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PROFIBUS
Technical Description
September 1999
September 1999
Published by
Liability Exclusion
We have tested the contents of this document regarding agreement with the hardware and
software described. Nevertheless, deviations can’t be excluded, and we are not guaranteeing
complete agreement. The data in this document is checked periodically, however. Necessary
corrections will be obtained in subsequent versions. We gratefully accept suggestions for
improvement. This manual is not a substitute for the PROFIBUS standard EN 50170. In case of
doubt, EN 50170 takes precedence.
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IEC 1158-2 PROFIDrive
Extensions (Motion Control)
transmission reliability, large distances and high communication via PROFIBUS. The most important
transmission speed, in process automation addi- PROFIBUS Application Profile is currently the PA
tional requirements must also be satisfied, such as profile, which defines the parameters and function
operation in hazardous areas and the transmission blocks of process automation devices, such as
of data and energy on a common cable. Since it is measuring transducers, valves and positioners.
not yet possible to satisfy all requirements with a Further profiles for variable-speed drives, HMI and
single transmission technology, there are currently encoders define the vendor-independent communi-
three transmission methods (Physical Profiles) cation and behavior of the respective device types.
available for PROFIBUS:
0DQXIDFWXULQJ 3URFHVV
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0HDVXULQJ 7UDQVGXFHUV
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Communication
FMS DP
RS-485
RS-485
Fiber Optic
Fiber Optic
IEC 1158-2
Fields of Application
(Manufacturing, Process, Building)
Application Profiles
Layer
User
DP-Functions
DP-Grundfunktionen
Application
Fieldbus Message
(7) Specification (FMS)
(3)-(6)
Not used
Baud rate (kbit/s) 9.6 19.2 93.75 187.5 500 1500 12000
VP (6)
Station 1 Station 2
390 Ω
Data line
RxD/TxD-P (3) (3) RxD/TxD-P RxD/TxD-P (3)
Shielding
Protective Protective 390 Ω
ground ground
DGND (5)
Control System
+ εx
≥ 10 mA
PROFIBUS
RS 485 ≥ 10 mA
≥ 10 mA
Segment coupler
≥ 10 mA
or Link PROFIBUS Stub line
IEC 1158-2 mit 31.25 kbit/s 100 Ω
24 V
I < 120 mA 1 µF
Shielded twisted pair cable ≥ 10 mA
Bus terminator
Fig. 7: Bus powering of field devices via PROFIBUS and IEC 1158-2 transmission technology
Cable design Shielded twisted be longer than 30m in intrinsically safe applications.
pair cable
A shielded two-wire cable is used as the transmis-
Conductor area (nominal) 0.8 mm² (AWG 18) sion medium, see Fig.7. The main bus cable is
fitted at both ends with a passive line terminator,
Loop resistance: 44 Ω/km consisting of an RC element connected in series
with R = 100 Ω and C = 1 µF. In the segment cou-
Impedance at 31.25 kHz 100 Ω ± 20 % pler or link the bus terminator is already perma-
nently integrated. A reversed-polarity connection of
Wave attenuation at 39 kHz 3 dB/km a field device using IEC 1158-2 technology has no
effect on the correct functioning of the bus, since
Capacitive asymmetry 2 nF/km these field devices are usually fitted with automatic
polarity detection.
Table 4: Specification of the reference cable for IEC The number of stations that can be connected to
1158-2 transmission one segment is limited to a maximum of 32. How-
ever, this number may be further restricted by the
selected type of protection and bus powering. In
Tree or line structures are possible network topolo- intrinsically safe networks, the maximum supply
gies for PROFIBUS with IEC 1158-2 transmission, voltage as well as the maximum supply current are
as well as any combinations of the two, see Fig. 7. defined within strict limits. Even when intrinsic
safety is not required, the power of the power
In a line structure, stations are connected to the supply unit is limited.
main cable using T-connectors. A tree structure can
be compared to the classic field installation tech- As a rule of thumb for determining the maximum
nique. The multi-core master cable is replaced by line length, it is sufficient to calculate the power
the two-wire bus cable. The field distributor contin- requirements of the field devices to be connected,
ues to be used for connection of the field devices to select a supply unit from Table 5 and to read off
and to house the bus terminating resistor. When a the line length for the selected type of cable from
tree structure is used, all field devices connected to Table 6. The required current ( =Σ power require-
the fieldbus segment are wired in parallel in the field ments) is obtained from the sum of the basic cur-
distributor. rents of the devices, of the field devices connected
in the selected segment, as well as a reserve of 9
In all cases, the maximum permissible stub line mA per segment for the operating current of the
lengths must be taken into consideration when FDE (Fault Disconnection Equipment). The FDE
calculating the total line length. A stub line may not
*)
Type Application Supply voltage Maximum Maximum Typical
supply current power no. of stations
prevents faulty devices from blocking the bus fibers. This provides a method of switching at any
permanently. time between RS 485 transmission and fiber optic
Joint operation of bus powered and externally transmission within one system. See PROFIBUS
powered devices is permissible. It must be noted guideline 2.022 for the specification of the PRO-
that even externally supplied devices consume a FIBUS fiber optic transmission technique. For an
basic current via the bus connection, and this must overview of the fiber-optic components available for
also be taken into account when calculating the PROFIBUS, please refer to the current PROFIBUS
maximum available supply current. Product Guide.
