj;J tpir 𝐹 d; jpUg;Gj;jpwd;>

me;j tpirapd; jpUg;Gj; jpwd; (moment) vdg;gLk;.

𝑀 =𝐹 ×𝑟
16. State Varignon’s theorem.
Varignon Njw;wj;jpd;gb> “VNjDk; xU Gs;spiag; nghWj;J
xU tpirapd; moment MdJ> me;j Gs;spiag; nghWj;J>
gFf;fg;gl;l tpirfSf;fhd momentfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj;
njhiff;Fr; rkk;”.

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17. Define couple. What is arm of the couple?
KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380

vjpnujph; jpirapy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,izahf nray;gLk;

rk kjpg;G nfhz;l ,uz;L tpirfs; xU tpir
,ul;ilia (couple) cUthf;Fk;.
,uz;L tpirfs; nray;gLk; NfhLfSf;F ,ilNa

18. State the necessary conditions for the equilibrium of rigid bodies?
cs;s nrq;Fj;J J}uk; coupled; arm vdg;gLk;.

1) xU nghUspy; nray;gLk; midj;J tpirfSf;fhd

zero MFk;. mjhtJ> 𝚺𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎.

horizontal component kjpg;Gfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj;njhif

2) xU nghUspy; nray;gLk; midj;J tpirfSf;fhd

zero MFk;. mjhtJ> 𝚺𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎.

vertical component kjpg;Gfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj;njhif

3) VNjDk; xU Gs;spapidg; nghWj;J> midj;J

$l;Lj;njhif zero MFk;. mjhtJ> 𝚺𝑴 = 𝟎.

tpirfSf;fhd moment kjpg;Gfspd; Fwpapay;

19. What are space diagram and free body diagram?

xU nghUspd; ,aw;gpay; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; mjd; kPJ
nray;gLk; tpirfs; Mfpatw;iw tpsf;FkhW
tiuag;gLk; glkhdJ space diagram vdg;gLk;.
xU nghUspy; gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J jdpikg;
gLj;jg;gl;l gFjp kw;Wk; mg;gFjpapy; nray;gLk;
tpirfis tpsf;FkhW tiuag;gLk; glkhdJ free-body

20. What is equilibrant?

diagram vdg;gLk;.

gy tpirfs; nfhz;l mikg;gpd; njhFgad; tpirf;F

(resultant force) rkkhf vjph;j; jpirapy; xNu Neh;f;Nfhl;by;

21. State triangular law of equilibrium.

nray;gLk; tpirahdJ equilibrant vdg;gLk;.

rkepiyapd; Kf;Nfhz tpjpg;gb> “xU Jfspd; kPJ

nray;gLk; %d;W tpirfspd; kjpg;G kw;Wk; jpirfis> xU
Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; mLj;jLj;j %d;W gf;fq;fshf thpirapy;

22. State Lami’s theorem.

,izf;f KbAkhdhy;> me;jj; Jfs; rkepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;”.

Nykpapd; Njw;wj;jpd;gb> “xU Gs;spapy; nray;gLk; %d;W

tpirfs; rkepiyapy; ,Uf;Fkhdhy;> xt;nthU tpirAk;
kw;w ,uz;L tpirfSf;F ,ilNaAs;s Nfhzj;jpd; sine
kjpg;Gf;F Neh;tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;”.
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23. State polygon law of equilibrium.
KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380

rkepiyapd; gy;Nfhz tpjpg;gb> “xU JfshdJ mjd; kPJ

nray;gLk; gy tpirfspd; tpisthf rkepiyapy;
,Uf;Fkhdhy;> me;j tpirfspd; kjpg;G kw;Wk; jpirfis
xU gy;Nfhzj;jpd; mLj;jLj;j gf;fq;fshf thpirapy;

24. What is support and support reaction?

Fwpf;f KbAk;”.

gy tpirfs; nray;gLk; xU nghUis jhq;ff;$ba

kw;nwhU nghUs; support vdg;gLk;.
jhq;fg;glf; $ba nghUspd; kPJ jhq;Fk; nghUs;

25. List out the different types of supports.

(support) Vw;gLj;Jk; tpirahdJ support reaction vdg;gLk;.

1) Simple support or knife edge support

2) Roller support
3) Pin joint or hinged support
4) Smooth surface support
5) Fixed or built-in support

Unit – I
Chapter 2. FRICTION

1. Define friction.
,uz;L nghUl;fs; njhl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ> epiyahf
cs;s nghUs;> efh;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghUspd; kPJ xU
tpiria nrYj;jp mJ efh;tij vjph;f;Fk; gz;G friction

2. What is force of friction and limiting force of friction?

vdg;gLk;.

xU jplg;nghUs; epiyahf cs;s kw;nwhU jplg; nghUspd;

kPJ efh;e;J nry;Yk;NghJ> efh;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghUspd;
kPJ> epiyahd nghUspd; %yk; tpir nrYj;jg; gLfpwJ.
,e;j tpirahdJ force of friction vdg;gLfpwJ.
xU nghUs; kw;nwhU nghUspd; kPJ efu Muk;gpf;Fk;
NghJ mg;nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; mjpfgl;r frictional

3. Differentiate between static friction and dynamic friction.

forced; kjpg;G limiting force of friction vdg;gLk;.

,uz;L nghUl;fspd; njhLgug;GfSk; epiyahf

,Uf;Fk;NghJ xU nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; frictional
force MdJ static friction vdg;gLk;.

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 KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380
xU nghUs; efh;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ mg;nghUspd;
kPJ nray;gLk; frictional force MdJ dynamic friction

4. State the laws of static friction.

my;yJ kinetic friction vdg;gLk;.

1) nghUs; efu Kw;gLk; jpirf;F vjph;j;jpirapy; frictional

force nray;gLk;.
2) njhLgug;G epiyahf cs;stiu> mjd; kPJ
nrYj;jg;gLk; tpirf;F rkkhf frictional force ,Uf;Fk;.
3) Frictional force MdJ njhLgug;GfSf;F ,ilNaahd
nrq;Fj;J vjph;tpirfSf;F Neh;tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
4) njhl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghUl;fspd; jd;ikiag;

5. State the laws of dynamic friction.

nghWj;J frictional forced; kjpg;G mikAk;.

