Grade 9 LM TLE Q1-Q4 PDF

GRADE 9
Learning Module

TLE
(Selected)

Compilation by Ben: r_borres@yahoo.com

CONTENTS
1. Agricultural Crop Production
2. Agriculture ‐ Aquaculture
3. Agriculture ‐ Food (Fish) Processing
4. Horti._Prep. and Maintaining Tools
5. Horti._Prep. Tools
6. Horti._Securing Farm Tools
7. Horticulture
8. PC Servicing ‐ Configuring‐of‐computer‐systems‐and‐
networks
9. PC Servicing ‐ maintaining‐of‐computer‐systems‐and‐
networks
10. PC Servicing ‐ terminating‐and‐connecting‐of‐electrical‐
wirings‐and‐electronics‐circuits‐2nd
11. TLE ‐ Selected


LEARNING MODULES

AGRICULTURAL
CROP PRODUCTION
AGRICULTURAL CROP
PRODUCTION
(ENTREPRENEURSHIP)
Module 1
This instructional material was collaboratively developed

and reviewed by educators from public and private schools,
colleges, and/or universities. We encourage teachers and
other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of
Education at action@deped.gov.ph.
We value your feedback and recommendations.
Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
Technology and Livelihood Education – Grade 9
Agricultural Crop Production
Learner’s Material
First Edition, 2014
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Published by the Department of Education

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Undersecretary: Dina S. Ocampo, Ph.D.
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Consultant: Andres Z. Taguiam, Ph.D.
Subject Specialist & Management: : Emmanuel S. Valdez

Albert B. Erni
Authors:
JESUS B. NAZARENO, MDM
RODOLFO C. SAJORDA
Validated By:
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Table of Contents
MODULE I - ENTRPRENEURSHIP
LESSON 1 Personal Entrepreneurial

Competencies (PECs) ..................................................... 2
Introduction ................................................................................... 2
Learning Objectives ........................................................................ 2
Pre-Test ......................................................................................... 2
What to Know ................................................................................ 4
What to Process ........................................................................... 12
What to Reflect On and Understand ............................................. 13
What to Transfer .......................................................................... 13
Post-Test...................................................................................... 15
Summary ..................................................................................... 17
Definition of Terms ...................................................................... 17
References ................................................................................... 18
LESSON 2 Market and Environment............................. 19

Introduction ................................................................................. 19
Learning Objectives ...................................................................... 19
Pre-Test ....................................................................................... 20
What to Know .............................................................................. 22
What to Process ........................................................................... 30
What to Reflect On and Understand ............................................. 32
What to Transfer .......................................................................... 32
Post-Test...................................................................................... 43
Summary ..................................................................................... 45
Glossary of Terms ........................................................................ 46
References ................................................................................... 46
MODULE 1
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Courtesy of CvSU and DA-TMC, Cavite
DEVELOPING PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL

COMPETENCIES (PECs) ACROSS PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
Content Standards Performance Standard
The learner demonstrates The learner recognizes his/her Personal

understanding of one’s Entrepreneurial Competencies (PEC’s)
Personal Competencies and prepares an activity plan that aligns
(PEC’s) in agricultural crop with that of a practitioner/entrepreneur
production in agricultural crop production
1
PERSONAL
Lesson ENTREPRENEURIAL
1 COMPETENCIES (PECs)
Introduction
Everybody loves to earn money and accumulate wealth. In the present

times, we have many ways to achieve it. The most common way is to offer
products and services to your friends and to other people in the community
and even in the online arena that can cover a global market. All the
business activities undertaken in selling products and services to people is
known as entrepreneurship and the one who manages these business
activities is an entrepreneur. Students are encouraged to develop skills
required in entrepreneurial activities. Many wealthy people in the country
started with small and community-based entrepreneurial activities.
Learning Objectives
1. Explain the different factors to be considered in setting up a business

2. Assess one’s PEC’s, such as, characteristics, lifestyle features, and
skills
3. Assess practitioner’s entrepreneurial competencies, such as,
characteristics, attributes, lifestyle, skills, and traits
Pretest
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Do not write your
answer on this manual.
1. Which of the following is a common activity of an entrepreneur?

a. Advocating against global warming
b. Delivering goods and services to the market
c. Preaching in different churches or group of churchgoers
d. Volunteering in a community clean-up activity
2. The saying “Necessity is the mother of all inventions” means

a. basic commodities are made for mothers
b. basic commodities are made to satisfy our needs
c. necessity is invented by mothers
d. our mother tells us what we really need
3. What really makes up a successful entrepreneur?

a. Ability to act like a customer
b. Ability to study a market
2
c. Knowledge, skills, and attitude
d. Knowledge, skills, and money
4. People who always feel positive in every effort in order to achieve

something are known to have _______.
a. courage c. self-confidence
b. optimism d. self-control
5. A set of skills that entrepreneurs must possess to take control of the

challenges in business is known as _____.
a. personal business capacities
b. personal entrepreneurial competencies
c. professional enterprise competencies
d. personally preferred competencies
6. Information-seeking and goal-setting belong to what PEC’s cluster?

a. Achievement cluster c. Planning cluster
b. Empower cluster d. Power cluster
7. Which of the following best describes a risk-taker?

a. Accomplishes targets on time as agreed with customers
b. Anticipates a loss and countering it with feasible alternatives
c. Acts as the prime mover of resources in the achievement of
objectives
d. Pays attention to the needs and demands of people
8. Systematic planning and monitoring include the following EXCEPT

______.
a. be logically flexible for the emergent constraints, challenges,
and needs
b. make a well-organized plan with clearly defined methods
c. Schedule periodic gap-proof monitoring and response
activities to determine emergent constraints, challenges, and
needs
d. set calculated goals and objectives
9. When entrepreneurs face a significant obstacle with a well-planned

action, they have Personal Entrepreneurial Competency known as
_____.
a. initiative c. persuasion
b. Persistence d. risk-taking
10. Luis is good in convincing his customers that his product is not only
of best quality but also safe to use. Many of his customers bought
and even returned to buy more of the product because they want to
share it with their friends. What personal entrepreneurial competency
does Luis have?
a. Demand for efficiency and quality c. Persuasion
b. Goal setting d. Self-confidence
3
READING RESOURCES AND INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITIES
What to know
Do you want to get rich like the successful entrepreneurs in your
community? Let’s find out how?
Activity #1:
Before immersing ourselves into the exciting discussion about setting

up and running a business in the most sustainable ways, we will first do
inspiration-drawing activity through the conduct of casual interviews with
entrepreneurs in the community. Look for a partner in doing this. Identify 3
retailers, 3 service providers, and 1 producer. Use the template below for the
interview and in tracking the answers of the selected entrepreneur-
respondents. Discuss the responses with your partner and present to your
class a brief analysis/report of the interview.
Responses of Entrepreneurs
Interview Retailers Service Producer
Guides Providers (commerci Comments
al scale)
For example,
Students’ For farm Producer of Our reactions
guide example, machinery rice, corn, to
questions to rice retail operators, Banana, entrepreneurs
be used but store farm broiler, responses
not limited to owners machinery vegetables,
the following: repair shop chicken,
owners, etc. etc.
Why did you

choose this
business?
How did you

start it?
What are the

challenges you
met?
How did you

counter all
those
challenges?
4
Did you
experience
losses? How
did you
respond to
losses?
Can you share

some
strategies in
keeping
customers?
What personal
qualities help
this business
flourish up to
now?
Are you afraid

of your
competitors?
Why?
Can you give

us some
pieces of
entrep-based
advice?
WHAT STARTED BUSINESSES?
A popular adage that says, “Necessity is the mother of all inventions”

simply means that we develop technologies to produce something that will
answer mankind’s diverse needs. In the 1970’s the most popular way of
tilling the soil for crop production is through the use of plow and harrow
drawn by a carabao. This method is so tedious and also consumes much of
the farmer’s time. Because there is a need for faster crop production
processes, farm mechanization was started to be introduced. Many
entrepreneurs engaged in farm machinery operation business like tractor
services, to cultivate large tracks of lands; rice threshing machine for faster
threshing and for minimal postharvest losses; and now the latest the
combine harvester which does harvesting and threshing rice at once.
5
Need-based business opportunities
WHAT MAKES UP A SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR?
Knowledge alone does not guarantee success in a business. Skills

developed can greatly help in the production process but it is not an
assurance to the sustainability of the business as well. It takes right
attitude combined with adequate knowledge, competitive skills, and
upheld passion to make significant revenues, profit, and sustainability of
the chosen business.
6
Supply of raw materials is abundant in the locality
An accomplished entrepreneur has so much to share with business

enthusiasts like us. Many were not born with a silver spoon meaning most
of them came from poor families. They have passion to produce and sell to
an identified market or even to serve target clients. These contributed to
their success. Likewise, they accumulated wealth because they possess
characteristics, lifestyles, and skills, suited to their chosen businesses.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS
Below is a set of characteristics common to entrepreneurs who excel in their

businesses:
Be someone who always feel positive in every effort in

1 Optimistic
order to achieve something.
Once the plan to do entrepreneurial activities is

Self-
2 ready to be started, assure yourself to overcome
confident
risks and many other forms of business constraints.
In any situation that needs to be handled, never
3 Self-control react immediately. Instead respond to the situation
in the most legal and beneficial ways.
Be a risk-taker with alternative courses of action on
hand. Business risks are always there however, one’s
4 Courageous
readiness to face, reduce or eliminate them depends
on how brave you can be.
Sustain every effort you have started. Profit may
dwindle in the most unacceptable way but never
5 Committed
hesitate to invoke your right to persist and regain
lost glory.
Do not stay inside the box which means go out and
flaunt your potential to be effectively different. Use
your imagination to create marketable ideas and
6 Creative
push it. If you think of potentially good ones, be the
first to act upon it. Chances are others’ have thought
about it, too.
Be precise in your principles or standards. Goals
Well-defined coated with well-defined values provide guidance in
7
values what your business must achieve with reduced
inconveniences.
7
Competitive entrepreneurs are fueled to succeed.
High energy Your passion in the endeavor is an energy enhancer.
8
level Success in business comes from your being
passionately energetic.
Guide, direct and influence people according to what
Leadership benefits the business. The many ways in which you
9
ability lead people can spell success or failure of your
business.
As a business leader, you are accountable to
everyone and everything for the business including
10 Responsible
your strategies. Value everything and everyone as
you value yourself.
Your ability to choose good decision may be innate or
Decision-
experience-based. Learn the art and the systematic
11 making
and methodical process of decision-making. Good
skills
decisions must be sensible and culture-sensitive
Pay close attention to what the market generally is
Desire for saying to your products or services. The ultimate
12 immediate consumer of the product and services must be
feedback heard. These feedback become the bases of further
product or services development.
Develop a competitive attitude. Right pricing and
Strong quality-based product development or service
13 desire to delivery will draw more business revenues. Work
achieve with the goals in mind and take the best way to
achieve them.
Bad experiences in business should never be taken
Ability to as traumatic. Options that supposedly had
14 learn from prevented those to happen must be noted and
past failures archived. Benchmark on past experiences to know
which decision to take.
LIFESTYLE OF SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS
We often observe that entrepreneurs live a life different from that of an

ordinary citizen. They adapt to new lifestyles gradually and professionalize
every task embedded into it. They follow established standards and even
customize some to fit to the tasks particular to a business type. To sustain
business entrepreneurs develop expertise in all tasks including constraints
8
and problem solution. Decision making is excellent.
Albarico, et.al, (2011) describes the characteristics of an entrepreneur

as follows:
It is one of the highest lifestyle considerations that

A sense of entrepreneurs must adopt. Although inspired by their
freedom and freedom to lead and control all elements of the
control business, they must exercise care in choosing the
right course of actions and decisions to take.
Choosing their own time for work is a privilege of
Flexibility of
entrepreneurs. This feature will allow them to choose
time
their most productive time.
Entrepreneurs are the greatest asset of their
businesses. A check and balance between the actual
Energy and accomplishment of tasks and physical and mental
stamina work capacity must be established. Rest and
relaxation can help maintain health. Proper stress
management is also of primal importance.
A family does not only serve as inspiration but also as
a group of people to oversee the welfare of
Family support
entrepreneurs. Suggestions and recommendations of a
family member must be carefully considered.
Remember that seeking advice from specialist is
Professional helpful in decision making process. There are people
support more knowledgeable than us in a particular area of
expertise.
THE PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PECs) OF

SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS
There are two major reasons why many people fail in their attempt to
do entrepreneurial activities. First, people who are starting entrepreneurial
activities may only have insufficient experiences to address the problems
posed by the numerous external business constraints. Second, they lack
sufficient skills to lead the people and make the products and services
competitive in the market. Low profit of the business will create problem and
many more problems in the future. Thus, anyone who wants to succeed in a
9
business arena must be equipped with the different personal
entrepreneurial competencies or PECs, a set of skills that entrepreneurs
must possess to take control of the challenges in business. PECs are the key
abilities of entrepreneurs’ success in business.
PECs are clustered into three according to its area of application:
Achievement Cluster
These are the skills that will propel an entrepreneur to resounding
success. It will definitely separate an individual the rest of his/her
competitors thereby creating a clear path towards the sustainability of
his/her business.
 Pay attention to the needs and demands of people.
 Never procrastinate. Act immediately on marketable
Opportunity ideas.
Seeking and  Common business are well competed in the market
Initiative while unique ones offer lower competition resulting to
higher revenues and profit.
 Calculate risks by identifying the most beneficial
alternative courses of action to minimize effect of risks
Risk Taking in the net profit
 Be proactive. Anticipate a loss and counter it with
feasible alternatives.
 In business realities, seasoned entrepreneurs
sometimes take riskier business to get higher profits.
 Perform business tasks better, faster, cheaper, but do
Demand for not put safety and quality aside.
Efficiency  Accomplish tasks by meeting or exceeding standards of
and Quality excellence.
 Face a significant obstacle with a good plan of action.
 Identifies a good alternative for every decision to meet a
challenge or overcome an obstacle.
Persistence  Act as the prime mover of resources in the achievement
of goals and objectives.
 Offer personal sacrifices or give extraordinary efforts in
Commitment completing tasks.
to the Work  Accomplish targets on time, as agreed, to keep
Contract customers satisfied.
10
Planning Cluster
These skills ensure the entrepreneur’s attainment of goals and objectives.
Equipped with well-defined goals and objectives and all the needed
information on the business will certainly make one above the rest.
 Gather data and information or feedbacks from clients,

Information suppliers, and competitors and use those for the
Seeking improvement of products or services.
 Study the market personally for innovation of new
product development.
 Talk with experts for technical advice.
 Sets goals and objectives which are specific and must

Goal Setting guarantee customer satisfaction.
 Set calculated goals and objectives.
Systematic  Make a well-organized plan with clearly defined

Planning methods.
and  Be logically flexible for the emergent constraints,
Monitoring challenges, and needs.
 Periodic gap-proof monitoring and response activities
must be scheduled to determine emergent constraints,
challenges, and needs.
Power Cluster
These skills represent the personal touch of creativity and decisiveness
of the entrepreneur. It is the ability to expand, convince and sustain
customers to hasten business development.
Persuasion  Always be ready to give facts and benefits to convince

and customers to patronize products and services offered.
Networking  To accomplish the business objectives, key people can
be used as agents or channels to hasten product and
services delivery to customers.
Independence  Develop self-trust in the attainment of goals and
and self- objectives.
11
confidence  Do not need external approval before acting
constraints and challenges. Being consultative does
not purely mean dependence on others’ advice. An
entrepreneur must be brave enough use one’s ability to
choose which alternative course of action is the most
appropriate.
What to process
At this point, let us examine ourselves if we can really become
successful entrepreneurs. Let us know our chances.
Activity #2:
This is a self-examination activity. After knowing the different characteristics

that an entrepreneur must possess, examine yourself if you have these
characteristics too. Simply put check () if that particular characteristic is Commented [H1]:
present in you or an x (X) if you do not possess it. Comment on your own
status by giving possible options that can help you acquire it.
Do I have
Realizations
this?
Characteristics of an Entrepreneur (What are my
YES NO
options?)
() (X)
1 Optimism
2 Self-confidence
3 Self-control
4 Courage
5 Commitment
6 Creatively
7 Well-defined values
8 High energy level
9 Leadership ability
10 Desire for responsibility
11 Decision-making skills
12 Desire for immediate feedback
13 Strong desire to achieve
Ability to learn from past
14
failures
12
What to reflect on and understand
Let’s check for the chances by filling ourselves with competencies we do not have yet
and work for it while we are in our present growth and development.
Activity #3:
Consider the PECs of successful entrepreneurs. Compare these

competencies with you. As a growing individual can you develop these in
yourself?
Do I have Realizations
this? (If Yes how can I
Competencies of an Entrepreneur improve this?)
YES NO
(If NO what will I do
(/) (X)
acquire it?)
Opportunity Seeking and Initiative
Risk Taking
Demand for Efficiency and Quality
Persistence
Commitment to the Work Contract
Information Seeking
Goal setting
Systematic Planning and Monitoring
Persuasion and Networking
Independence and Self-confidence
What to transfer
We will act like analyst.
Activity #4:
Let us match the result of our Activity #1 with the standard

characteristics, lifestyle, and skills of our interviewees. Do you think that
their businesses will be sustained? Support your answer and present it to
the class. Use the template in Activity #2 and Activity #3 to help you analyze
and forecast the sustainability of their businesses.
13
Producer
Service
Retailers (commercial
Providers
scale)
Personal Entrepreneurial
Competencies (PECs) REFER TO THE RESPONSES IN
ACTIVITY #1. Check if the respondents
above possess the PEC’s enumerated in
the first column. Put check () if
observed and x(X) if not observed.
Opportunity Seeking and
Initiative
Risk Taking
Demand for Efficiency and
Quality
Persistence
Commitment to the Work
Contract
Information Seeking
Goal setting
Systematic Planning and
Monitoring
Independence and Self-
confidence
GENERAL ANALYSIS
Sustainability of business
(Do you think the
entrepreneur-respondents
can sustain their
businesses? Enumerate
your justifications)
14
Producer
Service
Providers
scale)
Lifestyles of
REFER TO THE RESPONSES IN ACTIVITY
Entrepreneurs
#1. Check if the respondents above
possess the lifestyle features enumerated
in the first column. Put check (/) if
observed and x(X) if not observed
A sense of freedom and
control
Flexibility of time
Energy and stamina
Family support
Professional support
GENERAL ANALYSIS
(Do you think the
entrepreneur-respondents
can sustain their
businesses? Enumerate
your justifications).
Posttest

a. Preach in different churches or group of churchgoers
b. Advocate against global warming
c. Deliver goods and services to the market
d. Volunteer in a community clean-up activity
2. The saying “Necessity is the mother of all inventions” means _____.

a. our mother told us what we really need
b. basic commodities are made to satisfy our needs
15
c. basic commodities are made for mothers
d. necessity is invented by mothers

a. Knowledge, skills, and attitude
b. Knowledge, skills, and money
c. Ability to study a market
d. Ability to act like a customer
4. People who always feel positive in every effort in order to achieve

something are known to have _____.
a. self-control c. self-confidence
b. courage d. optimism

challenges in business is known as _____.
a. personal entrepreneurial competencies
b. personal business capacities
c. personally preferred competencies
d. professional enterprise competencies
6. Information seeking and goal setting belong to what PEC’s cluster?

a. Achievement cluster c. Power cluster
b. Planning cluster d. Empower cluster

a. Paying attention to the needs and demands of people
b. Acting as the prime mover of resources in the achievement of
objectives
c. Accomplishing targets on time as agreed with customers
d. Anticipating a loss and countering it with feasible
alternatives
8. Systematic planning and monitoring include the following EXCEPT

_____.
a. set calculated goals and objectives
b. make a well-organized plan with clearly defined methods
c. be logically flexible for the emergent constraints, challenges,
and needs
d. Schedule periodic gap-proof monitoring and response
activities to determine emergent constraints, challenges, and
needs
9. When entrepreneurs face a significant obstacle with a well-planned

action, they have Personal Entrepreneurial Competency known as
_____.
a. persuasion c. persistence
b. initiative d. risk-taking
16
10. Luis is good in convincing his customers that his product is not only of
best quality but also safe to use. Many of his customers bought and
even return to buy more of the product because they want to share it
with their friends. What personal entrepreneurial competency does Luis
have?
a. Demand for efficiency and quality
b. Goal setting
c. Persuasion
d. Self-confidence
Summary
We have studied the different factors in setting up an entrepreneurial

activity. It can be perceived as a complex activity. The market is so diverse
and if we fail to consider one factor which directly affects our business, we
will have to face lots of challenges as consequences. Albeit challenging, we
must remember that wealth accumulation as a return of our legal
investments will also give others opportunities for employment or for making
our products and services available.
The different characteristics, lifestyle, and Personal Entrepreneurial

Competencies or PEC’s of successful entrepreneurs we learned will surely
inspire us to do our best to start our own business. Be optimistic and take
the risks. Use the PEC’s we learned and progress into a life full of challenges
that will hone us to become one of the most successful entrepreneurs, one of
these days. Good luck guys!
Glossary of Terms
Business refers to any activity that ultimately buys and sells goods,
makes products, or provides services to a market.
Competency is an ability to do something, especially measured against

a standard.
Entrepreneurs a person who has a possession of enterprise, venture or

idea and assumes significant accountability for the inherent
risks and the outcome.
Entrepreneurship refers to the business activity of an entrepreneur.
17
Goal is anything an entrepreneur wants to achieve.
Leadership is the activity of leading a group of people or an organization or

the ability to do this.
Lifestyle is a way of living of individuals, families (households), and

societies, manifested in their way of coping with their physical,
psychological, social, and economic environments from
day to day.
Objective is a specific result that a person or system aims to achieve within

a time and with available resources.
Need is anything required by someone in order to satisfy particular goals

and objective basis.
Sustainability of business is the ability to maintain or support business

over the long term.
References:
http://www.businessdictionary.com
Microsoft® Encarta® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation
Albarico J.M., Celarta C.B, Fernando E., and Valdez E.S. 2011.
Agriculture and Fishery Arts I. United Eferza Academic Publications,
Co., BagongPook, Lipa City, Batangas 4217.
18
Lesson MARKET AND ENVIRONMENT
2
The learner demonstrates The learner independently creates a

understanding of environment business vicinity map reflective of
and market in agricultural crop potential agricultural crop
production in one’s production market within the
town/municipality. locality/town.
Introduction
Entrepreneurs with enough knowledge and background in the market

and environment where their businesses operate will have better strategies
and decisions and will find it easier to sustain business activities. The
intended market of a particular product and service must be carefully
studied before and during the actual operations of the business. Many
entrepreneurs fail because of a very simple reason. There is no enough
information gathered about the target market. Consequently, they incur so
much losses leading to bankruptcy.
19
Learning Objectives
1. Determine the common characteristics of a business market

2. Describe the legal forms of business
3. Describe the different industries in the country today
4. Map and analyze the opportunities offered by the industries in the
community
5. Check the needs, wants. and demands of the market through
environmental scanning process
6. Know the 4M’s of production
7. Discuss the importance of acquiring a start-up capital
8. Make a business plan
9. Apply the standards in selecting the best business location
10. Assess the internal and external environment of the business
through Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats method of
business assessment
11. Practice simple record keeping
Pretest
1. Which term refers to a group of people with economically important

needs and demands which opens entrepreneurial opportunities to
everyone?
a. Environment c. Geography
b. Ethnicity d. Market
2. Which type of business is owned by only 1 person?

a. Cooperative c. Partnership
b. Corporation d. Sole Proprietorship
3. Which of the following is NOT considered an emerging industry in the

Philippines?
a. Agribusiness c. Creative Industries
b. Power and utilities d. Renewable Energy
4. In the 4M’s of production, which M refers to the persons in the

business known as the labor force?
a. Machines c. Materials
b. Manpower d. Money
20
5. The process of recording the money received and spent by the
operations of the business is known as _____.
a. bookkeeping c. administering
b. booking d. posting
6. Which combination is focused on the internal assessment of the

business?
a. Opportunities and Threats c. Strengths and Threats
b. Strengths and Weaknesses d. Weaknesses and Threats
7. Which combination is focused on the external assessment of the

business?
a. Opportunities and Threats c. Strengths and Threats
b. Strengths and Weaknesses d. Weaknesses and Threats
8. Study the table and the items on the right. Then answer the
question.
a. Competitors analysis
Group Part Of Business Plan
b. Product description
A Production c. Maintenance and repair
d. Promotional strategies
Plan _________ e. Sources of equipment
B Marketing f. Terms and conditions of purchase
Plan _________
Which of the following is the correct grouping of the six indicators in

the box?
a. c.
Group Part Of Business Plan Group Part Of Business Plan
A Production Plan a, b, d Production

A c, d, a
Plan
B Marketing Plan c, e, f
B Marketing Plan b, e, f
b. d.
A A Production Plan c, e, f
Production Plan
a, c, e
B
B d, b, f Marketing Plan a, b, d
Marketing Plan
21
9. Which business principle is applicable in products and development
and marketing?
a. Ask researchers in other communities about their needs and
demands.
b. Follow the result of a national survey of needs and demands.
c. Pay attention to the needs and demands of the market.
d. Your own needs and demands are the same with others.
10. What is the reason why an aspiring entrepreneur must make a sound
and impressive business plan?
a. A sound and impressive business plan is likely to be approved for a
loan package.
b. A sound and impressive business plan attracts more customers.
c. A sound and impressive business plan commands tax rebates.
d. A sound and impressive business plan can improve a particular
segment of a market.
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
What to know
The environment and market of the business must be dealt with sincerity
and cautions should we intend to accumulate long-term profit.
Activity #1:
Let us do simple community mapping activity to develop a barangay-based

market profile. Use the template below in posting accurate and relevant data
of your barangay.
Dimension Data to be gathered Data

Market Number of households
demographics
Number of retailers of various products
Number of wholesalers of various
Number of products
businesses Number of producers (specify products)
Number of service-based businesses
1. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF A BUSINESS MARKET
Market refers to a group of people with economically important needs

and demands which open entrepreneurial or business opportunities to
everyone.
22
Market is a socially,
politically, and economically
organized people whose needs and
demands are based on tradition,
culture, and technology.
Enumerable business opportunities
are open in a market. Their needs
and demands are enormous
depending on the class of people
being referred to. These classes of
people are known as market
segments. These may be high-end,
middle-end, and low-end market
segments. Each segment will have
varying needs of various products
and services.
Entrepreneurs must be skillful enough to address needs and demands

of the market. Many successful entrepreneurs’ secret of success is just
paying attention to the markets’ needs and demands and later they
accumulate so much wealth. A need or demand-based business will always
have a share of market.
2. THE LEGAL FORMS OF BUSINESS
The following are 3 legal forms of business and their characteristics,

advantages and disadvantages:
Forms Characteristics Advantages Disadvantages
Sole  Owned by only  Very easy to  Owner-manager is

Proprietorship 1 person who is establish required to render
responsible for  Decision full operation time.
the whole comes from 1  No one else can
business person only share in the
 The owner can financial burden of
assume the role the owner
of manager,  In case of financial
finance officer, instability, the
and worker firm can dissolve
easily.
 2 persons have  Comparativel  Decision making is

combined y easy to shared between
resources and establish. the two owners.
Partnership skills.  There is  In times of partner
 Any of the 2 check and conflict, the
23
partner can act balance business is at risk.
as financier or among  Limited funding
manager. partners may constraint
 They can also only. business
share operations.
responsibilities
and roles in the
business
operations.
Corporation  2 or more  Business  The complex

persons own the risks are organizational set-
business. shared by up imposes a long
 Aside from the many people. line of more
owners, many  If business is expensive ways of
people known as good, growth control.
shareholders, is maximized  Complex decision
are engaged in a due to bigger making process
corporation capital. will delay
through their  Burdens in operation.
investment the
known as operations
shares or are shared by
stocks. various
specialized
individuals.
3. THE DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES IN THE COUNTRY TODAY
There are many established and emerging industries in the country.

