PREFACE

Geometry is poetry in action. It requires both inspiration and imagination.

But to understand its beauty, one must go beyond the drudgery of memorizing

definitions and following rules and procedures because, like all mathematics,

geometry is more than that. First of all, you need to have fun in doing

geometry. Solid mensuration isn’t only considered a branch of geometry that

deals with shapes, figures, numbers and measurement, but also a field where

one’s thoughts and visualization related to daily experience are challenged and

given fuel. The problems and examples illustrated in this book are a kind of

puzzle which will surely stimulate one’s imagination and develop his space

intuition. Imagination gives us the power to create, first in our mind, and then

to reality. With the help of previous mathematical scholars and inspiring

individuals, this book has become a compilation of the things that make the

study of solid geometry a force to be reckoned with. From the basic principles of

lines and planes to the complexities of solids and spherical trigonometry, an

individual can gain more than comprehension, logic, and reasoning. Certain

patterns and practicalities, when studied and appreciated, greatly affect one’s

way of thinking. As they say, the mind is like a parachute; it functions best when

open.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: AREA OF PLANE FIGURES

PLANE FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………...1

CIRCLES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4

TRIANGLES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5

TRIANGLE-CIRCLE RELATIONSHIP……………………………………………………………………………………………6

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS...................................................................................................................................…...12

CHAPTER 2: SOLID FIGURES

SOLIDS FOR WHICH V=Bh………………………………………………………………………………………………............22

SOLI S FOR WHICH V …………………………………………………………………………………………………..35

SOLIDS FOR WHIICH V = (mean ) ……………………………………………………………………………………….44

MISCELLANEOUS PRO LEMS…………………………………………………………………………………………………..47

CHAPTER3: SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY

SPHERE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..55

SPHERICAL ZONE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………58

SPHERICAL SEGMENT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..59

SPHERICAL SECTOR………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..65

SOLIDS AND SURFACES OF REVOLUTION………………………………………………………………………………...69

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS……………………………………………………………………………………………..……70
  CHAPTER 1: Area of Plane Figures

 Square  Right triangle

a

a 𝐴 = 𝑎² 1
a 𝐴= 𝑎𝑏
2

b
 Rectangle  Oblique triangle
a
a b
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠=
2
b b 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏
c
𝐴= 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

 Parallelogram
 Sector of a Circle
c

h 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
R 1
𝐴 = 2 𝑅𝐶

b
 Segment of a Circle
 Trapezoid c
a
b
1 1 1
h 𝐴=2 𝑎+𝑏 ℎ 𝑎 𝑅 𝐴 = 2 𝑅𝐶 − 2 𝑎𝑏

b  Parabolic segment

 Circle d
2
𝐴 = 3 𝑙𝑑

𝑙
r 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟²  Ellipse

b
a 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏

1
  PLANE FIGURES

Example1. The section (see figure) of a certain solid is bounded by two

concentric circles whose radii are 6.1 ft. and 4.1 ft. Find the area of this
section.
4.1
Solution. Let A1 and A2 denote the areas of the larger and smaller circles
respectively. Using the formula for the area of a circle, we have
A1 𝜋
And

A2 𝜋

Since the difference between these two areas is the area of the section, we write

A1- A2 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋[ − ]

𝜋 −

𝑠 𝑡 𝐴 𝑠

Example2. The section of a certain solid consists of a semicircle, a rectangle,

and a triangle, as shown, 2r
The altitude of a rectangle is three times the radius of the semicircle, the
altitude of the triangle is twice the same radius, and the area of the triangle
is 20 sq. ft. Find the area of the section.
2r
Solution. Let At , Ar and Ac denote the areas of the triangle, rectangle and semicircle, respectively. Using
formulas listed in this article under appropriate headings, we find in terms of r

At 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

Ar 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

Ac =

Since the area of the section A is the sum of these areas, we have

𝑟
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝑟 𝑟 𝜋 𝑎

Equating the area of the triangle in terms of r to its given area, we get

𝑟 𝑟

Solving this equation for r², we obtain

Substituting this value of r² in equation (a), we get

2
 𝐴 𝜋 𝑠 𝑡 𝐴 𝑠

Example3. A city block is in the form of a parallelogram whose shorter diagonal AB is perpendicular to
side BC as shown in the figure. The shorter sides represent streets and the longer sides represent
avenues. If the distance between the avenues is 400 ft. and the length of each street is 500 ft. find the area
of the block.

B 500 C

500 A

Solution. From B drop the perpendicular BD to line AC. Since BD by construction is the distance between
the avenues,

Applying the Pythagorean Theorem to right triangle BDC, we obtain

𝐶 − .

Since the sides of the angle DBC are respectively perpendicular to the sides of angle BAC, angle DBC =
angle BAC. Hence right triangles DBC and BAC are similar. Consequently we write
𝐴

Solving for AB, we get

Considering BC as base and AB as altitude of the parallelogram, we have for its area

𝐶 𝐴 ( )𝑠 𝑡 ( )( )𝑠 𝑑

𝑠 𝑑 𝐴 𝑠

3
  CIRCLES

Properties
tangent
1. Angle between the tangent of a circle and the chord is equal to one half chord
the central angle.

radius

2. Inscribe angle in a circle is only one half at its intercepted arc.

3. The products of the segments of a chord intersecting each other are equal. a b
ab =cd

A B
4. Relation between tangent, secant and its external segment

𝐴 𝐴 C
𝐴 𝐶
D

5. Angles between tangent and a secant C

A
𝐶̂ − 𝐴̂

6. Relation between secants and its external

𝐴𝐶 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 C
E
A

D B

4
  CIRCULAR SECTOR

1. Area of a circular sector 4. Area of Annulus

𝜋
𝑟 𝜃 𝐴 𝑑 −𝑑
𝐴 𝑑

sector
2. Arc of a sector
𝑠 𝑟
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑎 𝑠 s
𝑑
3. Perimeter of a sector r r
𝑠 𝑟

 COMMON TANGENTS OF TWO CIRCLES

1. AB is called an internal tangent and BC is called an external tangent

C B

2. Circles are tangent internally when they are on the same side of the common tangent. TS is the
common tangent to both circles.

T S

Example1. An angle 125° is subtended an arc at a circle of r = 8.4 cm

a. Find the length of the minor arc. r r

b. Find the length of the major arc.
c. Find the area.

5
Solution. Let S1 be the minor arc and S2 be the major arc
𝜋
a. S1= r ; r = 8.4cm = 125° ( ) c. 𝐴 𝜋𝑟

𝜋 𝜋 𝑐𝑚
𝑐 ( ) 𝑐𝑚
= 18.33 cm
b. S2 = r
𝜋
𝑐 ( )
𝑐
Or
S2 = 𝜋𝑟 −
= 34.45 cm

Example2. Find θ where s mm and the diameter is mm

Solution.
1 80 mm 𝑑
rθ; r

𝑚𝑚 𝜋
𝜃 𝑚𝑚 ( ) (θ )

r d 𝑚𝑚
𝜃
𝑚𝑚 𝜋
θ

Example3. Two chords of a circle ̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝐶 intersects each other at point D which divides the circle into

4 segments, ̅̅̅̅ is the diameter of the circle, ̅̅̅̅

𝐴 = 10 m, ̅̅̅̅
𝐶 = 18 m, ̅̅̅̅ = 6m. Find the area of the circle.

A
Solution.

̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷 ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐷 ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐷
B D E
̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐷

̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐷
C ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐷

̅̅̅̅
d = 𝐵𝐷 ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐷 𝑚

𝑚
𝐴 𝜋( ) 𝑚

6
  TRIANGLES
B
𝐴 𝑏ℎ

c h a Heron’s Formula

𝐴 𝑠 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠−𝑐

A C where s = semiperimeter
b 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑠
When two sides and an included angle are given

𝐴 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 ; 𝐴 𝑎𝑐 sin ;𝐴 𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴

Sine Law Cosine Law

𝑎 𝑏 𝐶
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑐𝑏 cos 𝐴
sin 𝐴 sin sin 𝐶
𝑏 𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵

𝑐 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶

Altitude of a triangle

Segments perpendicular to a side connected to the opposite vertex. The 3 altitudes intersect at a point
called the orthocenter.

Medians of a triangle

The segment connected to the midpoint of a side and the opposite vertex. Note that the 3 medians
intersect at a point called centroid.

7
Example1. A man whose eyes are 1.5m above his sole stands on a 48.5m high building. The angle of
depression of the top and foot of a nearby building are 50° and 80° respectively. Find the height of the
second building.