1) nghUs; efu Kw;gLk; jpirf;F vjph;j;jpirapy; frictional

force nray;gLk;.
2) Kinetic frictiond; kjpg;G njhLgug;GfSf;F ,ilNaahd
nrq;Fj;J vjph;tpirfSf;F Neh;tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
3) njhl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghUl;fspd; tbtj;ijAk;
gug;gsitAk; nghWj;J limiting frictional force khwhJ.
4) Frictional forced; kjpg;G nghUs; efUk; Ntfj;ijg;

6. Define co-efficient of friction.

nghWj;J khwhJ.

Limiting force of frictionf;Fk;> njhLgug;gpy; nray;gLk;

vdg;gLk;. ,J 𝜇 vd;w FwpaPl;lhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

nrq;Fj;J vjph;tpirf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk; co-efficient of friction

7. Define angle of friction.

Normal reaction (𝑅) kw;Wk; limiting force of friction (𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥)

,ilNa cs;s Nfhzk; angle of friction vdg;gLk;. ,J 𝜙 vd;w

Mfpatw;wpd; njhFg;G tpirf;Fk;> normal reactionf;Fk;

8. Define cone of friction.

FwpaPL %yk; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

reaction (𝑅) nray;gLk; jpirapy; mr;irAk;> angle of friction

,uz;L nghUl;fs; njhLk;Gs;spia cr;rpahfTk;> normal

(𝜙)I miu nrq;Fj;J NfhzkhfTk; nfhz;L tiuag;gLk;

xU Neh;f;Nfhl;L $k;ghdJ cone of friction vdg;gLk;.

2 & 3 Marks – Q & A Page : 7

9. What is angle of repose?
KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380

xU rha;thd jsj;jpd; kPJ cs;s xU nghUs;> efuhky;

frictiond; cjtpahy; kl;Lk; rkepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; tifapy;>
me;j rha;thd jsj;jpd; mjpfgl;r rha;Tf; Nfhzk; angle of
repose vdg;gLk;.

Unit – II
Chapter 3. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS

1. Define elasticity and plasticity.

nghUspd; tbt khw;wj;jpw;F gpwF> nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpir
ePf;fg;gl;lTld; kPz;Lk; gioa epiyia milAk;
nghUspd; gz;G elasticity vdg;gLk;.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpir ePf;fg;gl;l gpd;Gk;> me;j
tpirapdhy; xU nghUs; gpsTglhky;> Vw;gl;l cUt
khw;wj;ij jf;f itj;Jg; nfhs;Sk; nghUspd; gz;G

2.
plasticity vdg;gLk;.
Differentiate between ductility and malleability.
,Otpir nfhLf;fg;gLk;NghJ xU nghUs; cilahky;
nky;ypa fk;gpahf ePSk; jd;ik mg;nghUspd; ductility
vdg;gLk;.
rhjhuz epiyapNyh my;yJ ntg;gg;gLj;jpa gpd;Ngh>
xU nghUspd; kPJ tpir nrYj;jg;gLk;NghJ> mJ
cilahky; nky;ypa jfLfshf jl;ilahFk; gz;G

3.
mg;nghUspd; malleability vdg;gLk;.
Give examples of materials having ductility and malleability.
Mild steel, copper, aluminium, zinc, gold kw;Wk; platinum
Mfpait mjpf ductility nfhz;l rpy nghUl;fs; MFk;.
Mild steel, wrought iron, copper kw;Wk; aluminium Mfpait

4.
mjpf melleablity nfhz;l rpy nghUl;fs; MFk;.
What is machinability? Give its advantages.
ntt;NtW cw;gj;jp nray; Kiwfspd; NghJ
ntl;Lf;fUtpfisf; nfhz;L xU nghUspy; ,Ue;J
cNyhfj;ij vspjhf ngah;j;njLf;f ,zq;Fk; jd;ik
mg;nghUspd; machinability vdg;gLk;.

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 KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380
ed;ikfs; :
1) cNyhfj;ijg; ngah;j;njLf;Fk; tPjk; mjpfkhFk;.
2) ntl;Lf; fUtpapd; tho;ehs; mjpfkhFk;.
3) Fiwe;j power nrythFk;.

5.
4) ey;y surface finish fpilf;Fk;.
Define castability and weldability of a material.
ntt;NtW msT kw;Wk; tbtq;fspy; vspjhf cUf;fp
thh;j;njLf;f ,zq;Fk; jd;ik xU nghUspd; castability
vdg;gLk;.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l nghUSld; vspjhf weld nra;J>
Njitahd Nehf;fj;ij jpUg;jpfukhf epiwNtw;Wk;

6.
jd;ik xU nghUspd; weldability vdg;gLk;.
Differentiate between strength and toughness.
Gwtpir my;yJ gStpd; %yk; Vw;gLk; tpisTfis>
cile;J tplhky; jhq;Fk; my;yJ vjph;f;Fk; jd;ik xU
nghUspd; strength vdg;gLk;.
Shock load my;yJ mbj;jy; %yk; ntspg;gLk; Mw;wiy
fpufpj;J> xU nghUs; cile;J tpLtijAk; tphpry;
Vw;gLtijAk; vjph;f;Fk; jd;ik mg;nghUspd; toughness

7.
vdg;gLk;.
What is stiffness or rigidity? Give its importance.
nfhLf;fg;gLk; Gw tpirapd; %yk; Vw;gLk; cUt
khw;wk; kw;Wk; tisjiy vjph;f;Fk; jd;ik xU
nghUspd; stiffness my;yJ rigidity vdg;gLk;.
Beam, shaft kw;Wk; spring Nghd;wtw;iw tbtikf;Fk;

8.
NghJ ,e;j gz;G Kf;fpakhdJ MFk;.
Define brittleness. List out the high brittle materials.
Gwtpir nfhLf;fg;gLk; NghJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f cUt
khw;wk; vJTk; Vw;glhky; jpBnud cile;J tpLk;
jd;ik xU nghUspd; brittleness vdg;gLk;.
Cast iron, concrete, glass kw;Wk; stone Mfpait mjpf

9.
brittleness nfhz;l rpy nghUl;fs; MFk;.
Define hardness. What is its importance?
xU nghUspd; Nkw;gug;gpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; rpuha;g;G>
fPwy; kw;Wk; Ruz;Ljy; Mfpatw;iw vjph;f;Fk; jd;ik
mg;nghUspd; hardness vdg;gLk;.