Having mapped all of those in the community will give a would-be
entrepreneur a chance to examine what entrepreneurial opportunities may
be brought to the community. Once these opportunities are identified,
entrepreneurs will lay down their plan of actions and then start the
business activities. Some or may be all of the industries listed below are
located in your locality that could be related to agribusiness:
1. Health and Wellness (organic agri-products)

2. Hotel, Restaurant and Tourism (Specialized farm products)
3. Banking and Finance(Financing crop production )
4. Manufacturing/Processing (Farm products as raw materials)
5. Transport and Logistics (From farm to market)
6. Wholesale and Retail Trade (Farm products and inputs)
7. Creative Industries (Using farm by-products)
8. Diversified/Strategic Farming and Fishing
9. High value crop production
24
4. CHECKING THE NEEDS, WANTS. AND DEMANDS OF THE MARKET

THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING PROCESS
The needs and demands of the community can be determined through

environmental scanning. In this process, an aspiring entrepreneur must
make a thorough examination of the target market before a particular
business is set. Many elements of the target market can change from month
to month or year to year, thus, updated data and information of the
following must be gathered which shall become the bases of setting up the
planned business.
a. Demographic data such as population size, growth rate,

b. List of competitors which is available in the Department of
Trade and Industry
c. List of Suppliers which can also be sourced from Department of
Trade and Industry
d. Result of a Reliable Mini Survey using considerable samples of
target market
5. KNOW THE 4M’s OF PRODUCTION
Raw materials, whether local or outsourced, are processed into goods

to be sold to an identified market or segments of the market. This economic
activity is referred to as production.
Success in production is strictly determined with four (4) factors

popularly known as the 4M’s:
Refers to all persons in the business who are also

Manpower
popularly called labor force. That means the word
manpower includes the entrepreneur himself.
Money It is known to be the life juice of the business and has

to do with the economic status of the business. These
25
can be in paper bills or coins, generally used to pay for
goods and services, repayment of debts, and saving or
restoring purchasing power of the business.
These can be raw materials or finished products which

Materials shall undergo certain process or combined procedures
which shall end as the expected output of production.
Any semi or fully-automated devices that are used in

Machines
converting raw materials into marketable products or
outputs.
6. THE IMPORTANCE OF ACQUIRING A START-UP CAPITAL
Business capital, usually in the form of money, is an indispensable

factor to start a new business. It is considered a working capital because it
will keep the operations going. Entrepreneurs must secure enough capital to
start and to sustain business operations.
Raising the needed capital is not a problem for the wealthy families.
However, if you do not have the cash on hand yet, you need to consider
favorable sources. Would-be entrepreneurs must carefully choose which
capital source to take. Money lenders which offer high interest are always
not a good choice. The following are the possible sources of the start-up
capital for any types of businesses to be established:
SOURCES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
No interest payment to be Usually it takes some

Personal paid. time to save enough
Savings In case of bankruptcy, no one money to start a
will run after the business.
entrepreneur for legal actions
Entrepreneur has full control
over future net profit
generated.
Family Savings Low or no interest at all will In rare cases, if

be charged to the would-be problem exists
26
entrepreneurs. between parties,
Monthly amortizations may capital may be taken
not be charged depending on in partial or at once
the agreements. by parents.
External There are many well-reputed Monthly

Sources, such lending institutions, not loan amortizations must
as, banks and sharks, in the community. be paid even amidst
credit financial difficulties
cooperatives Lending institutions can of an enterprise.
confidently lend adequate
capital in exchange of a
sound feasibility study.
Well-reputed lending institutions in the community can offer the

following types of loans according to term of repayment:
In this type of loan, monthly

amortizations which will include low
interest will be paid one year or less.
Advanced or on-time payment of
Short-term loans
monthly amortization increases trust
and confidence of a bank on the
entrepreneur. This good relationship
will offer more opportunities to the
entrepreneur.
Intermediate loans Term of payment can range from one

to three years.
Depending on the soundness of the

feasibility or the established trust
and confidence of the bank on the
Long-term loans
entrepreneur, terms of payment can
stretch from four to ten years where
lending policies of banks or credit
cooperatives apply.
27
7. FACTORS IN SELECTING THE BEST BUSINESS LOCATION
The following must be considered in choosing the right business

location:
a. Nearness to target markets

b. Availability and quality of raw materials and supplies
c. Accessibility to consumers and transportation.
d. Consider zoning and local ordinances.
e. Availability of power and fuel sources.
f. Taxation, such as municipal tax policies, other local fees and
rates.
8. HIRING AND TRAINING PERSONNEL
Before the actual operations of the business begin, hiring the right
person for the right task must be considered. Your business plan will tell
you how many workers you need for the start and how many will be hired
again as the operations progress. Excess personnel will be an extra cost of
the business and this condition must be avoided.
9. REGISTRATION OF A NEW BUSINESS
New business must be registered in the name of legalities. Before you

let your well-planned business rocks the market the following official
processes must be undertaken:
a. Register your official business name in the Department of Trade

and Industry (DTI).
b. Apply for a Mayor’s Permit to operate the business and the

Municipal Business License of the business.
c. Register your business at the Securities and Exchange Commission

(SEC). The Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws are required for
all corporations and for partnership.
28
d. Register your business in the Bureau of Internal Revenue
whereupon your business will be assigned a Tax Identification
Number (TIN).
e. Register your employees with the PhilHealth, PAG-IBIG, and Social

Security System (SSS). Registration in other agencies which
provide welfare and other insurance benefits must also be
consulted and legally followed.
10. PRACTICING SIMPLE RECORD KEEPING
Entrepreneurs must be knowledgeable on the operations of the

business. Although you are already the manager of the business, still you
need to develop expertise in what all your workers are actually doing. This
practice helps you monitor the progress of your business and to carefully
track the profit and losses.
Record keeping coexists with bookkeeping. The latter is the process of

recording the money received and spent by the operations of the business.
The following are the most important activities in bookkeeping:
a. Keep and maintain records on a daily basis.

b. Identify source of receipts.
c. Record all incurred expenses.
d. Keep complete records in all assets.
In order to maintain proper recording of business transactions keep
supporting documents, namely, sales slips, paid bills, invoices, receipts,
deposit slips, checks issued and cancelled. Payrolls must be kept.
Generally, the benefits of recording system and good records kept are
the following:
a. It is easy to monitor the success or failure of your business.

b. Information needed to make decisions is provided and accessible.
c. Information needed to take bank financing package is available.
d. References for budgeting are at hand.
e. Easy preparation of income tax return.
f. Easy computation of sales taxes.
g. Profit distribution is facilitated by organized record keeping.
29
What to process
Let’s proceed a little bit further. It would be great if we prepare
ourselves for the possible opportunities in the community.
Activity #2:
Use the data in Activity 1. Analyze and identify business opportunities

as well as challenges these data can offer to aspiring entrepreneurs.
Business Challenges to
Data to be
Dimension Data Opportunities Aspiring
gathered
Offered Entrepreneurs
Market
Number of
demographics
households
Number of
Retailers of
various agri-
related
products
Number of
wholesalers of
various agri-
Number of
products
businesses
Number of
producers
(specify agri-
products)
Number of
agri-based
service
businesses
Activity #3:
Choose one agri-crop related business opportunity identified in Column 4.

Carefully study the potential of that business idea. Use the SWOT guide
below to accomplish this task. Present your SWOT Sheet to the class for
critiquing and feed backing. Be sure to record feedbacks given by the
teacher and classmates.
30
Business ideas must be carefully analyzed prior to its actual
operations. A popular way of doing this is to do business idea assessment
through the use of the SWOT analysis. SWOT stands for Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. This technique will signal us
either to continue the business idea because it is viable and profit is
expected or to consider other options because the factors dominate the
positive ones and this condition signals imminent losses for the proposed
business. A SWOT sheet can look like this:
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Enumerate all strengths of a Enumerate all weaknesses of the

selected agri-crop related selected agri-crop related business
business here. here.
(These are internal positive (These are negative indications that

qualities of the agri-crop business deter the good future of the agri-crop
idea that offer advantages and business idea probably contributory
benefits to the aspiring to business losses).
entrepreneurs).
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Enumerate all opportunities of Enumerate all threats of the selected

the selected agri-crop related agri-crop related business here.
business here.
(These are external indications of
(These are external indications unfavorable situations leading
that offer chance for progress or business to problems and other
advancement of the business) difficulties that will put profits into
risks.)
 Bear in mind these simple rules for successful SWOT analysis.
a. Be realistic about the strengths and weaknesses of your

business when conducting SWOT analysis.
b. SWOT analysis should distinguish between where your business
is today, and where it could be in the future.
c. SWOT should always be specific. Avoid any grey areas.
d. Always apply SWOT in relation to your competition i.e. better
than or worse than your competition.
e. Keep your SWOT short and simple. Avoid complexity and over
analysis
f. SWOT is subjective.
31
What to reflect on and understand
Now it’s about time for evaluation as we analyze and discuss the data we gathered from
the presentations of our resource persons.
Activity # 4:
Refer to your SWOT Sheet and make further analysis. This time the
ultimate task is make decision whether to pursue the proposed business
idea or consider other alternative businesses. There are two possible facets
after the final decision will be made. First, pursue the business because the
SWOT reveals more positive indications than negative ones or, second,
disregard the business idea because there are more negative indications.
Consequently, try another business idea and subject it to the same process
of analysis.
Make a presentation of your task and be proud to inspire others that

you now have chosen a viable agri-crop related business idea chosen from
the opportunities obtained from the data generated by the simple
community mapping we did.
What to transfer
Why don’t we act like a real farm consultants? We shall hand down
the final recommendations to our focus resource person.
Activity #5:
Since you have chosen one viable agri-crop related business idea, it is
just-in-time to develop an impressive Business Plan. Refer to the guide given
below and read the sample business plan provided. Your own plan must not
be limited to a few pages only, as the example is presented. All data and
information must be given in order to come up with a completely sound and
impressive business plan.
THE BUSINESS PLAN
A business plan refers to the intention of aspiring or experienced

entrepreneurs which precisely defines their business, identifies their goals
and objectives, a current and pro forma balance sheet, an income
statement, and a cash flow analysis. A business plan can help so much in
the proper allocation of resources, initially handle and counter forecasted
complications, and make the right decision for the business operations. A
good business plan contributes to the approval or rejection of any loan
package because it provides specific and organized information about your
32
proposed business and how you will repay borrowed money. A business plan
is equivalent to a business resume.
A business plan has five major parts, namely, the executive summary,
marketing plan, production plan, organization and management plan, and
financial plan.
Below is a detailed guide in the development of a comprehensive

business plan.
PART OF A
BUSINESS BUSINESS PLAN DEVELOPMENT GUIDES
PLAN Focus Guide Questions
Business address
Telephone/Contact Number
Business Name Contact Person
Contents The usual table of contents
Background of Brief History

the business Information of the business
Form of ownership
Organizational set-up
Industry where it plays
Benefits to the Brief statement of business

community social responsibility in
Economic, community, and
human resources development
 Brief Description of the  What is the nature of

Project the project?
 Brief Profile of the  What are the
Executive Entrepreneur entrepreneur’s
summary  Project’s Contributions to the competencies and
Economy qualifications?
 What are the project’s
contributions to the
local and national
economy?
33
 Description of the Product  What is the product?
 Comparison of the Product  How does it compare
with Its Competitors in quality and price
 Location with its competitors?
 Market Area  Where will the
 Main Customers business be located?
 Total Demand  What geographical
 Market Share areas will be covered
 Selling Price by the project?
 Sales Forecast  Within the market
 Promotional Measures area, to whom will
 Marketing Strategy the business sell its
 Marketing Budget products?
 Is it possible to
estimate how much of
the product is
currently being sold?
 What share or
Marketing plan percent of this
market can be
captured by the
business?
 What is the selling
price of the product?
 How much of the
product will be sold?
 What promotional
measures will be
used to sell the
product?
 What marketing
strategy is needed to
ensure that sales
forecasts are
achieved?
 How much do you
need to promote and
34
distribute your
product?
 Production Process  What is the

 Fixed Capital production process?
 Life of Fixed Capital  What buildings and
 Maintenance and Repairs machinery (fixed
 Sources of Equipment assets) are needed
 Planned Capacity and what will be their
 Future Capacity cost?
 Terms and Conditions of  What is the useful life
Purchase of Equipment of the building and
 Factory Location and Layout machinery?
 Raw Materials  How will maintenance
 Cost of Raw Materials be done and are
Raw Materials Availability spare parts available
 Labor locally?
 Cost of Labor  When and where can
 Labor Availability the machinery be
Production  Labor Productivity obtained?
plan  Factory Overhead Expenses  How much capacity
 Production Cost will be used?
 What are the plans
for using spare
capacity?
 When and how will
the machinery be
paid for?
 Where will the factory
be located and how
will the factory be
arranged?
 How much raw
materials are
required?
 How much will the
raw materials cost?
 What are the sources
35
of raw materials? Are
they available
throughout the year?
 How many direct and
indirect labor are
needed and what
skills should they
have?
 What will be the cost
of labor?
 Are workers available
throughout the year?
If not, what effect will
this have on
production?
 How will the workers
be motivated?
 What factory
overhead expenses
are involved?
 What is the
production cost per
unit?
 Form of Business  How will the business

 Organizational Structure be managed and
 Business Experience and operated?
Qualifications of the  What is the business
Organization Entrepreneur experience and
and  Pre-Operating Activities qualifications of the
management  Pre-Operating Expenses entrepreneur?
plan  Office Equipment  What pre-operating
 Administrative Expenses activities must be
undertaken before
the business can
operate?
 What pre-operating
expenses will be
36
incurred?
 What fixed assets will
be required for the
office?
 What administrative
cost will be incurred?
 Project Cost  What is the total

 Financing Plan and Loan capital requirement?
Requirement  Is a loan needed?
 Security for Loan What will be the
 Profit and Loss Statement equity contribution of
 Cash Flow Statement the entrepreneur?
 Balance Sheet And how much?
 Loan Repayment Schedule  What security
 Break-even Point (BEP) (collateral) can be
 Return on Investment (ROI) given to the bank?
 Financial Analysis  What does the Profit
and Loss Statement
indicate?
Financial plan
 What does the Cash
Flow Statement
indicate?
 What does the
Balance Sheet
indicate?
 What is the loan
repayment schedule?
 What is the break-
even point (BEP)?
 What is the return of
investment (ROI)?
 Is the project
feasible?
The template is applicable to both production and marketing

businesses. There are entrepreneurs who want to venture in marketing
alone, thus, the resulting business plan is done sans the production part.
37
However, in the marketing part, the source of products to be marketed must
be clearly stated including the details of the product outsourcing process.
Below is a sample business plan prepared by Mr. Godwin N. Nazareno,

rice trader from Alcala, Pangasinan.
I. Executive Summary
A. Brief Summary of the Plan
Godwin’s Rice Trading is a small business that buy dried rice

grains ready to mill from rice farmers in the locality and nearby
municipalities. The total grain purchases for the day will be milled at
night and deliver to the rice retailers in the nearby municipalities in
Pangasinan the next day. The well-milled rice of Godwin will offer a
competitive price to the local market since its target market is in nearby
vicinity with minimal transportation cost.
B. Major purpose of the business
The major objective of the business is to provide high quality, and

competitively-priced well-milled rice to the public and to ensure a good
market price for the farmer’s rice grains produce in the locality.
C. Description of the Business
The brand name of the business comes from the name of the
owner. It is single /sole proprietorship business. The business name
shall be prominently placed and clearly visible to customers during buy
and sales activities. Sold well-milled rice shall be packed at the time of
milling in a well leveled sack.
D. Organizational Plan
Godwin’s Rice Trading will hire ten laborers, with one who could drive
a truck for the buying of grains and delivery of milled rice; and another
ten laborers for the milling of rice at night time. Godwin will serve as the
manager, treasurer and secretary, to minimize cost. The target opening
date will be on September 18, 2014.
E. Production Plan
As a profit-generating business, we chose the location that is not
only well known, but also accessible to the farmer/customers. With this
location, we will capture our target market. Moreover, the location has
access to electricity; water and transportation that will help Godwin
realize his objectives. The business will start by buying 300 bags of rice
grains from the farmers for one day. The purchased rice grains will be
milled at night which will be immediately be delivered in the morning to
the pre-contacted rice retail in the nearby municipalities.
38
F. Marketing Plan
The business will target the rice retailers in the nearby

municipalities because they have already a considerable number of
satisfied customers in their respective areas. Competition is to be
countered through friendly and respectful disposition of personnel and
competitive pricing.
G. Financial Plan
UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS:
1. Strong economy is assumed. It is further assumed that demand

and supply in rice will not change.
2. Cash beginning balance will be provided in order to meet daily cash
inflows.
3. All purchases and sales will be strictly on cash basis only.
4. Rice grains (palay) will be processed further to turn into rice which
will produce an output of 60% (in units) and a by-product which is
equivalent to 10% (in units).
5. Sale of the by-product will be treated as a reduction in cost of goods
sold.
6. All purchases (300 sacks per day weighing 50 kg each) will be
stored in the storage room exactly at 8:00 pm to be milled. Milling
time will be from 8:00 pm up to 4:00 am.
7. All products will be sold a day after the purchase (in the morning) @
Php 38.00/ kg delivered to the rice retailers in the nearby
municipalities. The by-product (rice bran) will also be sold to the
nearest piggeries @ Php 4.00 per kilo.
8. The truck costing 500,000 will be depreciated over a 15-year useful
life. The 90% of depreciation expense will be allocated to Factory
Overhead and 10% will be allocated to selling expense.
9. The rice mill machinery costing 100,000 will be depreciated over a
20-year useful life.
10. The storage room will be constructed prior to the commencement of
the business for a total construction cost of 300,000 and will be
depreciated over a 30-year useful life. The 90% of depreciation
expense will be allocated to Factory Overhead and 10% will be
allocated to administrative expense.
11. All fixed assets are ready before the commencement of the
business.
12. All depreciable assets will be depreciated using straight line
method.
13. There will be 1 driver and 9 laborers relating to buying and selling
of rice at Php 420 each.
14. There will be 10 laborers who will be responsible for the milling of
rice at Php 350 each.
15. Wages will be allocated between freight-in and freight out. A 75%
will be allocated to freight-in and the remaining will be allocated to
39
freight-out. Also, it will be paid on daily basis in order to help
them in their daily needs.
16. The owner will be the manager, treasurer of the business.
17. Utilities expense of 20,000 will be allocated 90% on Factory
Overhead and 10% on General and administrative expense.
18. For simplicity purposes, assume that the tax rate will be 32%.
A. Projections will be made for a time period of 1 month only.
A. TOTAL INVESTMENTS
ORGANIZATION COST
CASH P 330,000.00
OFFICE SUPPLIES 1,000.00
TRUCK 500,000.00
RICE MILL MACHINERY 100,000.00
LAND 100,000.00
STORAGE ROOM P 300,000.00
TOTAL INVESTMENTS P 1,331,000.00
B. PROJECTED DAILY CASH OUTFLOW
PURCHASES @ PHP 21/KG P 315,000.00

FREIGHT IN:
WAGES P 3,150.00
GASOLINE P 1,500.00 P 4,650.00
DIRECT LABOR 3,000.00
FREIGHT OUT:
WAGES P1,050.00
GASOLINE 500.00 P 1,550.00
TOTAL DAILY CASH OUTFLOW P324,200.00
*300 sacks x 50kg x Php 21.00

**Php 420.00 x 10 Laborers x 0 .75
***Php 420.00 x 10 Laborers x 0.25
40
C. PROJECTED DAILY CASH INFLOW
SALES @ PHP 38/KG P342,000.00

SALE OF BY PRODUCT (RICE BRAN) 6,000.00
TOTAL DAILY CASH INFLOW P348,000.00
*300 Sacks x 50kgx 0.60 (milling recovery) x Php 38.00

**300 Sacks x 50kg x 0.10 x Php 4.00
D. STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION-BEGINNING
GODWIN'S RICE TRADING

AS OF XXX
ASSETS
Current Assets:
Cash P330,000.00
Office Supplies 1,000.00 P331,000.00
Non-current Assets:
Land 100,000.00
Truck 500,000.00
Rice Mill 100,000.00
Storage room P300,000.00 P1,000,000.00
Total Assets P1,331,000.00
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND OWNER'S

EQUITY
Mr. Godwin's Capital P1,331,000.00
41
E. INCOME STATEMENT
GODWIN’S RICE TRADING

INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE MONTH________
Sales(300x50x.6x38x3) P 10,260,000.00
Cost of goods sold
Purchases (315,000x30Days) P 9,450,000.00
Freight-in (4,650x30Days) 139,500.00
Direct labor (10LaboresxPhp350x30Days) 105,000.00
Factory overhead
Utilities Expense (Php20,000 x 0.9) P 18,000.00
Depreciation- Storage Room(300,000/30)(0.9) (1/12) 750.00
Depreciation- Rice Mill Machine (100,000/20) (1/12) 416.67
Depreciation- Truck (500,000/15)(0.9)(1/12) P 2,500 .00 P 21,667.00
Sale of By-product (6,000 x 30) P-180,000.00 P 9,536,167.00
Gross Profit P 723,833.00
Selling Expense
Freight-out (1550x30) P 46,500.00
Depreciation- Truck (500,000/15)(0.1)(1/12) 277.078.00
Packaging (300Sacks x .6 x Php10 x 30Days P 54,000.00 P100,778.00
General And Administrative expense
Office Supplies P 1,000.00
Utilities Expense (20,000 x 0.1) P 2,000.00
Depreciation- Storage Room(300,000/30)(0.1) (1/12) P83.33.00 P3,083.00
Net Income Before Tax P 619,972.00
Income Tax Expense P 198,391.11
Net Income After Tax P 421,581.00
Return on Investments = = = .31674
Payback Period= = = 3.127283 yrs
Gross Profit Ratio= = = 0.070549
Net Margin Ratio= = = 0.0410898
H. Financial Statement
The projected sale for 1 month is amounting to P10,200,000.00 at

a price of @ P38.00/kg for well-milled rice less all the expenses and tax
it has a projected net income of P 421,581. Financial ratios show that
Gross Profit IS 7% and Net Margin Ratio is 4% each. The investment
costs will be recovered within approximately 3 years and 2 months.
I. Critical analysis
Risk is always present in any form of business. That includes

Godwin’s Rice Trading business. The foreseen problem is not being able
42
to meet the targeted number of 300 bags of rice grain every day and/or
the other way of exceeding it with the difficulty of disposing the excess
milled rice to the rice retailers the next day. As a new entrant of the rice
trading business, it is expected that Godwin’s Rice Trading will have to
gradually establish customers trust. With excellent personnel training in
quality customer ship, the business will slowly draw-in more customers
like the big food chains and supermarkets as an efficient supplier of well-
milled rice.
J. Social significance
This business offers opportunity for the farmers to have a steady

market of their farm produce. It will also open a door of possible
employment to some people in the community. As a registered business, tax
payments can go to the government. Later as the business grows bigger
wholesaling will help other small scale retailers who can avail of competitive
pricing.
Posttest
1. Which is a group of people with economically important needs and

demands which opens entrepreneurial opportunities to everyone?
c. Environment C. Geography
A. Ethnicity D. Market
2. Which type of business is owned by only one person?