PC
PLC PLC
PROFIBUS
Fig. 8: shows a PROFIBUS configuration with three active stations (masters) and seven passive stations
(slaves). The three masters form a logical token ring.
• During communication between complex auto- addresses). When an active station receives the
mation systems (masters), it must be ensured token telegram, it can perform the master role for a
that each of these stations gets sufficient time certain period of time and communicate with all
to perform its communication tasks within a slave stations in a master-slave communication
precisely defined time interval. relationship and all master stations in a master-
master communication relationship.
• On the other hand, for communication between
a complex programmable controller and its as- The task of the bus access controller (MAC) of the
signed simple peripherals (slaves), cyclic, real- active station is to detect this logical assignment in
time data transmission needs to be imple- the startup phase of the bus system and to estab-
mented as fast and as simply as possible. lish the token ring. During operation, defective or
switched-off (active) stations must be removed from
Therefore, the PROFIBUS medium access protocol the ring and new active stations can be added to
(see Figure 8) includes the token passing proce- the ring. In addition, the bus access control ensures
dure, which is used by complex bus stations (mas- that the token is passed from one master to the
ters) to communicate with each other, and the next in order of increasing addresses.
master-slave procedure used by complex bus
stations to communicate with the simple peripherals The actual token hold time of a master depends on
(slaves). the configured token rotation time. In addition, the
detection of defects on the transmission medium
The token passing procedure ensures that the and on the line receiver, as well as the detection of
bus access right (the token) is assigned to each errors in station addressing (e.g., multiple ad-
master within a precisely defined timeframe. The dresses assigned) or in token passing (e.g., multi-
token message, a special telegram for passing the ple tokens or token loss) are characteristic features
token from one master to the next master must be of the PROFIBUS medium access control.
passed around the logical token ring once to all
masters within a (configurable) maximum token Another important task of layer 2 is data security.
rotation time. In PROFIBUS the token passing PROFIBUS layer 2 frame formats ensure high data
procedure is only used for communication between integrity. All telegrams have a Hamming Distance
complex stations (masters). of HD=4. This is achieved through compliance with
the international standard IEC 870-5-1, through
The master-slave procedure permits the master special telegram start and end delimiters, slip-free
(the active station) which currently owns the token synchronization, a parity bit and a check byte.
to access the assigned slaves (the passive sta-
tions). This enables the master to send messages PROFIBUS layer 2 operates in a connectionless
to, or retrieve them from the slaves. This method of mode. In addition to logical peer-to-peer data
access allows implementation of the following transmission, it provides multi-peer communication
system configurations: (broadcast and multicast).
• Pure master-slave system. Broadcast communication means that an active
• Pure master-master system (token passing) station sends an unacknowledged message to all
• A combination of the two other stations (master and slaves).
A token ring means the organizational lining up of Multicast communication means that an active
active stations which form a logical ring through station sends an unacknowledged message to a
their bus addresses. In this ring, the token, the bus predetermined group of stations (master and
access right, is passed on from one master to the slaves).
next master in a predefined sequence (increasing
The PROFIBUS Communication Profiles each use transducers. Data exchange with the distributed
a specific subset of layer 2 services, see Table 8. devices is mainly cyclic. The communication func-
The services are called up by the higher-order tions required for this are defined by the basic DP
layers via the service access points (SAPs). In FMS functions in accordance with EN 50 170. In addition
these service access points are used to address the to these basic functions, DP also offers extended
logical communication relationships. acyclic communication services for the parameter-
In DP a precisely defined function is assigned to ization, operation, monitoring and alarm handling of
each service access point. Several service access intelligent field devices. They are defined in the
points can be used simultaneously for all active and PROFIBUS Guideline No. 2.042 and are explained
passive stations. A distinction is made between in Chapter 4.2.