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 KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380
njhlh;e;J Nja;khdj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk; gear, cam,
chain sprocket Nghd;w ,ae;jpu ghfq;fis
tbtikf;Fk;NghJ hardness kpf Kf;fpa gq;F

10.
tfpf;fpwJ.
What is meant by fatigue and creep in materials?
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gy Kiw khwpLk; tpirf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gl;L xU nghUs; nraypoe;jhy;> me;j
jd;ikia fatigue vd;fpNwhk;.
xU khwhj stress, xU nghUspd; kPJ ePz;l ehl;fs;
nrYj;jg;gLk; NghJ> mg;nghUs; njhlh;e;J
nkJthfTk; rPuhfTk; cUtkhw;wk; miltjw;F creep

11.
vd;W ngah;.
Differentiate between repeated loading and cycling loading.
xU nghUspd; kPJ ,OtpirNah my;yJ mOj;j
tpirNah xNu mstpy; jpUk;g jpUk;g nray;gl;;lhy;>
mj;jifa loading tif repated loading vdg;gLk;.
xU nghUspd; kPJ ,Otpir my;yJ mOj;j tpir khwp
khwpAk; NkYk; stressd; kjpg;G mjpfgl;rj; jpypUe;J
Fiwe;j gl;rj;jpw;Fk; Fiwe;j gl;rj;jpypUe;J mjpf
gl;rj;jpw;Fk; khwp khwp nrYj;jg;gLkhdhy; mj;jifa

12.
loading tif cyclic loading vdg;gLk;.
Define fatigue strength and endurance limit.
Fatigue %yk; xU nghUis nraypof;fr; nra;Ak; mjpf
gl;r stressd; msT fatigue strength vdg;gLk;.
xU nghUs; fatigue %yk; nraypoe;J tplhky;> mjd; kPJ
jpUk;g jpUk;g fzf;fw;w jlit nrYj;jf; $ba
mjpfgl;r stressd; msT endurance limit my;yJ fatigue

13.
limit vdg;gLk;.
Differentiate between mechanical creep and temperature creep.
xU nghUspy; nkJthfTk; rPuhfTk; njhlh;e;J Vw;gLk;
cUtkhw;wk; mjd; kPJ elastic vy;iyf;Fs;
nrYj;jg;gLk; khwhj tpirapdhy; kl;LNk epfo;e;jhy;
mJ mechanical creep vdg;gLk;.
xU nghUspy; nkJthfTk; rPuhfTk; njhlh;e;J Vw;gLk;
cUtkhw;wk; ntg;gepiy NtWghl;lhy; mjhtJ
nghUspd; ntg;g tphptpdhy; kl;LNk epfo;e;jhy; mJ
temperature creep vdg;gLk;.

2 & 3 Marks – Q & A Page : 10

14.
KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380
Give any four ferrous materials and its uses.
Mild Steel : Girderfs;> jl;Lfs;> nut kw;Wk; boltfs;>
nghJthd gad;ghLfs;.
High Speed Steel : Lathefspy; gad;gLk; cutting toolfs;.
Stainless Steel : rkayiwg; ghj;jpuq;fs;> Foha;fs;>
ntl;Lf; fUtpfs;> tpkhd ghfq;fs;.
Cast Iron : Cylinder block, vice, ,ae;jpu ghfq;fs;> brake

15.
drum, gear wheel, kw;Wk; plumbing rhkhd;fs;.
List any four non-ferrous metals and their uses.
Aluminium : Mfha tpkhd ghfq;fs;> glFfs;> [d;dy;
rl;lq;fs;> piston kw;Wk; crankfs;.
Copper : kpd;rhu wirefs;, cablefs;, Nkw;$iufs;.
Brass : Castingfs;, Mguzq;fs;> valvefs;, forgingfs;.

16.
Lead : Paintfs; kw;Wk; Nkw;$iufs;.
List any four alloying elements and their major effects.
1) Aluminium (Al)
• Toughness mjpfhpf;Fk;, deoxidizerMf nray;gLk;.
2) Chromium (Cr)
• Hardenability mjpfhpf;Fk;.
• OxidationI vjph;f;Fk; jd;ikia mjpfhpf;Fk;.
• Nja;khd vjph;g;Gj; jd;ik mjpfhpf;Fk;.
3) Copper (Cu)
• JUg;gpbj;jiy vjph;f;Fk; jd;ik mjpfhpf;Fk;.
4) Manganese (Mn)
• Hardenability mjpfhpf;Fk;.
• Machinability mjpfhpf;Fk;.
• Strength mjpfhpf;Fk;.
• Ductility FiwAk;.

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 KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380
Unit – II
Chapter 4. SIMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS

1. Define stress and strain.

xU ntl;Lg; gFjpapd; stress vd;gJ mg;gFjpapy;
J}z;lg;gLk; cs; vjph;g;G tpir my;yJ mg;gFjpapy;
nray;gLk; gStpw;Fk;> me;j ntl;Lg; gFjpapd; FWf;F
ntl;Lg; gug;gstpw;Fk; cs;s tpfpjkhFk;.
Stress, 𝑓 =
Internal resistance Load
=
Area of cross section Area
nfhLf;fg;gLk; tpirapd; %yk; xU nghUspd; mstpy;
Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpw;Fk;> mjd; Muk;g mstpw;Fk; cs;s
tpfpjk; strain vdg;gLk;.
Strain, 𝑒 =
Change in dimension

2. Name the types of stresses.

Original dimension

1) Tensile stress 2) Compressive stress 3) Shear stress

3. Differentiate between tensile stress and compressive stress.

4) Bending stress 5) Torsional stress

Tensile loadd; tpisthf ePsk; mjpfhpg;Gf;F vjpuhf

nghUs; fhz;gpf;Fk; cs; vjph;g;G tensile stress vdg;gLk;.
Compressive loadd; tpisthf ePsk; Fiwtjw;F vjpuhf
nghUs; fhz;gpf;Fk; cs; vjph;g;G compressive stress

4. What is shear stress and bending stress?

vdg;gLk;.

Shear force %yk; cUthFk; stress MdJ shear stress

vdg;gLk;.
xU beam kPJ Gw tpirfs; nray;gLk;NghJ> beam
tistjw;F vjpuhf J}z;lg;gLk; internal stress MdJ

5. Define torsional stress.

bending stress vdg;gLk;.

xU ,ae;jpu ghfj;jpd; kPJ ,uz;L rkkhd kw;Wk; vjpnujph;

couplefs; ,izahd jsq;fspy; nray;gl;lhy;> me;j ghfk;
torsiony; cs;sJ vdyhk;. ,e;j torsion %yk; J}z;lg;gLk;

6. What is proportional limit and elastic limit?

stress MdJ torsional shear stress vdg;gLk;.