A. Cooperative C. Partnership
B. Corporation D. Sole Proprietorship
3. Which of the following is NOT considered an emerging industry in the

Philippines?
A. Agribusiness C. Creative Industries
B. Power and utilities D. Renewable Energy
4. In the 4M’s of production, which M refers to the persons in the

business known as the labor force?
A. Machines C. Materials
B. Manpower D. Money
5. The process of recording the money received and spent by the

operations of the business is known as _____?
c. bookkeeping C. administering
A. booking D. posting
43
6. Which combination is focused on the internal assessment of the
business?
A. Opportunities and Threats C. Strengths and Threats
B. Strengths and Weaknesses D. Weaknesses and Threats
7. Which combination is focused on the external assessment of the

business?
A. Opportunities and Threats C. Strengths and Threats
B. Strengths and Weaknesses D. Weaknesses and Threats
8. Study the table and the items on the right. Then answer the
question.
a. Competitors analysis
Group Part Of Business Plan
b. Product description
A Production c. Maintenance and repair
d. Promotional strategies
Plan _________ e. Sources of equipment
B Marketing f. Terms and conditions of
Plan _________ purchase
Which of the following is the correct grouping of the six indicators in the
box?
A. C.
A Production Plan a, b, d A Production Plan c, d, a
B Marketing Plan c, e, f B Marketing Plan b, e, f
B. D.
A Production Plan c, e, f A
Production Plan
a, c, e
B
Marketing Plan a, b, d B d, b, f
Marketing Plan
9. Which business principle is applicable in products and development

and marketing?
A. Ask researchers in other communities about their needs and
demands.
B. Your own needs and demands are the same with others.
C. Pay attention to the needs and demands of the market
D. Follow the result of a national survey of needs and demands
44
10. What is the reason why an aspiring entrepreneur must make a sound
and impressive business plan?
A. A sound and impressive business plan is likely to be approved for a
loan package.
B. A sound and impressive business plan attracts more customers.
C. A sound and impressive business plan commands tax rebates.
D. A sound and impressive business plan can improve a particular
SUMMARY
Now we know that market and environment are the two major factors
that dictate any business activities. It is so diverse, however; this diversity
offers numerous opportunities for businesses.
An aspiring entrepreneur must consider a lot of factors prior to setting

up a business. Careful examination on the needs and demands must be
made. Competition must be clearly addressed because it may either lead to
accumulation of profit or worse, incurring losses depending on how
entrepreneurs manage their businesses.
Other important task of entrepreneurs is to determine how much

capital is needed to start a business. Selection of the best business location
is crucial, too. Record keeping or bookkeeping is also a skill that
entrepreneurs must possess so he/she can personally ascertain the
financial status of the business.
Entrepreneurs play a very important role in the national growth and

development. Aside from tax payment to the government, an entrepreneur is
responsible human resources development. Employment, whether casual,
probationary, and permanent, offers workplace trainings which help
employees in their personal and professional growth.
Entrepreneurs must not only possess passion for the business but
personally learn the work of their employee as well. The benefit of this best
practice is that entrepreneurs will find it easier to track the operations of the
business including its profitability.
Finally, getting all these business prerequisites into the heart and
mind of entrepreneurs and together with adequate knowledge, skills and
work values, their businesses will be sustained.
45
Glossary of Terms
Capital refers to money invested in a business to generate income.

Environmental scanning refers to careful monitoring of the internal and
external environment of an organization purposely done to detect early
signs of opportunities and threats that may influence present and
future plans of the business.
Industry is a commercialized, standardized, and organized economic activity
connected with the production, manufacture, or construction of a
particular product or range of products in which many people are
involved.
Market refers to a group of people with economically important needs and
demands which open entrepreneurial or business opportunities to
everyone.
Opportunities in SWOT analysis in is the exploitable set of circumstances
with uncertain outcome, requiring commitment of resources and
involving exposure to risk.
Personnel people employed in an organization.
Production is the processes of transforming inputs such as raw materials,
semi-finished goods, subassemblies and intangible inputs, namely,
ideas, information, knowledge into goods or services.
Strength in SWOT analysis is the capital, knowledge, skill, or other
advantage that a firm has or can acquire over its competitors in
meeting the needs of its customers.
Threats in SWOT analysis are negative indications that can cause a risk to
become a loss, expressed as an aggregate of risk, consequences of
risk, and the likelihood of the occurrence of the event.
Weaknesses in SWOT analysis refers to any negative indications that
increases the risk of a losses and failure
REFERENCES:
Agriculture and Fishery Arts I. United Eferza Academic Publications,
Co., Bagong Pook, Lipa City, Batangas 4217.
46

LEARNING MODULES

Horticulture
AFA- HORTICULTURE
(PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL
COMPETENCIES (PEC’S)
ACROSS MARKET AND
ENVIRONMENT)
Module 1
This instructional material was collaboratively

developed and reviewed by educators from public
and private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We
encourage teachers and other education
stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and
recommendations to the Department of Education at
action@deped.gov.ph.
We value your feedback and

recommendations.
AFA-Horticulture
First Edition, 2014



Consultant: Andres Z. Taguiam, Phd.
Authors: Ofelia F. Bernardo, May Martinez-Leano, Mario S. Donio,
William V. Engay, Levi P. Siazar
Validators/Reviewers: Pedrito S. Nituoral, Rey G. Aleman
Language Editor: Naida U. Rivera,
Illustrator : Erich David Garcia
Subject Specialists and Management: Emmanuel S. Valdez, Albert B. Erni,
Layout Artists/Encoders: Jocelyn M. Gamo, Joel G. Castillo

(DepEd-IMCS)
Philippines 1600
Telefax: (02) 634-1054 or 634-1072
Table of Contents
Module - 1 Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PEC’S)

Across Environment and Market
Entrepreneurship and Personal Entrepreneurial

Competencies (PEC’S) .............................................................. 2
Introduction .................................................................................................. 2
Learning Competencies/Objectives ............................................................. 2
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment ......................................................................... 3
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities .......................................... 4
What to know? ............................................................................................ 4
What started businesses? ............................................................................ 5
Need-Based Business Opportunities ........................................................... 5
Supply of Raw Materials is Abundant in the Locality .................................... 6
What Makes up a Successful Entrepreneur? ............................................... 6
Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs .............................................. 6
Lifestyle of Successful Entrepreneurs .......................................................... 8
The Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PEC’S)

of Successful Entrepreneurs ................................................. 16
Understanding the Market and Environment
of Businesses......................................................................... 16
Introduction ............................................................................................... 16
Learning Competencies/Objectives ........................................................ 16
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment ...................................................................... 17
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities ..................................... 18
What to know? ......................................................................................... 18
Common Characteristics of a Business Market ........................................ 19
The Legal Forms of Business ................................................................... 19
The Different Industries in the Country Today ......................................... 20
Checking the Needs, Wants, and Demands of the
Market Through Environment Scanning Process .................................. 21
Determining the 4M’S of Production.......................................................... 21
The Importance of Acquiring a Start-up Capital ...................................... 22
Factors in Selecting the Best Business Location ...................................... 23
Hiring and Training Personnel ................................................................... 24
Registration of a New Business .............................................................. 24
Practicing Simple Record Keeping ............................................................ 24
What to process? ................................................................................... 24
What to reflect and understand? ............................................................. 26
Supplementary Reading: The SWOT ...................................................... 26
What to reflect and understand? ............................................................... 27
What to transfer? .................................................................................... 27
Supplementary Reading: The Business Plan .......................................... 27
Summative Assessment............................................................................ 37
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback ................................................................. 39
References................................................................................................ 39
INTRODUCTION
This Learner’s Materials on Conducting Pre-Agricultural Farm Operations

contains various Learning Competencies designed to develop the knowledge,
skills, and attitude of Grade 9 Technology and Livelihood (TLE) students. It covers
four (4) modules namely: Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) across
the environment and market, 2. Preparing farm tools, implements, and simple
equipment, 3. Preparing and maintaining farm tools, implements, simple
equipment, and facilities, and 4. Securing farm tools, implements, simple
equipment, and facilities. Each module is subdivided into several lessons with the
following parts: I – Introduction, giving an overview of the lesson; II – The Learning
Competencies/Objectives contain specific topics about a certain Learning
Competency; III – The Pre-Diagnostic Assessment provides evaluation of the prior
learning of students; IV – the Reading Resources and Instructional activities
include the content and activities about what the students must know, what to
process, what to reflect and understand, and what to transfer. These activities
could be done in school, at home, and in the community. V – The Summative
Assessment evaluates how much the students have learned; and VI – The
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback give generalization and enhancement on a specific
module. A glossary section is at the back page of the Learner’s Materials as further
reference, and a List of References to acknowledge the sources of the ideas taken
from them.
Conducting pre-agricultural farm operations is one of the Core

Competencies in Agricultural Crop Production NC II. Students must be able to take
the five (5) core competencies to finish the course. The teacher must conduct
Institutional Assessment towards the end of the school year to evaluate the
underpinning knowledge, skills, and attitudes of the students based from the set of
criteria in the Training Regulations/prepared by Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA)
1
AFA - HORTICULTURE GRADE 9
Module 1
PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PEC’S)

ACROSS MARKET AND ENVIRONMENT
The learner demonstrates The learner recognizes his/her Personal

understanding of one’s Personal Competencies (PEC’s) across horticultural
Competencies (PEC’s) across products and services and prepares an
horticultural products and activity plan that aligns with that of a
services practitioner/entrepreneur in Horticulture
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND PERSONAL

ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PECS)
Introduction
Everybody loves to earn money and accumulate wealth and in the present
times, we have many ways to achieve it. The most common way is to offer good
quality agricultural products and services to your friends and to other people in the
community and even in the online arena that can cover a global market. All the
business activities undertaken in selling products and services to people is known as
entrepreneurship and the one who manage these business activities is an
entrepreneur. Students are encouraged to develop skills required in entrepreneurial
activities. Many wealthy people in the country had started in small and community-
based entrepreneurial activities.
Learning Competencies/Objectives
1. Identify the different factors to be considered in setting up a business

2. Assess one’s PEC’s, in terms of, characteristics, lifestyle features , and skills
3. Assess practitioner’s entrepreneurial competencies, in terms of,
characteristics, attributes, lifestyle, skills, and traits
2
Pre-/Diagnostic Assessment:
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on your test
booklet.
A. Advocate against global warming
B. Deliver goods and services to the market
C. Volunteer in a community clean-up activity
D. Preach in different churches or group of churchgoers
2. The saying “Necessity is the mother of all inventions” means ____________.
A. Necessity is invented by mothers
B. Our mother told us what we really need
C. Basic commodities are made for mothers
D. Basic commodities are made to satisfy our needs
A. Ability to study a market
B. Ability to act like a customer
C. Knowledge, skills, and money
D. Knowledge, skills, and attitude
4. People who always feel positive in every effort in order to achieve something
are known to have ______________.
A. Courage C. Self-confidence
B. Optimism D. Self-control
challenges in business is known as _____________.
A. Personal business capacities
B. Personally preferred competencies
C. Professional enterprise competencies
D. Personal entrepreneurial competencies
6. Information seeking and goal setting belongs to what PEC’s cluster?
A. Achievement cluster C. Planning cluster
B. Empower cluster D. Power cluster
A. Accomplish targets on time as agreed with customers
B. Paying keen attention to the needs and demands of people
C. Anticipating a loss and countering it with feasible alternatives
D. Acting as the prime mover of resources in the achievement of
objectives
8. Systematic planning and monitoring includes the following except one.
A. Set calculated goals and objectives
B. Make a well organized plan with clearly defined methods
C. Be logically flexible for the emergent constraints, challenges, and
needs
3
D. Periodic gap-proof monitoring and response activities must be
scheduled to determine emergent constraints, challenges, and
needs
9. When entrepreneurs face a significant obstacle with a well planned action,
they have Personal Entrepreneurial Competency known as ___________.
A. Initiative C. Persuasion
B. Persistence D. Risk-taking
10. Luis is good in convincing his customers that his product is not only of best
quality but also safe to use. Many of his customers bought and even return to
buy more of the product because they want to share it to their friends. What
personal entrepreneurial competency does Luis has?
A. Persuasion
B. Goal setting
C. Self-confidence
D. Demand for efficiency and quality
READING RESOURCES AND INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITIES
What to KNOW:
Activity #1:
Before immersing ourselves into the exciting discussion about setting up

and running a business in the most sustainable ways, we will first do inspiration-
drawing activity through the conduct of casual interviews with entrepreneurs in the
community. Look for a partner in doing this. Identify 3 retailers, 3 service providers,
and 1 producer. Use the template below for the interview and in tracking the
answers of the selected entrepreneur-respondents. Discuss the responses with
your partner and present to your class a brief analysis/report of the interview.
Interview
Producer
Guides Service Comments
Providers
scale)
Students’ guide For For example, Producer of Our reactions

questions to be example, Plant Rental Vegetables, to
used but not Fruit and Services, Fruits,Seedlings entrepreneurs
limited to the Vegetables Landscaping of Fruit Trees, responses
following: Vendors, Services, Ornamental and
Ornamenta Landscape Flowering
l Plants Maintenance Plants,
Retailers Services
4
Why did you
choose this
business?
How did you
start it?
What are the
challenges you
met?
How did you
counter all
those
challenges?
Did you
experience
losses? How
did you
respond to
losses?
Can you share
some
strategies in
keeping
customers?
What personal
qualities help
this business
flourish up to
now?
Are you afraid
of your
competitors?
Why?
Can you give
us some pieces
of entrep-
based advice?
WHAT STARTED BUSINESSES?
Need-based business opportunities
A popular adage that says, “Necessity is the mother of all inventions” simply
5
means that we develop technologies to produce something that will answer
mankind’s diverse needs. In 1980’s the most popular way of long distance
communication is through a snail mail, telegraph, or long distance telephone calls
which is not only expensive but also consume much of our time. Because there is a
need for faster communication flows as global economy has grown into scale,
cellular phones came to the market to answer our communication-related needs.
Today, global communication is already at the tip of our fingers.
SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS IS ABUNDANT IN THE LOCALITY
Business investors are happy if the raw materials and other resources are
readily available in the community. Aside from secured volume of quantity, this
opportunity is cheaper as when the entrepreneur outsource production inputs from
other places.
WHAT MAKES UP A SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR?
Knowledge alone does not guarantee success in a business. Skills developed

can greatly help in the production process but it is not an assurance to the
sustainability of the business as well. It takes right attitude combined with adequate
knowledge, competitive skills, and upheld passion to make significant revenues,
profit, and sustainability of the chosen business.
Accomplished entrepreneur have so much to share to business enthusiasts

like us. Many are not born with a silver spoon meaning most of them came from poor
families. They have passion to produce and sell to an identified market or even to
serve target clients which contributed to their success. Likewise, they accumulated
wealth because they possess entrepreneurial characteristics, lifestyles, and skills,
suited to their chosen businesses.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS
The set of characteristics common to entrepreneurs who excel in their

businesses are the following:
Be a someone who always feel positive in every effort in

1 Optimism
order to achieve something.
Once the plan to do entrepreneurial activities is ready to
2 Self-confidence be started, assure yourself to overcome risks and many
other forms of business constraints.
In any situations that needs to be handled, never react
3 Self-control immediately. Instead respond to the situation in the most
legal and beneficial ways.
4 Courage Be a risk-taker with alternative courses of action on hand.
6
Business risks are always there however, one’s
readiness to face, reduce or eliminate it depends on how
brave you can be.
Sustain every effort you have started. Profit may dwindle
5 Commitment in the most unacceptable way but never hesitate to
invoke your right to persist and regain a lost glory.
Do not stay inside a box which means go out and flaunt
your potential to be effectively different. Use your
6 Creativity imagination to create marketable ideas and push it. If you
thought of a potentially good ones, be the first to act upon
it. Chances are, others’ have thought about it, too.
Be precise in your principles or standards. Goals coated
Well-defined
7 with well defined values provide guidance to what your
values
business must achieve with reduced inconveniences.
Competitive entrepreneurs are fueled to succeed.
8 High energy level Passion in the endeavor is an energy enhancer. Success
in business comes from being passionately energetic.
Guide, direct and influence people according to what
benefits the business. People and the many ways you
may lead them can spell success or failure of your
business.
As a business leader, you are accountable to everyone
Desire for
10 and everything in the business including your strategies.
responsibility
Value everything and everyone as you value oneself
One’s ability to choose good decision may be innate or
Decision-making experience-based. Learn the art and the systematic and
11
skills methodical process of decision-making. Good decisions
must be sensible and culture-sensitive
Pay close attention to what the market generally is saying
Desire for
to your products or services. The ultimate consumer of
12 immediate
the product and services must be heard and become the
feedback
bases of further product or services development
Develop a competitive attitude. Right pricing and quality-
Strong desire to based product development or service delivery will draw
13
achieve more business revenues. Work with the goals in mind
and take the best way to achieve them
Bad experiences in business should never be taken as
Ability to learn traumatic. Options that supposedly had prevented those
14
from past failures to happen must be noted and archived. Benchmarked on
past experiences to know which decision to take.
Elizabeth Bowen (1899 - 1973) an Irish novelist and short-story writer, wrote,
“The best that an individual can do is to concentrate on what he or she can do, in the
course of a burning effort to do it better”.
7
LIFESTYLE OF SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS
People who plan to live in the world of

entrepreneurship will live a life different from “ENTREPRENEURSHIP
that of an ordinary citizen. They adapt to the IS LIVING A FEW YEARS OF YOUR LIFE
new lifestyles gradually and professionalize LIKE MOST PEOPLE WON’T. SO THAT,
every task embedded into it. They follow YOU CAN SPEND THE REST OF YOUR
established standards and even customize LIFE LIKE MOST PEOPLE CAN’T.”
Annonymous
some to fit to the tasks particular to a business
type. As the business is sustained and
entrepreneurs developed expertise in all tasks including constraints and problem
solution, excellent decision making is easier to achieve.
According to Valdez, et.al, the following are the common lifestyle features of
an entrepreneur:
It is one of the highest lifestyle considerations that
entrepreneurs must adapt. Although inspired by their freedom
A sense of freedom
to lead and control all elements of the business, they must
and control
exercise careful in choosing the right course of actions and
decisions to take.
Choosing their own time for work is a privilege of
Flexibility of time entrepreneurs. This feature will allow them to choose their
most productive time.
Entrepreneurs are the greatest asset of their businessses, a
check and balance between the actual accomplishment of
tasks and physical and mental work capacity must be
Energy and stamina
established. Rest and relaxation can help maintain good
physicality and overall health. Proper stress management is
also of primal importance.
A family does not only serve as inspiration but also as a group
of people to oversee the welfare of the entrepreneurs.
Family support
Suggestions and recommendations of a family member must
be carefully considered.
Remember that seeking advise from specialist is helpful in
Professional support decision making process. There are people more informed
than us in a particular area of expertise.
8
THE PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PECS) OF
SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS
There are two major reasons why

many people failed in their attempt to do
entrepreneurial activities. First, people who
are starting entrepreneurial activities may
only have insufficient experiences to address
the problems posed by the numerous
external business constraints. Second, they
lack sufficient skills to lead the people and
make the products and services competitive
in the market. Low profit of the business will
create consequent problem and many more
problems in the future. Thus, anyone who
wants to succeed in a business arena must
be equipped with the different Personal
Entrepreneurial Competencies or PEC’s, a
set of skills that entrepreneurs must possess
to take control of the challenges in business.
PEC’s are the key abilities of entrepreneurs’
success in business.
PEC’s are clustered into three clusters according to its area of application:
Achievement Cluster
 Pay attention to the needs and demands of people
 Never procrastinate. Act immediately on marketable ideas
Opportunity  The common business are well competed in the market
Seeking and while unique ones offer lower competition resulting to higher
Initiative revenues and profit
 Calculate risks by identifying the most beneficial alternative
courses of action to minimize effect of risks in the net profit
Risk Taking  Be proactive. Anticipate a loss and counter it with feasible
alternatives
 In business realities, seasoned entrepreneurs sometimes
take riskier business to get higher profits
Demand for  Perform business tasks better, faster, cheaper, but do not
Efficiency and put safety and quality aside
Quality  Accomplish tasks by meeting or exceeding standards of
excellence
 Face a significant obstacle with a good plan of action
 Identifies a good alternative to every decision to meet
9
challenge or overcome an obstacle
Persistence  Act as the prime mover of resources in the achievement of
goals and objectives
 Offer personal sacrifices or give extraordinary efforts in
Commitment completing tasks
to the Work  Accomplish targets on time, as agreed, to keep customers
Contract satisfied
Planning Cluster
 Gather data and information or feedbacks from clients,
suppliers, and competitors and use those for the
Information improvement of products or services
Seeking  Study the market personally for innovation of new product
development
 Talk with experts for technical advice
 Sets goals and objectives which are specific and must
guarentee customer satisfaction
Goal setting  Set calculated goals and objectives
 Make a well organized plan with clearly defined methods
Systematic  Be logically flexible for the emergent constraints, challenges,
Planning and and needs
Monitoring  Periodic gap-proof monitoring and response activities must
be scheduled to determine emergent constraints, challenges,
and needs
Power Cluster
Persuasion  Always ready to give facts and benefits to convince
and customers to patronize products and services offered.
Networking  To accomplish the business objectives, key people can be
used as agents or chanels to hasten product and services
delivery to customers
Independence  Develop self-trust in the attainment of goals and objectives
and self-  Do not need external approval before acting constraints and
confidence challenges. Being, consultative does not purely mean
dependence on others advice. An entrepreneur must be
brave enough to use one’s ability to chose which alternative
course of action is the appropriate decision.
What to Process:
Activity #2:
This is a self examination activity. After knowing the different characteristics

that an entrepreneur must possess, examine yourself if you have these
10
characteristics too. Simply put check (/) if that particular characteristic is present in
you or an x (X) if you do not possess it. Comment on your own status by giving
possible options that can help you acquire it.
Realizations
Do I have this?
Characteristics of an entrepreneur (What are my options?)
YES(/) NO (X)
1 Optimism
2 Self-confidence
3 Self-control
4 Courage
5 Commitment
6 Creativity
7 Well-defined values
8 High energy level
10 Desire for responsibility
11 Decision-making skills
12 Desire for immediate feedback
13 Strong desire to achieve
14 Ability to learn from past failures
What to REFLECT and UNDERSTAND:
Activity #3:
Consider the PEC’s of successful entrepreneurs. Compare these

competencies with you. As a growing individual can you develop these in yourself?
Do I have Realizations
this? (If Yes how can I
Competencies of an entrepreneur improve this?)
YES NO
(If NO what will I do to
(/) (X) acquire it)
Risk Taking
Persistence
Information Seeking
Goal setting
Systematic Planning and Monitoring
11
Independence and self-confidence
What to TRANSFER:
Activity #4:
Let us match the result of our activity #1 with the standard characteristics,
lifestyle, and skills of our interviewees. Do you think that their businesses will be
sustained? Support your answer and present it to the class. Use the template in
Activity #2 and Activity #3 to help you analyze and forecast the sustainability of
their businesses.
Producer
Service
Providers
scale)
REFER TO THE RESPONSES IN
Competencies (PEC’s)
ACTIVITY #1. Check if the Respondents
above possess the PEC’s enumerated in
the first column. Put check (/) if
observed and x (X) in not observed
Risk Taking
Persistence
Information Seeking
Goal setting
Systematic Planning and
Monitoring
Independence and self-confidence
GENERAL ANALYSIS
Sustainability of business (Do you
think the entrepreneur-respondent
can sustain their businesses?
Enumerate your justifications)
12
Producer
Service
Providers
scale)
Lifestyles of Entrepreneurs
REFER TO THE RESPONSES IN
ACTIVITY #1. Check if the Respondents
above possess the lifestyle features
enumerated in the first column. Put
check (/) if observed and x (X) if not
observed
A sense of freedom and control
Flexibility of time
Energy and stamina
Family support
Professional support
GENERAL ANALYSIS
(Do you think the entrepreneur-
respondent can sustain their
businesses? Enumerate your
justifications)
Finally, make a matrix of recommendations in order to sustain the

respondents’ respective business:
Recommendations
(Give recommendations, as options 1 and 2, for
Entrepreneur-Respondent the sustainability of the respondents
entrepreneurial activities)
Option 1 Option 2
Retailer
Service Providers
Producer (Commercial Scale)
Summative Assessment
booklet.