source (SSAP) and destination service access
points (DSAP). 4.1 Basic Functions
Bus access:
• Token passing procedure between masters and master-slave procedure between master and slaves
• Mono-master or multi-master systems possible
• Master and slave devices, max. 126 stations on one bus
Communication:
• Peer-to-peer (user data communication) or multicast (control commands)
• Cyclic master-slave user data communication
Operating states:
• Operate: Cyclic transmission of input and output data
• Clear: Inputs are read, outputs remain in secure state
• Stop: Diagnostics and parameterization, no user data transmission
Synchronization:
• Control commands allow the synchronization of inputs and outputs
• Sync mode: Outputs are synchronized
• Freeze mode: Inputs are synchronized
Functions:
• Cyclic user data transfer between DP master and slave(s)
• Dynamic activation or deactivation of individual slaves
• Checking the configuration of the slaves
• Powerful diagnostic functions, 3 hierarchical levels of diagnostic messages
• Synchronization of inputs and/or outputs
• Address assignment for slaves optionally possible via the bus
• maximum of 244 bytes input and output data possible for each slave
Protective functions:
• All messages are transmitted at a hamming distance of HD=4
• Watchdog control of DP slave detects failure of the assigned master
• Access protection for inputs/outputs of slaves
• Monitoring of user data communication with adjustable monitoring timer in the master
Device types:
• DP master Class 2 (DPM2), e.g. engineering or diagnostics tool
• DP master Class 1 (DPM1), e.g. central programmable controllers such as PLC, PC ....
• DP slave e.g. devices with binary or analog inputs/outputs, drives, valves
Table 9: Basic DP functions
14
500 kBit/s
10
1.5 MBit/s
6
2 12 MBit/s
2 10 20 30
Slaves
Fig. 9: Bus cycle time of a DP mono-master system
DP Master (Class 1)
PLC
PROFIBUS-DP
Actuator Sensor
Decentraliced inputs and outputs
DP Slaves
Fig. 10: DP mono-master system
Request frame
Final info Output data Head info
Immediate reply
DP Master
DP Slave
Response frame
Input data Final info
Head info
transmission. The DPM1 then changes to the Clear slave, a group of slaves or all slaves simultane-
state. ously. These control commands are transmitted as
multicast commands. They permit use of sync and
If this parameter is false, the DPM1 remains in freeze modes for event-controlled synchronization
operate state even when a fault occurs, and the of the slaves.
user can specify the system reaction.
The slaves begin sync mode when they receive a
sync command from their assigned master.
4.1.4 Cyclic Data Transmission between the The outputs of all addressed slaves are then frozen
DPM1 and the Slaves in their current state. During subsequent user data
transmissions, the output data are stored at the
Data transmission between the DPM1 and the slaves, but the output states remain unchanged.
slaves assigned to it is executed automatically by The stored output data are not sent to the outputs
the DPM1 in a defined, recurring order. When until the next sync command is received. Sync
configuring the bus system, the user defines the mode is concluded with the unsync command.
assignment of a slave to the DPM1. He also defines
which slaves are to be included in, or excluded Similarly, a freeze control command causes the
from, the cyclic user data communication. addressed slaves to assume freeze mode. In this
operating mode, the states of the inputs are frozen
Data transmission between the DPM1 and the at the current value. Input data are not updated
slaves is divided into three phases: parameteriza- again until the master sends the next freeze com-
tion, configuration and data transfer. Before a DP mand. Freeze mode is concluded with the unfreeze
slave enters the data transfer phase, in the param- command.
eterization and configuration phase it is checked,
whether the planned configuration matches the 4.1.6 Protection Mechanisms
actual device configuration. In the course of this
check, the device type, format and length informa- Security and reliability make it necessary to provide
tion as well as the number of inputs and outputs DP with effective protection functions against pa-
must agree. These tests provide the user reliable rameterization errors or failure of the transmission
protection against parameterization errors. In addi- equipment. To achieve this, monitoring mecha-
tion to the user data transfer, which is executed nisms are implemented in the DP master and in the
automatically by the DPM1, new parameterization slaves in the form of time monitoring. The monitor-
data can be sent to the slaves at the request of the ing interval is defined during configuration.
user.
Index
Basic Modul 1 Modul 2 Modul 3 Modul 4
device
unit Index Index Index Index
0-255 0-255 0-255 0-255
Index
0-255 8 Digital 16 Digital 8 Digital 1 Analog
OUT OUT IN IN
0 1 2 3 4 Slot_Number
in ascending order
from left to right
Representation of data
during
data transmission
MSAC1_Alarm_Acknowledge: MSAC2_Write:
The master acknowledges the receipt of an alarm The master writes a data block to the slave
message to the assigned slave
MSAC2_Data_Transport:
MSAC1_Status: With this service, the master can write data acycli-
Transmission of a status message from the slave to cally to the slave and if required also read data from
the master. The receipt of the status message is not the slave in the same service cycle. The meaning of
acknowledged. Status messages can therefore be the data is application-specific and defined in pro-
overwritten. files.