Solution.
50° tan
1.5m 50- y 𝑥
80°
𝑥 𝑚

−𝑦
tan
48.5m y 𝑥
−𝑦 𝑥 tan −

−𝑦 𝑚 tan −

x y = 39.49

Example2. A triangular lot was forced by three straight lines. Bearing of line AB is N45°E and is 160m
long; line AC and BC is 190m long, point E is 100m from A on side AB connects point D on side AC, which
divides the area making AED of the whole area. Find distance DE.
B
Solution.
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑠 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠−𝑐
a = 160, b = 190, c = 190
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑠
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶 = − − −
𝛽 = 13786.95 m²
𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐷 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑚

By Law of Cosine

− cos 𝐸𝐷 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐷 − 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐷 cos

− cos

ED = 120.61m
𝐴 sin

AD = 121.6m

8
 TRIANGLE – CIRCLE RELATIONSHIP

Circumscribing circle

𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
a b 𝑅

R= radius of the circumscribing circle

c

Inscribed circle

𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑠

a b r = radius of the inscribed circle

s = semiperimeter
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑠 ( )

c
Escribed Circle 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑎

𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑏 𝑠 − 𝑏

𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑐 𝑠 − 𝑐

Ra , Rb, Rc = radii of escribed circles to

sides a, b, c respectively.

s = semiperimeter
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑠 ( )

Polygons circumscribing a circle

Apolygon = rs

r = radius of the inscribed circle

s = semiperimeter

9
Peripheral Angle Theorem

A peripheral angle also known as inscribed angle is an angle opposite of an arc of a circle whose
vertex lies on the periphery (perimeter of circumference) of the circle.

𝛽 𝜃
𝜃 𝛽 𝛽 = central angle of the angular measure of the intercepted arc

θ peripheral angle inside polygon

Example1. If an equilateral triangle is circumscribed about a circle of radius 10cm. Determine the side of
the triangle.
𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑠
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 sin ( )

x x 𝑥 𝑥

𝑥 𝑥−
60°
𝑥 ; 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
x
𝑥 𝑐𝑚

Example2. The area of a circle circumscribed about an equilateral triangle is 254.47cm².What is the area
of the triangle?
𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑅
x x 𝜋𝑅 ; 𝑅 𝑐𝑚
3
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 sin

60° 𝑥3
𝑥
x
𝑥 − 𝑥

𝑥 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑚

10
Example3. Find the area of the hexagon inscribed in a circle with area of 33.16 cm².

Acircle 𝜋𝑟

𝜋𝑟
60° r
𝑟

𝐴ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

𝐴ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛 ( ) 𝑟 sin 𝑐𝑚

Example4. A circle having a diameter of 8cm is inscribed in a sector of a circle whose central angle is 80°.
Find the area of the sector.

𝑅 𝜃 𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ( )

sin R-4
𝑅−
80°
𝑅 𝑐𝑚

𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ( )

𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑚

11
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

12
1. A 52cm wire is to be divided into two parts. Each part is bent to form a square. If the sum of the
two squares is 97cm², compute the area of the smaller square.
y

Solution. x
𝑥 𝑦
x x y y
𝑥 𝑦

𝑥 𝑦 Equation
x y
𝑥 𝑦 Equation
small square big square
From Equation 1,
Use 𝑥
𝑦 −𝑥
Area of smaller square
By substitution,
𝐴 𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥
𝐴
𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥

𝑥 ;𝑥 𝐴 𝑐𝑚

2. A trapezoid lot with parallel sides 30 meters apart measure 32 meters and 58 meters. Determine
the length of the line parallel to the parallel sides that cuts the lot into two equal areas.

32
Solution.
h

(30-h)

58

Equation 1: From Equation 1,

𝐴
𝑥
𝐴 𝑚 ( ) ℎ ℎ
𝑥

Equation 2: ubstituting “h” in Equation

𝐴 𝑚
𝑥 𝑥
( ) −ℎ ( − )
𝑥

𝑥 𝑚

13
 3. A circle having an area of 201 cm² is to be divided into two segments by a chord which is 3 cm
from the center of a circle. Compute the area of the smaller segment.

Solution.
𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑚 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝛽
𝜌 𝑟 𝜋𝑟 𝑟 𝜃 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐴 −
𝑟 𝜋
𝜋 * ( )+ sin
−
𝑟 𝑐𝑚
𝐴 𝑐𝑚
sin 𝛽

𝜌 − −

𝜃 𝜌

4. The distances of the centers of three externally tangent circles with unequal radii are 10 cm, 13
cm, and 15 cm. Determine the total area of the three circles.

A B
𝑟𝐴 𝑟𝐵 𝑟𝐶

𝐴𝑇 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋

𝐴𝑇 𝑐𝑚

14
 5. Find the total length of a transmission belt winded around two pulleys 6 cm and 17 cm in radius
and whose centers are 50 m apart.

Solution.
11

6 50

L 𝜃

𝜃 50m 𝜃

𝜃
cos
L 90° 11

𝜃 𝜃

50 𝑠 𝜃𝑟

𝐿 𝑠 𝑚

𝐿 𝜋
𝑠 − ( )

𝐿𝑇 𝐿 𝑠 𝑠

𝑐𝑚

6. A circle is tangent to two perpendicular lines. A smaller circle is drawn inside such that it is
tangent to the lines and to the bigger circle. If the area of the bigger circle is 50.4 cm², what is the
area of the smaller circle?
𝐴 𝜋𝑅 ; 𝑅 𝑐𝑚
Solution
Pythagorean Theorem,
R+r R-r
𝑅 𝑟 𝑅−𝑟 𝑅−𝑟

𝑅 𝑟
R-r
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝜋𝑟 𝑐𝑚

15
 7. A rectangular piece of paper is cm by π cm Circles of cm radius are cut from this paper Find
the minimum area wasted.
16 cm
Solution
Only 8 circles can fit perfectly
𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
π
𝜋 − [ 𝜋]

𝜋 𝑐𝑚

8. A circular football stadium with a floodlight in its center can spread its illumination over an angle
of 45° to a distance of 55m. Determine the maximum area that is floodlit.

Solution Given:

𝑟 𝜃

𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑟 𝜃

𝜋
𝐴

𝐴 𝑚
9. A circle with radius of 6cm has half its area removed by cutting off a border of uniform width.
What is the width of the border?

Solution 𝑅 𝑐𝑚; 𝐴 𝜋 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑅−𝑟

−
𝐴 𝐴 𝜋
𝑐𝑚
𝜋 𝜋𝑟

𝑟 𝑐𝑚

10. Three posts are set in level ground in such a manner that their bases form an equilateral triangle
with sides 10 m long. If the heights of the posts are 6m, 9m, and 15m respectively, find the area of
the triangle formed by their tops.
y
Solution
x z z
9 𝑧
15
15 𝑧 𝑚
B 6
6

A C A 10 C
10

16
 x y
𝑥 𝑦
9 15 𝑦 𝑚
𝑥 𝑚
6
9
A 10 B
B 10 C
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 By Heron’s Formula
𝑠

𝐴𝑇 𝑠 𝑠−𝑥 𝑠−𝑦 𝑠−𝑧

𝑚
11. Points A and B are 100 m apart, both on the right side of the building and are of the same elevation
as the foot of the building from points A and B are 21° and 32° respectively. How far is A from the
building in meters?

Solution ℎ
tan
𝑥
ℎ 𝑥 tan Equation
h ℎ
tan
𝑥
32° 21° ℎ
x B 100 A 𝑥 Equation
tan
Substitute E2 to E1
ℎ 𝑥 tan
ℎ ℎ
( ) tan 𝑥
tan tan
tan 𝑥 𝑚
ℎ tan 𝑥 𝑚
tan
ℎ− ℎ
ℎ

12. Two equilateral triangles each with cm sides overlap each other to form a point “ tar of
David” Determine the overlapping area in sq cm

Solution

12
Since the triangles are equilateral,

𝑥 𝑐𝑚

17
 By Pythagorean Theorem, 𝐴 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

𝑟
4 r ( )
𝑟
2 𝑐𝑚

13. Two points, A and B were setup to determine the height of a mountain. The angles of elevation of
the top of the mountain measured from point A and point B were 26.5° and 31.25° respectively.
Point A is 75 m above point B. Point B is on the same ground level with the base of the mountain
and is 450 m closer to the mountain than point A. What is the height of the mountain?

Solution
h
h-75
A 26.5°
26.5° 31.25°
h
For point A, For point B,
75 ℎ−
tan ℎ
𝑥 tan
B 31.25° 𝑥−
ℎ−
x 𝑥
tan
450
Substitute the value of x in point B from point A

ℎ
tan −
ℎ−
tan
ℎ 𝑚

14. The two legs of a triangle are 300 units and 150 units respectively. The angle opposite the 150
unit side is 26°. What is the length of the third side?

Solution By Law of Cosine,

𝑥 − 𝑥 cos
300 150 𝑥 − 𝑥
26° 𝑥 ; 𝑥
x

15. Given a triangle ABC AB BC AC “a” is midpoint of side AB “b” is midpoint side BC
and “c” is midpoint of side AC Find the perimeter of the triangle abc
B
Solution By Law of Cosine,
10 𝛽 18 − cos 𝜃
A 𝜃 ∅ C − cos 𝛽
22 − cos ∅
𝜃 𝛽 ∅

18
 B
5 9 By Law of Cosine,
ab 𝑎𝑏 − cos
5 ac bc 9 𝑏𝑐 − cos
A 11 11 C 𝑎𝑐 − cos
𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑐
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑐

16. From the top of tower A, the angle of elevation of the top of tower B is 28° and the angle of
elevation of the top of tower A from the foot of tower B is 46°. The two towers lie on the same level
ground. If the height of tower B is 120 m, find the height of tower A.