A. Advocate against global warming
B. Deliver goods and services to the market
C. Volunteer in a community clean-up activity
D. Preach in different churches or group of churchgoers
13
2. The saying “Necessity is the mother of all inventions” means
A. Necessity is invented by mothers
B. Our mother told us what we really need
C. Basic commodities are made for mothers
D. Basic commodities are made to satisfy our needs
A. Ability to study a market
B. Ability to act like a customer
C. Knowledge, skills, and money
D. Knowledge, skills, and attitude
4. People who always feel positive in every effort in order to achieve something
are known to have
A. Courage C. Self-confidence
B. Optimism D. Self-control
challenges in business is known as
A. Personal business capacities
B. Personally preferred competencies
C. Professional enterprise competencies
D. Personal entrepreneurial competencies
6. Information seeking and goal setting belongs to what PEC’s cluster?
A. Achievement cluster C. Planning cluster
B. Empower cluster D. Power cluster
A. Accomplish targets on time as agreed with customers
B. Paying keen attention to the needs and demands of people
C. Anticipating a loss and countering it with feasible alternatives
D. Acting as the prime mover of resources in the achievement of
objectives
8. Systematic planning and monitoring includes the following except one
A. Set calculated goals and objectives
B. Make a well organized plan with clearly defined methods
C. Be logically flexible for the emergent constraints, challenges, and
needs
D. Periodic gap-proof monitoring and response activities must be
scheduled to determine emergent constraints, challenges, and
needs
9. When entrepreneurs face a significant obstacle with a well planned action,
they have Personal Entrepreneurial Competency known as
A. Initiative C. Persuasion
B. Persistence D. Risk-taking
10. Luis is good in convincing his customers that his product is not only of best
quality but also safe to use. Many of his customers bought and even return
to buy more of the product because they want to share it to their friends.
14
What personal entrepreneurial competency does Luis has?
A. Persuasion
B. Goal setting
C. Self-confidence
D. Demand for efficiency and quality
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/FEEDBACK
We have studied the different elements necessary in setting up a business

as well as acknowledged the different factors influencing the different
entrepreneurial activities. Of course, most of us perceive business as a complex
activity. The market is so diverse and if we fail to consider one factor which directly
affects our business, we will have to face lots of challenges as consequences.
Albeit challenging, we must remember that wealth accumulation as a return of our
legal investments will also give others opportunities through employment or avail
from our products and services.
The different characteristics, lifestyle, and Personal Entrepreneurial

Competencies or PEC’s of successful entrepreneurs we learned will surely inspire
us to do our best to start our own business. Be optimistic and take the risks. Use
the PEC’s we learned and progress into a life full of challenges that will hone us to
become one of the most successful entrepreneurs, one of these days. Good luck!
References:
Agriculture and Fishery Arts I. United Eferza Academic Publications, Co.,
BagongPook, Lipa City, Batangas 4217.
15
PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES
(PEC’S)
ACROSS MARKET AND ENVIRONMENT

The learner demonstrates understanding The learner independently generates
of Market and Environment across a business idea related to
Horticultural products and services Horticulture based on the analysis of
environment and market in
Horticulture
UNDERSTANDING THE MARKET

AND ENVRINOMENT OF BUSINESS
Introduction
Entrepreneurs with enough knowledge and background in the market and

environment where their businesses operate will have better strategies and
decisions and will find it easier to sustain business activities. The intended market
of a particular product and service must be carefully studied before and during the
actual operations of the business. Many entrepreneurs failed because of a very
simple reason; there is no enough information gathered about the target market,
consequently, they incurred so much losses leading to bankruptcy.
1. Determine the common characteristics of a business market
2. Identify the legal forms of business
3. Describe the different industries in the country today
4. Map and analyze the opportunities offered by the industries in the community
5. Check the needs, wants. and demands of the market through environmental
scanning process
6. Determine the 4M’s of production
7. Discuss the importance of acquiring a start-up capital
8. Make a business plan
9. Apply the standards in selecting the best business location
10. Assess the internal and external environment of the business through
Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats method of business
assessment
11. Practice simple record keeping
16
Pre-/Diagnostic Assessment:
booklet.
1. It is a group of people with economically important needs and demands
which opens entrepreneurial opportunities to everyone.
A. Environment C. Geography
B. Ethnicity D. Market
2. This type of business is owned by only one person.
3. Which of the following is not considered an emerging industry in the

Philippines?
4. In the 4M’s of production, which M refers to the persons in the business
known as the labor force?
5. The process of recording the money received and spent by the operations of
the business is known as
A. Bookkeeping C. Administering
B. Booking D. Posting
6. Which combination is focused to the assessment internal of the business?
A. Opportunities and threats C. Strengths and Threats
B. Strengths and weaknesses D. Weaknesses and Threats
7. Which combination is focused to the assessment external of the business?
8. Place the indicators found inside the box at the right into the third column of
the matrix at the left. Group the indicators correctly.
Group Part Of Business Plan A. Competitors analysis

B. Product description
A C. Maintenance and repair
Production
______ D. Promotional strategies
Plan
_ E. Sources of equipment
B F. Terms and conditions of purchase
Marketing
______
Plan
_
17
Which of the following is the correct grouping of the six indicators in the box?
A. C.
A Production Plan A, B, D A Production Plan C, D, A
B Marketing Plan C, E, F B Marketing Plan B, E, F
B. D.
Group Part Of Business Plann Group Part Of Business Plan
A Production Plan A, C, E A Production Plan C, E, F
B Marketing Plan D, B, F B Marketing Plan A, B, D
9. Which business principle is applicable in products and development and

marketing?
A. Pay attention to the needs and demands of the market.
C. Follow the result of a national survey of needs and demands.
D. Ask researchers in other communities about their needs and demands.
10. What is the reason why an aspiring entrepreneur must make a sound and
impressive business plan?
A. A sound and impressive business plan commands tax rebates.
C. A sound and impressive business plan is likely to be approved for a
loan package.
D. A sound and impressive business plan can improve a particular
What to KNOW:
Activity #1:
Let us do simple community mapping activity to develop a barangay-based market

profile. Use the template below in posting accurate and relevant data of our
barangay.
18
Dimension Data to be gathered Data
Market Number of households
demographics
Number of Retailers of various products
Number of wholesalers of various
Number of
products
businesses
Number of producers (specify products)
Number of service-based businesses
1. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF A BUSINESS MARKET
Market refers to a group of people with economically important needs and

demands which opens entrepreneurial or business opportunities to everyone.
Market is a socially, politically, and economically organized people whose

needs and demands are based on tradition, culture, and technology. Enumerable
business opportunities are open in a market. Their needs and demands are
enormous depending on the class of people being referred to.
These classes of people are known as market segments. These may be
high-end, middle-end, and low-end market segments. Each segment will have
varying needs of various products and services.
Entrepreneurs must be skillful enough to address needs and demands of the

market. Many successful entrepreneurs’ secret of success is just paying attention
to the markets’ needs and demands and later they accumulated so much wealth. A
need or demand-based business will always have a share of market.
2. THE LEGAL FORMS OF BUSINESS
There following are 3 legal forms of business and their characteristics,

advantages and disadvantages:
Forms Characteristics Advantages Disadvantages
Sole  Owned by only 1  Very easy to  Owner-manager is

Proprietorship person who is establish required to render
responsible for the  Decision comes full operation time
whole business from 1 person only  No one else can
 The owner can share in the
assume the role of financial burden of
manager, finance the owner
officer, and worker  In case of financial
19
instability, the firm
can dissolve
easily.
 2 persons have  Comparatively  Decision making is
combined easy to establish shared between
resources and  There is check and the two owners
skills balance among  In times of partner
Partnership  Any of the 2 partners only conflict, the
partner can act as business is at risk
financier or  Limited funding
manager may constraint
 They can also business
share operations
responsibilities and
roles in the
business
operations
Corporation  2 or more persons  Business risks are  The complex
own the business shared by many organizational set-
 Aside from the people up impose a long
owners, many  If business is line of more
people known as good, growth is expensive ways of
shareholders, are maximized due to control
engaged in a bigger capital  Complex decision
corporation through  Burdens in the making process
their investment operations are will delay operation
known as shares or shared by various
stocks specialized
individuals
3. THE DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES IN THE COUNTRY TODAY

There are many established and emerging industries in the country. Having
mapped all of those in the community will give a would-be entrepreneur a chance to
examine what entrepreneurial opportunities it would bring to the community. Once
these opportunities are identified, entrepreneurs will lay down their plan of actions
and then start the business activities.
The following are the key industries distributed all over the country. Some or
may be all of them are located in your locality:
1. Agribusiness
2. Cyber services
3. Health and Wellness
4. Hotel, Restaurant and Tourism
5. Mining
6. Construction
7. Banking and Finance
8. Manufacturing
20
9. Ownership Dwellings and Real Estate
10. Transport and Logistics
11. Wholesale and Retail Trade
12. Overseas Employment
13. Creative Industries
We also have emerging industries:
15. Creative Industries

17. Power and Utilities
18. Renewable Energy
CHECKING THE NEEDS, WANTS, AND DEMANDS OF THE MARKET

THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING PROCESS
The needs and demands of the community can be determined through

environmental scanning. In this process, an aspiring entrepreneur must make a
thorough examination of the target market before a particular business is set. Many
elements of the target market can change from month to month or year to year,
thus, updated data and information of the following must be gathered shall become
the bases of setting up the planned business.
a. Demographic data such population size, growth rate.

b. List of competitors which is available in the Department of Trade and Industry.
c. List of Suppliers which can also be sourced from Department of Trade and
Industry.
d. Result of a Reliable Mini-Survey using considerable samples of target market.
DETERMINING THE 4M’S OF PRODUCTION
Raw materials, whether local or outsourced, are processed into goods to be

sold to an identified market or segments of the market. This economic activity is
referred to as production.
Success in production is strictly determined with four (4) factors popularly

known as the 4M’s:
Refers to all persons in the business who are also

Manpower popularly called labor force. That means the word
manpower includes the entrepreneur himself.
21
It known to be the life juice of the business and has to do
with the economic status of the business. These can be
Money in paper bills or coins, generally used to pay for goods
and services, repayment of debts, and saving or restoring
purchasing power of the business.
These can raw materials or finished products which shall
Materials undergo certain process or combined which shall end as
the expected output of production.
Any semi or fully-automated devices that are used in
Machines converting raw materials into marketable products or
outputs.
4. THE IMPORTANCE OF ACQUIRING A START-UP CAPITAL
Business capital, usually in the form of money, is an indispensable factor to

start a new business. It is considered a working capital because it will keep the
operations going. Entrepreneurs must secure enough capital to start and to sustain
business operations.
Raising the needed capital is not a problem for the wealthy families.
However, if you do not have the cash on hand yet, you need to consider favorable
sources. Would-be entrepreneurs must carefully choose which capital source to
take. Money lenders which offer high interest are always not a good choice. The
following are the possible sources of the start-up capital for any types of
businesses to be established:
SOURCES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Personal No interest payment to be paid in Usually it takes some

Savings case of bankruptcy, no one will time to save enough
run after the entrepreneur for money to start a
legal actions business
Entrepreneur has full control over

future net profit generated.
Family Savings Low or no interest at all will be In rare cases, if

charged to the would-be problem exist between
entrepreneurs parties, capital may be
taken in partial or at
22
Monthly amortization may not be once by parents.
charged depending on the
agreements.
External There are many well-reputed Monthly amortization

Sources, such lending institutions, not must be paid even
as, banks and loansharks, in the community. amidst financial
credit difficulties of an
cooperatives Lending institutions can enterprise.
confidently lend adequate capital
in exchange of a sound feasibility
study.
Well-reputed lending institutions in the community can offer the following

types of loans according to term of repayment:
In this type of loan, monthly ammortizations which will

include a low interest will be paid in a year or less.
Short-term loans Advanced or on-time payment of monthly
ammortization increases trust and confidence of a
bank on the enrepreneur. This good relationship will
offer more opportunities to the entrepreneur.
Intermediate loans
Term of payment can range from one to tree years.
Depending on the soundness of the feasibility or the

established trust and confidence of the bank on the
Long-term loans
entrepreneur, terms of payment can stretch from four
to ten years where lending policies of banks or credit
cooperatives apply.
5. FACTORS IN SELECTING THE BEST BUSINESS LOCATION
The following must be considered in choosing the right business

location:
a. Nearness to target markets.

b. Availability and quality of raw materials and supplies.
c. Accessibility to consumers and transportation.
d. Consider zoning and local ordinances.
e. Availability of power and fuel sources.
f. Taxation, such as municipal tax policies, other local fees and rates.
23
6. HIRING AND TRAINING PERSONNEL
Before the actual operations of the business begin, hiring the right person
for the right task must be considered. Your business plan will tell you how many
workers you need for the start and how many will be hired again as the operations
progress. Excess personnel will be an extra cost of the business and this condition
must be avoided.
7. REGISTRATION OF A NEW BUSINESS
New business must be registered in the name of legalities. Before you let
your well-planned business rocks the market, the following official processes must
be undertaken:
a. Register your official business name in the Department of Trade and Industry
(DTI).
b. Apply for a Mayor’s Permit to operate the business and the Municipal Business
License of the business.
c. Register your business at the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

The Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws are required for all corporations and
for partnership.
d. Register your business in the Bureau of Internal Revenue whereupon your

business will be assigned a Tax Identification Number (TIN).
e. Register your employees with the PhilHealth, PAG-IBIG, and Social Security
System (SSS). Registration in other agencies which provide welfare and other
benefits must also be consulted and legally followed.
8. PRACTICING SIMPLE RECORD KEEPING
Entrepreneurs must be knowledgeable on the operations of the business.

Although you are already the manager of the business, still you need to develop
expertise in what all your workers are actually doing. This practice helps you
monitor the progress of your business and to carefully track the profit and losses.
Record keeping coexists with bookkeeping. The latter is the process of

recording the money received and spent by the operations of the business. The
following are the most important activities in bookkeeping:
a. Keep and maintain records on a daily basis.
b. Identify source of receipts.
24
c. Record all incurred expenses.
d. Keep complete records in all assets.
In order to maintain proper recording of business transactions keep
supporting documents namely; sales slips, paid bills, invoices, receipts, deposit
slips, checks issued and cancelled. Payrolls must be kept too.
Generally, the benefits of recording system and the good records kept are
the following:
a. Easy monitoring of the success or failure of your business.
b. Information needed to make decisions is provided and accessible.
c. Information needed to take bank financing package is available.
d. References for budgeting are at hand.
e. Easy preparation of income tax return.
f. Easy computation of sales taxes.
g. Profit distribution is facilitated by organized record keeping.
What to PROCESS:
Activity #2:
Use the data in Activity #1 in this activity. Analyze and identify business
opportunities as well as challenges these data can offer to aspiring entrepreneurs.
Business Challenges to
Data to be
Dimension Data Opportunities Aspiring
gathered
Offered Entrepreneurs
Market Number of
demographics households
Number of
Retailers of
various products
Number of
wholesalers of
various products
Number of
Number of
businesses
producers
(specify
products)
Number of
service-based
businesses
25
What to REFLECT and UNDERSTAND
Activity #3:
Choose one business opportunity identified in column 4. Carefully study the

potential of that business idea. Use the SWOT guide below to accomplish this task.
Present your SWOT Sheet to the class for critiquing and feed backing. Be sure to
record feedbacks given by the teacher and classmates.
Supplementary Reading:
The SWOT
HELPFUL HARMFUL
INTERNAL STRENGTH WEAKNESSES
EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Business ideas must be carefully analyzed prior to its actual operations. A

popular way of doing this is to do business idea assessment through the use of the
SWOT analysis. SWOT stands for Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. This technique will signal us either to
continue the business idea because it is viable and profit is expected or to consider
other options because the factors dominates the positive ones and this condition
signals imminent losses for the proposed business. A SWOT sheet can look like
this:
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Enumerate all strengths of the Enumerate all weaknesses of the
business here business here
(These are internal positive qualities (These are negative indications that
of the business idea that offers deters the good future of the business
advantages and benefits to the idea probably contributory to business
aspiring entrepreneurs) losses)
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Enumerate all opportunities of the Enumerate all threats of the business
business here here
(These are externat indications that (These are external indications of
26
offer chance for progress or unfavorable situatons leading business
advancement of the business) to problems and other difficulties that will
put profits into risks)
Bear in mind these simple rules for successful SWOT analysis.
a. Be realistic about the strengths and weaknesses of your business

when conducting SWOT analysis.
b. SWOT analysis should distinguish between where your business is
today, and where it could be in the future.
c. SWOT should always be specific. Avoid any grey areas.
d. Always apply SWOT in relation to your competition i.e. better than or
worse than your competition.
e. Keep your SWOT short and simple. Avoid complexity and over
analysis
f. SWOT is subjective.
Activity # 4:
Refer to your SWOT Sheet and make further analysis and this time the
ultimate task is make decision whether to pursue the proposed business idea or
consider other alternative businesses. There are two possible facets after the final
decision will be made. First, pursue the business because the SWOT reveals more
positive indications than negative ones or, second, disregard the business idea
because there are more negative indications. Consequently, try another business
idea and subject it into the same process of analysis.
Make a presentation of your task and be proud to inspire others that you
now have chosen a viable business idea chosen from the opportunities obtained
from the data generated by the simply community mapping we did.
What to TRANSFER:
Activity #5:
Since you have chosen 1 viable business idea already, it is just-in-time to

develop an impressive Business Plan. Refer to the guide given below and read the
27
sample business plan provided. Your own plan must not be limited to few pages
only, as the example is presented. All data and information must be given in order
to come up with a completely sound and impressive business plan.
Supplementary Reading
THE BUSINESS PLAN
A business plan refers to the intention of aspiring or experienced

entrepreneurs which precisely defines their business, identifies their goals and
objectives, a current and pro forma balance sheet, an income statement, and a
cash flow analysis. A business plan can help so much in the proper allocation of
resources, initially handle and counter forecasted complications, and make the right
decision for the business operations. A good business plan contributes to the
approval or rejection of any loan package because it provides specific and
organized information about your proposed business and how you will repay
borrowed money. A business plan is equivalent to a business resume.
A business plan has five major parts, namely, the executive summary,
marketing plan, production plan, organization and management plan, and financial
plan.
Below is a detailed guide in the development of a comprehensive business

plan.
PART OF A BUSINESS PLAN DEVELOPMENT GUIDES

BUSINESS Focus Guide Questions
PLAN
BUSINESS Business address

NAME Telephone/Contact Number
Contact Person
CONTENTS The usual table of contents
BACKGROUND Brief History

OF THE Information of the business
BUSINESS Form of ownership
Organizational set-up
Industry where it plays
28
Brief statement of business social
BENEFITS TO responsibility
THE Economic, community, and human
COMMUNITY resources development
 Brief Description of the Project  What is the nature

EXECUTIVE  Brief Profile of the Entrepreneur of the project?
SUMMARY  Project’s Contributions to the  What are the
Economy entrepreneur’s
competencies and
qualifications?
 What are the
project’s
contributions to the
local and national
economy?
 Description of the Product  What is the

MARKETING  Comparison of the Product with Its product?
PLAN Competitors  How does it
 Location compare in quality
 Market Area and price with its
 Main Customers competitors?
 Total Demand  Where will be the
 Market Share business be
 Selling Price located?
 Sales Forecast  What geographical
 Promotional Measures areas will be
 Marketing Strategy covered by the
project?
 Marketing Budget
 Within the market
area, to whom will
the business sell its
products?
 Is it possible to
estimate how much
of the product is
currently being
sold?
 What share or
percent of this
29
market can be
captured by the
business?
 What is the selling
price of the
product?
 How much of the
product will be
sold?
 What promotional
measures will be
used to sell the
product?
 What marketing
strategy is needed
to ensure that sales
forecasts are
achieved?
 How much do you
need to promote
and distribute your
product?
 Production Process  What is the

PRODUCTION  Fixed Capital production
PLAN  Life of Fixed Capital process?
 Maintenance and Repairs  What buildings and
 Sources of Equipment machinery (fixed
 Planned Capacity assets) are needed
 Future Capacity and what will be
 Terms and Conditions of Purchase their cost?
of Equipment  What is the useful
 Factory Location and Layout life of the building
 Raw Materials and machinery?
 Cost of Raw Materials  How will
Raw Materials Availability maintenance be
done and are spare
 Labour
parts available
 Cost of Labour
locally?
 Labour Availability
 When and where
 Labour Productivity
can the machinery
 Factory Overhead Expenses
be obtained?
30
 Production Cost  How much capacity
will be used?
 What are the plans
for using spare
capacity?
 When and how will
the machinery be
paid for?
 Where will the
factory be located
and how will the
factory be
arranged?
 How much raw
materials are
required?
 How much will the
raw materials cost?
 What are the
sources of raw
materials? Are they
available
throughout the
year?
 How many direct
and indirect labour
are needed and
what skills should
they have?
 What will be the
cost of labour?
 Are workers
available
throughout the
year? If not, what
effect will this have
on production?
 How will the
workers be
motivated?
 What factory
overhead expenses
are involved?
31
 What is the
production cost per
unit?
 Form of Business  How will the

ORGANIZATION  Organizational Structure business be
AND  Business Experience and managed and
MANAGEMENT Qualifications of the Entrepreneur operated?
PLAN  Pre-Operating Activities  What is the
 Pre-Operating Expenses business
 Office Equipment experience and
 Administrative Expenses qualifications of the
entrepreneur?
activities must be
undertaken before
the business can
operate?
expenses will be
incurred?
 What fixed assets
will be required for
the office?
 What administrative
cost will be
incurred?
 Project Cost  What is the total

FINANCIAL PLAN  Financing Plan and Loan capital
Requirement requirement?
 Security for Loan  Is a loan needed?
 Profit and Loss Statement What will be the
 Cash Flow Statement equity contribution
 Balance Sheet of the
 Loan Repayment Schedule entrepreneur? And
 Break-even Point (BEP) how much?
 Return on Investment (ROI)  What security
 Financial Analysis (collateral) can be
given to the bank?
 What does the
32
Profit and Loss
Statement indicate?
 What does the
Cash Flow
Statement indicate?
 What does the
Balance Sheet
indicate?
 What is the loan
repayment
schedule?
 What is the break-
even point (BEP)?
 What is the return
of investment
(ROI)?
 Is the project
feasible?
The template is applicable to both production and marketing businesses.