Data is transferred connection-oriented via an
MSAC1 connection. This connection is established The communication is performed connection-
by the DPM1. It is very closely linked to the con- oriented. The connection is called MSAC_C2. The
nection for cyclic data communication between the connection is established before the beginning of
DPM1 and the slaves and can only be used by the acyclic data communication by the DPM2 with the
master that has also parameterized and configured MSAC2_Initiate service. After this, the connection is
the slave in question. available for the MSAC2_Read, MSAC2_Write and
MSAC2_Data_Transport services. When a connec-
4.2.3 Acyclic Data Transmission between tion is no longer needed, it is disconnected by the
DPM2 and the Slaves master with the MSAC2_Abort service. In general it
is possible for a slave to maintain several active
The following functions are available for acyclic MSAC2 connections at the same time. The number
data communication between the engineering and of connections that can be kept active at the same
operator tools (DPM2) and the slaves: time is limited by the resources available in the
slave and varies depending on the device type.
MSAC2_Initiate and MSAC2_Abort Acyclic data transmission is effected in a predefined
Establishment and termination of a connection for sequence, which will be described in the following
acyclic data communication between the DPM2 and with the help of the MSAC2_Read service.
the slave.
MSAC2_Read:
The master reads a data block from the slave
First the master sends an MSAC2_Read request to The FMS application layer (7) consists of the fol-
the slave; in this request the required data are lowing parts:
addressed using the slot number and index. After • The Fieldbus Message Specification (FMS) and
this request has been received, the slave has the • the Lower Layer Interface (LLI)
opportunity to make the required data available.
The master now sends regular poll telegrams to The PROFIBUS-FMS communication model per-
collect the requested data from the slave. The slave mits distributed application processes to be unified
answers the poll telegrams of the master with a into a common process by using communication
brief acknowledgement without data until it has relationships. That portion of an application process
processed the data. The next poll request by the in a field device which can be reached via commu-
master is then answered with an MSAC2_Read nication is called a virtual field device (VFD). Figure
response, with which the read data are transmitted 13 shows the relationship between the real field
to the master. Data transmission is time-monitored. device and the virtual field device. In this example,
only certain variables (i.e., number of units, rate of
The monitoring interval is specified with the failure and downtime) are part of the virtual field
DDLM_Initiate service when the connection is device and can be read or written via the two com-
established. If the connection monitor detects a munication relationships. The variables Required
fault, the connection is automatically disconnected Value and Recipe are not available with FMS.
on both the master and the slave side. The connec-
tion can then be established again or used by All communication objects of an FMS device are
another partner. Service access points 40 to 48 on entered in the object dictionary (OD). The object
the slave and service point 50 on the DPM2 are dictionary contains description, structure and data
reserved for the MSAC_C2 connection. type, as well as the relationship between the inter-
nal device addresses of the communication objects
5. FMS Communication Profile and their designation on the bus (index/name).
The FMS Communication Profile is designed for
Static communication objects are entered in the
communication at cell level. At this level, program-
static object dictionary. They are configured once
mable controllers (PLCs and PCs) communicate
and cannot be modified during operation. FMS
primarily with each other. In this application area a
recognizes five types of communication objects:
high degree of functionality is more important than
fast system reaction times.
• Simple Variable
• Array (series of simple variables of the same type)
Fig. 13: Virtual field device (VFD) with object dictionary (OD)
Communication objects can also be protected from Start, Stop, Resume, Reset, Kill
unauthorized access through access protection,
or the permitted services for accessing an object
Event Management
(e.g. read only) can be restricted. EventNotification EventNotificationWithType
Fig. 15: Sequence of a confirmed FMS service PROFIBUS Application Profiles describe the use of
PROFIBUS Communication and Physical Profiles
The connection attributes "open" and "defined" are for a certain range of applications (process automa-
another characteristic feature of connection- tion, building automation) or for certain device types
oriented communication relationships. (encoders, drives).