Proportional limit vd;gJ stress kw;Wk; strain MdJ

xd;Wf;nfhd;W Neh; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; mjpfgl;r stress
kjpg;igf; Fwpf;Fk; vy;iy MFk;.
2 & 3 Marks – Q & A Page : 12
 KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380
nfhLf;fg;gLk; tpir ePf;fg;gl;lTld; xU nghUs; jdJ
gioa tbtk; kw;Wk; msTfisj; jpUk;g ngWk; mjpf

7.
gl;r stress kjpg;igf; Fwpf;Fk; vy;iy elastic limit MFk;.
Define : Yield stress, Ultimate stress and Breaking stress.
nfhLf;fg;gLk; tpir khwhj epiyapy; xU nghUs;
njhlh;e;J cUt khw;wk; mila Muk;gpf;Fk; epiyapy;
cs;s stressd; kjpg;G yield stress vdg;gLk;.
Plastic rangey; J}z;lg;glf; $ba mjpfgl;r stressd; kjpg;G
ultimate stress MFk;.
Specimen cile;J tplf;$ba ,e;j stressd; kjpg;G breaking

8.
stress vdg;gLfpwJ.
Sate Hooke’s law.
`_f; tpjpapd;gb> elastic vy;iyf;Fs; stress MdJ

mjhtJ stress ∝ strain

strainf;F Neh;tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

Stress
my;yJ = xU khwpyp

9.
Strain
Define Young’s modulus. Give its importance.
,Otpir my;yJ mOj;j tpir nray;gLk;NghJ> stress
kw;Wk; strainf;F ,ilNaAs;s tpfpjk; Young’s modulus
vdg;gLk;.
Young’s modulus MdJ nghUl;fspd; stiffnessIf; Fwpf;Fk;
mstPL MFk;. mjpf Young’s modulus nfhz;l nghUshy;
nra;ag;gl;l xU ghfkhdJ mjpf stiffness cilajhf

10.
,Uf;Fk;.
Define working stress.
rhjhuz gad;ghl;L epiyapy; xU ,ae;jpu ghfk; my;yJ
mikg;gpw;F nfhLf;fg;glf;$ba mjpfgl;r stressd; kjpg;G

11.
working stress vdg;gLk;.
Distinguish between factor of safety and load factor.
Ultimate stress kw;Wk; working stressf;F ,ilNaAs;s
tpfpjk; factor of safety vdg;gLk;.
Ultimate stress
Factor of safety =
Working stress
Ultimate load kw;Wk; working loadf;F ,ilNaAs;s tpfpjk;
load factor vdg;gLk;.
Ultimate load
Load factor =
Working load

2 & 3 Marks – Q & A Page : 13

12. Write down the formula for change in length due to tensile load.
KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380

𝑊 𝑙
Change in length, 𝛿𝑙 =
𝐴𝐸
,q;F, 𝑊 = Load, 𝑙= Length , 𝐴=Area, 𝐸 = Young’s modulus
13. Define modulus of rigidity.
Elastic vy;iyf;Fs;> shear stressf;Fk; shear strainf;Fk; cs;s
tpfpjk; rigidity modulus my;yJ shear modulus vdg;gLk;.
Modulus of rigidity, 𝐶 =
Shear stress

14. Distinguish between linear strain and lateral strain

Shear strain

ePsj;jpy; cUthFk; khw;wj;jpw;Fk; mjd; Muk;g

ePsj;jpw;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk; linear strain my;yJ longitudinal
strain vdg;gLk;.
xU nghUspd; gf;fthl;L msTfspy; cUthFk;
khw;wj;jpw;Fk; mjd; Muk;g mstpw;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk;

15. Define Poisson’s ratio.

lateral strain MFk;.

Elastic vy;iyf;Fs;> lateral strainf;Fk; mjw;Nfw;w longitudinal

strainf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk; Poisson’s ratio MFk;.

𝒎
1 Lateral strain
Poisson’s ratio, =
16. Define volumetric strain and Bulk modulus.
Longitudinal strain

fd mstpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpw;Fk; mjd; Muk;g fd

𝛿𝑉
mstpw;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk; volumetric strain vdg;gLk;.

Volumetric strain, 𝑒𝑣 =
𝑉
Change in volume
=
Original volume
xU nghUs;> xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd kw;Wk; rkkhd
%d;W tpirfSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ> mg;nghUspy;
J}z;lg;gLk; Neubahd stressf;Fk;> mjw;Nfw;w volumetric

𝑓
strainf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk; bulk modulus vdg;gLk;.

Bulk modulus, 𝐾 =
𝑒𝑣
Direct stress
=

17. Write down the formula for change in volume of rectangular bar.
Volumetric strain

2
Change in volume, 𝛿𝑉 = 𝑒 (1 − ) 𝑉
𝑚
,q;F, 𝑒=strain, 1/𝑚 = Poission’s ration, 𝑉 =Original volume
18. Write down the relationship between the elastic constants.
9𝐾𝐶
𝐸=
3𝐾 + 𝐶
,q;F, 𝐸 = Young’s modulus, 𝐾 =Bulk modulus, 𝐶 = Rigidity modulus
2 & 3 Marks – Q & A Page : 14
19. Define composite bar.
KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380

,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ntt;NtW nghUl;fs;

xd;whf ,izf;fg;gl;L> mjd; kPJ ,Otpir my;yJ
mOj;J tpir nray;gLk;NghJ nkhj;j nghUSk; xNu
mstpy; ePsNth my;yJ RUq;fNth nra;Ak; tifapy; cs;s

20. What are the characteristics of composite bar?

mikg;G composite bar vdg;gLk;.

xt;nthU bark; ePs;tNjh my;yJ RUq;FtNjh rkkhf

,Ug;gjhy;> mjpy; cUthFk; straind; kjpg;Gk; rkkhfNt
,Uf;Fk;.
Composite bard; kPJ nrYj;jg;gLk; nkhj;j gStpd; kjpg;G>
xt;nthU nghUSk; gfph;e;J nfhs;Sk; gStpd;

21. Define temperature stress and strain.

$LjYf;Fr; rkk;.

ntg;gepiy NtWghl;bdhy; xU nghUspy; J}z;lg;gLk; stress

MdJ temperature stress my;yJ thermal stress vdg;gLk;. mjw;Nfw;w

22. Write down the formula for temperature stress.

strain MdJ temperature strain my;yJ thermal strain vdg;gLk;.