Solution

𝛽 −
𝛽
By Law of Sine,
O 28° 120 𝑂𝐵
46° sin sin
𝑂𝐵 𝑚
46°
A B
Consider Triangle AOB
O 𝐴𝑂
sin
𝑂𝐵
110.22
𝐴𝑂 sin

46° 𝐴𝑂 𝑚
A B

17. Determine the volume of a cone with a height of 5.94 m if its base is a circle circumscribing a
triangle. The perimeter of the inscribed triangle is 29m with interior angles that measure 40°, 60°
and 80° respectively.

Solution

5.94 x 80° y
60° 40°
x y z

19
 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑟
sin sin sin 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑦 sin 𝑦 sin
𝑥 ;𝑧 Use Heron’s Formula to get At
sin sin
𝑥 𝑦; 𝑧 𝑦 𝑟
𝑃 − − −
𝑠 𝑚
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑠
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

𝑦
𝑥 𝑚𝑦 𝑚𝑧 𝑚

18. The side of a regular pentagon is 32.2 cm long. Find the area between the circle circumscribed
about the pentagon and the circle inscribed in the pentagon.

Solution
𝐴𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝜋𝑅 − 𝜋𝑟
R 16.1
R r
𝜋
r
32.2 𝑐𝑚
𝑟 𝑅
𝑅 −𝑟
𝑅 −𝑟
19. The perimeter of a triangle is 584cm.The interior angles measure 50°,60° and 70° respectively.
What is the radius of the largest circle that can be cut from the triangle?

Solution By Sine Law,

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
sin sin sin
60° 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin
𝑦 ;𝑧
x y sin sin
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 ;𝑦 ;𝑧
50° 70° 𝐴𝑇 𝑟𝑠
z
𝑧 sin

𝑟( )
𝑟 𝑐𝑚

20
 20. The sides of a triangle are a=6cm, b=8cm and c=10cm. Find the area of the inscribed circle.

Solution
𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑠
By Heron’s Formula
𝑠
6 8
𝑠 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − − − 𝑐𝑚
𝑟(12); r=2cm
10
𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝜋 𝑐𝑚

21. A regular octagon is inscribed in a circle of radius 10 ft. Find the area between the circle and the
octagon.

Solution Considering 1 triangle,

𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑟 sin 𝜃

sin
𝑓𝑡
𝐴𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

𝑓𝑡
𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝜋
𝜋𝑓𝑡
𝐴𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 − 𝐴𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛
𝜋−
𝑓𝑡

21
  Chapter 2: Solid Figures
SOLIDS FOR WHICH V=BH

Solids-Section

Definition

A solid is any limited portion of space, bounded by surfaces.

A section of a solid is the plane figure cut from the solid by passing a plane through it.

A polyhedron is a solid bounded by planes. It is a three-dimensional solid figure in which each side is a
flat surface. The faces of a polyhedron are polygons. The vertices are the intersection of the edges.

22
  CUBE
Properties

1. The three dimensions of a cube are equal to

each other. Thus, all edges are equal.

2. All the faces of a cube are squares.

Formulas

Total Area = 6(area of one face) Volume = egde3

T = 6a2 V = a3

Example1.A glass factory has an order of 1000 glass paper weights. Each is to be in the form of a cube. If
this order requires 8000 cu. in. of glass, what is the surface area of one of the paper weights?

Solution.

Let v be the volume of one of the cubes

Then 1000CV=8000 or v=8

But in terms of an edge a

V=a2

Example2. A cube of edge ais cut by a plane containing two diagonally opposite edges of the cube.
Find the area of the section formed.
Solution.

√
√

The area of the rectangle ABCD is

23
  RECTANGULAR PARALLELEPIPED

Properties

1. The parallel edges of a rectangular a

parallelepiped are equal.

2. The opposite lateral faces are

equal and parallel. c
b
3. Any two opposite faces may
be taken as bases.

4. Every section of a rectangular parallelepiped made by a plane parallel to the base is equal in area
to that of the base.

Formulas

Total Area = sums of the areas of faces

T = 2(ab+bc+ca)

Volume = base x altitude

V = abc

Example1. A storage room has a rectangular floor 76 ft. by 42 ft. The walls are vertical and 20 ft. high. If
there are no windows, find the total area of the ceilings, walls and floor.

Solution. a= 42 ft T= 2(ab + bc +ac)

b= 76 ft =2(42)(76) + 2(76)(20) + 2(48)(20)

c= 20 f =11,104 sq. ft
Example2. Given a rectangular parallelepiped with a base a = 2.46 in., by b = 8.68 in., and altitude
c = 3.71 in. Find the area of a section which contains two diagonally opposite edges of the parallelepiped.

Solution.
a=2.46 in
b=8.68 in E b B
c=3.71in
90° a
GB=√ G
The area of the rectangle GBCD is F c
A= BC x GB
Substituting BC= c and GB =√
in this equation we obtain
A= c√ C
Substituting the given values to the equation,
A= 3.71√( ) ( )
= 34.114 in²

24
Example3. What is the distance in cm. between two vertices of a cube which are farthest from each other,
if an edge measures 8 cm?

Solution. √(A ) ( )
E 8 B
√( ) 8
( )
A
√
8
To solve for the farthest distance,

√( ) ( √ )
D C
√ cm

Example4. Cu es with 1” on each sides were piled together to form a rectangular parallelepiped
measuring ” x ” x ” All six faces of the rectangular parallelepiped are painted red How many more
cubes have two faces painted red rather than three faces painted red?

Solution. Based on the figure, there are 8 cubes with

3 faces painted red cubes 2 faces painted
red

= 4(2+6+4)
=48
To solve for how many more cubes that two
faces painted red than 3 faces painted red, we
use this equation;

2 faces painted red – 3 faces painted red

=48-8
=40
Example5. The opposite faces of a cube are ABCD and EFGH. If the edge of a cube is 1 m., what is the
distance between the midpoint of edge AB and the midpoint of edge DH?

Solution.
A E B
ED=√ A
=√( ) 1
=1.12 m D C

To solve for EO,

EO=√ O O I
=√(1 1 ) ( ) F
= 1.23 m
H G

25
  CAVALIERI’S TH OR M

Consider this:

a. Consider a pile of uniform cards stacked in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped as shown.
b. This pile may be distorted into forms of various irregular solids.
c. Now consider a pile of cards of such size that it is possible to stack them in the form of the solid
shown.
d. Again, we may distort this pile into various forms of various irregular solids such as the one
shown, without changing its volume.

In two-dimensions: If in two plane figures, there are sections made by two parallel lines at the same
distance in both the figures. And if each line parallel to these lines intersects both figures in the line
segments of same length, then the two plane figures are said to have same areas.

In three-dimensional: If in two solid figures, the sections are made by two parallel planes at the same
distance in both of them. If each plane parallel to these plane intersects both solids in the planes of same
area, then the two solid figures will be having same volumes.

TYPICAL EXAMPLES (TWO DIMENSIONS)

If two triangles are formed on base of equal length and are between same parallels; i.e have same height,
then the triangles are of equal area. This is a very common example of Cavalieri's principle.

26
One more of the most common example for two-dimensional figures is that if two parallelograms are
between the same parallel lines and are made up on base of equal length, then their area will be same, as
shown in the figure.

Same principle is applied on other arbitrary shapes too. Here, there is no common base, but every line
that is drawn between two parallel lines in one shape must be equal to another line situated at the same
height in other shape.

R STRICTION FOR CAVALI RI’S TH OR M

27
Typical Examples (Three Dimensions)

Have a look at two cylinders below. These cylinders have same height and same area of base. Then, these
are supposed to have same volumes. Therefore, we can say that the volume of a right circular cylinder is
same as the volume of any other cylinder with same area of base and height.

In the following diagram, two prisms are shown which are constructed between two parallel lines and
any planes drawn between these parallels at same height have equal area. Thus, the volumes of these
prisms are equal.

They have same height. Every plane in one pyramid at same height in the other are equal to one another.
Then the volumes of two pyramids are equal

28
  VOLUME THEOREM

“If the bases of a solid are equal in area and lie in parallel planes and every section parallel to the base is
equal in area to that of the ase, the volume of the solid is the product of its ase and altitude ”

VOLUME THEOREM: ANALYSIS

Consider the solid CD shown in the figure. Let the bases of this slid lie in parallel planes, and every section
parallel to the base is equal in area to the area of the base.