εx RS 485 up to 12 MBit/s
PROFIBUS
(NAMUR) and meets the special requirements of control system (DCS), with PROFIBUS the data of
this application area: several devices are transmitted through one com-
mon cable. While a separate power supply (explo-
• Standardized application profiles for process sion-proof if necessary), is required for each signal
automation and interchangeability of field de- with conventional wiring, the segment coupler or
vices from different vendors link carries out this function commonly for many
• Addition and removal of bus stations even in devices in a PROFIBUS network. Depending on the
intrinsically safe areas without influencing other explosion requirements and energy consumption of
stations the devices, 9 (EEx ia/ib) up to 32 (non-ex) meas-
• Bus supply of measuring transducers using two- uring transducers can be connected to one seg-
wire technology according to IEC 1158-2. ment coupler/link. This saves not only on wiring, but
also on the I/O modules of the DCS. Because these
• Use is also possible in potentially explosive
are replaced by the PROFIBUS interface. Since
areas with protection types “intrinsically safe”
several measuring transducers can be supplied with
(EEx ia/ib) or “encapsulation” (EEx d).
operating energy from a single supply unit, with
PROFIBUS all isolators and barriers can be
dropped.
6.1.1 Communication Aspects
The use of PROFIBUS in process engineering The measured values and status of the PA field
systems achieves cost savings of more than 40% in devices are transmitted cyclically with high priority
planning, cabling, commissioning and maintenance between the DCS (DPM1) and the measuring
and offers a significant increase in functionality and transducers using the fast DP basic functions. This
security. Figure 17 shows the differences between ensures that the current measured value and its
the wiring of a conventional 4 to 20 mA system and associated status are always up to date and avail-
a system based on PROFIBUS. able in the automation system (DPM1). On the
other hand, the device parameters for visualization,
The field devices in the hazardous area are con- operation, maintenance and diagnostics are trans-
nected via PROFIBUS using IEC 1158-2 transmis- mitted by the engineering tool (DPM2) with the low-
sion technology. The IEC 1158-2 technology allows priority acyclic DP functions via a C2 connection.
the transmission of data and energy for the field
device using only two wires. The transition to the
non-hazardous area, where PROFIBUS is used
with RS-485 technology, is effected by a segment
coupler or link. Unlike conventional wiring, where a
separate line has to be laid for each signal from the
measuring point to the I/O module of the process
εx εx
Gray wiring
Ex Isolation Ex Isolation
Measuring transducer Coupler/link
19“ cabinet supply unit
Coupler/link
Patching distribution frame
Exi, blue wiring
Distributor Vki i i
Measuring
transducer 1 ... n
Measuring transducer 1 ... n Measuring transducer 1 ... n
Fig. 17: Comparison of conventional wiring and PROFIBUS
lation of values in the measuring transducer is also
6.1.2 Application aspects possible.
Besides communication-relevant definitions, the PA Here the user can enter a fictitious measured value
profile also contains application-relevant definitions, using the engineering tool; this is then transmitted
such as data type and unit of the transmitted meas- from the measuring transducer to the process
ured value, as well as the significance of the asso- control system instead of the real measured value.
ciated status value. Specifications for the unit and This facilitates the simulation of critical plant states
meaning of the device parameters, such as up- and supports the commissioning personnel during
per/lower measuring range limit, are vendor- step-by-step commissioning of the plant.
independent. To support commissioning, the simu-
OUT
(Measured value)
OUT z Current measured value of the process variable and the status
PV_SCALE z z Scaling of the process variables of the lower and upper measuring range
limit, code for units and number of digits after the decimal point
HI_HI_LIM z z Upper alarm limit: If exceeded, alarm and status bit are set to 1
HI_LIM z z Upper warning limit: If exceeded, warning and status bit are set to 1
LO_LIM z z Lower warning limit: If not reached, warning and status bit are set to 1
LO_LO_LIM z z Lower alarm limit: If not reached, alarm and status bit are set to 1
Device behavior is described by specifying stan- specific function blocks, two function blocks are
dardized variables with which the properties of the available for device-specific characteristics (physi-
measuring transducers are described in detail. Fig. cal block and transducer block). The input and
18 shows the principle of a pressure transmitter, output parameters of the function blocks can be
which is described with the "Analog Input" function connected via the bus and linked to a process
block. engineering application.