𝜆
Temperture 𝑠tress, 𝑓 = (𝛼𝑇 − ) 𝐸
𝑙
,q;F, 𝛼 = coefficient of linear expansion,
𝑇 = Change in temperature, 𝜆 =Yielding in the support
𝑙 = Length of the bar, 𝐸 = Young’s modulus
23. Define strain energy or resilience.
nghUspy; cUthFk; strain fhuzkhf Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk;

24. Define proof resilience and modulus or resilience.

Mw;wy; strain energy my;yJ resilience vdg;gLk;.

epue;jukhd cUtkhw;wk; Vw;glhky; xU nghUspy;

Nrkpj;J itf;ff; $ba mjpfgl;r strain energyd; kjpg;G

𝑓2
proof resilience MFk;.

Proof resilience = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ×

2𝐸
XuyF fd mstpy; Nrkpj;J itf;ff; $ba mjpfgl;r

𝑓2
strain energyd; kjpg;G modulus of resilience MFk;.

Modulus of resilience = 𝑚𝑎𝑥

2𝐸
25. What is the instantaneous stress produced in gradually applied

𝑃
For gradually applied load, 𝑓 =
load and suddenly applied load?

𝐴
𝑃
For suddenly applied load, 𝑓 = 2 ×
𝐴

2 & 3 Marks – Q & A Page : 15

26. Write down the expression for the stress induced due to impact load.
KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380

𝑃 𝑃 2 2𝐸𝑃ℎ
Stress, 𝑓 = + √( 2 +
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴𝑙 )

Unit – III
Chapter 5. GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES
OF SECTIONS

1. Define centre of gravity and centroid.

xU nghUspd; vil KOtJk; nray;gLtjhff;
fUjg;gLk; xU Gs;spia mg;nghUspd; Gtp <h;g;G ikak;
(centre of gravity) vd;fpNwhk;.
xU rkjsg; gug;gpd; gug;gsT KOtJk; nray;gLtjhff;

2. Write down the formula for centroid of a section.

fUjg;gLk; xU Gs;spia mg;gug;gpd; centroid vd;fpNwhk;.

𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑎3 𝑥3 + ⋯ 𝑎1 𝑦1 + 𝑎2 𝑦2 + 𝑎3 𝑦3 + ⋯
𝑋̅ = , 𝑌̅ =
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯
3. What is centroidal axis and axis of reference?
rkjs tbt gug;gpd; centroid topahfr; nry;Yk; NfhL
centroidal axis vdg;gLk;.
Centroid Gs;spapd; mr;Rj; J}uq;fisf; fzf;fpLtjw;F
mbg;gilahf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk; NfhL reference axis

4. Define axis of symmetry.

my;yJ axis of reference vdg;gLk;.

xU rkjs tbtj;jpid ,uz;L rkkhd ghfq;fshf gphpf;Fk;

NfhlhdJ axis of symmetry vdg;gLk;. xU tbtj;jpd; centroid

5. Define moment of inertia.

MdJ mjd; axis of symmetryd; kPJ mikAk;.

VNjDk; xU mr;irg; nghWj;J> xU rkjs tbtj;jpd;

moment of inertia vd;gJ me;j tbtj;jpd; gug;gsT kw;Wk;
mr;rpypUe;J me;j tbtk; cs;s J}uj;jpd; th;f;fk;

Moment of inertia, 𝐼 = Σ𝑎. 𝑟2

Mfpatw;wpd; ngUf;Fj; njhiff;Fr; rkkhFk;.

6. State parallel axis theorem.

,iz mr;Rj; Njw;wj;jpd;gb> 𝐼𝐺 vd;gJ xU rkjs tbtj;jpd;
centroid topahfr; nry;Yk; mr;irg; nghWj;J me;j tbtj;jpd;
2 & 3 Marks – Q & A Page : 16
 KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380

,izahf centroidypUe;J ℎ J}uj;jpy; cs;s 𝐴𝐵 vd;w VNjDk;

moment of inertia vd vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> ,e;j mr;Rf;F

𝐼𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼𝐺 + 𝐴ℎ2
xU mr;irg; nghWj;J me;j tbtj;jpd; moment of inertia kjpg;G>

7. State perpendicular axis theorem.

nrq;Fj;J mr;Rj; Njw;wj;jpd;gb> 𝐼𝑥𝑥 kw;Wk; 𝐼𝑦𝑦 Mfpit
KiwNa 𝑂 vd;w Gs;spapy; re;jpf;Fk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
nrq;Fj;jhd ,uz;L mr;Rfisg; nghWj;J xU rkjs
tbtj;jpd; moment of inertia vd;W vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> rkjs
Gs;spapd; topahfTk; X–X kw;Wk; Y–Y mr;Rfs; ntl;Lk;

moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦𝑦

Gs;spapd; topahfTk; nry;Yk; Z – Z vd;w mr;irg; nghWj;j

8. What is the moment of inertia of rectangular section about X-X

𝑏𝑑 3 𝑑𝑏3
and Y-Y axis.

𝐼𝑥𝑥 = ; 𝐼𝑦𝑦 =
12 12
,q;F, 𝑏= width, 𝑑 = depth of rectangular section.
9. What is moment of inertia of circular section about X-X axis?
𝜋𝑑 4
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐼𝑦𝑦 =
64
,q;F, 𝑑= diameter of the circular section
10. State the moment of inertial of a triangle about its base.
𝑏ℎ3
∴ 𝐼𝐵𝐶 =
12
,q;F, 𝑏= base side, ℎ= height of triangle
11. Define polar moment of inertia.
xU rkjsg; gug;gpw;F nrq;Fj;jhfr; nry;Yk; centroidal
mr;irg; nghWj;j moment of inertia MdJ me;j gug;gpd; polar

𝐼𝑃 my;yJ 𝐽 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦𝑦

moemnt of inertia vdg;gLk;.

12. Define radius of gyration.

xU reference mr;rpypUe;J> xU rkjs tbtj;jpd; nkhj;j
gug;gsTk; nray;gLtjhff; fUjg;gLk; J}uj;ij radius of

𝐼
gyration vd;fpNwhk;.