 PRISM

A prism is a polyhedron of which two faces are polygons in parallel planes, and the other faces are
parallelograms

Properties

1. The bases are the congruentpolygons; the lateral area is the sum of the areas of the remaining
faces.
2. The intersections of the lateral faces are called the lateral edges. These lateral edges are equal and
parallel.

29
 3. The sections of a prism made by parallel planes cutting all the lateral edges are polygons.
4. The altitude of a prism is the perpendicular distance between the planes of its bases.
5. A right section of a prism is a section perpendicular to the lateral edges- a cross section.
6. A right prism is a prism whose lateral edges are perpendicular to its bases; its lateral faces are
triangles.

Unless otherwise stated, when we use the term cross-section we mean right section.

Formulas
Lateral area = lateral edge x perimeter of the right section
S=pl
Volume = base x altitude
V= Bh
Truncated Prism
Volume= Area of the Base x Average height
V= Bhave

Example1. What is the lateral surface area of a regular heptagonal prism with a height of 15 ft. and a base
edge of 15 ft.
Solution.

( )(1 )(1 )

Example2. A masonry dam 40 ft high has a vertical cross-section as shown in the figure. The dam is 80 ft.
long and its material weighs 125 lbs per cubic ft. Find the weight of the dam.

Solution. 1
( )( )

4 ft
ft

V= Bh
= (400)(80)
40 ft = 32,000 ft. 3

Since the masonry weighs 125 lb per cubic ft., the

weight of the dam is
W= 125V
16 ft = (125) (32,000)
=4,000,000 lbs.

30
Example3. A trough, whose ends are isosceles right triangle with vertical axis, 6m long. If it contains 800
liters of water, how deep is the water incm?

Solution. 1
( )( )( )

1 6m
1

, 45°
2h

√ h
1

Example4. The base of a truncated prism is a triangle with sides 8cm, 12 cm & 10cm. If the heights are 20
cm, 18 cm & 12 cm respectively, compute the volume in cc.

Solution.

1 1
1

√ ( )( )( )
20 cm 18 cm
√1 (1 )(1 1 )(1 1 ) 12 cm
1 √
8 cm B 10 cm

1 1 A 12 cm C

1
( )( ) 1

31
  CYLINDER: CIRCULAR AND RIGHT CIRCULAR

Circular Cylinder

Definition. A circular cylinder is a cylinder which has a circular right section.

k Element
h πk

Right section Lateral surface (unrolled)

is a circle

Right Circular Cylinder

Definition. A right circular cylinder is a circular cylinder whose elements are perpendicular to its base.

πr
B
h
B r h

r
Base Lateral surface (unrolled)

Properties

1. The bounding cylindrical surface of a cylinder

is called the lateral surface, and the two
bounding parallel planes are called the bases.
r

2. The bases of a cylinder are equal.

3. The altitude of a cylinder is the perpendicular

distance between the bases. h

4. The sections of a cylinder made by two

parallel planes, neither of which cuts a base
and both of which cut an element, are congruent.

5. Every section of a cylinder parallel to the base

has an area equal to the base.

32
 6. If the bases of a prism are inscribed in the bases of a cylinder, and the lateral edges of the prism
are elements of the cylinder, the prism is said to be inscribed in a cylinder.

7. If the bases of a prism are circumscribed in the bases of a cylinder, and the lateral edges of the
prism are parallel to the elements of the cylinder, the prism is said to be circumscribed about he
cylinder.

Formulas

The volume of a cylinder is equal to the product of a base and the altitude.

Volume = Area of the base x altitude

V = Bh

The volume of a truncated cylinder is equal to the area of the base times the average height.

Volume = Area of the base x average height

V = Bhave

Example1. A large 15 m. – diameter cylindrical tank that sits on the ground is to be painted. If one liter of
paint covers 12 sq. meters, how many liters are required to paint the outside of the tank if it is 10 m high?
Include the top.

Solution.
( )(1 ) ( )

If one liter of paint covers 12 m²,

Num er of liters liters

1

Example2. A circular cylinder has its sides cut in order to have a hexagonal base. The base now in the
shape of a hexagon was inscribed in a circle, which was the original base. If the difference in the
circumference of a circle and the perimeter of the hexagon is 4 cm. Find the volume of the cylinder if it
has an altitude of 20 cm.

Solution. r
Circumferencecircle - Perimeterhexagon = 4 cm

( ) h
1 1

(1 1 ) ( )
1 ,

33
Example3. A vertical column 12.5 ft. high has an elliptical base with the longer axis twice the shorter. If
the weight of the column is 12,400 lb. and the stone weighs 160 lb. per cu. ft., find the area of the largest
axial section of the column.

Solution.
To find the volume of the column,

( )( )
b a

( ) (1 )

Volume of the column =

1 ,
( ) (1 )
1
(1 , )( )
√
(1 )(1 )
1

Through the axis of the cylinder pass a plane containing

the larger axis at the elliptical base to form the axial
section ABCD shown in the figure. This section is a
rectangle at base 2a & altitude 12.5 ft. A B
Its area is,

( )(1 ) ( )(1 )(1 )

= 49.668 ft 2

C D

34
  PYRAMID

Definition. A pyramid is a polyhedron of which one face, called the base, is a polygon of any
number of sides and the other faces are triangles which have a common vertex.

Properties

1. The triangular faces of a pyramid are called

the lateral faces.

2. The altitude of a pyramid is the length of the

perpendicular dropped from the vertex to the
plane f the base.

3. If a pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to

the base, the lateral edges and altitude are
divided proportionally;
In symbols we write,

4. If two pyramids have equal bases and

equal altitudes, in accordance with
Cavalie ’ T e em, t e t py am
are equivalent.

Formulas

Lateral Area
S = sum of areas of faces

Volume

35
 REGULAR PYRAMID

Definition. A regular pyramid is one whose base is a regular polygon whose center coincides with
the foot of the perpendicular dropped from the vertex to the base.

Properties

1. The lateral edges of a regular pyramid are equal.

2. The lateral faces of a regular pyramid are congruent

isosceles triangles.

3. The altitudes of the lateral faces of a regular

pyramid are equal.

4. The slant height of a regular pyramid is the altitude

of a lateral face.

5. The altitude of a regular pyramid is equal to the

length of the perpendicular dropped from the vertex
to the center of the base.

6. If a regular pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to its

base, the pyramid cut off is a regular pyramid.
In symbols, we write:

Formulas

Lateral Area a t e pe mete t e a e e t

Volume = one-third of the area of the base x height

36
Example1. Determine the lateral area of the following right pyramid:
a. Base is regular octagon of side 20 cm and altitude 30 cm.
b. Base is a regular hexagon of side 30 cm and slant height of 50 cm.

Solution. (a)

s=20 cm To solve for r,

10 cm ta
45°

ta
22.5°

To solve for the Lateral Area, To solve for the slant height, we consider:

30 cm

24.14 cm
(ans)

(b)

s=30cm
m To solve for Lateral Area,

37
Example2. A rectangular piece of metal having dimensions of 4cm x 3cm x12cm is melted down
and recast into a pyramid having a rectanglar base measuring 2.5 cm x 5cm. Calculate the
perpendicular height og the pyramid.

Solution.

Example3. A square pyramid has base width of 4m and height of 10m. A smaller pyramid is cut
from this pyramid by passing a plane 6m from the base of the given pyramid. What is the volume
of the small pyramid?

Solution.
h2=10-6=4m ( )
V1= larger pyramid
V2= smaller pyramid

( )

( )

( )

38
 Example4. A pyramid of altitude h and base B is into three parts by two planes passed parallel
to the bases. If these planes are distant and , respectively, from the vertex, find the ratio
of the volume of middle part to the volume of the largest part.

Solution.
( )

( )

( )

From eq. (a) & (b) we obtain

and
Sustituting these values at and
we get,

Example5. Determine the lateral area of a right pyramid if the base is a regular hexagon of
side 20cm and altitude of 30cm.

Solution. To solve for r,

20 cm
10 cm
60°60° ta

ta

30°
To solve for slant height,
√
√

39
 CONE

Definition. A cone is the solid bounded by a conical surface (lateral surface) and a plane
(base).
Properties

1. The altitude of a cone is the

perpendicular distance from the vertex
to the plane of the base.

2. Every section of a cone made by a

plane passing thru its vertex and
containing two points of the base is a
triangle.

3. The axis of a cone is the straight line

joining the vertex with the center of the
base.

4. A right section of a cone is a section

perpendicular to its axis.

Right Circular Cylinder

Properties

1. The slant height of a right circular cone is the length of an element.

2. The altitude of a right circular cone is the distance between the vertex and the center
of the circle which forms its base.

3. A right circular cone is a solid generated by rotating a right triangle about one of its
legs as an axis; the surface generated by the hypotenuse of the triangle is the lateral
area of the cone, and the area of the base of the cone is the surface generated by the leg
which is not the axis of rotation.