There are entrepreneurs who want to venture in marketing alone, thus, the
resulting business plan is done sans the production part. However, in the
marketing part, the source of products to be marketed must be clearly stated
including the details of the product outsourcing process.
Below is a sample business plan with its major parts presented briefly:
BUSINESS PLAN
Jean’s Garden
Contents: (Note to the readers: The table of content is not presented here.)
Background of the Business:
Jean’s Garden started as a backyard/home-based hobby which gradually

grew into commercial propagation of landscaping plants both ornamental and
flowering. Today it includes trading plants propagated by other gardeners.
It is a sole proprietorship business whereupon the owner assumes multiple

tasks which include ordering, receiving, and arranging plants, cashiering, attending
to walk-in customers, identifying and contacting possible repeat customers, and
maintain plants in the store.
This business aptly belongs to the agribusiness industry in the southern part
of the country.
33
Benefits to the community:
A landscape area will add beauty to the surroundings. It will please

everybody’s eyes and encourages them to appreciate, love, and care for the
beauty of the plants growing in nature.
Quality of plants is always assured to the customers. Landscapers’ use of

quality landscaping plants will increase the aesthetic effect of landscapers’ output.
This will lead to the increase of people’s appreciation of the importance of
landscaping and thereby creates more landscaping opportunities for both the
landscapers and the traders of landscaping plants.
Executive Summary
Brief Description of the Project:
Jean’s Garden is a landscaping plants trading business that offers variety of

quality landscaping plants both ornamental and flowering types. It is located in a
rented space at the heart of General Santos City. This business sells competitively-
priced plants to cater the demand of small and large scale landscaping services of
the city and the adjacent municipalities.
The owner-entrepreneur is a plant hobbyist who wishes to see all types of

plants in her backyard. Her collection ranges from partial shade, outdoor and even
plants in very dry semi-arid parts of the world. Her family is into the challenging yet
successful breeding program of desert rose or Adenium sp. of single, double, and
triple/multiple petals.
This trading business aims to provide commercial landscapers with quality,

affordable, and well-hardened landscaping plants. The business also aims to create
a trading network between commercial landscapers and other landscaping-related
service providers in the General Santos City and other nearby cities and
municipalities.
Marketing Plan
The target market will include the small and large-scale commercial
landscapers of General Santos City and other nearby cities and municipalities.
Walk-in customers like tourists, homeowners, and plant collectors who will buy few
pieces only are likewise valued as important customers who can possibly create
word of mouth about the business to other enthusiasts.
34
Production Plan
Production or propagation of plants happens in other gardens which are the

potential suppliers of Jean’s Garden. Outsourcing of landscaping plants will be
done regularly by contacting the owner about availability list.
Plants will be delivered by the producers/propagators to the store as soon as

the ordering processes is completed and finalized.
Organization and Management Plan
This business is a sole proprietorship. The owner-proprietor is a plant

hobbyist-collector for 20 years already. This trading business of landscaping plants
requires suppliers where some of the plants will be outsourced. It also considers
and values a network of customers which can be landscapers or walk-in tourists
and local collectors.
Financial Plan
FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS
Jean’s Landscaping Plants Trading
Total Project Costs
Particulars Amount(PhP)
Fixed Asset:
Dipper 20
Pale 60
Watering hose 120
Subtotal: 200.00
Working Capital(1month)
Direct Materials 23,000.00
Direct Labor 3,000.00
Overhead Expenses 1,800.00
Operating Expenses 200.00
Subtotal: 28,000.00
Total Project Costs 28,200.00
Underlying Assumption:
1.) 360 pcs of assorted ornamental and flowering plants are assumed to be sold per
month.
Katsura (100 pcs), Pandakaki (100 pcs), Bougainvillea (100 pcs), Adenium (60pcs)
2.) Purchased price for:
Katsura (P20.00), Pandakaki (P25), Bougainvillea (P25), Adenium (single P200),
35
Adenium (double P250), Adenium (triple P300)
3.) Operating hours per day is 8-9 hours from Mondays to Sundays and 30 days a
month (P100/day paid for sales personnel).
4.) Fixed asset are subject to depreciate in 3years.
PROJECTED SALES AND INCOME

Jean’s Landscaping Plants Trading
(1 Month Operation)
Particulars Amount(PhP)
Sales:
Bougainvillea (P50 @100pcs) 5,000.00
Katsura (P50 @100pcs) 5,000.00
Pandakaki (P50@ 100pcs) 5,000.00
Adenium (single P250@20pcs) 5,000.00
(double P300@20pcs) 6,000.00
(triple P350@20pcs) 7,000.00
Total 33,000.00
Less Cost of Sales:
Direct Materials(Garden Inputs) 0
Bougainvillea (P25 @100pcs) 2,500.00
Katsura (P20@100pcs) 2,000.00
Pandakaki (P25@100pcs) 2,500.00
Adenium (single P200@20pcs) 4,000.00
(double P250@20pcs) 5,000.00
(triple P300@20pcs) 7,000.00
23,000.00
Direct Labor
(P100/day x 30 days) 3,000.00
Overhead Expenses 1,800.00
Depreciation(FA/EUL) 66.67
Total 27,866.67
Gross Profit 5,133.33
Less Operating Expense 200.00
Net Income Before Tax 4,933.33
Return on Investment(Ave. Net
18%
Income/TPC)
Payback Period(TPC/Ave. Net Income+
Depreciation) 72 days or 2months and 12 days
Gross Profit Ratio(Gross Profit/Total
Sales) 15%
Net Margin(Net Income/Total Sales) 18%
36
G. Critical analysis
During rainy days rate of visit of walk-in customers is low

consequently sales for this period is equivalently low. However the booming real
estate business in General Santos City will commend higher demand in
landscaping, thus, there will be more orders of landscaping plants.
booklet.
1. It is a group of people with economically important needs and demands which

opens entrepreneurial opportunities to everyone.
A. Environment C. Geography
B. Ethnicity D. Market
2. This type of business is owned by only 1 person.
3. Which of the following is not considered an emerging industry in the
Philippines?
4. In the 4M’s of production, which M refers to the persons in the business
known as the labor force?
5. The process of recording the money received and spent by the operations of
the business is known as
A. Bookkeeping C. Administering
B. Booking D. Posting
6. Which combination is focused to the assessment internal of the business?
7. Which combination is focused to the assessment external of the business?
37
8. Place the indicators found inside the box at the right into the third column of
the matrix at the left. Group the indicators correctly.
Group Part Of Business Plan G. Competitors analysis
H. Product description
A Production I. Maintenance and repair
Plan _______ J. Promotional strategies
B Marketing K. Sources of equipment
Plan _______ L. Terms and conditions of purchase
Which of the following is the correct grouping of the six indicators in the box?
A. C.
A Production Plan A, B, D A Production Plan C, D, A
B Marketing Plan C, E, F B Marketing Plan B, E, F
B. D.
Group Part Of Business Plann Group Part Of Business Plan
A Production Plan A, C, E A Production Plan C, E, F
B Marketing Plan D, B, F B Marketing Plan A, B, D
9. Which business principle is applicable in products and development and

marketing?
A. Pay attention to the needs and demands of the market.
C. Follow the result of a national survey of needs and demands.
D. Ask researchers in other communities about their needs and demands.
10. What is the reason why an aspiring entrepreneur must make a sound and
impressive business plan?
A. A sound and impressive business plan commands tax rebates.
C. A sound and impressive business plan is likely to be approved for a loan
package.
D. A sound and impressive business plan can improve a particular segment
of a market.
38
SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/FEEDBACK
Now we know that the market and environment are the two major factors
that dictate any business activities. It is so diverse however, this diversity offers
numerous opportunities for businesses.
An aspiring entrepreneur must consider a lot of factors prior to setting up a

business. Careful examination on the needs and demands must be made.
Competition must be clearly addressed because it may either lead to accumulation
of profit or, worse, incurring losses depending on how entrepreneurs manage their
businesses.
Other important task of entrepreneurs is to determine how much capital is

needed to start a business. Selection of the best business location is crucial too.
Record keeping or bookkeeping is also a skill that entrepreneurs must possess so
he can personally ascertain the financial status of the business.
Entrepreneurs play a very important role in the national growth and

development. Aside from tax payment to the government, an entrepreneur is
responsible of the human resources development. Employment, whether casual,
probationary, and permanent, offers workplace trainings which help employees’
personal and professional growth.
Entrepreneurs must not only possess passion of the business but personally
learn the works of their employee as well. The benefit of this best practice is that
entrepreneurs will find it easier to track the operations of the business including its
profitability.
Finally, getting all these business prerequisites into the heart and mind of
entrepreneurs and together with adequate knowledge, skills and work values, their
businesses will be sustained.
References
http://www.businessdictionary.com Retrieved November 23, 2013
Albarico J.M., C.B, Celarta, E., Fernando, and E.S.Valdez 2011.

Agriculture and Fishery Arts I. United Eferza Academic Publications, Co.,
BagongPook, Lipa City, Batangas 4217.
39
HORTICULTURE
Preparing Farm Tools, Implements, and Simple
Equipment for Agricultural Farm Operations

colleges, and or/universities. We encourage teachers and other
education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and
Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) – Grade 9
First Edition, 2013
ISBN:
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such
work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition
the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials
from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent
nor claim ownership over them.
Undersecretary: Dr. Dina S. Ocampo
Consultant: Andres Z. Taguiam, PhD
Student Teacher Supervisor, Technological University of the Philippines
Authors: Ofelia F. Bernardo, Jones Rural School, Jones, Isabela
May Martinez-Leano, Bukig National Agricultural & Technical School,
Bukig, Aparri, Cagayan
Mario S. Donio, Educational Program Specialist I, Division of Saraggani
William V. Engay, Head Teacher III, Itwais National Agricultural High
School, Basco, Bataan
Levi P. Siazar Head Teacher VI, F.F. Halili National Agricultural School,
Sta.Maria, Bulacan
Validators/Reviewers: Pedrito S. Nituoral, PhD
Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija
Rey G. Aleman
Language Editor: Naida U. Rivera, PhD
Department of English and Comparative Literature, UP Diliman Campus,
Quezon City
Principal I, National High School, Macabebe, Pampanga
Subject Specialists and Management: Emmanuel S. Valdez, Vocational School Administrator
Albert B. Erni, Education Program Specialist II
Layout Artists/Encoders: Jocelyn M. Gamo,Teacher I, F.F. Halili National Agricultural School
Joel G. Castillo, Teacher I, F.F. Halili National Agricultural School

(DepEd-IMCS)
Philippines 1600
Telefax: (02) 634-1054 or 634-1072
Table of Contents
Lesson 1: Preparing Farm Tools, Implements, and Simple

Introduction 1
Learning Competencies/Objectives 1
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment 2
What to Know 4
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities 5
Hand tools 5
Other Materials, Tools, and Equipment 10
Farm Implements 11
Farm Equipment 13
Pre-operative Check-up of Farm Tools, Implements, and Equipment 14
Inventory of Farm Tools, Implements and Simple Equipment 14
What to Process 15
What to Reflect and Understand 16
What to Transfer 16
Summative Assessment 17
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback 19
References 20
iii
INTRODUCTION
This Learner’s Materials on Conducting Pre-Agricultural Farm Operations

contains various Learning Competencies designed to develop the knowledge, skills,
and attitude of Grade 9 Technology and Livelihood (TLE) students. It covers four (4)
modules namely: Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) across the
environment and market, 2. Preparing farm tools, implements, and simple
equipment, 3. Preparing and maintaining farm tools, implements, simple equipment,
and facilities, and 4. Securing farm tools, implements, simple equipment, and
facilities. Each module is subdivided into several lessons with the following parts: I –
Introduction, giving an overview of the lesson; II – The Learning
Competencies/Objectives contain specific topics about a certain Learning
Competency; III – The Pre-Diagnostic Assessment provides evaluation of the prior
learning of students; IV – the Reading Resources and Instructional activities include
the content and activities about what the students must know, what to process, what
to reflect and understand, and what to transfer. These activities could be done in
school, at home, and in the community. V –The Summative Assessment evaluates
how much the students have learned; and VI – The Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
give generalization and enhancement on a specific module. A glossary section is at
the back page of the Learner’s Materials as further reference, and a List of
References to acknowledge the sources of the ideas taken from them.
Conducting pre-agricultural farm operations is one of the Core Competencies

in Agricultural Crop Production NC II. Students must be able to take the five (5) core
competencies to finish the course. The teacher must conduct Institutional
Assessment towards the end of the school year to evaluate the underpinning
knowledge, skills, and attitudes of the students based from the set of criteria in the
Training Regulations/prepared by Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA).
iv
MODULE 2
Conducting Pre-agricultural Farm Operations
TOPIC: Preparing Farm Tools, Implements, and Simple Equipment for

Agricultural Farm Operations
Content Standard Performance Standard
The learner demonstrates The learner independently prepares

understanding in preparing farmtools, farm tools, implements, and simple
implements, and simple equipment for equipment for agricultural farm
agricultural farm operations. operations in accordance with the
Manufacturer’s Manual.
Lesson 1: Preparing Farm Tools, Implements, and Simple

Introduction
The lesson deals with the identification and classification of tools, implements,
and simple equipment according to use. It also includes the pre-operative check-up
of farm tools, implements, and simple equipment for agricultural farm operations.
At the end of the quarter, the students are expected to:
1. Identify and classify tools, implements and simple equipment according to

use;
2. Perform basic operative check-up of farm tools, implements, and simple

equipment in accordance with the manufacturer’s manual.
3. Conduct beginning inventory of tools, implements, and simple equipment;

and,
4. Segregate and treat tools with wear and corrosion according to a

maintenance schedule.
1
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment:
A. Choose the best answer by writing only the letter in your quiz notebook.
1. Farm tools, implements and equipment are very important in agricultural
crop production because:
A. They make work faster
B. They make work easier
C. They save time and effort
D. All reasons above are correct
2. Use the appropriate tool for a specific task will result to quality performance.
Which of the following tools is least used for digging garden plots?
A. Bolo
B. Grub-hoe
C. Pick mattock
D. Light hoe
3. Which of the following harvesting tools is seldom used in harvesting
cucurbits and solanaceous crops?
A. Harvesting knife
B. Harvesting scissors
C. Pruning shears
D. Scythe
4. It is a tool with one end flattened and the other pointed at a right angle
toward its handle.
A. Bolo
B. Crowbar
C. Pick mattock
D. Spade
5. Small seeded vegetable crops are usually pre-germinated to attain quality
seedlings. Which among the following methods of seedling production is
not applicable for planting in a wide production area?
A. Seed box
B. Seedling tray
C. Seedbed
D. Individual plastic bags
2
6. Which among the following are not classified as digging tools?
A. Shovel, spade
B. Bolo, knife
C. Pick-mattock, grub-hoe
D. Crowbar, post hole digger
7. Farm equipment are used to facilitate initial tillage operation in a wide
tract of land. Which among the following equipment is used to perform the
task stated above?
A. Tractor with disc plow
B. Tractor with disc harrow
C. Tractor with rotavator
D. Tractor with seed driller
8. It is a tool with tines used to loosen the soil, dig out root crops, and turn
over materials in a compost heap.
A. Hand fork
B. Spading fork
C. Pick-mattock
D. Toothharrow
9. The inventory of tools, implements and simple equipment is conducted for
the following reasons except:
A. To find out lost items
B. To segregate and repair damaged tools
C. To check the items that are present
D. To determine available tools, implements, and equipment for use
10. Which among the following is not a cultivating tool?
A. Hand fork
B. Spading fork
C. Hand trowel
D. Hand cultivator
3
What to KNOW
Activity 1
Let’s find out how much you know about farm tools, implements, and simple
equipment. Some of you may be sons and daughters of farmers who have some
experience in farming. In this activity you will do simple recall or will give ideas on the
topics you will discuss with your Learning Barkada.
Divide the class into four groups with equal members to form four Learning
Barkadas. Select your leader and the rapporteur who will take down notes on
discussions/decisions your group will make.
The following topics will be picked by your leader for you to discuss.
1. How to differentiate farm tools, implements, and simple equipment from each
other?
2. How are tools classified? Give at least 3 examples under each classification
that you know.
3. What is an inventory? Prepare an inventory form for tools, implements, and

simple equipment for your school.
4. Why is a pre-operative check up of tools, implements, and simple equipment

necessary?
The availability of farm tools, implements, and simple equipment is one of the
important factors needed to make farm work easier, better, and faster. These make
tools, implements, and equipment play a very important role in successful
agricultural crop production operations. However, their availability alone does not
guarantee success in production if the farmer/owner does not know how to use
them. For the farmer/owner to perform agricultural operations successfully, he/she
must have a good working knowledge of tools, implements, and equipment prior to
use.
4
Classifications of tools
According to Asuncion, (1983), the following are the farm tools classified
according to use:
Digging tools
1. Crowbar (bareta) is used for

digging big holes and for digging
out big stones tree and stumps.
2. Pick-mattock (mattock) is
used for digging canals,
breaking hard topsoil (flattened
blade), and digging up stones
and tree stumps (pointed
portion).
3. Grub-hoe(asarol) is used for

breaking hard topsoil and
pulverizing soil
4. Spade is used for

removing trash or soil,
digging canals or
ditches, and mixing soil
media.
5. Shovel (pala) is used in

removing trash, digging
loose soil, moving soil
from one place to
another, and for mixing
soil media.
5
6. Spading fork(tinidor)is
used for
loosening the soil,
digging out root
crops, and turning over
the materials in a
compost heap.
Cutting Tools
1. Bolo (itak)is used for

cutting weeds, bamboo
poles and pegs use for
construction and trellis.
2. Pruning shears are used for

cutting branches of planting
materials and unnecessary or
unproductive branches of plants.
3. Axe is used for cutting trunks or

branches of trees and bigger posts.
4. Knives are used for cutting
planting materials, harvesting, and

used in performing other operations
in crop production.
6
Cultivating tools
1. Light hoe is used for loosening,
leveling, and digging out furrows for

planting.
2. Hand trowel is used for loosening

or cultivating the soil around the
growing plants and putting small a
amount of manure and compost in
the soil.
3. Hand fork are used for cultivating
the soil in between rows of plants.
4. Hand cultivator (pangbakulkul) is

used for cultivating the garden plot
by loosening the soil and removing
weeds growing around the plant.
5. Rake (kalaykay) is used for cleaning

the ground and leveling the topsoil.
7
Harvesting tools
1. Harvesting
knives/scissors/pruning shears
are used for harvesting vegetables
crops.
2. Scythe is used for harvesting rice

and for cutting grasses for animal
feeds.
3. Bolo (itak) is used for harvesting

bananas, sugarcane, and other
crops.
Carpentry tools
1. Hammer is used to draw and

remove nails and to drive nails into
wood .
2. Cross cut saw is used to cut

wood when doing some repair of
tools, constructing compost piles
and fixing vicinity fence.
3. Pliers are used in repairs of

tools and other carpentry works.
8
4. Screw drivers are used tighten
and loosen knots and bolts.
5. Chisel is used smoothen wooden
handle of garden tools and implements.
Measuring tools
1. Weighing balance is used for weighing
Harvests and fertilizers.
2. Meter stick is used for measuring
garden plots and heights of plants.
3. Steel tape is used for measuring
distance of planting in lay outing
an area.
4. Foot rule is used for measuring
the height of seedlings.
9
Other materials
1. Knapsack sprayer is used for applying

insecticides, herbicides, and foliar fertilizers.
2. Trigger sprayer is used in

applying insecticides/fungicides in
seedboxes/seedtrays/seedbeds.
3. Sprinklers are used for watering

Seedlings and other plants, such as
vegetables and ornamentals.
4. Wheel barrow is used for hauling and

transporting growing media, fertilizers,
and farm supplies.
5. Crates are used for carrying harvests

(fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers)
from the point of production to the
market.
6. Seed trays are containers used for

raising or growing seedlings.
10
7. Seed boxes are containers used in
growing vegetable seedlings.
Farm Implements
Farm implements are accessories pulled by draft animals or mounted to

machineries that are usually used in land preparation. They are usually made
of an iron or other metals.
Examples:
1. Plows. They refer to farm implements used in land preparation for

agricultural crop production. They are either pulled by a draft animal or a
tractor. The plow is specifically used for tilling wide areas, making
furrows, and for inter- row cultivation.
Plows pulled by draft animals are made of either pure metal or wood and
their combination of metal and wood.
Native plow Disc plow
11
2. Harrow. The native wooden harrow is made up of wood with metal teeth and
pulled by draft animals while disc harrow is made up of metal mounted to a
tractor. Harrows are used for pulverizing the soil.
Native Wooden Harrow Disc harrow
3. Rotavator. The rotavator is an implement mounted to a tractor also used for

pulverizing the soil.
Rotavator
12
Farm Equipment
Farm equipment are machineries used in land preparation and in transporting

farm inputs and products. To use these machineries, a highly skilled operator is
needed to perform the task.
1. Hand tractor is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing the field for planting.
2. Four-wheel tractor is used to pull a disc plow and a disc harrow in preparing a
much wider area of land.
3. Water pump is used to draw water from a source for use in irrigating the field.
Hand Tractor Four Wheel Tractor Water Pump
13
PRE-OPERATIVE CHECK UP OF FARM TOOLS, IMPLEMENTS, AND SIMPLE
EQUIPMENT
Inventory of Farm Tools, Implements and Simple Equipment
An inventory is initially prepared to check the items that are present, available
for use, operational, and adequate for the training activities.
An inventory should be done at the beginning of the school year to provide a

list of the existing tools, implements, and equipment. It is important because you will
find out how many are serviceable and need repair. As a result, accidents can be
prevented because damaged tools will be brought to the farm shop for repair.
Students must be aware of their responsibilities as borrowers. They should replace
lost and repair damaged tools.
Likewise, a yearend inventory is essential to ensure that the tools,

implements, and equipment are still complete and in good condition, ready for use in
the next school year.
Below is a sample of an inventory record form.
Table 1. Sample Inventory Record
Date Unit Qty Item Remarks
In Good Needs
condition Repair
6/2/2014 Pcs 25 Bolo 20 5
Unit 2 Hand tractor with 2

complete
accessories
Set 3 Soil-testing kit 3

(STK)
14
Imagine that the long, hot summer vacation has finally come to an end. It is
the beginning of the school year and you are ready to start working in your vegetable
gardens. But before you start, check the tools, implements, and equipment you plan
to use.
Dressed in your working clothes and armed with your personal protective
equipment (PPE), proceed to the shop to retrieve your tools so that you can start
clearing away the last remnants of the summer and begin breaking the soil for a new
year. Imagine your frustration when you see that the tools covered with rust and dirt
from the last vacation. It seems that on this nice day, you will be spending more time
cleaning and repairing tools than actually using them.
What to PROCESS
Activity 2
In Activity 1, a group was assigned to give the classification of tools. After

discussing this topic, the group was requested to post their output in front of the
room for the class to assess. Find out how many correct ideas they have.
Now, after learning the different classifications of tools, all Learning Barkadas
will classify the tools in your tool room. List down all the tools under each
classification. Present your output to the class in 3 minutes. The Learning Barkada
that will get the most number of correct answers will be rated 5, 4, for the second
highest, etc.
15
Activity 3
You have just learned the importance of having an inventory of tools. You have
also seen an example of an inventory record form. You already know the
classifications of tools. This time, each Learning Barkada will prepare an inventory of
tools according to their classification. Prepare your output on a short bond paper after
encoding it.
What to TRANSFER
Activity 4
Farmer – Student Encounter
Interview a farmer about the farm tools, implements and simple

equipment he has. Construct interview questions and show them to your teacher for
correction and approval. To facilitate your task, prepare a table where you will
indicate the tools, implements, and equipment the farmer possess. Tools should be
listed under each classification. Compare your output with that of your Learning
Barkada.
Present your output to the class.
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
Tools, implements, and simple equipment facilitate work. As the user, bear in
mind that safety precautions on knowing the proper use of these tools can lead to a
safe and successful endeavor. Before using any of the tools, implements and
equipment, always check whether or not they are still usable or serviceable. It is also
16
good practice to always check with or refer to the manual of operations as prescribed
by the manufacturer. When necessary, seek assistance of a skilled operator.
Keep a record of tools, implements, and simple equipment so you know what
tools are stored in the tool room.
Tools that are defective should be segregated and fixed immediately to

prevent accidents.
Multiple Choice
Directions: Choose the best answer by writing only the LETTER in your quiz
notebook.
1. Which of the following harvesting tools is seldom used in harvesting
cucurbits and solanaceous crops?
A. Harvesting knife
B. Harvesting scissors
C. Pruning shears
D. Scythe
2. Which among the following are not classified as digging tools?
A. Shovel, spade
B. Bolo, knife
C. Pickmattoc, grub-hoe
D. Crowbar, post hole digger
3. It is a tool with one end flattened and the other pointed at a right angle
toward its handle.
A. Bolo
B. Crowbar
C. Pick mattock
D. Spade
17
4. Using the appropriate tool for a specific task will result to quality
performance. Which of the following tools is least used for digging garden
plots?
A. Bolo
B. Grub-hoe
C. Pick-mattock
D. Light hoe
5. Farm equipment are used to facilitate initial tillage operation in a wide
tract of land. Which among the following equipment is used to perform the
task stated above?
A. Tractor with disc plow
B. Tractor with disc harrow
C. Tractor with rotavator
D. Tractor with seed driller
6. Which among the following is not a cultivating tool?
A. Hand fork
B. Spading fork
C. Hand trowel
D. Hand cultivator
7. Farm tools, implements and equipment are very important in agricultural
crop production because:
A. They make work faster
B. They make work easier
C. They save time and effort
D. All reason above are correct
8. It is a tool with tines used to loosen the soil, dig out root crops, and turn
over materials in a compost heap.
A. Hand fork
B. Spading fork
C. Pickmattock
D. Tooth harrow
18
9. Small seeded vegetable crops are usually pre-germinated to attain quality
seedlings. Which among the following methods of seedling production is
not applicable for planting in a wide production area?
A. Seed box
B. Seedling tray
C. Seedbed
D. Individual plastic bags
10. The inventory of tools, implements and simple equipment is conducted for
the following reasons except:
A. To find out lost items
B. To segregate and repair damaged tools
C. To check the items that are present
D. To determine available tools, implements, and equipment for use
The lesson in this module on horticulture was an eye opener to what you can
do in the workplace. The course is designed to prepare you to be farmers or farm
technologists in the future; that is, if you decide to become either a farmer or farm
technologist. But even if you don’t, you will surely learn a lot from the activities in this
model and thus develop an appreciation for the valuable contributions of farmers to
food production.
The different knowledge and skills acquired in horticulture are essential for
you to become good crop producers. Such factor in the preparation of farm tools,
implements and simple equipment for horticultural farm operations will help you a lot.
Likewise, it is expected that this module will help you develop some of the skills
required on pre-horticultural farm operations that may someday enable you to
prosper in your venture into agricultural crop production.
19
References
Asuncion, Jr. R. G. 1983. Elementary Agriculture. Saint Mary’s Publishing, Inc..,