Radius of gyration, 𝐾 = √
𝐴
,q;F, 𝐼 = Moment of Inertia ; 𝐴 =Total Area

2 & 3 Marks – Q & A Page : 17

13. What is section modulus?
KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380

Centroidal mr;irg; nghWj;J xU rkjs tbtj;jpd; moment

of inertia kjpg;Gf;Fk;> centroidal mr;rpypUe;J rkjs tbtj;jpd;
mjpfgl;r vy;iy cs;s J}uj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd tpfpjk;
section modulus my;yJ modulus of section vdg;gLk;. ,J Z vd;w
vOj;jhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

∴𝒁 =
Moment of inertia about centroidal axis

14. Write down the section modulus for rectangle and circular section.
Distance of extreme surface from centroidal axis

Section modulus of rectangle, 𝑍 = 𝑏𝑑

2

6
Section modulus of circle, 𝑍 = 𝜋𝑑 3

32

Unit – III
Chapter 6. THIN CYLINDERS AND
THIN SPHERICAL SHEELS

1. Distinguish between thin and thick cylinders.

Thin cylindrical shell Thick cylindrical shell
1) Thin cylindrical shelld; jbkdhdJ Thick cylindrical shelld;
mjd; tpl;l mstpd; 1/10 Kjy; jbkdhdJ mjd; tpl;l
1/15 klq;Ff;Ff; Fiwthf mstpd; 1/10 klq;Ff;F
,Uf;Fk;. mjpfkhf ,Uf;;Fk;.
2) Normal stress MdJ Rtw;wpd; Normal stress MdJ
jbkd; KOtJk; xNu rPuhf Rtw;wpd; jbkd; KOtJk;
gutp ,Ug;gjhf fUjg; xNu rPuhf gutp
gLfpwJ ,Uf;fhJ.
3) Longitudinal stress xNu rPuhf Longitudinal stress xNu
gutp ,Uf;Fk;. rPuhf gutp ,Uf;fhJ.
4) J}z;lg;gLk; radial stress kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT
Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; mJ radial stress J}z;lg;

2.
epuhfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. gLfpwJ.
State the nature of stresses induced in thin cylindrical shells.
1) Circumferential stress or hoop stress 2) Longitudinal stress

2 & 3 Marks – Q & A Page : 18

3.
KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380
Write down the formula for hoop stress and longitudinal stress in

𝑝𝑑 𝑝𝑑
thin cylindrical shell.

Hoop stress, 𝑓1 = ; Longitudinal stress, 𝑓2 =

2𝑡 4𝑡
,q;F, 𝑝 = internal pressure, 𝑑= diameter of the shell,
𝑡 = thickness of the shell
4.
𝑝𝑑
What is the maximum shear stress in thin cylindrical shells?
Maximum shear stress, 𝑓𝑠 =
8𝑡
5. Write down the formula for change in diameter and change in

𝑓 1
Change in diameter, 𝛿𝑑 = 𝑒1 × 𝑑 = 1 (1 − ) × 𝑑
length in thin cylindrical shells.

𝐸 2𝑚
𝑓1 2
Change in volume, 𝛿𝑉 = 2.5 − ) 𝑉
𝐸( 𝑚
6. Write down the expression for the stress induced in thin spherical

𝑝𝑑
shells.

Stress, 𝑓 =
4𝑡𝜂
,q;F, 𝑝 = internal pressure, 𝑑= diameter,
𝑡 = thickness, 𝜂 = efficiency of riveted joint
7. Write down the expression for change in volume of thin spherical

𝜋𝑝𝑑 4 1
shell.

Change in volume, 𝛿𝑉 = ( 1− )
8𝑡𝐸 𝑚

Unit – IV
Chapter 7. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT
DIAGRAMS

1. Define beam.
jd; mr;Rf;F nrq;Fj;jhf gy Gwtpirfs; nray;gLk;

2.
gbahf cs;s xU structural member MdJ beam vdg;gLk;.
State the types of beams.
1) Cantilever beam 2) Simply supported beam
3) Overhanging beam 4) Fixed beam
5) Continuous beam
2 & 3 Marks – Q & A Page : 19
3.
KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380
What is cantilever beam and simply supported beam?
Beamd; xU Kid kl;Lk; cWjpahf gpbf;fg;gl;Lk;
kw;;nwhU Kid jhq;fg; glhky; free Mf njhq;fpf;
nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jhy; mj;jifa beam MdJ cantilever
beam vdg;gLk;.
Beamd; ,uz;L KidfSk; free Mf supportfs; %yk;
jhq;fg; gl;bUe;jhy; mj;jifa beam MdJ simply

4.
supported beam vdg;gLk;.
What are the types of loading?
1) Point load or concentrated load.
2) Uniformly distributed load (udl).

5.
3) Uniformly varying load.
What is udl and uvl?
Beamd; xt;nthU kPl;lh; ePsj;jpYk; cs;s gStpd;
kjpg;G rkkhf ,Uf;FkhW rPuhf nray;gLk; gSthdJ
uniformly distributed load(udl) vdg;gLk;.
Beamd; xt;nthU kPl;lh; ePsj;jpYk; cs;s gStpd;
kjpg;ghdJ gbg;gbahfTk; rPuhfTk; mjpfhpf;FkhW
nray;gLk; gSthdJ uniformly varying load (uvl)

6.
vdg;gLk;.
Define shear force and bending moment.
xU beamd; VNjDk; xU ntl;Lg; gFjpapy; shear force
vd;gJ> me;j ntl;Lg; gFjpapd; tyg;GwkhfNth my;yJ
,lg;GwkhfNth nray;gLk; rkg;gLj;jg;glhj nrq;Fj;J
tpirfspd; $Ljy; MFk;.
xU beamd; VNjDk; xU ntl;Lg; gFjpapy; bending
moment vd;gJ> me;j ntl;Lg; gFjpapd; tyg;GwkhfNth
my;yJ ,lg;GwkhfNth nray;gLk; midj;J

7.
momentfspd; Fwpapay; $l;Lj;njhiff;Fr; rkkhFk;.
Draw the sign convention of shear force.

2 & 3 Marks – Q & A Page : 20

 KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380
ntl;Lg; gFjpapd; ,lJ gf;fk; nray;gLk; midj;J
Nky;Nehf;F tpirfSk; ntl;Lg; gFjpapd; tyJ gf;fk;
nray;gLk; midj;J fPo;Nehf;F tpirfSk; positive
shear forceI cUthf;Fk;.
ntl;Lg; gFjpapd; tyJ gf;fk; nray;gLk; midj;J
Nky;Nehf;F tpirfSk; ntl;Lg; gFjpapd; ,lJ gf;fk;
nray;gLk; midj;J fPo;Nehf;F tpirfSk; negative

8.
shear forceI cUthf;Fk;.
Draw the sign convention of bending moment.