4. All the slant height of a right circular cone are equal.

5. A section of a right circular cone parallel to the base is a circle whose center is on the
axis of the cone. 6. A section of a right circular cone which contains the vertex and two
points of the base is an isosceles triangle

40
 Formulas

Lateral Area= one half of the product of circumference x slant height

Volume = one-third of the area of the base x height

Example1. What is the lateral area of a right circular cone with a base radius of and altitude of

Solution.
To solve for slant height,
√
√

√
( √ )
√

Example2. What is the total surface area of the same cone?

Solution.

41
Example3. The liquid content of a glass is in the form of a cone of the base diameter of3in. If the
glass contains 10 fluid oz., what is the greatest depth of the liquid?

Solution.
To solve for the area of the base,

To solve for the height, we consider:

( )

Example4. The upper portion of a sherbet glass is in the form of a right circular cone with a base
radius of 2in. and slant height of 4in. Find the volume of the liquid if contains (a) when full
(b)when filled to a depth of 3in.

Solution. (a) To solve for h,

(b) When ,

( )

( )

42
Example5. A conical vessel with a circular base has a height of 120 cm and capacity of 113.097L. If
60L of water is in the tank, what is the depth of the water in centimeters?

Solution.

,
,
,

( )

,
( )
,
,
√
,

43
 mea

 FRUSTUM OF A REGULAR PYRAMID

Definition. A frustum of a regular pyramid is the portion of a regular pyramid included between
the base and a section parallel to the base.
Properties

1. The slant height of a frustum of a regular

pyramid is the altitude of a face.

2. The lateral edges of a frustum of a regular

pyramid are equal.

3. The faces of a frustum of a regular pyramid

are equal isosceles trapezoids.
Formulas

√
( )

Example1. The lower part of the Washington Monument was built before the Civil War. This
portion is in the shape of a frustum of a square pyramid. The altitude of the frustum is 150 ft, and
its lower base measures 55ft on a side as shown. The faces of the monument slope inward 0.247
in. horizontally in a vertical rise of 1ft. The structure is hollowed out along its entire length by a
vertical shaft which has a uniform cross-section 25 ft on a side. Find how much stone was used in
its construction.
Solution.

150
( )
c c
, ’ T e ,

√
( )

√ ,
( )
, ,
, ,

44
  FRUSTUM OF A RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

Definition. The frustum of a right circular cone is that portion of a right circular cone included
between the base and the section and a section parallel to the base.

Upper part Properties

containing the 1. The altitude of a frustum of a right circular cone
vertex is the perpendicular distance between the two
bases.

2. All the elements of a right circular cone are

equal.

Formulas

( √ )

Example1. A reservoir contains 54,000,000 gal. of water when full. Find the depth of the water if
the reservoir is in the form of a right circular cone of upper and lower base radii 200ft. and 100 ft.,
respectively.

Solution. ,
, ,

, , ,

√
, , ( )

, , ,

45
  PRISMATOID

Definition. A prismatoid is a polyhedron having two polygons as its bases in parallel planes and
has triangles or trapezoids as its lateral faces.
Formulas

Example1. A certain quartz crystal with planes surfaces has the dimensions shown in the figure. If
the upper and lower bases lie in the parallel planes, find the volume of the crystal.

Solution.

90°

( )

( )

( )
,
( )
( )

, ,

46
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

47
 1. A hotel swimming pool has for its boundary a curve given by the equation
, where the units are all in meters. Find the volume of the water
required to fill the pool to a depth of 4m.

Solution.

2. A closed right circular cylinder 2m in diameter and 2 meters tall is partially filled with
water. When lying in a horizontal position, the depth of water is 2/3 of the diameter. When
the cylinder is in vertical position, what is the depth of the water?

Solution.

( )

, ,

( )

( )

3. The base of a pyramid is a triangle with sides 8 cm, 10 cm, and 16 cm. Its altitude is 25 cm.
Find the volume of the inscribed cone.

Solution.

√
√

48
 4. Determine the volume of a cone with a height of 5.94 m if its base is a circle circumscribing
a triangle. The perimeter of the inscribed triangle is 29 m with interior angles that
measures 40°, 60°, and 80° respectively.

Solution.

5. The base of a truncated prism is a quadrilateral ABCD with AB =15 cm, BC = 20 cm, CD =1
8 cm and DA=10 cm. The altitudes at corners A, B, C, and D are 8 cm,
m, m, a m Find the volume of the prism.
,
Solution.
,

√
( )
,

6. A cooling tower is in the form of a cylinder surmounted by a frustum of a cone having

diameters at the top of 12 m., and at the bottom of 25 m. The altitude of the cylinder is 12
m. and the total height of the tower is 30 m. Determine the volume of air space in the tower
if 40 % of the space is used for pipes and other structures. ,

Solution. ,
√
( )

( )

49
 7. A closed conical tank has a base diameter of 4 m and is 7 m tall. When standing with its
circular base in the bottom, the water in the tank is 4 m deep. How deep will the water
stand in the tank when in inverted position?

Solution.

,
,

8. A right circular cylinder is inscribed in a right circular cone. The altitude of the cone is 2
cm, and its base radius is 5 cm. Find the volume of the cylinder if its lateral area is equal to
the lateral area odf the small cone that surmounts the cylinder.

Solution.

√
(√ )

50
 9. A container is in the shape of a frustum of a cone. Its diameter at the bottom is 18 cm and
at the top is 30 cm. If the depth is 24 cm, determine the capacity of the container in liters
using the prismoidal formula.
, ,
Solution.
{( ) }

10. The base of the frustum of a pyramid is in the form of a regular octagon inscribed in a
square of sides 14 cm by 14 cm. If the slant height of the pyramid is equal to 5 cm sloping
inward at an angle of 35°, determine the volume of the frustum of the pyramid.

Solution. ta

11. A water tank has a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 2 m. and a perpendicular height of
3 m. Since it was already old and leaking, it is to be replaced by another tank of the same
capacity but in the form of a frustum of a cone. The diameters of the ends of the frustum
are designed to be 1 m. and 2 m., respectively. What must be its height?

Solution.

( √ )

51
 12. A swimming pool in rectangular in shape with a length of 6 m and width 4 m. It has a
sloping bottom and is 5 m deep on one end and 3 m on the other end. The water from a
reservoir in the form of a pentagonal pyramid with an edge of 4 m and a slant height of 8 m
is emptied into the pool. Find the depth of the water in the deep end of the pool.

Solution.

( )

√
ta
( )

13. A pit 15 m deep was dug out from the ground. The pit is 3 m by 4 m the top, and 2 m by 3 m
at the bottom. What is the volume of earth removed in cubic meter?

Solution.

( )( )

52
 14. The railroad cut shown in the figure has sides inclined at 45° to the horizontal. The base of
the cut is horizontal rectangle, and the ends are vertical. The depth of the cut at each points
A, B, C, D is indicated in the figure. Find the cost of making the cut at 500 pesos per cubic
yard.

Solution.

, , ,
( √ ) ( √ )

√
, , ,
√

√
,
,
,

53
 (Angles in Fig 1 and Fig 2 are equal)

, , ,

, ,

54
  SPHERE

Definition
A sphere is a solid bounded by a closed surface every point of which is equidistant from point called
the center.

Properties

1) Every plane section of a sphere is a circle. If the plane contains a diameter in the sphere, the section is
a great circle; otherwise, the section is a small circle.

2) The axis of a circle of a sphere is the diameter of the sphere perpendicular to the plane of a circle.

3) The poles of a circle of a sphere are the ends of its axis.

4) Of two circles cut from a sphere by planes unequally distant from the center, the nearer is the greater.

5) The radius of a great circle is equal to the radius of the sphere.

6) Two great circles of a sphere bisect each other.

7) All great circles of a sphere are equal.

8) Every great circle bisects the sphere.

9) A plane perpendicular to a radius at its extremity is tangent to the sphere.

10) The shortest line that can be drawn on the surface of a sphere between two points is the shortest arc
of the great circle passing through them.

55
Formulas

SURFACE AREA S = 4πR2

The surface area of a sphere is equal to the area of its four great circles.

VOLUME V = πR3

The volume of a sphere is equal to π times the cube of its radius.

Example1. Find the area of a section cut from a sphere of radius R = 10 cm by a plane distant from the
center of the sphere.
A = πr2 ; R = 10cm
Solution.
𝑅
𝑟 + =𝑅
2
r 𝑅
r 𝑟 = R −
2

R R 10
R 𝑟= (10) −
2 2 R 2
𝑟 = 5 3 𝑐𝑚
A = πr2
= π (5 3)2
A = 235.62cm

Example2. Compute the total surface area of a hemisphere of diameter 5 cm.

Solution.
2.5cm

1
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = (4πr2 ) + πr²
2
R=2.5cm
1
= [ 4π(2.5) ] + π(2.5)
2
TSA = 58.90 cm2

56
Example3. A spherical tank has a capacity of 7200 cm³ is partially filled with water. What is the area of
the water surface if it is 7.2 cm from the center of the sphere?