Quezon City, Philippines
http://www.antiquefarmtools.info. Retrieved November 23, 2013
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/01-111b. Retrieved November 23, 2013
http://www.ebc.com.au. Retrieved November 23, 2013
20
HORTICULTURE
Securing Farm Tools,
Implements, Equipment,
and Facilities

colleges, and or/universities. We encourage teachers and other
education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and
Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) – Grade 9
First Edition, 2013
ISBN:
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
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Undersecretary: Dr. Dina S. Ocampo
Consultant: Andres Z. Taguiam, PhD
Student Teacher Supervisor, Technological University of the Philippines
Authors: Ofelia F. Bernardo, Jones Rural School, Jones, Isabela
May Martinez-Leano, Bukig National Agricultural & Technical School,
Bukig, Aparri, Cagayan
Mario S. Donio, Educational Program Specialist I, Division of Saraggani
William V. Engay, Head Teacher III, Itwais National Agricultural High
School, Basco, Bataan
Levi P. Siazar Head Teacher VI, F.F. Halili National Agricultural School,
Sta.Maria, Bulacan
Validators/Reviewers: Pedrito S. Nituoral, PhD
Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija
Rey G. Aleman
Language Editor: Naida U. Rivera, PhD
Department of English and Comparative Literature, UP Diliman Campus,
Quezon City
Principal I, National High School, Macabebe, Pampanga
Subject Specialists and Management: Emmanuel S. Valdez, Vocational School Administrator
Albert B. Erni, Education Program Specialist II
Layout Artists/Encoders: Jocelyn M. Gamo,Teacher I, F.F. Halili National Agricultural School
Joel G. Castillo, Teacher I, F.F. Halili National Agricultural School

(DepEd-IMCS)
Philippines 1600
Telefax: (02) 634-1054 or 634-1072
Table of Contents
Preparing Farm Tools, Implements, and Simple Equipment for

Agricultural Farm Operation
Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 1
Learning Competencies/Objectives………………………………………… 1
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment………………………………………………… 2
What to Know………………………………………………………………… 4
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities…………………………… 4
Simple Repair and Modification of Tools and Implements………………… 4
Important Features of a Safe and Efficient Workshop……………………… 5
Installation of Preventive Structure…………………………………………… 6
Prepare Farm Facilities and Equipment for Storage……………………… 9
Machinery and Equipment Storage Buildings……………………………… 9
Storage of Fertilizers and Other Non-hazardous Materials………………… 12
What to Process……………………………………………………………… 13
What to Reflect and Understand…………………………………………… 14
What to Transfer……………………………………………………………… 14
Summative Assessment……………………………………………………… 14
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback……………………………………………… 15
References…………………………………………………………………… 16
Glossary……………………………………………………………………… 17
iii
QUARTER 4
Conducting Pre-agricultural Farm Operations

Topic: Securing Farm Tools, Implements, Simple
Equipment, and Facilities
Courtesy: Jones Rural School, Jones, Isabela
The learner demonstrates The learner independently secures

understanding in securing farm tools, farm tools, implements, simple
implements, simple equipment, and equipment, and facilities according to
facilities. approved practices.
1
Securing Farm Tools, Implements, Equipment, and Facilities
Introduction
This lesson deals with the safety of farm tools, implements, simple equipment,
and farm facilities. It includes simple repair, installation of preventive structures, and
storage.
At the end of the quarter, the students are expected to:
1. Perform simple repair and modification of farm tools, implements and

equipment
2. Install preventive structures in the farm
3. Maintain and store farm tools, implements, and simple equipment
according to approved practices
Pre-Diagnostic Assessment:
Directions: Read the questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write the answer in your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following less describe a work shop?
A. Provides an area for repairs
B. Provides an area for storage
C. Provides an area for lectures
D. Provides an area where work can be carried out during

inclement weather
2. Which of the following is not true about a work shop?
A Presence of water supply for convenience and safety
B. Presence of wide entrance only for large equipment
C. Presence of storage cabinet for tools, supplies, and spare parts
2
D. Presence of fire extinguishers
3. What is the advantage of living windbreaks?
A. Protect people and livestock
B. Benefit soil and water conservation
C. Wildlife habitat for birds and little furry creatures
D. Take several years to develop, therefore, the economic
benefit is not immediate
4. Hazardous materials should be stored in a safe place to prevent

accidents. Which of the following is not a good practice in storing
hazardous materials?
A. Flammable and poisonous materials should be stored in a separate

room or cupboard
B. Hazardous products must be well-ventilated
C. Hazardous materials are kept in places which children cannot reach
D. Unconsumed or extra chemicals are stored in empty beverage

bottles.
5. Which among the following practices of storing garden tools is not

effective?
A. Remove any dirt or rust
B. Sharpen tools
C. Store tools on the ground
D. Spray metal parts with a good coat of lubricating oil
3
What to KNOW:
Activity 1
Below are some of the farm facilities in agri-crop production. Draw a square
if the facilities are familiar to you and a triangle if it is not, opposite each column.
Put a () if you know how to describe and (x) if you don’t in the next column.
Remarks
Farm Facility Can Can’t
Familiar Not familiar
describe describe
1. Storage barn
2. Shop building
3. Nursery
4. Vicinity fence
5. Greenhouse
Simple Repair and Modification of Tools and Implements
“Repair means to restore by replacing a part or putting together what is torn or

broken” http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/repair
A workshop provides a focal point at the farmstead for the repair and
maintenance of machines, implements and structures. It also provides a place
where tools can be stored in an orderly manner, a store for supplies and spare
parts, and a shelter where work can be carried out during inclement weather. A
facility of this type should be available on every farm. The size and design of a
4
workshop, however, should be commensurate with the size of the farm and the
work to be done in the shop.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm Retrieved
Important Features of a Safe and Efficient Workshop
1. Sufficient room for the largest machine that may need repair, including
workspace around it. If the machine is large, truss roof construction may be needed
to provide the required space without intermediate supports.
2. An entrance that is both wide enough and high enough for the largest equipment
that the shop has been designed to accommodate. If the building is enclosed with
either solid walls or wire netting, a second door is essential for safety in case of
fire.
3. Some means of lifting and supporting heavy loads. When the roof span is 3m
or less, a timber beam is often adequate. For larger spans or very heavy loads a
truss will be required. Alternatively, a portable hoist can be used.
4. Electric lighting and electrical service for power tools.
5. A water supply for both convenience and safety.
6. One or more fire extinguishers of a type suitable for fuel fires. Two or three
buckets of dry sand are a possible substitute or supplement for a fire extinguisher.
7. Storage cabinets for tools, supplies and spare parts. Sturdy doors can be locked
for security and also provide space to hang tools and display small supplies for
easy access.
8. .A heavy workbench attached to the wall or otherwise firmly supported. It should

be 1 m high, up to 800mm deep and at least 3m long and equipped with a large
vice. There must be sufficient clear space around it to maneuver work pieces and,
if attached to a solid wall, ample window openings above it to provide light.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm
Simple garden tools are easy to repair. Spend a little time checking your garden
tools for things to fix and recycle.
5
To replace a tool handle:
1. Clamp the tool blade in a bench vise.
2. Remove the handle from the hasp using a drill, hammer, or other tools
as needed.
3. Insert the new handle into the hasp.
4. Tighten the handle in the hasp using fasteners. Use a screw and
screwdriver to firmly attach the handle to the tool head.
To fix a leaky hose:
1. Cut through the hose on either side of the bad section using a sharp knife.
2. Attach male and female hose couplings to the cut ends, following the
directions that come with the couplings. If the new hose fittings don't slide in
easily, try softening the ends of the hose in hot water or lubricating them with
soap or cooking oil.
To fix a broken tooth of a rake or fork:
Bring this to the shop and weld the broken portion of the tools. Do the same
with the other tools and implements that need welding. For farm machineries that
need repair, contact expert mechanics to do the job.
Installation of Preventive Structure
It has been observed that as we go on with our agricultural crop production

work we often experience the occurrence of inclement weather. Before it is too late,
we think of preventive measures we can take to safeguard our crops, tools, and other
facilities. We should not only focus our attention on the occurrence of inclement
weather, but we also have to consider other elements that may cause loss or damage
to our property, such as stray animals, fire, and thieves.
The Philippines is particularly prone to natural disasters due to its geographical

location and physical environment. The country experiences an average of 20
typhoons yearly, which trigger landslides, flashfloods, mudslides, widespread flooding,
and cause destruction and damages to homes, community buildings, communications,
infrastructure, and agriculture. To address these hazards and [to] slow [down] setting
6
climate change impacts, the integration of lemon trees in vegetable farms can be a
suitable option for slope protection. Planting of trees such as Calliandra reduces weed
growth, conserves soil moisture, and improves soil structure and fertility. It is planted
in contour hedge-rows to decrease erosion on steep slopes, acts as windbreaks and
as an understory component. http://teca.fao.org/read/7703#sthash.WmLjxFJP.dpuf
To safeguard our agricultural crops and farm facilities from damage cause by
strong winds and typhoons, preventive structures should be installed beforehand.
Examples of preventive structures are windbreaks.
“Windbreaks could be linear plantings of trees and shrubs designed to enhance

crop production, protect people and livestock, and benefit soil and water conservation
or buildings situated along vegetable areas or plantations”. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr253
Retrieved
There are two types of windbreaks, living (natural) and non-living

(artificial). Each type serves to reduce wind, but there are economic tradeoffs
associated with each. This paper will focus on the advantages and
disadvantages.
Living windbreaks are mostly composed of trees and shrubs, and in

some cases tall grasses. Artificial windbreaks are vertical structures made from
a variety of materials including metal and plastic cloth. One of the primary
economic advantages of a living windbreak is that it is a cheap and cost-
effective technology due to low establishment and maintenance costs. The
primary economic disadvantage is that a living windbreak may take several
years to develop; therefore, the economic benefit is not immediate.
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr253 ,
Basic reasons why we plant windbreaks
 Reduce wind speed

 Windbreaks reduce heating and cooling cost to homes, and add value
 Provide a barrier from sound and site, smell
 Protect livestock
7
 Aesthetics -they look good
 Wildlife habitat -birds and little furry critters
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/txpmcot5584.pdf ,
Let’s take a look at our facilities, such as the nursery shed, storage house, and
farm shops. Examine their physical conditions (roofing, sidings, or floorings). Can they
survive any disaster that may occur? Are the things inside safe? If not, what preventive
structures should you undertake?
Below is a table indicating the facilities, physical conditions, possible calamities

or disasters that may occur and the suggested preventive structures or contingency
measures to be undertaken.
Physical Facilities Calamities/ Suggested preventive/

conditions Disaster contingency measure
Weak posts Nursery shed Typhoon Put braces
Leaking roofing Storage barn Heavy rains Put water sealant

(vulcaseal)
Unsafe windows Farm shop Thieves/burglars Put grills and heavy duty
and doors padlocks
Fires Provide fire hydrants
call fire department
Run off Construct drainage canal
Dilapidated Vicinity fence Astray animal Reconstruct fence
8
Prepare Farm Facilities and Equipment for Storage
After quite a long time, farming operations finally come to an end. At this
time, we have to check the tools, implements, and equipment we used and
prepare them for storage.
Machinery and implement storage
On many small-scale farms or schools machineries and implements are stored

in a simple shed just to keep them. The few small-sized hand tools and implements
used in farming can normally be stored in any multipurpose structure at the farmstead
or backyard. The tools, implements, and equipment need only to be secured for their
protection from theft and vandalism, and kept dry avoid deterioration of the metal and
wooden parts. The tools will last longer if they are cleaned and working surfaces are
greased prior to storage. The tools may be hung on rails or hooks on the wall or from
the ceiling for order and convenience and to protect them from dampness penetrating
an earth floor in the store.
Implements, such as plows, harrows and cultivators, are little damaged by rust
when left outdoors. If they are properly cleaned prior to storage and metal surfaces,
particularly all threaded parts used for adjustments, are greased, then a little rust is
not likely to harm performance enough to justify the cost of a storage structure. A
fenced compound can offer adequate protection against theft during storage. Although
implements containing wooden parts are more susceptible to decay, those parts can
usually be replaced at low cost.
Machinery and Equipment Storage Buildings
There are numerous precautions that should be observed when storing machinery
on the farm. Precautions include:
 Buildings where machinery and power tools are stored should be located far
enough away from structures that house livestock and hay in case of fire.
 Fuel storage tanks should preferably be located below the ground, and a
minimum of 40 feet from the nearest structure. Fuel cannot be stored in the
same structure as machinery or power tools.
9
 Electrical lines coming into the building should be high enough to allow
equipment to pass underneath.
 Electrical systems in machine sheds should be sufficient for the power tools
and equipment that will require the use of electric current.
 Electric outlets should be of the three-prong grounded type.
 Machinery storage buildings should not be used to store debris.
 Doors on machine sheds should be wide enough so machinery can safely

pass through without getting caught. It should be easy to pull or slide open
doors and close them freely in case of an emergency.
 Exits should be clearly marked.
 Doors should be lockable to keep out children and unwanted visitors.
 Floor surfaces should be level and smooth, free of bumps and protruding
rocks.
 Equipment should be parked so there is enough space for a person to walk

freely around it.
 Buildings should have adequate ventilation for the starting or running of an

engine within the structure. (Note: engines should not be left running inside a
building for a prolonged period of time unless the exhaust is being properly
vented externally).
 All tools and accessory equipment should be kept picked up and stored in
their proper place, e.g., air hoses, oil cans, spare tires, jacks.
 Keys should always be removed from all equipment or machinery to prevent

children or unauthorized people from starting them.
 Do not allow non-employees inside the machine shed. Children should never
be allowed to play around or inside the machine shed or on farm machinery
itself. http://nasdonline.org/document/1049/d000844/farm-machinery-and-equipment-safety-part-i-
recognizing.html
10
Fuel and chemical storage
Many materials that are used on farms fall into the category of
"hazardous materials," since they are either highly flammable or
poisonous. Other materials frequently used on farms, such as fertilizers
and cement, also have special storage requirements, mainly because
they are hydroscopic, i.e., they tend to pick up moisture from the
atmosphere. http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm
Storage of Hazardous Products
Generally speaking, accidents that happen among children are due to the
carelessness of adults. Hazardous products are not kept in places where children
could not reach them. Unconsumed chemicals are kept in bottles of beverages and
not properly labeled.
Hazardous materials stored on farms normally include the following:
 Highly flammable materials, such as engine fuel and oil, such as petrol,
diesel, kerosene and lubricating oils.
 Gases, such as butane, propane and acetylene. (Oxygen promotes the

combustion of other materials and must be handled carefully.)
 Paints containing flammable solvents, cellulose thinner or alcohol.
 Poisonous materials such as herbicides, insecticides, rat poison and sheep

and cattle dips.
 Acids and alkali such as detergents, cleaning liquids, lye and quicklime (CaO).
 Medicines, such as veterinary drugs and supplies. Some drugs may require
refrigeration.
 Wood preservatives and corrosion inhibiting paints.

http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm
To prevent accidents, precautions should be taken, especially in

storing hazardous materials. Hazardous materials should always be
stored in a separate location containing only those materials. If the
quantities are larger, flammable and poisonous materials should be
11
stored in separate rooms. Ideally each type of material should have its
own storage space, that is, its own shelf in a cupboard or a storage room,
or its own room in a cooperative or merchant store. Any storage for
hazardous products must be well ventilated so that explosive or toxic
fumes cannot accumulate.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm retrieved
We should take note that some chemicals are harmful to the skin; therefore,
washing facilities should be available nearby for immediate use.
Storage of Fertilizers and Other Non-hazardous Materials
Some fertilizers are hydroscopic and easily pick up moisture from humid
air or from the ground. This causes them to become lumpy and to deteriorate.
Fertilizers and cement are normally sold in plastic - lined bags offering some
degree of protection. They should be handled and stored so that the bags are
not punctured or otherwise damaged. In addition, the storage conditions should
be as dry as possible. Bags should be placed on a raised platform in the
storage. This will allow ventilation and prevent ground moisture from
penetrating from below. The pile should be protected from rain by a roof or
some other type of watertight cover. Fertilizer can be very corrosive to metals
and should not be stored close to machinery or tools.
Greenhouses
A greenhouse is a structure using natural light within which optimum conditions

may be achieved for the propagation and growing of agricultural crops, for plant
research or for isolating plants from disease or insects.
Greenhouses should be located in an open areas with no shade from

trees or buildings and with access to roads. The land should be nearly level and
well drained. If possible, the site should be sheltered from excessive wind.
However, normal air movement is essential for natural ventilation systems and
to prevent locally stagnant conditions.
A good, clean water supply is of paramount importance.
12
Electricity will be required if ventilation is to be mechanized and if
stationary machinery is to be used in the greenhouse.

Regarding the preparation of garden tools for long storage, you can adopt some
of these practical practices:
 Begin by gathering all hand tools and removing any dirt or rust with a wire
brush, steel wool, or light sandpaper.
 Sharpen the tools using a file that is made specifically for this task.
Remember to move the file in one direction only, and at a 45-degree angle
Sand wooden handles with sandpaper and follow up with a coat of paste wax
or linseed oil if necessary.
 Spray all metal parts with a good coat of lubricating oil. This will prevent rust
when your tools are stored in your tool shed or garage.
 Store your tools in a high place above the ground and in a dry spot.
 Drain water hoses and hang them in the garage or in the workshop.
 Don’t forget about the lawn mower. If you don’t have the chance to use up
the gas before storing it, add a gas stabilizer to the fuel tank to prevent
corrosion.
By following these few basic preparatory steps, you can ensure that on the
following year, you’ll be working in your garden instead of working on your garden
tools. With proper care of the farm tools, implements, and equipment, you can also
save yourself from buying new ones to replace them.
What to PROCESS:
Activity 2
Conduct an interview on experienced crop producers in the locality on how
they secure and store their farm facilities. Make sure you answer the following
questions:
13
1. What tools, implements, and equipment do farmers have to store?
2. How do they secure and store their tools, implements, and simple equipment?
3. What preventive structures do these farmers have?
What to REFLECT and UNDERSTAND:
Activity 3
Visit the school nursery and greenhouse. Are these facilities secured?
Make a report of your findings and submit it to your teacher.
What to TRANSFER:
Activity 4
Visit the shop of the school and take note of whether the tools, implements, and
equipment are properly arranged and stored. Check if the tools, implements, and
equipment are prepared for long storage since the school year is about to end. Report
your findings to your teacher.
Directions: Read the questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write the answer in your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following is not true of a work shop?
A. Presence of water supply for convenience and safety
B. Presence of wide entrance only for large equipment
C. Presence of storage cabinet for tools, supplies, and spare parts
D. Presence of fire extinguishers
2. What is the advantage of living windbreaks?
A. Protects people and livestock
B. Benefits soil and water conservation

14
C. Wildlife habitat for birds and little furry creatures
D. Takes several years to develop; therefore, the economic benefit is

not immediate
3. Which of the following less describe a work shop?
A. Provides an area for repairs
B. Provides an area for storage
C. Provides an area for lectures
D. Provides an area where work can be carried out during inclement

weather
4. Which among the following practices of storing garden tools is not

effective?
A. Remove any dirt or rust
B. Sharpen tools
C. Store tools on the ground
D. Spray metal parts with a good coat of lubricating oil
5. Hazardous materials should be stored in a safe place to prevent

accidents. Which among the following is not a good practice in storing
hazardous materials?
A. Flammable and poisonous materials should be stored in a separate

room or cupboard
B. Hazardous products must be well ventilated
C. Hazardous materials are kept in places which children cannot reach
D. Unconsumed or extra chemicals are stored in empty beverage bottle
The availability of tools, implements, simple equipment, and

facilities is one of the important factors to attain success in agricultural crop
production. These materials are not easy to obtain because they are
expensive. Relative to this, these materials should be handled with extra
care to preserve their serviceability, effectiveness, and availability. These
should be stored in safe places but before they are stored they must be
cleaned, sharpened, or oiled ready for long storage.
15
References
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm Retrieved April 13, 2014
http://nasdonline.org/document/1049/d000844/farm-machinery-and-
equipment-safety-part-i-recognizing.html Retrieved April 13, 2014
http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/s1250e19.htm. Retrieved April 13, 2014
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/txpm
cot5584.pdf Retrieved April 13, 2014
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr253 Retrieved April 13, 2014

http://teca.fao.org/read/7703#sthash.WmLjxFJP.dpuf Retrieved April 13,
2013
16
GLOSSARY
Business refers to any activity which entails the buying and selling of goods. The
manufacturing of products or providing services to a market.
Capital refers to money invested in a business to generate income.
Competency is an ability to do something, especially measured against a standard.
Contingency means the state of preparedness for possible emergencies.
Disaster refers to a calamity, such as a flood, tornado, fire, plane crash, etc., that
happens suddenly and causes damage to several properties
Entrepreneurs are those who initiate or finance business ideas. They are popularly
known as businessmen.
Entrepreneurship refers to the business activity of an entrepreneur.
Equipment are powered-tool machineries used in farming
Environmental scanning refers to careful monitoring of the internal and external

environment of an organization purposely done to detect early signs of
opportunities and threats that may influence present and future plans of the
business.
Facilities refer to something built designed or created to provide a service or fulfill a

need
17
Farm implements are accessories pulled by animals or mounted to machineries to
make the work easier
Goal is anything an entrepreneur wants to achieve.
Greenhouse is a structure in which seedlings are propagated before they are brought
to the nursery shed. In most greenhouses, the environmental condition is
controlled.
Hand tools are objects that are usually light and are used without the help of
animals and machines
Industry is a commercialized, standardized, and organized economic activity

connected with the production, manufacture, or construction of a particular
product or range of products in which many people are involved.
Inclement weather means severe environmental conditions such, as typhoons and

heavy rain.
Leadership is the capacity or ability to lead a group of people or an organization.
Lifestyle is way of living of individuals, families (households), and societies, which

they manifest in coping with their physical, psychological, social, and economic
environments on a day-to-day basis.
Maintenance is work performed regularly to keep a machine, building, or piece of

equipment in good condition and in good working order.
Manual handling refers to any activity that requires a person to use force to push,
hold, restrain, or carry an object.
18
Market refers to a group of people with economically important needs and demands.
The market opens entrepreneurial or business opportunities to everyone.
Nursery is a light structure where seedlings are cared for before being planted. It also
serves as a shed which provides shade for growers raising seedlings.
Need is anything required by someone in order to satisfy particular goals
and objectives.
Objective is a specific result that a person or system aims to achieve within a
time frame and with available resources.
Opportunities in SWOT analysis it is the exploitable set of circumstances with

uncertain outcome, requiring commitment of resources and involving exposure
to risk.
Personnel refer to people employed in an organization.
Prepare means to take the necessary action to put something into a state where it is
fit for use for a particular event or purpose.
Production is the process of transforming inputs, such as raw materials, semi-finished

goods, subassemblies and intangible inputs, namely, ideas, information,
knowledge into goods or services.
Repair means to restore the good condition of something broken or damaged.
Shop building refers to a building where hand tools are stored and repaired.
19
Storage barn is a building where agricultural chemicals and other materials are
stored.
Strengths in SWOT analysis, are the capital, knowledge, skill, or other advantages
that a firm has or can acquire over its competitors in meeting the needs of its
customers.
Sustainability of business is the ability to maintain or support business over the

long term.
Threats in SWOT analysis are negative indications that can cause a risk or become
a loss, expressed as an aggregate of risk, consequences of risk, and the
likelihood of the occurrence of the event.
Weaknesses in SWOT analysis refer to any negative indications that increase the
risk of a loss and failure.
20

LEARNING MODULES

Agriculture
and Fishery
Agriculture and
Fishery
(Aquaculture)
Module 1

developed and reviewed by educators from public and
private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders
to email their feedback, comments, and
Agriculture and Fishery (Aquaculture)
First Edition, 2014


Authors: Blair D. Castillon, Ph.D, Editha P. Durante,
Ma. Corazon D. Maguate, Rosa F. Vasquez
Ruby Jane S. Buising
Reviewers: Leo I. Moral Jr.