Nkw;Gwj;jpy; Fopthd tisjiy Vw;gLj;Jk; bending

moment MdJ +ve MFk;.
Nkw;Gwj;jpy; Ftpe;j tisjiy Vw;gLj;Jk; bending

9.
moment MdJ -ve MFk;.
Distinguish between sagging and hogging moment.
Positive bending moment MdJ sagging moment vdg;gLk;.

10.
Negative bending moment MdJ hogging moment vdg;gLk;.

𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝐹
Write the relationship between load, shear force and bending moment.
1) 𝐹 = 2) 𝑤 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1) xU ntl;Lg; gFjpapy; bending moment khWgLk;
tPjkhdJ> mg;gFjpapy; nray;gLk; shear forced;
kjpg;gpw;F rkk;.
2) Shear force khWgLk; tPjkhdJ> beamd; XuyF ePsj;jpy;

11.
nray;gLk; loadd; kjpg;gpw;F rkk;
Draw a cantilever beam with udl.

12. Draw a simply supported beam with udl.

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13.
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Write down the maximum bending moment in a cantilever beam

𝒘𝒍𝟐 𝒘𝒍𝟐
with udl and simply supported beam with udl.

Cantilever beam ⟹ − ; Simply supported beam ⟹

𝟐 𝟖
14. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for a
cantilever beam with a point load at its free end.

15. Draw the shear force and bending diagram for a cantilever beam
with a udl .

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16.
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Draw the shear force and bending diagram for a simply
supported beam with a point load at the mid point.

17. Draw the shear force and bending diagram for a simply
supported beam with udl.

18. What is point of contraflexure?

Bending moment jdJ FwpaPl;il khw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; Gs;sp
point of contraflexure vdg;gLk;.

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 KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380

Unit – IV
Chapter 8. THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING
OF BEAMS
1. Define simple bending or pure bending.
xU beam MdJ shear force %yk; tisahky;> epiyahd
bending moment %yk; kl;LNk tisAkhdhy;> me;j beam
MdJ simple bending my;yJ pure bendingf;F cl;gLj;jg;

2.
gl;Ls;sJ vdyhk;.
Write down the assumptions made in theory of simple bending.
1) Beam MdJ mjd; ePsk; KOtjpYk; xNu rPuhf ,Uf;Fk;.
2) Beam nra;ag;gl;l nghUshdJ midj;J jpirfspYk;
rkkhd elastic jd;ik nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.
3) Beamd; FWf;F ntl;Lg; gFjpapd; msTfis
xg;gpLk;NghJ> mjd; radius of curvature msT kpfTk;
mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
4) Beamd; xt;nthU layerk; mjw;F Nky;gf;fk; my;yJ
fPo;g;gf;fk; cs;s layerfis rhh;e;jpuhky; jdpj;jdpNa
RUq;fNth my;yJ ePsNth KbAk;.
5) Bendingf;F Kd;G beamd; FWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;G
rkjskhfTk; nrq;Fj;jhfTk; ,Ue;jJ NghyNt

3.
bendingf;F gpwFk; ,Uf;Fk;.
Define neutral axis.
xU beamd; VNjDk; xU nrq;Fj;J FWf;F ntl;Lg; gFjpAk;
mjd; neutral layerk; ntl;bf;nfhs;Sk; ,lj;jpy; cs;s

4.
NfhlhdJ neutral axis vdg;gLk;.
What is moment of resistance.
xU beam cile;J tplhky; mJ jhq;ff;$ba mjpf gl;r

5.
bending momentd; kjpg;G moment of resistance vdg;gLk;.

𝑀 𝑓 𝐸
Write down the flexural equation.
= =
𝐼 𝑦 𝑅
,q;F, 𝑓 = bending stress, 𝑦 = distance from neutral layer
𝑀= bending moment, 𝐼= Moment of inertia
𝐸 = Young’s modulus, 𝑅 = radius of curvature

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6.
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Define section modulus.
Neutral mr;irg; nghWj;j moment of inertia kjpg;Gf;Fk;> neutral
mr;rpypUe;J extreme layer cs;s J}uj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd
tpfpjk; section modulus my;yJ modulus of section vdg;gLk;.
Moment of inertia about N.A
Section modulus =

7.
Distance of extreme layer from N.A
Define strength and stiffness of a beam.
xU beam Gwtpirfspd; %yk; tistjw;F vjpuhf
fhz;gpf;Fk; moment of resistanced; kjpg;G me;j beamd;
strength vdg;gLk;.
Beam mjd; Muk;g Neuhd epiyapypUe;J tistjw;F
vjpuhf fhz;gpf;Fk; vjph;g;G me;j beamd; stiffness
vdg;gLk;.

Unit – V
Chapter 9. TORSION OF CIRCULAR SHAFTS

1. What is pure torsion?

Bending force, axial force Nghd;w ve;j xU tpirAk; nray;glhky;>
xU shaft MdJ torquef;F kl;LNk cl;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ mJ

2.
pure torsiony; cs;sJ vd;W $wyhk;.
Write down the assumptions made in theory of pure torsion.
1) Shaft nra;ag;gl;l nghUshdJ mjd; ePsk; KOtjpYk;
xNu rPuhf ,Uf;Fk;.
2) Shaft MdJ mjd; fpilkl;l mr;Rf;F nrq;Fj;jhd xU
jsj;jpy; twisting couplef;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
3) Shaftd; ePsk; KOtjpYk; twist MdJ xNu rPuhf ,Uf;Fk;.
4) Twistf;F Kd;G midj;J tpl;lq;fSk; Neh;f;Nfhlhf
,Ue;jJ NghyNt twistf;F gpd;Gk; ,Uf;Fk;.
5) Twistf;F Kd;G rkjskhfTk; tl;lkhfTk; ,Ue;j shaftd;
FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;> twistf;F gpd;Gk; mNj Nghd;W

3.
,Uf;Fk;.

𝑇 𝑓𝑠 𝐶𝜃
Write down the torsion equation.

= =
𝐽 𝑟 𝑙
,q;F, 𝑓𝑠 =shear stress, 𝑟=radius of shaft, 𝑇 =Torque
𝐽 =Polar moment of inertia, 𝐶= Rigidity modulus
𝜃= Angle of twist, 𝑙= length of shaft.