Solution.

4
V = πR
r r
3
4
7200 = πR ; R = 11.98
7.2cm 3
R r = R − (7.2)
7.2cm
r = 9.57cm
R
A = πR2
=288.02cm2

Example4. The ratio of the surface area of Sphere A to the surface area of Sphere B is 4. The ratio of the
volume of Sphere B to the volume of Sphere C is 3. Find the ratio of the volume of Sphere A to the volume
of Sphere C.

Solution.

𝑆𝐴𝐴 4π(𝑅𝐴 ) 3
=4 = 4 𝑅𝐵 = 3𝑅𝐶
𝑆𝐴𝐵 4π(𝑅𝐵 ) 4π(𝑅𝐵 )
= 24.04
4π(0.693𝑅𝐵 )
𝑉𝐵 4π(𝑅𝐵 )
=3 = 3 𝑅𝐶 = 0.693𝑅𝐵
𝑉𝐶 4π(𝑅𝐶 )

57
  SPHERICAL ZONE

Definition

A zone is that portion of the surface of a sphere included between two parallel planes.

Properties

1) The circumferences of the sections made by the planes are called the bases of the zone, and the
distance between the planes is the altitude of the zone.

2) A zone of one base is a zone one of whose bounding planes is tangent to the sphere.

Formulas

SURFACE AREA Z = 2πrh

Area = altitude x circumference of great circle.

Example1. A sphere has a diameter of 30 cm. The altitude of the first segment is 6 cm. What is the ratio to
the area of zone to the 2nd segment to that of first? (Ans. 4)

Solution. Z = 2πrh ; R = radius, h = altitude

6cm 𝑍 720π
= =4
𝑍1 180π
For first segment For second segment,
Z = 2πrh ; r = 15cm, h = 6 Z = 2πrh ; r = 15cm, h = 24cm
24cm
Z = 2π(15)(6) = 180π Z = 2π(15)(24) = 720π

58
Example2. One meter curved strip around and above the base of a hemispherical dome is to be painted
with 2 coats of enamel which has a spreading capacity of 200 sq. ft. per gallon. Determine the number of
gallons of paint needed if the diameter of the dome is 16 m.

Solution.
Z = 2πrh h = rsin θ
= 2π(8)(1) h = 8sin7.16°
Z = 16πm2 h = 1m
s = rθ
π 3.28ft
l = 8 (θ × ) 32πm × ( )
180 𝑚
θ = 7.16
2(16 π)(3.28)
h 𝑁= = 5.41𝑓𝑡 /𝑔𝑎𝑙
sin 𝜃 = 200𝑓𝑡 /gallon
𝑟
 SPHERICAL SEGMENT

Definition

A spherical segment is a solid bounded by a zone and the planes of the zone’s bases.
A spherical segment is often referred to as the frustum of a sphere.

Properties

1) The sections of a spherical segment are the sections made by the parallel planes.
2) If one of the parallel planes is tangent to the sphere, the segment is called the segment of one base.
3) The altitude of a spherical segment is the perpendicular distance between the bases.

59
Formulas

TOTAL AREA T = Z + A 1 + A2

The area of the surface of a spherical segment equals the area of the zone plus the sum of the areas of the
bases

The volumes for the frustum of a sphere are given by the following:

VOLUME
πh
ONE BASE 𝑉=
(3R – h)
3
TWO BASES 1
𝑉 = πh (3a + 3b + h )
6
Where a and b are the radii of the two bases.

Example1. A frustum of a sphere has the following diameters 12.6 cm and 20.4 cm. The frustum is 3.6 cm
thick.

A = 12.6cm ; a = 6.3 h = 3.6

B = 20.4cm ; b = 10.2

a. Find the volume of the frustum of the sphere. c. Find the area of the zone of the
1 frustum of the sphere.
𝑉 = πh (3a + 3b + h )
6
Z = 2πRh
1 = 2π(12.45)(3.6)
= π(3.6) [ 3(6.3) + 3(10.2) + (3.6) ]
6 Z = 281.61cm2
V = 837.20cm3

b. Find the radius of the sphere. 10.2

y2 + (10.2)2 = R2
y = √R − (10.2) y
R
(y + 3.6)2 + (6.3)2 = R2
(6.3)2 + y2 + 7.2y + (3.6)2 = R2 6.3
(6.3)2 + [ R2 – (10.2)2 ] + 7.2(√R − (10.2) ) + (3.6)2 = R2
[ 7.2(√R − (10.2) ) ]= 51.39 y+3.6
R
R2 – (10.2)2 = 50.09
R = 12.45cm

60
Example2. A mixture compound from equal parts of two liquids, one white and the other red, was placed
in a hemispherical bowl. The total depth of the two liquids is 6’’. After standing for a short time, the
mixture separated with the white liquid settling below the black. If the segment of the black liquid is 2’’,
find the radius of the bowl in inches.

Solution.
πh
Vwhite = (3R – h); h = 4
3
πh R
Vtotal liquid = (3R – h); h = 6
3
VT = Vw + VB h
1 2”
V = Vw
2 T
1 π(6) π(4) 4”
(3R – 6) = (3R – 4) By Similar Triangles:
2 3 3
16π
6π (3R – 6) = (3R – 4) 3R – 6 16
3 =
R = 7.33” 3R – 4 18
18(3R – 6) = 16(3R – 4)
54R – 108 = 48R – 64
R = 7.33

Example3. A frustum of a sphere of diameter 12 cm is formed by two parallel planes, one through the
diameter and the other “h” distance from the diameter. The curved surface area of the frustum is required
1
to be of the total surface area of the sphere.
a) Determine the surface area of the sphere. b) Determine the thickness “h” of the frustum.
SA = 4πR2 1
Z = (SA)
= 4π(6)2 4
SA = 144πcm2 144π
2πRh =
4
2π(6)h = 36π
h = 3cm
c) Determine the volume of the frustum. d) Determine the volume of the frustum
1 a expressed as a percentage of the sphere.
V= πh (3a + 3b + h )
6 𝑉𝑓 99π
h = 3cm 3 6 =
𝑉𝑠 4
b = R = 6cm 3 π(6)
a =?
𝑉𝑓
𝑎 = √(6) − (3) = 0.34375
𝑉𝑠
𝑎=3 3
1 𝑉𝑓
𝑉 = π(3) [ 3 3 3 + 3(6) + (3) ) = 34.375%
6 𝑉𝑠
V = 99πcm3

61
  Quiz

1. A spherical storage tank is filled with liquid to a depth of 30 cm. If the inner diameter of the vessel
is 45 cm, determine the number of liters of liquid in the container.

Solution.

45
30-22.5 R R = cm
2
D = 45cm
h = 30cm
30cm
30-7.5

Consider triangle:
b
Solve for V2Base
7.5cm 22.5cm πh
𝑉 = (3a + 3b + h )
6
π(4.5cm)
= [3(21.21cm) + 3(22.5) + (7.5) ]
a2 + b2 = c2 6
(22.5)2 = (7.5)2 + b2 V2 = 11484.84cm3
b = √(22.5) − (7.5)
Vwater = V1Base + V2Base
b = 21.21cm = 23856.47cm3 + 11484.84cm3
0.001L
Vwater = V1Base + V2Base = 35341.32cm3 ×
1𝑐𝑚
Vwater = 35.34 liters
Solve for V1Base:
πh
V1 = (3R – h)
3
π(22.5cm)
= [ 3(22.5cm) – (22.5cm) ]
3
V1 = 23856.47cm3

62
 2. Calculate for the surface area of a frustum of a sphere if the diameters of its ends are 80 cm and
120 cm, and the thickness is 30 cm.

Solution.

a 80
ar = cm
b 30 2
120
? br = cm
2
R D= ?
R= ?

Consider triangle:

a SA = Z + A1 + A2
30 A1 = π(40)2
b = 5026.55cm2
x
R A2 = π(60)2
= 11,309.73cm2
SA = Z + A1 + A2
SA = Z + A1 + A2
for Z = 2πrh, R = ? SA = 28,162.49cm2
(60)2 + x2 = R2 Z = 2πrh
x2 = R2 – (60)2 = 2π(62.74)(30)
x = √R − (60) Z = 11,826.21cm2

(40)2 + (x+30)2 = R2
(40)2 + x2 + 60x + 900 = R2
(40)2 + (R2 – (60)2) + 60(√R − (60) ) + 900 = R2
60(√R − (60) )= 1100
√R − (60) = 18.33
(√R − (60) )2= (18.33)2
R2 – (60)2 = 335.99
R = 62.74

63
 3. Determine the volume and the curved surface area of a frustum of a sphere of diameter 49.74cm if
the diameters of the ends of the frustum are 24 cm. and 40 cm, and the height of the frustum is 7
cm.
D = 49.74cm
Solution. 49.74
𝑅= cm
2
a ar = 12cm
br = 20cm
7cm b
1
𝑉 = πh (3a + 3b + h )
6
24.87cm
1
= π(7cm)[ 3(12cm) + 3(20cm) + (7) ]
6
7πcm
= (1681cm )
6
V = 6161.18cm3

Z = 2πrh
= 2π(24.87cm)(7cm)
Z = 1093.84cm2
4. Determine the volume and the surface area of a frustum of a sphere of diameter 47.85cm if the
radius at the ends of the frustum are14 cm and 22 cm, and the height of the frustum is 10 cm.