The PA profile consists of a general data sheet
Physical Block
containing the definitions applicable for all device
Contains general device information such as device
types, and device data sheets containing specific
name, manufacturer, version, serial number
information for the respective device type. The
profile is suitable for the description of devices with
Transducer Block
only one measured variable (single variable) as well
Contains application-specific data such as correc-
as for multifunctional devices with several meas-
tion parameters
ured variables (multi-variable). The current PA
profile (Version 3.0) defines the device data sheets
Analog Input Block (AI)
for all common measuring transducers:
Provides the value measured by the sensor, with
status and scaling
• Pressure and differential pressure
• Level, temperature, flow rate Analog Output Block (AO)
• Analog and digital inputs and outputs Provides the analog output with the output value
• Valves, positioners specified by the control system
• Analyzers
Digital Input (DI)
Provides the control system with the value of the
6.1.3 PA Function Blocks digital input
The PA profile supports interchangeability and
interoperability of PA field devices from different Digital Output (DO)
vendors. The profile uses the internationally recog- Provides the digital output with the value specified
nized function block model to describe the device by the control system
functions and parameters. The function blocks
represent different user functions, such as analog An application contains several function blocks. The
input or analog output. In addition to the application- function blocks are integrated into the field devices
F-Host/F-PLC
DP-Master ( class 1 ) Standard- Host/PLC
F-I/O DP-Master ( class 1 )
Standard- I/O
DP-Slave
DP-Slave
PROFIBUS Segment A
Segment B
DP/PA F-Gateway
Standard- I/O
F-Device other safe DP-Slave
DP-Slave bus systems
Fig. 19: With the ProfiSafe profile, failsafe devices can communicate via PROFIBUS
by the device manufacturers and can be accessed ProfiSafe takes account of all known possible errors
via communication as well as via the engineering that can occur during serial bus communication
tools. (repetition, loss, insertion, incorrect sequence,
delay, masquerade, corrupted process data and
6.2 Failsafe Applications erroneous addressing) and defines further security
mechanisms which extend beyond the standard
error detection and elimination mechanisms of the
The PROFISafe profile (order number 3.092) de- PROFIBUS bus access protocol.
fines how failsafe devices (emergency stop push-
button, light grids, interlocks) are connected to the Through skilful selection and combination of the
programmable controllers via PROFIBUS. This available recovery measures, such as consecutive
means that the advantages of open bus communi- numbering, time monitoring with acknowledgement,
cation with PROFIBUS can also be used in this source-target identification and CRC control, as well
special area where, until now, almost all devices as a patented "SIL Monitor", it was possible to
were wired conventionally. achieve the required fail probability class up to
SIL3, or AK6, or category 4. Furthermore, the
While developing the concept for the safe transmis- PROFISafe profile has been given extra weight by
sion of data via PROFIBUS, the focus was not only favorable reports from TÜV and BIA. For the
on the reduction of wiring costs, but also the wide manufacturers of failsafe devices there is a special
range of applications in the manufacturing and software driver available, that implements all defini-
processing industry. As a result, devices with PRO- tions of the PROFISafe profile.
FISafe profile can be operated without restrictions
and in harmonious coexistence with standard
devices using one and the same cable. ProfiSafe is 6.3 Building automation
based on the DP Communication Profile and can be
operated with RS-485, fiber optics or IEC 1158-2 This profile (order number 3.011) is dedicated to a
technology. specific branch and serves as basis for many public
procurements in building automation. On the basis
At the same time, very fast reaction times can be of the FMS Communication Profile it defines how
achieved with DP in the manufacturing sector, and the monitoring, control, regulation, operation, alarm
in the processing sector no additional power con- handling and archiving of building automation
sumption is needed for PA field devices. ProfiSafe systems is to be effected.
is a single-channel software solution that does not
require any further bus cables.
ur ation
g
Confi PROFIBUS
tem configurator
Sys
SPS
device) as well as space to describe the modules tained from all regional associations or on the
available in a modular device. Plain text can also be PROFIBUS webesite.
assigned to the diagnostic messages.
A special range of ID numbers (generic ID num-
To support device manufacturers, the PROFIBUS bers) has been reserved for PA field devices:
homepage contains a special GSD editor and 9700H – 977FH. All PA field devices corresponding
checker ready for download, which facilitate the exactly to the definitions of the PA profile version
generation and checking of GSD files. The specifi- 3.0 or higher may use ID numbers from this special
cation of the GSD file formats is described in bind- ID number range. The definition of these generic ID
ing form in the following PROFIBUS guidelines: numbers increases the interchangeability of PA field
devices. The selection of the ID number to be used
For DP Communication No. 2.122 for the device in question depends on the type and
For FMS Communication No. 2.102 number of existing function blocks. The ID number
9760H is reserved for PA field devices providing
GSD files for PROFIBUS devices, conforming to the several different function blocks (multi-variable
PROFIBUS standard, can be downloaded free of devices). Special conventions also apply for the
charge from the GSD library on the PROFIBUS designation of the GSD files for these PA field
homepage (http://www.profibus.com) devices. These conventions are described in detail
in the profile for PA field devices.