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4.
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𝜋 𝑑 4 − 𝑑24
Write down the formula for the torque produced in hollow shaft.

Torque, 𝑇 = 𝑓𝑠 1
16 [ 𝑑1 ]
5.
2𝜋𝑁 𝑇
How do you find the power transmitted by the shat?
Power transmitted, 𝑃 =
60
,q;F, 𝑇 = Torque, 𝑁 = Speed of shaft (rpm)
6. Draw the shear stress distribution in solid and hollow shaft.

7. Define polar modulus.

Shaftd; FWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;gpd; polar moment of inertia
kjpg;Gf;Fk;> mjpfgl;r radius kjpg;Gf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjNk

𝐽
polar modulus my;yJ polar section modulus vdg;gLk;.
𝑍 =
𝑟
Polar moment of inertia
=

8.
Maximum radius

𝜋𝑑 3 𝜋
State the polar modulus for solid and hollow circular shafts.

Solid shaft ⇒ 𝑍 = ; Hollow shaft ⇒ 𝑍 = (𝑑 − 𝑑2 )

4 4
16 16 𝑑1 1
9. Define torsional strength and stiffness of shaft.
XuyF mjpfgl;r shear stress %yk; cUthf;fg;gLk;
torqued; kjpg;G torsional strength vdg;gLk;. ,J shaftd;

𝑇
Torsional strength =
efficiency vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

𝑓𝑠
Shaftd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ePsj;jpy; XuyF angle of twistI
Vw;gLj;jj; Njitg;gLk; torqued; kjpg;G stiffness my;yJ

𝑇
torsional rigidity vdg;gLk;.
Stiffness or torsional rigidity =
𝜃

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10.
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Compare the strength of hollow shaft and solid shaft of same

Strength of hollow shaft (𝑑1 − 𝑑2 )

4 4
weight and length.

=
Strength of solid shaft 𝑑1 × 𝑑 3
nfhLf;fg;gl;l FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;gstpw;F> hollow
circular shaft MdJ solid circular shaftI tpl mjpf section
modulus nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt solid shaftI tpl

11.
hollow shaft mjpf strength nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.
Compare the weight of hollow shaft and solid shaft of same

Weight of solid shaft 𝑑2

material and length.

= 2
Weight of hollow shaft (𝑑 − 𝑑 2 )
1 2
Shaft nra;ag;gl;l nghUs;> shaftd; ePsk; kw;Wk; torsional
strength khwhjNghJ> hollow shaftd; vilahdJ solid shaftI
tpl Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt hollow shaftI
gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ> shaft nra;aj; Njitg;gLk; nghUs;

12.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; Fiwf;fg; gLfpwJ.
List out the advantages of hollow shaft over solid shaft.
1) xNu msT vil nfhz;l xNu khjphp nghUshy;
nra;ag;gl;l solid shaftIf; fhl;bYk; hollow shaftd; torsional
strength mjpfkhFk;.
2) xNu msT FWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;gpy;> hollow shaft MdJ
solid shaftI tpl mjpf stiffness nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.
3) Fwpg;gpl;l strengthIf; nfhLf;f> hollow shaft nra;aj;
Njitg;gLk; nghUspd; msthdJ> solid shaftf;F Njitg;gLk;
nghUspd; msit tplf; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
4) Hollow shafty; J}z;lg;gLk; shear stress MdJ mjd;
ntl;Lg; gFjp KOtJk; Vwf;Fiwa rPuhf gutp ,Uf;Fk;.

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 KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380
Unit – V
Chapter 10. SPRINGS

1. What are the types of springs?

1) Laminated or leaf springs 2) Coiled helical springs

2. What are laminated springs? Give its uses.

3) Spiral springs 4) Disc springs

Laminated springy; xNu mfyKk; ntt;NtW ePsKk;

nfhz;l gy ,izahd metal stripfs; xd;wpd; kPJ
kw;nwhd;W mLf;fp itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
Railway wagonfs;> coachfs; kw;Wk; rhiy thfdq;fspy;
mjph;r;rpia fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;s ,t;tif springfs; nghpJk;

3. Compare closely coiled and open coiled helical springs.

gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd.

Closely coiled helical spring Open coiled helical spring

1) Coild; pitch msT Fiwthf Coild; pitch msT
,Uf;Fk;. mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
2) mLj;jLj;j Rw;Wf;F ,ilNa mLj;jLj;j Rw;Wf;F
cs;s J}uk; Fiwthf ,ilNa cs;s J}uk;
,Uf;Fk;. mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
3) Helix angle Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. Helix angle mjpfkhf
(7° to 10°) ,Uf;Fk;. (>10° )
4) Axial load nray;;gLk;NghJ ,J ,J torsion kw;Wk;
torsionf;F kl;LNk cl;gLk;. bendingf;F cl;gLk;.
5) ,J mjpf gSitj; jhq;Fk;. ,J Fiwe;j gSitj;

4. Write down the deflection formula for closely coiled helical spring.
jhq;Fk;.

64 𝑊 𝑅3 𝑛
Deflection of the spring, 𝛿 =
𝐶 𝑑4
,q;F, 𝑊 = Load, 𝑅 = Mean radius of coil, 𝑛 = Number of coils,
𝐶 = Modulus of rigidity, 𝑑=Diameter of spring wire.
5. Define stiffness or spring constant.
XuyF deflectionI Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitg;gLk;

𝑠 vd;w vOj;jhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

gStpd; msT stiffness my;yJ spring constant vdg;gLk;. ,J

𝑊 𝐶 𝑑4
𝑠= =
𝛿 64 𝑅3 𝑛
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6. Give the formula for resilience of the spring.
KAL PATHIPPAGAM - 99446 50380

32 𝑊 2 𝑅3 𝑛
Energy stored or resilience of spring =
𝐶 𝑑4
7. State the applications of spring.
1) Brakes kw;Wk; clutch Nghd;wtw;wpy; tpirfis nrYj;jTk;
,af;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; cjTfpwJ.
2) Spring balance Nghd;wtw;wpy; tpirfis mstpl cjTfpwJ.
3) fbfhuk;> nghk;ikfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Mw;wiy Nrkpj;J
itf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
4) thfdq;fs; kw;Wk; ,ae;jpuf; fl;Lkhdq;fspy; mjph;r;rpia
fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;s gad;gLfpwJ.

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