Solution.

10cm
ar = 14cm Z = 2πrh
? br = 22cm = 2π(23.92)(10cm)
D = 47.85cm Z = 1502.94cm2
47.85
𝑅= 𝑐𝑚
2

1
𝑉= πh (3a + 3b + h )
6
π
= (10cm)[ 3(14cm) + 3(22cm) + (10cm) ]
6
10π
= (2140cm )
6
10700
𝑉= π ≈ 11205.01cm³
3

64
 5. A spherical wooden ball 15 cm in diameter sinks to a depth of 12 cm in water. Compute the area
exposed above the water.
D = 15cm
Solution.
15
𝑅= 𝑐𝑚
2
h = 12cm

r Consider triangle r
h2 = 4.5cm 15cm
7.5cm 4.5
7.5cm

h = 7.5cm 12cm
c2 = a2 + b2
(7.5cm)2 = (4.5cm)2 + r2
r = √(7.5) − (4.5)
r = 6cm

 SPHERICAL SECTOR

Definition

A spherical sector is portion of a sphere defined by a conical boundary with apex at the center of the
sphere.
It can be described as the union of a spherical cap and the cone formed by the center of the sphere and
the base of the cap.

Properties

1) The bounding surfaces of a spherical sector are a zone, which is called the base, and one or two conical
bases.

2) A spherical sector having only one conical surface is called a spherical cone.

65
Formulas

TOTAL SURFACE AREA T = Z + S1 + S2

The total surface area of a spherical sector is equal to the area of the zone which forms its base plus the
sum of the lateral areas of the bounding cones.

VOLUME 1
𝑉= 𝑍𝑅
3
The volume of a spherical sector is equal to one-third of the product of the area of the zone which forms
its base. (Z = 2πrh)

 QUIZ
1. A spherical sector is cut from a sphere whose radius is 12cm. Find its volume and surface area if
its central angle is 30 degrees.

Solution. Given:
30°
R R = 12cm R= l
θ = 30o

1 1
𝑉= ZR = (2πRh)R
3 3
2
= πR h
3

R−h 𝑥
cosθ = sin 𝜃 =
R R
R-h
R R cosθ = R – h 𝑥 = R sinθ
15° h = R (1 – cosθ) ; θ=15° = 12 sin(15)
h = (12) [1 – cos(15)] 𝑥 = 3.11cm
h = 0.41cm

2
SA = Z+S1 𝑉 = πR h
3
= 2πRh + π R
= πR ( 2h + ) 2
= π (12) (0.41)
= π (12) [ 2(0.41) + 3.11 ) 3
= 12 π (3.93) 2
SA = 148.16cm2 = π (59.04)
3
V = 123.65cm3

66
 2. Find the volume of a spherical cone in a sphere having a radius of 18cm if the radius of its zone is 8
cm.

Solution.
Given:
8
R = 18cm h=?
R-h a = 8cm
18

18
8

R-h
1
𝑉 = ZR
3 R − h = √(18) − (8)
1
= 2πR h R − h = 16.12
3
1 h = 18 – 16.12
= 2π(18) (1.88) h = 1.88cm
3
V = 1275.74cm3

3. The center of each two spheres having equal radius of 2m lies in the surface of the other sphere.
Find the volume common to the two spheres.

Solution. Given:

R = 2m

πh r
𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 2 (3R − h); h =
3 2

π(1)
=2 [3(2)– 1]
3
2
= π (5)
3
= 10.47m3

67
 4. An error of +1.5% was made when measuring the radius of a sphere. Determine the approximate
error in calculating the volume and the surface area of the sphere.

Solution.

Let R = 10cm
RE = 10+10(1.5%)
= 10.15cm
4
𝑉 = πR SA = 4πR2
3
4 = 4π(10)2
= π(10) = 1256.64cm2
3
= 4188.79cm3
SAE = 4πRE2
4
𝑉𝐸 = πR E = 4π(10.15)2
3
4 = 1294.62cm2
= π(10.15)
3
= 4380.13cm3

(In Volume) (In Surface Area)

− 𝑆𝐴𝐸 − 𝑆𝐴
RR R = × 100% RR R = × 100%
𝑆𝐴

4380.13 − 4188.79 1294.62 − 1256.64

= × 100% = × 100%
4188.79 1256.64

191.34 37.99
= × 100% = × 100%
4188.79 1256.64

= 4.6% = 3%

68
 SOLIDS AND SURFACES OF REVOLUTION

Center of Gravity
Definition
For any body, there is a point at which the body may be supported in any position with no
tendency to turn. This point is called the center of gravity of the body.

 Theorem of Pappus
Definition
This theorem was first discovered by Pappus of Alexandria in the third century of the Christian
Era, but his work was forgotten until the 16th century, when Kepler and Guldin revived interest in the
subject.

First Theorem
The area of any surface generated by the revolution of a plane curve about an external axis in its
plane is equal to the product of the length of the generating curve and the distance its center of
gravity moves.
𝑎
𝑆= 2𝜋𝑧 𝐿
360°
Area of surface= distance c.g. moves x length of
curve
Where,
𝑎 is the angle in degrees generated by the
revolution of the line drawn from the axis of
revolution to the center of gravity
z is the perpendicular distance of the center
of gravity from the axis of revolution

Second Theorem
The volume of any solid generated by the revolution of a plane area about an external axis in its
plane is equal to the product of the area of the generating figure and the distance its center of gravity
moves. 𝑎
𝑉= 2𝜋𝑧 𝐴
360°
Surface = distance c.g. moves x length of curve
Where,
𝑎 is the angle in degrees generated by the
revolution of the line drawn from the axis of
revolution to the center of gravity
z is the perpendicular distance of the center
of gravity from the axis of revolution

69
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

70
 1. The curve of a sphere is given by the equation x²-2x +y²-6y-39=0. Determine the volume of the
sphere in cm³ and its surface area in cm².
Solution.
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6𝑦 − 39 = 0
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6𝑦 = 39
(𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1) + (𝑦 − 6𝑦 + 9) = 39 + 1 + 9
(𝑥 − 1) + (𝑦 − 3) = 49
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑦 − 3)
+ = 1; 𝑎 = 7, 𝑏 = 7
49 49
4 4
𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏 = 𝜋(7)(7) = 1436.76𝑐𝑚
3 3
𝐴𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 4𝜋𝑎𝑏 = 4𝜋(7)(7) = 615.75𝑐𝑚

2. A frustum of a sphere of radius 13 cm is formed by two parallel planes on opposite sides of the
center, each at a distance of 5 cm from the center. Determine the volume of the frustum by using
the Prismoidal Formula.
Solution.
𝑟 = 13𝑐𝑚
r1 r1
𝑟1 = √𝑟 − (5) = 169 − 25 = 12𝑐𝑚
𝑟1 = 𝑟
5 r 5 r 1
r 𝑉 = (𝐵 + 𝑏 + 4𝐵𝑀 )(ℎ)
6
r 𝐵 = 𝑏 = 𝜋(𝑟1 ) = 𝜋(12) = 144𝜋
5 𝐵𝑀 = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋(13) = 169𝜋
r2 4𝐵𝑀 = 676𝜋
1
𝑉 = (145𝜋 + 144𝜋 + 676𝜋)(10)
6
𝑉 = 5047.49𝑐𝑚

3. Determine the lateral surface area of the frustum of the cone in the figure using the Theorem of
Pappus.
Solution.
y y
𝑥 3𝑚
3m 3m =
2𝑚 6𝑚
6𝑥 = 6𝑚
𝑥 = 1𝑚
𝑦 = √(4) + (2) = 2 5𝑚 = 𝐿
z
1𝑚 + 3𝑚
4m y 4m 𝑧= = 2𝑚
2
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑧𝐿
x
𝐴 = 2𝜋(2) 2 5
2m 2m
x 𝐴 = 56.20𝑚

71
 4. Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the curve defined about x²+y²-25=0 about the
line 2x+y=6.
Solution.
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 25; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟
Center (0,0) ; radius =5 = 2𝜋(5)
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 10𝜋
𝑑=
𝐴 +𝐵 𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑧𝐴
2(0) + 1(0) − 6 6
𝑧= = 2𝜋 (10𝜋)
√(2) + (1) 5
6 = 529.69 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑧=
5

5. A spherical ball of radius 3.4cm was dropped into a conical vessel of depth 8cm and radius of base
6cm. What is the area of the portion of the sphere which lies below the circle of contact (shaded
area) with the cone?
Solution.