7.2 Ident Number
Every PROFIBUS slave and every Class 1-type 7.3 Electronic Device Description (EDD)
master must have an ID number. Masters require The Electronic Device Description (EDD) outlines
this number to be able to identify the types of de- the device properties of PROFIBUS field devices.
vices connected without significant protocol over- The language can be used universally and allows
heads. The master compares the ID number of the vendor-independent descriptions for simple field
connected devices with the ID number specified by devices (sensors and actuators) as well as for
the configuring tool in the configuration data. complex automation systems. The device descrip-
Transfer of user data is not started until the correct tions are provided in electronic form by the device
device types with the correct station addresses manufacturer for the respective devices. The EDD
have been connected on the bus. This provides a files are read in by the engineering tools and sim-
high degree of security against configuration errors. plify the configuration, commissioning and mainte-
Device manufacturers must apply to the PROFIBUS nance of PROFIBUS systems. On one hand, the
User Organization for an ID number for each device EDD files describe variables and functions of a
type; the organization also handles administration device, and on the other hand they contain ele-
of the ID numbers. Application forms can be ob- ments for operation and visualization. For the
complete specification of the EDD files, refer to the
PROFIBUS guideline No. 2.152.
A wide range of standard components (basic tech- the field device, the performance required and the
nology) is available for the implementation of the required functionality.
PROFIBUS protocol, which saves the device
manufacturer time-consuming and expensive For all implementation variations described, the
development of his own protocol software. required hardware/software components are avail-
able on the market from several manufacturers, see
Complete PROFIBUS interface modules are avail- Table 11. A complete overview of the basic tech-
able for low to medium quantities. These credit nology components is contained in the PROFIBUS
card-sized modules can implement the entire bus Product Guide.
protocol. They are mounted on the master board of
the device as piggy pack modules. 8.1 Implementation of Simple Slaves
For large quantities, a practical solution is individual For simple I/O devices, a practical solution is im-
implementation on the basis of PROFIBUS protocol plementation with single-chip ASICs. All protocol
chips. Table 11 gives an overview of the available functions are already integrated in the ASIC. No
components. The decision in favor of a certain microprocessor or software is required. Only the
protocol chip depends primarily on the complexity of bus interface driver, the quartz crystal and the
Certification is based on EN 45000. As specified in • Behavior in case of fault: Bus faults (i.e., bus
this standard, the PROFIBUS User Organization interruption, short circuit of the bus line and fail-
has accredited test laboratories as neutral, manu- ure of the supply voltage) are simulated.
facturer-independent testing sites. The device test
is performed at these facilities, which is the basis • Addressability: The device is addressed under
for the certification. Test and certification proce- any three addresses within the address range
dures are defined in the following PROFIBUS and tested for correct functioning.
guidelines:
• Diagnostic data: The diagnostic data must
Test specifications for slaves: No. 2.032 correspond to the entry in the GSD and to the
Test specifications for PA field devices: No. 2.061 standard. This requires external triggering of the
Test specifications for DP masters: No. 2.071 diagnostic.
Different test procedures are defined for master and • Mixed operation: Combination slaves are
save devices depending on the complexity of the checked for operation with an FMS and DP
protocol. The tests consist of conformity and master.
interoperability tests, which have proven them-
selves many times in actual practice. The certifica- During the interoperability and load test,
tion procedure (see Fig. 22) is described in the interoperability with several PROFIBUS devices of
following using a DP device as an example. other vendors is tested in a mutli-vendor environ-
Prior to the test the manufacturer must apply for an ment.
Ident number from the PROFIBUS User Organiza-
tion and prepare a GSD file for the device. All test A check is made to determine whether the func-
laboratories use a uniform testing procedure. The tionality of the total system continues to be main-
test is documented in detail. The records are avail- tained when the device is added to the system. In
able to the manufacturer and the PROFIBUS User addition, operation with various masters is tested.
Organization. The test report is the basis for the
award of the certificate. After a device has passed all tests successfully, the
vendor can apply for a certificate from the PRO-
The hardware test examines the electronics of the FIBUS User Organization. Every certified device
PROFIBUS interface. The interface is checked for receives a certification number as reference. The
compliance with the RS 485 specification. The certificate is valid for 3 years but can be prolonged
electrical characteristics (i.e., terminating resistors, after an additional check. For addresses of the
bus interface and line level) are tested. In addition, PROFIBUS testing laboratories see the PROFIBUS
technical documentation and entries in the GSD file product guide or the PROFIBUS homepage on the
are checked against the parameters of the device. Internet at: http://www.profibus.com.
10. Further Technical Developments vices. The PROFIBUS User Organization intends to
implement this in three stages:
At the time of publication of this brochure, the
PROFIBUS User Organization has initiated some • Mapping of engineering services from PRO-
further technical developments. The aim is to pro- FIBUS to TCP/IP, access to the process image,
vide PROFIBUS with new functions in order to open parameterization and diagnostic data as well as
up additional fields of application. This is to estab- the definition of the relevant software interface
lish PROFIBUS as the standard fieldbus for practi- on the basis of OPC. This means that the user
cally all industrial applications. can configure and monitor PROFIBUS devices
worldwide via Ethernet and Internet. Process,
Only a few years ago savings of 40 % for wiring parameterization and diagnostic data of field
costs through the use of fieldbus technology in a devices are thus also available for the software
system were regarded as sensational, these days, it familiar in office environments.
is simply taken for granted.