Dr. Jose Abucay
Illustrator: Adonis A. Erni
Subject Specialists: Albert B. Erni and Emmanuel S. Valdez

Layout Artists and Encoders: Jocelyn M. Gamo, and Joel G. Castillo

(DepEd-IMCS)
Philippines 1600
Telefax: (02) 634-1054 or 634-1072
Table of Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................ 1
General Objectives .............................................................................. 1
What is this Learning Material About ..................................................... 2
How Do You Use the Module ................................................................ 2
Pre-assessment .................................................................................. 3
Learning Goals/ Targets ....................................................................... 4
Module I Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) .................... 5

Learning Objectives ............................................................................. 6
Pre-Assessment.................................................................................. 6
Self-Assessment ................................................................................. 8
What to Know ..................................................................................... 9
What to Process................................................................................ 11
What to Reflect and Understand ......................................................... 13
What to Transfer ............................................................................... 15
Sample Action Plan ........................................................................... 15
Post-Assessment .............................................................................. 16
TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION
AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY
Specialization
(Aquaculture)
Grade 9
Introduction
This learning material will equip you with the knowledge, skills and attitudes
pertaining to Aquaculture. It covers one core competency that a Grade 9
Technology and Livelihood education (TLE) student ought to learn.
It is composed of six modules.
Module 1: Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies
Module 2: Environment and Market
Module 3: Conduct Pre-Operational Aquaculture Activities
Module 4: Changing the Water of Aquaculture Facility
Module 5: Monitor and Analyze Mortalities
Module 6: Prepare and Secure Aquaculture Facilities
As you go through the process of learning the six modules gaining the
knowledge and skills in Aquaculture, you will have the readiness to participate in any
fishery program of the government and promote economic progress of your
community and the country.
General Objectives:
At the end of the module, you are expected to

 Demonstrate understanding of the underlying theories in aquaculture.
 Demonstrate understanding of one’s Personal Entrepreneurial
Competencies and Skill (PECs) in Aquaculture.
 Demonstrate understanding of environment and market in Aquaculture in
one’s town/municipality.
 Demonstrate understanding on the preparation of tools, equipment and
aquaculture facilities for operation.
 Select appropriate method of water exchange in aquaculture facility.
1
 Determine and analyze mortality.
 Prepare and secure Aquaculture facilities.
What Is This Learning Material About?

Aquaculture
K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education
This learning material has 6 Modules. Each Module has the following parts.
Learning Objectives
 Content Standards
Performance Standards
Pre-Assessment
 Reading Resources/ Instructional Activities
 What to KNOW?
 What to PROCESS?
 What to REFLECT or UNDERSTAND?
 What to TRANSFER?
 Post Assessment
How Do You Use The Module?
To get the most from every module, you need to do the following:
1. Begin by reading and understanding the Learning Objective/s, Content and

Performance Standards. These will tell you what you should know and be
able to do at the end of each module.
2. Find out what you already know by taking the Pretest. If you get 80% to 100%
of the items correctly, you may proceed to the next Module. This means that
you need not to go through the Module because you already know what it is
about. If you failed to get 80% to 100% correctly, go through the Module and
review especially those items which you failed to answer correctly.
2
3. Do the required Learning Activities. They begin with one or more Information
Sheets. An Information Sheet contains important notes or basic information
that you need to know. After reading the Information Sheet, test yourself on
how much you learned by means of the Self-check. Do not hesitate to go back
to the Information Sheet when you do not get all test items correctly. This will
ensure your mastery of basic information.
4. Demonstrate what you learned by doing what the Activity / Operation /Job
Sheet directs you to do.
5. You must be able to apply what you have learned in another activity or in real
life situation.
6. Accomplish the Scoring Rubrics for you to know how well you performed.
Each lesson also provides you with references and definitions of key terms for
your guide. They can be of great help. Use them fully.
Pre-Assessment
Directions: Provide information on what you already know in the first column (K),
and what you want to know in the second column (W). You will record what you have
learned in the third column (L) as the lesson progress. In the fourth column (S) So
What is used to list ways in which the new knowledge will be useful to you in relation
to Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs), Environment and Marketing
(E&M), Conduct Pre-Operation Aquaculture Activities (CPOA), Changing Water of
Aquaculture facility (CWAF), Determine and Analyze Mortality (DAM), Prepare and
Secure Aquaculture Facilities (PSAF).
K (Know) W (Want) L (Learned) S (So What)
PECs
E &M
3
CPOA
CWAF
DAM
PSAF
Learning Goals/Targets
Having identified your strengths and areas for improvement, you are now
ready to set your learning goals and target.
Now, think further and write your goals and targets below.
GOALS
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
TARGETS (specific objectives with dates indicated)
___________________.
4
Module 1. Personal Entrepreneurial
Competencies (PECs)
Have you ever thought of running

your own business? Entrepreneurship has
brought great success to some, but it's not a career path for all. Do you think you
can handle the stress and hard work that go with running a small business
enterprise? The key to succeed in a small business enterprise is your
entrepreneurial ability to produce the desired results. Before embarking on your first
business, it's worth spending some time evaluating your own preparedness for
entrepreneurship. Try to examine your own personality and compare it with the
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) of a successful entrepreneur. Ask
yourself if you are ready to enter into the world of business. If your answer is yes,
take this reminder: “Successful entrepreneurs continuously develop and
improve their PECs”.

The learner demonstrates The learner prepares an activity plan that
understanding of Personal addresses his/her development areas based
Entrepreneurial Competencies on his/her PECs and improves further his/her
(PECs). areas of strength.
5
Learning Objectives:
1. Assess ones’ Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs):

characteristics, attributes, lifestyles, skills and traits.
2. Assess practitioner’s characteristics, attributes, lifestyle, skills, and traits.
3. Compare one’s PECs with that of a practitioner /entrepreneur.
4. Align one’s PECs with that of a practitioner/ entrepreneur.
Hello there! Are you ready to assess

yourself to become a successful
entrepreneur in the future? As honest
as you could, please answer the pre-
assessment below.
Pre- Assessment
A. Matching Type
Directions: Column A lists the characteristics of a successful entrepreneur.
Draw a line from the items in Column A that connects with the
correct definition of terms listed in Column B.
Column A Column B
a. Ability to set realistic targets.

1.Hardworking
b. Interest in money generation.
2.Self-confident c. Belief in oneself to succeed.
3.Profit-Oriented d. Working diligently and industriously.
4.Goal-Oriented e. Being able to listen to the advice of
5.Persistent others.
6.Responds to feedback f. Obtaining useful feedback and advice
7.Willing to listen from others.
g. Being patient and strives to achieve the
8.Committed
goal.
9.Reliable and has integrity h. Ability to take measured or calculated
10.Risk-taker risks.
i. Being honest, fair and trustworthy.
j. A major priority in the entrepreneur’s
life.
6
Are you done? This time you will do
another set of pre-assessment
which could give you a better
understanding of what this module
is all about. Are you ready? So,
let’s begin!
B. Multiple Choice.
Directions: Read and study the situation that describes the entrepreneurial
characteristics or attributes. Answer the question by writing the
letter of your choice in your assignment notebook or in the answer
sheet provided.
Mrs. Gina Magno opens her own processed fish product business. She
knows that her personal entrepreneurial characteristics are insufficient to
ensure a successful operation of the business that she has in mind. Your
answers to the questions below will help in developing her PECs.
1. What PECs must she possess if there are customers who complain about the
quality of her product?
a. Hardworking c. Versatile
b. Patient d. All of the above
2. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of an entrepreneur?
a. Copes with failure c. Opportunity seeker
b. Dependent d. Persistent
3. If she wants to ensure a profitable business operation, what characteristic must
she maintain?
a. Committed c. Goal oriented
b. Futuristic d. Opportunity seeker
4. Mrs. Magno follows the advice of a friend to be flexible especially if she intends
to open a retail business. What PECs does Mrs. Magno demonstrate?
a. Open to feedback c. Reliable and has integrity
b. Persistent d. Confident
7
5. She tells Mary, her best friend that she has a strong will and does not give up in
find a solution to a business problem. What PECs has been does Mrs. Magno
demonstrate?
a. Hard work c. Risk- taking
b. Persistence d. Confident
This time evaluate your own personal

entrepreneurial characteristics to
determine whether you too, can
become an entrepreneur. If you are
ready, you may begin!
C. Self- Assessment
Directions: Below is a list of Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) of
a successful entrepreneur. Put a check mark on the 2nd column that indicates
your strong PECs. The check mark on the 3rd column are those PECs that need
to be developed.
My Personal Entrepreneurial
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies
Competencies of an Need to be
Entrepreneur Strength Developed
Hardworking
Self-confident
Builds for the future
Profit-oriented
Goal-oriented
Persistent
Copes with failure
Responds to feedback
Demonstrates initiative
8
Willing to listen
Sets own standards
Copes with uncertainty
Committed
Builds on strengths
Reliable and has integrity
Risk-taker
Did you enjoy examining yourself? You can

become a successful entrepreneur someday.
Please don’t feel bad when you discover that
you still have PECS to be developed.
Continue your exploration to find answers to
these underdeveloped PECs
What to KNOW?
Lesson1. Important Entrepreneurial Traits
The following are the fundamental characteristics of an entrepreneur:
1. Hard working: If you are determined to run your own business, you must
concentrate on your work either as a producer or a seller. The success of
your business depends on how much time and effort you will spend on it.
2. Self- Confidence: You must have a strong faith in your ability despite the
problems that you may encounter along the way.
3. Future-Oriented: Once you enter in a line of business, you must understand
that you are in a non-stop contract. It may take several years to build up a
business to a reasonable standard. The goal of most successful business
people is to build a secure job with a stable income based on their own ability.
9
4. Profit-Oriented: When you enter into the world of business, obviously, you
are looking for income because you know that this will be your bread and
butter not only for you but also for your family. Therefore, you must see to it
that the business can generate income. Another plan of action is to expand
your own business through the use of your generated income.
5. Goal-Oriented: An entrepreneur is forward looking. You must have an
advanced preparation for your business. You must set a long-term goal for
the activities that are needed, an extensive preparation for the production
process and procedures that you need to go through to acquire, human and
non-human resources. Everything in your business will have to be set
clearly, organized, and well-planned depending on the goal you want to
achieve.
6. Persistence: Differences in opinion and judgment. Your opponent can be a
part of the rejection on what you intend to do for your endeavor. As an
entrepreneur, you must be firm, strong-willed, and stick or follow what you
believe is the best.
7. Copes with Failure: “Learn from your mistakes”. As an entrepreneur, you
must learn how to deal with the frustrations and failures. Instead, turn these
into productive learning experiences.
8. Responds to Feedback or Open to Feedback: You must be concerned to
know how well you are doing and keep track of your performance. You must
obtain useful feedback and advice from others.
9. Takes the Initiative: A successful entrepreneur takes the initiative. You
must put yourself in a position where you, personally, are responsible for the
failure or success of your business.
10. Shows Willingness to Listen: Take time to listen to the advice,
suggestions, and recommendations of fellow entrepreneurs. It will help your
business grow.
11. Set your Own Standards: This involves developing and using logical, step-
by-step plans to reach the goal; offering evaluation alternatives, monitoring
progress, and switching to successful strategies. To be a successful
entrepreneur, you must take into consideration that sales and production
depend on your own standards.
10
12. Copes with Uncertainty: Pursue your vision to be a successful
entrepreneur. You should know how to handle unusual events that may
happen in the business. These include problems in; managing the workers,
the delivery of goods and services, and the demand and production. You must
be patient in dealing with these uncertainties.
13. Shows Commitment: You should know that in your business, personal
needs, attachment to your friends, families, and relatives are set aside. You
must separate the money for your business from the amount that you need to
spend for personal obligations and lifestyles.
14. Builds on Strengths: Successful business people base their work on
strengths. Use your manual skills, and knowledge in creating products or
services. Use also your knowledge in trade and industry, and the ability to
make and use a wide network of contacts to build your business.
15. Reliable and has Integrity: An entrepreneur must build a good reputation,
and possess the courage to do the right thing. Do what you say, walk your
talk, be loyal, and be fair in dealing with the subordinates and costumers.
16. Risk-Taker: Risk sometimes cannot be anticipated. When misfortunes
happen, consider these as challenges. Work them out and set good
alternatives. Risks may result to loss of your business or even bankruptcy.
What to PROCESS:
Activity1: Aligning one’s PECs
Directions: Choose from the list below the characteristics and traits that best
describe your own personal entrepreneurial characteristics. Find ways
on how to align them according to the personal characteristics of an
entrepreneur which were discussed earlier. Write your answers in the
activity sheet provided.
11
Creative Resourceful Persistent Organized
Independent Confident Risk taker Observant
Competent Trustworthy Optimistic Passionate
Flexible Sensitive Committed Strong–minded
Knowledgeable Hardworking Decision-maker Dynamic
Efficient Persevering Decisive Reliable Courteous
Example: My PECs
Things to do to align with PECs of a

My PECs My Simple Definition successful entrepreneur.
1.Creative
2.Organized
3. Competent
4. Observant
Try to design a concept map that

indicates your traits, characteristics
and skills that you need to possess in
order to become a successful
entrepreneur.
Activity 2. My PECs that need to be further improved
Directions: At the center of the street are arrows where positive and negative
characteristics and traits are written. Pick out the positive PECs that
12
you are already strong at, and write them down below the blank arrows
on the left side. PECs written on the arrows at the right side are the
negative characteristics that need to be further improved.
What to REFLECT and UNDERSTAND?
Strengthening your Identified PECs

Here are your guides on how to strengthen your own PECs.
1. React positively to criticisms and be open to feedback.
2. Always demonstrate positive attitude to achieve a desired goal.
3. Always project strong and well-balanced behavior.
4. Always exercise the assertive style in your work environment.
5. Avoid being too passive and too aggressive.
6. Don’t let anyone worsen your business life.
7. Prioritize your business goal rather than your personal goal in order to become
a successful entrepreneur.
8. Acquire specific skills for creating and maintaining a conducive work
environment.
9. Be responsible in everything you do in your business.
10. Always observe business ethics in putting up a business.
13
Hello! I’m here once again check whether
you have achieved a certain point when
you could honestly tell that you are already
successful in strengthening your own
PECs.
Let’s see!
Activity 1 My techniques to strengthen PECs
Directions: From the given chart below, write at least six techniques on how you
could strengthen your own PECs. Write the PECs that you feel you still
need to focus on to strengthen them.
Example: Self-confidence
Self-
confidence
14
What to TRANSFER:
Preparation of an Action Plan
Culminating Activity
Directions: Examine yourself once again. Make a list of PECs that you need to
strengthen. Then, prepare an action plan to develop them further. You may opt to
follow the suggested format below. You may improve or change it as long as it suits
your own plan of action.
Sample Action Plan
Specific Purpose Statement: ( Your vision of your future)

Ex. Developing self-confidence in retail business.
Measures
Focus Current Actions Time Reward/
of
Area Situation Goal Required Frame Recognition
Success
I -
My I need to To exercise -Selling -During the -Earns
PECs develop my my own Achieve100 finished culminating expected
undefined PECs during % products activities income
characterise selling and completion derived from -After -Outstanding
-tics need producing of culminating learning performance
for my retail products/ developme activities in my the in selling and
business. services nt of my chosen principles, promoting
such as: -To become own PECs career. theories, and products and
_________ successful in through -Participate process in services
__________ my chosen selling and in skills the chosen
__________ business. production competition business
__________ of products, sponsored by
______ and proper the NGO, and
manner in GOs
dealing with
people.
Answer the post assessment below to

determine whether there is a significant
increase in your understanding of PECs.
Good Luck!
15
Post-Assessment
A. Matching Type

Draw a line from the items in Column A that connects with the correct definition of
terms listed in Column B.
Column A Column B
a. Ability to set realistic targets.

1. Hardworking
b. Interest in money generation.
2. Self-confident
c. Belief in oneself to succeed.
3. Profit-oriented
d. Working diligently and industriously.
4. Goal-oriented
e. Being able to listen to the advice of
5. Persistent
others.
6. Responds or open to
f. Obtaining useful feedback and advice
feedback
from others.
7. Willing to listen
g. Being patient and strives to achieve
8. Committed
the goal.
9. Reliable and has
h. Ability to take measured or calculated
integrity
risks.
10. Risk-taker
j. A major priority in the entrepreneur’s
life.
16
B. Multiple Choice
Directions: Read and study the situation that describes entrepreneurial
characteristics. Then answer the question by writing the letter of your choice
in your assignment notebook or in the provided answer sheet.
Mrs. Gina Magno opens her own processed fish products business.
She knows that her personal entrepreneurial characteristics are insufficient to
ensure a successful operation of the business she has in mind. Your answers
to the questions below will help in developing her PECs.
a. Hardworking
b. Patient
c. Versatile
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following is NOT considered as a characteristic of an

entrepreneur?
a. Copes with failure
b. Dependent
c. Opportunity seeker
d. Persistent
3. If she wants to ensure a profitable business operation, what characteristic will

she maintain?
a. Committed
b. Futuristic
c. Goal oriented
d. Opportunity seeker
4. Mrs. Magno follows the advice of a friend to be flexible especially if she

intends to open a retail business. What PECs does Mrs. Magno
demonstrate?
a. Open to feedback
b. Persistent
c. Reliable and has integrity
d. Self- confident
5. She tells Mary, her best friend that she has a strong will and does not give up
in finding a solution to a business problem. What PECs does Mrs. Magno
demonstrate?
a. Hard work
b. Persistence
c. Risk- taking
d. Self-confidence
17
AGRICULTURE AND
FISHERY ARTS FOOD
(FISH) PROCESSING
Module 1

developed and reviewed by educators from public and
private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders
to email their feedback, comments, and
We Department of Education
value your feedback and recommendations.
Food (Fish) Processing
First Edition, 2014


Authors: Blair D. Castillon, Ph.D., Editha P. Durante, Ma. Corazon G. Maguate,
Rosa F. Vasquez, Zenaida R. Delantar and Ruby Jane S. Buising
Reviewers: Janet Orden Saturno

Language Editor: Dr. Pamela Constantino
Subject Specialists: Albert B. Erni and Emmanuel S. Valdez
Management Team: Jocelyn DR Andaya, Bella O. Mariñas
and Jose D. Tuguinayo Jr.
Layout Artists and Encoders: Jocelyn M. Gamo & Joel G. Castillo

(DepEd-IMCS)
Philippines 1600
Telefax: (02) 634-1054 or 634-1072
Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................... 1
What Is This Learning Material About .................................................... 2
How Do You Use The Module? ............................................................. 2
Pre-Assessment.................................................................................. 3
Learning Goals and Targets ................................................................. 4
Module I: Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) ................... 5
Learning Objectives ............................................................................. 5
Pre-Assessment.................................................................................. 6
What to Know ..................................................................................... 9
Lesson1 Important Entrepreneurial Traits ............................................... 9
What to Process................................................................................ 12
What to Reflect and Understand ......................................................... 14
What to Transfer ............................................................................... 15
Post- Assessment ............................................................................ 16
TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION
AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY ARTS
FOOD (FISH) PROCESSING

Grade 9
Introduction
Welcome!
The Food (Fish) Processing is a course which comprises the knowledge, skills
and attitude for Fish Processors and leads to the specialization on Food Processing
NC I, II and III
The course Food (Fish) Processing contains training materials and activities
related to environment and market implementation of sampling procedure,
inspection and sorting of materials and products, dispensation of non-bulk
ingredients and preparation of raw and packaging materials and supplies for
processing. These personal entrepreneurial competencies, are the core
competencies that need to be satisfied to qualify for assessment for Food
Processing NC I.
In this course, you are required to go through a series of learning activities in

order to complete each learning outcome. Most of the time you will do the task
related to each learning outcome and apply what you have learned in class. You can
approach your teacher if you have questions and clarifications.
General Objectives:
At the end of this course, you are expected to:

 Recognize Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies ( PECs) and skills needed in
Food( Fish) Processing.
1
 Recognize and understand the potential customer/market in food processing
(E&M)
 Create new business ideas in Fish Processing by using various techniques
 Implement sampling procedures (SP)
 Inspect and sort raw materials and products (IS)
 Dispense non-bulk ingredients (DI)
 Prepare raw and packaging materials and supplies for processing (PR)
What Is This Learning Material About?
This learning material has 5 Modules. Each Module has the following parts:
 Content Standards
 Performance Standards
 Learning Objectives
 Pre-Assessment
 Reading Resources/Instructional Activities
 What to KNOW?
 What to PROCESS?
 What to REFLECT and UNDERSTAND?
 What to TRANSFER?
 Post Assessment
How Do You Use The Module?
To get the most out of every module, you need to do the following:
1. Begin by reading and understanding the Content and Performance Standards

and Learning Objectives. These will tell you what you should know and be
able to do at the end of each module.
2. Find out what you know about the module by taking the Pre-assessment.
2
3. Do the required Learning Activities. Start with the Information Sheets. An
Information Sheet contains important notes or basic information. This will
ensure your mastery of basic information needed in each module.
4. Demonstrate what you have learned by doing what the Activity / Operation
/Job Sheet directs you to do.
5. Find out what you already know about the information given by taking the
Post-assessment
6. You must be able to apply what you have learned in another activity or in real
life situation.
7. Accomplish the Scoring Rubrics for you to know how well you performed. The
learning material also provides you with references and definition of key terms
for your guidance. They can be of great help. Use them fully.
You need to complete this course Fish Processing to take the assessment for Food
Processing NC I before moving to the next course Food Processing NC II
Pre-Assessment
Directions: Provide information on what you already know in the first column (K),
and what you want to know in the second column (W). You will record what you have
learned in the third column (L) as the lesson proceeds. In the fourth column (S) So
What list ways by which the new knowledge will be useful for you in terms of
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) Environment and Marketing (E&M),
Sampling Procedure (SP), Inspection and Sorting (IS), Dispensing Non-Bulk
Ingredients (DI), and Preparing Raw and Packaging Materials and Supplies for
Processing (PR).
K (Know) W (Want) L (Learned) S (So What)
PECs
3
E&M
SP
IS
DI
PR
Learning Goals/Targets
Having identified your strengths and areas for improvement, you should now
be ready to set your learning goals and target.
Now, think further and write your goals and targets below.
GOALS
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
TARGETS (specific objectives with dates indicated)

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4
Module I PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL
COMPETENCIES (PECs)
Have you ever thought of running your own business? Entrepreneurship has
brought great success to some, but it's not a career path for all. Do you think you
can handle the stress and hard work that go with running a small business
enterprise? The key to success with a small business enterprise is your
entrepreneurial ability to produce the desired results. Before embarking on your first
business, it's worth spending some time evaluating your own preparedness for
entrepreneurship. Try to examine your own personality and compare it with the
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) of a successful entrepreneur. Ask
yourself if you are ready to enter into the world of business. If your answer is yes,
take this reminder: “Successful entrepreneurs continuously develop and
improve their PECs”.
The learner demonstrates The learner prepares an activity plan

understanding of Personal that addresses his/her development
Entrepreneurial Competencies areas based on his/her PECs and
(PECs) improves further his/her areas of
strength.
Learning Objectives:
1. Assess ones Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs):

characteristics, attributes, lifestyles, skills and traits
2. Assess practitioner’s: characteristics, attributes, lifestyle, skills, traits
5
3. Compare one’s PECs with that of a practitioner /entrepreneur
4. Align one’s PECs with that of a practitioner/ entrepreneur
Hello there! Are you ready to assess yourself in order to be

successful entrepreneur in the future? As honestly as you could,
please answer the pre-assessment below.
Pre- Assessment
A. Matching Type

Draw a line from the items in Column A that connects the correct
definition of terms listed in Column B.
Column A Column B
1. Hardworking a. Ability to set realistic targets

2. Self-confident b. Interest in money generation
3. Profit-Oriented c. Belief in oneself
4. Goal-Oriented d. Working diligently and industriously
5. Persistent e. Being able to listen to the advice of others
6. Responds to feedback f. Obtaining useful feedback and advice from
7. Willing to listen others
8. Committed g. Being patient and strives to achieve the
9. Reliable and has integrity goal
10. Risk-taker h. Ability to take measured or calculated risks
j. Giving this a priority in his life as an
entrepreneur
Are you done? This time you will do another set

of pre- assessment which could give you a better
understanding of what this module is all about. Are
you ready? Let’s begin!
6
B. Multiple Choice.

characteristics or attributes. Answer the question by writing the
letter of your choice in your assignment notebook or the answer
sheet provided.
Mrs. Gina Magno opens up her own processed fish product business. She
knows that her personal entrepreneurial characteristics are insufficient to
ensure a successful operationalization of a business that she has in mind.
Your answers to the questions below will help in developing her PECs.
a. Hardwork
b. Patience
c. Versatility
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of an entrepreneur?