r=3.4cm, H=8cm, R=6cm

R
𝑅
tan 𝛽 =
𝐻
H 𝜃 𝑅 6
𝛽 = arctan = arctan = 36.87°
𝐻 8
𝜃 = 180° − 90° − 𝛽 = 53.13°
𝛽

𝑥
cos 𝜃 =
R 𝑟
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
r = (3.4) cos(53.13)
= 2.04 𝑐𝑚
𝜃 𝜃
H ℎ =𝑟−𝑥
r
h = 3.4 − 2.04
x 𝜃
𝛽 𝛽 = 1.36𝑐𝑚
𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
h
= 2𝜋(3.4)(1.36)
= 29.05𝑐𝑚

72
 6. The lateral area of a right circular cone is 634 sq. meters. Its diameter is two-thirds of its altitude.
What is the volume of the largest sphere that can be inscribed in the cone?
Solution. 𝐿𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 634𝑚 (634)(9)
2ℎ =ℎ
𝑑= ; 2𝑟 𝜋 10 r r
3 ℎ = 24𝑚
2ℎ
2𝑟 = To solve for r, R
3 ℎ
ℎ 𝑟 = ; ℎ = 24 R h R
𝑟= 3
3 h-R
𝑟 = 8𝑚
To solve for h, 𝑟
tan 𝜃 = 𝜃 𝜃
634 = 𝜋𝑟√𝑟 + ℎ ℎ
𝜃 = 18.44°
ℎ ℎ
634 = 𝜋 +ℎ To solve for R,
3 3 𝑅 hsin 𝜃 𝑅(1 + sin 𝜃)
sin 𝜃 = =
ℎ 10ℎ ℎ−𝑅 1 + sin 𝜃 (1 + sin 𝜃)
634 = 𝜋 (ℎ − 𝑅) sin 𝜃 = 𝑅
3 9 𝑅 = 5.77𝑚
hsin 𝜃 − 𝑅 sin 𝜃 = 𝑅 4
𝜋ℎ 10 hsin 𝜃 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 sin 𝜃 𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑅 = 803.03𝑚
634 = 3
9
7. A hemispherical dome is 16ft in diameter. If the spreading capacity of enamel is 5m² per gallon,
how much gallons of enamel is needed to paint the bottom 2ft curved strip of the dome’s surface?
Solution.
d=16 ft, R=8 ft, h= 2 ft
Spreading capacity of enamel =5m²/gal
𝑍 = 2𝜋𝑅ℎ
2ft = 2𝜋(8)(2)
= 30.64𝑚
5𝑚 30.64𝑚
=
𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑥
𝑥 = 6.13 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠
8. Three spheres made of lead have a radius of r, 2r, and 4r respectively. They are all melted to form
a new sphere of radius R. The ratio of the volume of the new sphere to its surface area is 4.18.
Compute the value of R and the volume of the new sphere.
Solution.
r
𝑉
= 4.18
𝑆𝐴
4
2r R 3 𝜋𝑅 = 4.18
4𝜋𝑅
𝑅
= 4.18
3
4r R=12.54

73
 9. A horizontal cylindrical tank with hemispherical ends is to be filled with water to a height of
762mm. If the inside diameter of the cylinder is 1016mm and the length of the cylinder is
3600mm, find the volume of water in cubic meters that will be filled into the tank up to the
required height.
Solution.

L=3600mm; 3.6m 𝑉𝑐 ℎ𝑐
d=1016mm; 1.016m; r=0.508m =
𝑉𝑤𝑐 ℎ𝑤𝑐
h=762mm; 0.762m
𝜋ℎ 𝜋(0.508) (3.6) (1.016)
𝑉𝑤𝑠 = (3𝑟 − ℎ) =
3 𝑉𝑤𝑐 (0.762)
(0.762)
= (3(0.508) − 0.762) 𝑉𝑤𝑐 = 1.23𝑚
3
= 0.46𝑚 𝑉𝑇𝑤 = 𝑉𝑤𝑠 + 𝑉𝑤𝑐
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠
4 = 0.46𝑚 + 1.23𝑚
= 𝜋𝑟 𝐿 + 𝜋𝑟
3
4 = 1.69𝑚
= 𝜋(0.508) (3.6) + 𝜋(0.508)
3
= 3.47𝑚
10. A right triangle with base width of 6 and height of 3 has its right angle corner at coordinates (6,5).
What is the volume and lateral surface area generated when this triangle is revolved about the
x-axis?
Solution. r=3, h=6 V= Cbase (Atriangle)
𝐿 =𝑟 +ℎ 1
= 2𝜋𝑟 𝑟ℎ
L = (3) + (6) 2
r 1
𝐿=3 5 = [2𝜋(3)] (3)(6)
2
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟
h = 169.65 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
= 2𝜋(3)
= 6𝜋
1
𝐿𝐴 = 𝐶𝐿
2
1
= (6𝜋) 3 5
2
= 63.22

74
 11. A cubical box having a side of 2 in. is tightly packed with 8 marbles and is filled with water.
Assume all 8 marbles are in contact with the walls of the container and adjacent marbles. All of the
marbles are of the same size. What is the volume of water in the container?
Solution.
r= radius of each marble
Vw=Volume of water inside the cube
Vc=Volume of the cube
VM=Volume of each marble
4r=x=2
r=0.5in
Vw = Vc − 8VM
4
= x − 8( πr )
3
4
= (2) − 8 𝜋(0.5)
3
= 3.8𝑖𝑛

12. A spherical steel ball having a radius of 10 cm is placed into a vertical circular cylinder containing
water, causing the water level to rise 10 cm. What is the radius of the cylinder?
Solution.
𝑅 = 10 𝑐𝑚, ℎ = 10 𝑐𝑚, 𝑟 =?
r
𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑉𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
4
𝜋𝑅 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
3
10 4
10 𝜋(10) = 𝜋𝑟 (10)
3
𝑟 = 133.33
𝑟 = 11.55𝑐𝑚

13. A petrol container is in the form of a central cylindrical portion 5 m. long with a hemispherical
section surmounted on each end. If the diameter of both the hemisphere and cylinder is 1.2 m,
determine the capacity of the tank in liters.
Solution.

𝑉𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 + 𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

4
𝑉𝑇 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ + 𝜋𝑟
3
5 4
= 𝜋(0.6) (5) + 𝜋(0.6)
3
= 6.56𝑚
1000𝐿
(6.56𝑚 ) = 6560𝐿
𝑚
1.2

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 14. A solid sphere is cut by a plane 35cm from its center. The area of the small circle cut by the plane
is 5026.55 cm². Determine the volume and the total surface area of the larger segment.
Solution.
𝜋𝑟 = 50266.55𝑐𝑚
r 50266.55𝑐𝑚
𝑟 =
h 𝜋
R y 𝑟 = 40
𝑅 = ℎ + 𝑟 ; ℎ = 35𝑐𝑚
= (35) + (40)
𝑅 = 5 113 = 53.15𝑐𝑚

𝑦 =ℎ+𝑅
h = 35𝑐𝑚 + 53.15𝑐𝑚
R
= 88.15𝑐𝑚
y
R 𝜋ℎ
𝑉= (3𝑅 − 𝑦)
3
𝜋(88.15)
= (3) 5 113 − (88.15)
3
= 580,197.83𝑐𝑚
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝑧 + 𝜋𝑅
= 2𝜋𝑅𝑦 + 𝜋𝑅 ; 𝑦 = ℎ + 𝑅
= 2𝜋 5 113 (88.15) + 𝜋 5 113
= 38,313.21𝑐𝑚

15. A square and an equilateral triangle having their bases in the same straight line are circumscribed
about a circle of radius “a”. The whole figure is revolved about the altitude of the triangle.
Compute for the sum of the total surface area of the three surfaces generated, in terms of “a”.
Solution.

60°

60° 60°

76
 a
𝛼
𝑆= 2𝜋𝑧𝐿; 𝛼 = 360
360°
z z 2a
𝑆𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑧𝐿
2𝑎
= 2𝜋 (𝜋𝑎)
𝜋
= 4𝜋𝑎
𝑆𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑧𝐿
2𝑎 𝑧 = 𝑎; 𝐿 = 2𝑎 = (2𝜋)(𝑎)(2𝑎)
𝑧= ; 𝐿 = 𝜋𝑎 = 4𝜋𝑎
𝜋
𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 2𝜋𝑧𝐿
𝑎 3
1 1 = (2𝜋 ) 2𝑎 3
𝑧= 𝑏= 𝑎 3 2
2 2
𝑎 = 6𝜋𝑎
tan 30 =
𝑏 z 𝑆𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑆𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 + 𝑆𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 + 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑎
𝑏= a c = 4𝜋𝑎 + 4𝜋𝑎 + 6𝜋𝑎
tan 30
= 14𝜋𝑎
𝑏=𝑎 3
𝑐 = 2𝑏 = 𝐿 30°
𝐿 = 2𝑎 3 b

77