• Direct routing from TCP/IP to PROFIBUS.
Now it is a question of reducing engineering costs Internet technology and the Microsoft world are
even further and extending the range of applica- arriving on the field level. For example, web
tions in order to be able to use a uniform, transpar- servers will now be possible in field devices.
ent communication system where special buses are Microsoft-based operating systems in complex
still currently required. This will lead to further field devices can access well-known services.
significant savings in spare parts storage, commis-
sioning, training and maintenance, at the same time • Complex field devices are represented as
significantly increase the competitiveness of ma- distributed, object-oriented systems. Simple
chines and systems on the world market. field devices can be integrated into this world
via proxy server concepts. This vision – the co-
In view of the installed base of more than 3 million existence of simple distributed field devices
devices, great importance is being attached to with complex systems – is supported even
compatibility with existing devices in the further more actively in this phase. Standardized ac-
development of PROFIBUS. cess operations permit the services required for
this, and thus the merging of PROFIBUS and
PROFIBUS & Ethernet Ethernet.
This PROFIBUS innovation concerns the open,
transparent coupling of PROFIBUS and Ethernet.
PROFIBUS thus takes account of the trend towards
company-wide data communication from control
systems down to the level of distributed field de-
2000 2001
2001 Future
Future
Control system access to PROFIBUS
PROFIBUS with
with Web-/DCOM-
Web-/DCOM- Complex
Complex field
field devices
devices also
also
PROFIBUS stations communication
communication on
on Ethernet
Ethernet
Internet
Ethernet TCP/IP
Remote TCP/IP-
TCP/IP-
Procedure Routing
Routing
Call (RPC)
PROFIBUS
User data
1 Master Class 1 8 per drive
12 MBit/s Bus cycle in ms
4 axes approx. 1 ms 7 8 Byte
8 axes < 2ms 6
16 axes approx. 2 ms 5
32 axes < 4 ms 16 Byte
64 axes < 8 ms 4
32 Byte
With 1 master class 2 3
Additionaly approx. 0,5 ms 2 64 Byte
1
Cycle jitter << 1µs
0
4 8 16 32 64
axes
New functions for motion control PROFIBUS functions for motion control will extend
Another innovation concerns the field of variable- the functions of PROFIBUS in such a way that
speed drives. Together with leading drive manu- users will no longer have to use special drive buses
facturers, it is the aim of the PROFIBUS User in many applications.
Organization to provide control of fast motion se-
quences using PROFIBUS. With the new functions
digital closed-loop controls can be realized in future Clock synchronization will be implemented using
with PROFIBUS, whereby the task is to synchronize an equidistant clock signal on the bus system. This
the cycles of the application software in the higher- cyclic, equidistant clock will be sent by the master
level system, the bus transmission and the cycles of to all bus stations as a global control telegram.
the application software in the drives.
Master and slave can then use this signal to syn-
These technical requirements are to be imple- chronize their applications. For drive technology,
mented by supplementing new functions in the synchronous communication forms the basis for
PROFIBUS protocol for clock synchronization and drive synchronization. Not only telegram communi-
slave-to-slave communication between the drives. cation is implemented on the bus system in an
The aim is to operate twelve axes synchronously equidistant time frame, but the internal control
The aim is to operate twelve axes synchronously algorithms, such as the speed and current control-
with a bus cycle time of less than two milliseconds lers in the drive unit or controller, are also synchro-
and also - without disturbing the cycle - to allow nized in the higher-level automation system.
acyclic parameter access for operating, monitoring
and engineering tasks. For typical drive applications, the jitter of the clock
signal from cycle to cycle must be less than 1 µs.
This further development became necessary as it Larger deviations are regarded as cycle failures and
was simply not possible to implement all the de- are not processed. If one cycle is omitted, the
mands of drive technology with one system using following cycle must be within the time frame again.
the open fieldbuses currently available. The system clock is set by the user in the course of
the bus configuration.
If, for example, the bus is required, not only for the
control of drives but also for reading in and dis-
playing distributed I/Os or for display and operating
functions, users are currently still required to dis-
tribute these functions over several buses. The new
CR Communication reference
Local short designation for a communication
relationship
DP Decentralized Periphery
OV Object dictionary
The object dictionary contains the description of
all communication objects of a FMS device
PA Process Automation
PROFIBUS Profile for Process Automation