b. Dependent
d. Persistent
3. If she wants to ensure a profitable business operation, what characteristics will

she maintain?
a. Has commitment
b. Futuristic
c. Goal oriented
4. Mrs. Magno follows the advice of a friend to be flexible especially if she intends
to open a retail business. What PECs has been demonstrated by Mrs. Magno?
a. Open to feedback
b. Persistent
d. Self- confident
7
5. She tells Mary, her best friend that she has a strong will and does not give up to
find a solution to a business problem. What PECs has been demonstrated by
Mrs. Magno?
a. Hard work
b. Persistence
c. Risk- taking
d. Self-confidence
This time evaluate your own personal

entrepreneurial characteristics to determine whether you
too, can become an entrepreneur. If you are ready, you
may begin!
C. Self- Assessment
Directions: Below is a list of Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) of a

successful entrepreneur. Put a check mark on the 2nd column that
indicates your strong PECs. The check mark on the 3 rd column are
those PECs that need to be developed.
My Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies

Competencies of an
Strength Needs to be Developed
Entrepreneur
Hardworking
Self-confident
Builds for the future
Profit-oriented
Goal-oriented
Persistent
8
Copes with failure
Responds to feedback
Demonstrates initiative
Willing to listen
Sets own standards
Copes with uncertainty
Committed
Builds on strengths
Reliable and has integrity
Risk-taker
Did you enjoy examining yourself? You can become a

successful entrepreneur someday. Please don’t feel bad when
you discover that there are still to be developed. Continue your
exploration to find answers to these underdeveloped PECs.
What to KNOW?
Important Entrepreneurial Traits

The following are the fundamental characteristics of an entrepreneur:
1. Hard working: If you are determined to run your own business, you must
concentrate on your work either as a producer or a seller. The success of
your business depends on how much time and effort you will spend on it.
2. Self- Confidence: You must have a strong faith in your ability despite the
problems that you will encounter along the way.
3. Future-Oriented: Once a person enters in a line of business, you must

understand that you are in a non-stop contract that an entrepreneur should
9
understand. It may take several years to build up a business to a reasonable
standard. The goal for most successful business people is to build a secure
job and stable income for themselves based on their own ability.
4. Profit-Oriented: When you enter into the world of business, obviously, you
are looking for income because you know that this will be your bread and
butter not only for you but also for your family.
Therefore, you must see to it that the business can generate income. Another
plan of action is to expand your own business with generated income.
5. Goal-Oriented: An entrepreneur is forward-looking. You have an advance

preparation for your business. Set a long-term goal for the activities that are
needed make an extensive preparation for the production process and
procedures that you need to go through to acquire human and non-human
resources. Everything in your business will have to be set clearly, organized,
and planned depending on the goal you want to achieve.
6. Persistence: Because of differences in opinion and judgment, your opponent

can be a part of the rejection on what you intend to do for your endeavor. As
an entrepreneur, you must be firm, strong-willed, and stick to or follow your
own belief.
7. Copes with Failure: “Learn from your mistakes”. As an entrepreneur, you

must learn how to deal with the frustrations and failures; Turn these into
productive learning experiences.
8. Open and Responds to Feedback: You must be concerned to know how

well you are doing and keep track of your performance. You must obtain
useful feedback and advice from others.
9. Take the Initiative: A successful entrepreneur takes the initiative. You must
put yourself in a position where you are personally responsible for the failure
or success of your business.
10
10. Willing to Listen: Take time to listen to the advice, suggestions, and
recommendations of fellow entrepreneurs. It will help your business grow.
11. Set your Own Standards: This involves developing and using logical, step-
by-step plans to reach the goals, or offering evaluation alternatives,
monitoring progress, and switching to successful strategies for the goal you
want to achieve. To be a successful entrepreneur, you must take into
consideration that sales and production depend on your own standards.
12. Copes with Uncertainty: Pursue your vision to be a successful

entrepreneur. Know how to handle unusual events and problems that may
occur in the business like in managing the workers, delivery of goods and
services, and demand and production. You must be patient in dealing with
these uncertainties.
13. Committed: You should know that in your business, personal needs,
attachment to your friends, families and relatives are set aside. You must
separate the money for your business from the amount that you need to
spend for personal obligations and lifestyles.
14. Builds on Strengths: Successful business people base their work on

strengths. Use your manual skills, knowledge in creating products or
services, knowledge in trade and industry, ability to make contacts and use
these to expand your business.
15. Reliable and has Integrity: An entrepreneur must build a good reputation,
possess the courage to do the right thing, do what you say, walk your talk, be
loyal, and be fair in dealing with the subordinates and costumers.
16. Risk-Taker: Risk sometimes cannot be anticipated. When misfortunes

happen, consider these as challenges and work them out and set good
alternatives. Risks may result to loss of your business or even bankruptcy.
11
Try to design a concept map that indicates your traits,
characteristics and skills that you need to possess in order to
become a successful entrepreneur.
What to PROCESS
My PECs My simple definition Things to do to align with PECs to

be a successful entrepreneur
1. Creative
2. Organized
3. Competent
4. Observant
Example of my PECs
Activity1: Aligning one’s PECs
Directions: Choose from the list below the characteristics and traits that best
describe your own personal entrepreneurial characteristics. Find ways
on how to align them according to the personal entrepreneurial
characteristics of an entrepreneur as were discussed earlier. Write
your answers in the activity sheet provided.
Creative Resourceful Persistent Organized Independent
Confident Risk taker Observant Competent Trustworthy
Optimistic Passionate Flexible Sensitive Committed
Dynamic Efficient Hardworking Decision-maker Reliable
Knowledgeable Persevering Decisive Strong–minded Courteous
12
Activity 2. My PECs that need to be further improved
Directions: At the center of the street are arrows where positive and negative
characteristics and traits are written. Pick out the positive PECs that
you are already strong at, and write them down on the blank arrows on
the left side. PECs written on the arrows at the right side are the
negative characteristics that need to be further improved.
13
What to Reflect and Understand?
Strengthening your Identified PECs

Here are your guides on how to strengthen your own PECs:
1. React positively to criticisms and be open to feedback.

2. Always demonstrate positive attitude to achieve a desired goal.
3. Always project strong and well-balanced behavior.
4. Always exercise the assertive style in your work environment.
5. Avoid being too passive and too aggressive.
6. Don’t let anyone worsen your business life.
7. Prioritize your business goal rather than personal goal.
8. Acquire specific skills for creating and maintaining a conducive work
environment.
9. Be responsible in everything you do in your business.
10. Always observe business ethics.
Hello! I’m here once again

reminding you whether you have
achieved a certain point that you could
honestly tell that you are already
successful in strengthening your own
PECs.
Let’ s see!
Activity 1. My techniques to strengthen PECs
Directions: From the given chart below, write at least six techniques on how you
would strengthen your own PECs. Write the PECs that you feel you still
need to focus on to strengthen these.
14
Example: Self-confidence
What to TRANSFER?
Preparation of an Action Plan
Culminating Activity
Directions: Examine yourself once again. Make a short list of PECs that you need
to strengthen. From this activity, prepare an action plan for further development.
You may opt to follow the suggested format below. You may improve or change it as
long as it suits your own plan of action.
15
Sample Action Plan
Specific Purpose Statement: ( Your vision of your future)
Ex. Developing self-confidence in starting a Smoked Fish Processing Industry.
Focus Current Measures Actions Time Reward/

Area Situation Goal of Success Required Frame Recognition
I -
My PECs
I need to To exercise Achieve 100% -Selling -During -Earns
develop my my own completion of finished culminating expected
undefined development products activities income
characteristi PECs during of my own derived from
c needed selling and PECs culminating -After -Outstanding
for my producing through activities in learning performance
business products/ selling and any chosen the in selling and
such as: services production of career. principles, promoting
_________ products; theories, products and
_________ -To become observe -Participate in process services
_________ proficient in proper skills and any
_________ my chosen decorum competition chosen
____ skill. when dealing sponsored caree
with people. by the NGO
and GO
Post-Assessment
Answer the post assessment below to determine whether

there is significant increase in your understanding of PECs.
Good Luck!
A. Matching Type

Draw a line from the items in Column A that connects the correct definition of
terms listed in Column B.
16
Column A Column B
1. Hardworking a. Ability to set realistic targets

b. Interest in money generation
2. Self-confident c. Belief in oneself
d. Working diligently and industriously.
3. Profit-oriented
e. Being able to listen to the advice of others
4. Goal-oriented f. Obtaining useful feedback and advice
from others
5. Persistent g. Being patient and strives to achieve the
goal
6. Responds or open to feedback h. Ability to take measured or calculated
risks
7. Willing to listen
i. Being honest, fair and trustworthy
8. Committed j. Given this a priority in his life as an
entrepreneur
9. Reliable and has integrity
10. Risk-taker
Multiple Choice.

characteristics. Then answer the question by writing the letter of
your choice in your assignment notebook or in the provided answer
sheet.
Mrs. Gina Magno opens up her own processed fish products business.
She knows that her personal entrepreneurial characteristics are insufficient
to ensure a successful operationalization of a business she has in mind.
Your answers to the questions below will help in developing her PECs.
a. Hardwork
b. Patience
c. Versatility
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of an

entrepreneur?
b. Dependent
17
d. Persistent
3. If she wants to ensure a profitable business operation, what characteristic will

she maintain?
a. Has commitment
b. Futuristic
c. Goal oriented
4. Mrs. Magno follows the advice of a friend to be flexible especially if she

intends to open a retail business. What PECs has been demonstrated by
Mrs. Magno?
a. Open to feedback
b. Persistent
d. Self- confident
5. She tells Mary, her best friend that she has a strong will and does not give up
to find a solution to a business problem. What PECs has been demonstrated
by Mrs. Magno?
a. Hard work
b. Persistence
c. Risk- taking
d. Self-confidence
18

LEARNING MODULES

PC Servicing
and Maintenance
Page
How to Use this Module .................................................................................................................................. iii
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... iv
Technical Terms ................................................................................................................................................ v
Learning Outcome # 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 1
Information Sheet # 6.1.1 ................................................................................................................................ 2
Activity Sheet # 6.1.1 ....................................................................................................................................... 3
Information Sheet # 6.1.2 ................................................................................................................................ 4
Self Check # 6.1.2 ........................................................................................................................................... 15
Information Sheet # 6.1.3 .............................................................................................................................. 16
Self Check # 6.1.3 ........................................................................................................................................... 21
Activity Sheet # 6.1.3 ..................................................................................................................................... 22
Learning Outcome # 2 .................................................................................................................................... 23
Self Check # 6.2.1 ........................................................................................................................................... 27
Operation Sheet # 6.2.2 ................................................................................................................................. 33
Information Sheet #.6.2.3.....................................…………………………………………………………...34
Operation Sheet # 6.2.5 .. ............................................................................................... 54
Activity Sheet # 6.2.5 ..................................................................................................................................... 56
Learning Outcome # 3 .................................................................................................................................... 57
PC HARDWARE SERVICING
The Strengthened Technical-Vocational Education Program
1|Page
Information Sheet # 6.3.1 ............................................................................................................................. 58
Operation Sheet # 6.3.1 ................................................................................................................................. 64
Answer Keys ................................................................................................................................................... 65
2|Page
Welcome to the Module “Configuring Computer System and Networks”. This module
contains training materials and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency “Configure Computer System and Networks” contains knowledge,
skills and attitudes required for a Computer Hardware Servicing NC II course.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each of the
learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome there are Information Sheets,
Operation Sheets, Job Sheet and Activity Sheets. Follow these activities on your own and answer
the Self-Check at the end of each learning activity.
If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your teacher for assistance.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You may already have some of the knowledge and skills covered in this module because you
have:
o been working for some time

o completed training in this area.
If you can demonstrate to your teacher that you are competent in a particular skill or skills,
talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you don’t have to do the same training
again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous trainings show it to
your teacher. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant to this module, they may become
part of the evidence you can present for RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your skills,
discuss it with your teacher.
After completing this module ask your teacher to assess your competency. Result of your
assessment will be recorded in your competency profile. All the learning activities are designed for
you to complete at your own pace.
Inside this module you will find the activities for you to complete followed by relevant
information sheets for each learning outcome. Each learning outcome may have more than one
learning activity.
3|Page
Program/ Course: Computer Hardware Servicing NC II
Unit of Competency: Configure Computer System and Networks
Module: Configuring Computer System and Networks
INTRODUCTION:
This module contains information and suggested learning activities on Computer Hardware
Servicing II. It includes training materials and activities for you to complete.
Completion of this module will help you better understand the succeeding module on the
Maintaining Computer System and Networks.
This module consists of 3 learning outcomes. Each learning outcome contains learning
activities supported by each instruction sheets. Before you perform the instructions read the
information sheets and answer the self-check and activities provided to as certain to yourself and
your teacher that you have acquired the knowledge necessary to perform the skill portion of the
particular learning outcome.
Upon completion of this module, report to your teacher for assessment to check your
achievement of knowledge and skills requirement of this module. If you pass the assessment, you
will be given a certificate of completion.
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of the module you should be able to:
LO1 Arrange, plan and prepare for configuration task
LO2 Configure a computer system
LO3 Analyze and try-out the configured computer system
PRE-REQUISITES:
You must have completed module 5 “Diagnose and Troubleshoot Computer System” before
studying this module.
4|Page
Bluetooth - wireless connection used to send and received messages
Coverall - apparel suit won to protect the body
E-mail - electronic messages received via internet
Fax - abbreviation of facsimile; the electronic transmission of copies of
documents for reproduction at a remote location.
Internet - abbreviation for internetwork. A set of corrupt networks made up of
a large number of smaller networks.
Intranet - set of interconnected networks using the Internet Protocol
Modem - translates between digital signals that the computer uses, and analog
signals suitable for transmission over telephone lines.
Network - interconnected group of computers
PDA - abbreviation for Personal Digital Assistant; a tiny pen-based palm top
computer that combines fax, e-mail and simple word processing into
an easy-to-use unit that fits, into pocket.
OH&S - Occupational Health & Safety
Peer-to-peer network - a network architecture in which driver files and printers on
every PC can be available to every other PC on the network.
Policies - approach, code, system, guidelines, theory, line
Server - any computer that makes access to files, printing, communications, or
other services available to users of the network.
Software - an application program or an operating system that the computer executes
Storage Media - devices used to store data from the computer.
Topology - map of a network
USB - abbreviation of Universal Serial Bus
Wide Area Network - network that connects users across large distances, others
cross the geographical boundaries of cities or state.
5|Page
Learning Outcome 1: Arrange, plan and prepare for configuration task
Assessment Criteria:
1. The laboratory teacher’s instruction in identifying computer system network to be

configured is followed.
2. The Configuration plan, organized and prepared based on the job requirements, is
followed.
3. Performance of computer system network for configuration purposes is validated
along with its specification.
4. Appropriate materials for the task are used to conform to OH& S standards.
5. Tools, equipment, and testing devices that conform to OHS standards are used to
accomplish the task.
References:
• http://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/OHS/default.htm
• www.industrialrelations.nsw.gov.au/resources/workplace_pp.pdf
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network
• http://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Network-Cable
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_addresses
6|Page
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) refers to the legislation, policies, procedures
and activities that aim to protect the health, safety and welfare of all people at the
workplace.
Every worker has a right to healthy and safe work and to a work environment that
enables them to live a socially and economically productive life. Safety practices should be
learned early and always adhered to when working with any electrical device including
personal computers and peripherals.
Personal safety while working with PC’s
Here are some safety precautions to take before working with any computer devices:
• Before doing anything, listen to your teacher’s instruction to prevent accidents or

any unwanted events that may occur on your workplace.
• Do not work on computer when you are wet because you might get electrocuted.
• Do not remove internal devices of the computer when it is turned on.
• Be sure not to mix electronic components and water.
• Avoid playing or running while inside the room.
• Always wear personal protective equipments (PPE) like coverall, shoes with rubber
sole, anti-static wrist strap, etc.
• Ask for assistance from your teacher when it comes on dealing with computer
devices.
• Applying safety measure when handling tools and equipment are necessary to
avoid certain damages.
The student is further expected to maintain good health, to be neat in personal

appearance and to practice safe working procedures at all time with appropriate
equipment.
7|Page
1. Group yourselves into six members.
2. Conduct a simulation on: “Applying OH&S Policies and Procedures”.
3. The performance will be rated according to the following:
Performance Criteria:
5 - Have shown five OH&S policies in different areas
4 - Have shown four OH&S policies in different areas
3 - Have shown three OH&S policies in different areas
2 - Have shown two OH&S policies in different areas
1 - Have not shown any OH&S policies
8|Page
A computer network is an interconnected group of computers.
Computer Network
In general, the term network can refer to any interconnected group or system.
More specifically, a network is any method of sharing information between two systems
(human or mechanical).
BENEFITS OF SHARING INFORMATION VIA NETWORK
In addition to reducing hardware costs by sharing expensive printers and other

peripherals among multiple users, networks provide additional benefits to the users.
 Software and data files can be shared for access by multiple users
 Electronic mail e-mail can be sent and received
 Collaboration features allow contributions by multiple users to a single document
 Remote-control programs can be used to troubleshoot problems or show new users
how to perform a task
SHARED HARDWARE COMPONENTS
Virtually, any storage or output device can be shared over a network, but the most
common devices to be used over a network include:
 Printers
 Disk drives
 CD-ROM and optical drives
 Modems
 Fax
 Tape backup units
9|Page
network topology
Network Topology signifies the way in which intelligent devices in the network see
their logical relations to one another. The use of the term "logical" here is significant. That
is, network topology is independent of the "physical" layout of the network. Even if
networked computers are physically placed in a linear arrangement, if they are connected
via a hub, the network has a Star topology, rather than a Bus Topology. In this regard the
visual and operational characteristics of a network are distinct; the logical network
topology is not necessarily the same as the physical layout.
• Bus Topology
It is often used when network installation is small, simple or temporary. On a

typical bus network the cable is just 1 or more wires with no active electronics to amplify
the signal or pass it along from computer to computer. This makes the bus a passive
topology. When 1 computer sends a signal up the wire all the computers receive the
information but only one with the address that matches accepts the information, the rest
disregard the message.
Bus Topology
Advantages:
1) Easy to use and to understand.

2) Requires least amount of cable to connect the computers together. It is therefore
less expensive than other cabling arrangements.
3) It is easy to extend a bus; two cables can be joined into 1 longer cable with a BNC,
Barrel connector making a longer cable and allowing more computers to join the
network.
10 | P a g e
Disadvantages:
1) Heavy network traffic can slow a bus considerably as only 1 computer can send a
message at a time.
2) It is difficult to troubleshoot the bus. A cable break or loose connector causes
reflection and stops all the activity.
• STAR TOPOLOGY
In this kind of topology all the cables run from the computers to the central location where
they are all connected by a device called hub or switch. Each computer on a star network
communicates with a central device that resends the message either to each computer or
only to the destination computer, example if it is a hub then it will send to all and if it is a
switch then it will send to only destination computer. When network expansion is expected
and when the greater reliability is needed, star topology is the best.
Star Topology
Advantages:
1) It is easy to modify and add new computers without disturbing the rest of the
network.
2) The center of the star network is a good place to diagnose the faults.
3) Single computer failure does not necessarily bring down the whole star network.
Disadvantages:
1) If the central device fails, the whole network fails to operate.

2) Star networking is expensive because all network cables must be pulled to one
central point, requires more cable than other network topologies.
11 | P a g e
• RING TOPOLOGY
In this type each computer is connected to the next computer with the last one
connected to the first. Each retransmits what it receives from the previous computer. The
message flows around the ring in one direction. The ring network does not subject to signal
loss problem as a bus network experiences. There is no termination because there is no
end to the ring.
Ring Topology
Advantages:
1) Each node has equal access.

2) Capable of high speed data transfer.
Disadvantages:
1) Failure of one computer on the ring can affect the whole network.
2) Difficult to troubleshoot the network.
Types of networks
Below is a list of the most common types of computer networks in order of scale.
• Personal Area Network (PAN)
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication

among computer devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that may be used
in a PAN are printers, fax machines, telephones, PDA’s or scanners. The reach of a PAN is
typically within about 20-30 feet (approximately 6-9 meters).
12 | P a g e
Personal area networks may be wired with computer buses such as USB] and
FireWire. A wireless personal area network (WPAN) can also be made possible with
network technologies such as Bluetooth.
Personal Area Network
• Local Area Network (LAN)
A network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or building. Current
LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology. For example, a library will have a
wired or wireless LAN for users to interconnect local devices (e.g., printers and servers) and
to connect to the internet. All of the PCs in the library are connected by category 5 (Cat5)
cable, running the IEEE 802.3 protocol through a system of interconnection devices and
eventually connect to the internet. The cables to the servers are on Cat 5e enhanced cable,
which will support IEEE 802.3 at 1 GB/s.
The staff computers (bright green) can get to the color printer, checkout records,
and the academic network and the Internet. All user computers can get to the Internet and
the card catalog. Each workgroup can get to its local printer. Note that the printers are not
accessible from outside their workgroup.
Workgroup of
Computers
Hub
Server
Local Area Network
13 | P a g e
Client/Server Vs Peer-to-Peer Networks
Although every computer on a LAN is connected to every other, they do not

necessarily mean all communicate with each other. There are two basic types of LAN,
based on communication patterns between the machines, called client/server networks
and peer-to-peer networks.
Client/Server Networks
Every computer has a distinct role, that of either a client or a server. A server is
designed to share its resources among client computers on the network. The Client/Server
is composed of:
Servers
− These are located in secured areas, such as locked closets and data centers,
because they hold the organization's most valuable data and do not have the
accessed by operators on a continuous basis.
− The server runs a special network operating system such as: Windows NT
Server, Windows 2000 or Novell Netware.
Clients
− The rest of the computers on the network functions as client. A client standard
PC that is running an operating system such as DOS or Windows.
Client
Hub
Server
14 | P a g e
Example of Client/Server
Peer-to-Peer Network
In a peer-to-peer network, every computer is equal and can communicate with

other computer on a network to which it has been granted access rights. Essentially, every
computer in this network functions as both server and client. Peer-to-peer network can be
as small as two computers as many as hundreds of units.
There is no theoretical limit to the size of a peer-to-peer network, performance

drops significantly and security becomes a major headache on peer -based network with
more than 10 computers. Also, Microsoft imposes a 10-station limit on computers running
Windows 2000 Professional who are sharing resources with other system. For this reason,
it is better you switch to a client/server network when your network climbs to 10 stations.
Example of Peer-to-Peer Network
CAMPUS AREA NETWORK (CAN)
A network that connects two or more LANs but that is limited to a specific and
contiguous geographical area such as a college campus, industrial complex, or a military
base. A CAN may be considered a type of MAN (metropolitan area network), but is
generally limited to an area that is smaller than a typical MAN. This term is most often used
15 | P a g e
to discuss the implementation of networks for a contiguous area. This should not be
confused with a Controller Area Network.
Campus Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A Metropolitan Area Network is a network that connects two or more Local Area
Networks or Campus Area Networks together but does not extend beyond the boundaries
of the immediate town, city, or metropolitan area. Multiple routers, switches & hubs are
connected to create a MAN.
Metropolitan Network
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A WAN is a data communications network that covers a relatively broad geographic

area (i.e. one city to another and one country to another country) and that often uses
transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies. WAN
technologies generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model: the
physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer.
16 | P a g e
Wide Area Network
Global Area Network (GAN)
Global area networks (GAN) specifications are in development by several groups,

and there is no common definition. In general, however, a GAN is a model for supporting
mobile communications across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage
areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is "handing off" the user
communications from one local coverage area to the next. In IEEE Project 802, this involves
a succession of terrestrial Wireless local area networks (WLAN).
Global Area Network
17 | P a g e
Internetwork
Two or more networks or network segments connected using devices that operate
at layer 3 (the 'network' layer) of the OSI Basic Reference Model, such as a router. Any
interconnection among or between public, private, commercial, industrial, or
governmental networks may also be defined as an internetwork.
In modern practice, the interconnected networks use the Internet Protocol. There
are at least three variants of internetwork, depending on who administers and who
participates in them:
• Intranet
• Extranet
• Internet
Intranets and extranets may or may not have connections to the Internet. If
connected to the Internet, the intranet or extranet is normally protected from being
accessed from the Internet without proper authorization. The Internet is not considered to
be a part of the intranet or extranet, although it may serve as a portal for access to
portions of an extranet.
Intranet
An intranet is a set of interconnected networks, using

the Internet Protocol and uses IP-based tools such as web
browsers and ftp tools, that is under the control of a single
administrative entity. That administrative entity closes the
intranet to the rest of the world, and allows only specific
users. Most commonly, an intranet is the internal network of
a company or other enterprise.
Extranet
An extranet is a network or internetwork that is

limited in scope to a single organization or entity but
which also has limited connections to the networks of
one or more other usually, but not necessarily,
trusted organizations or entities (e.g. a company's
customers may be given access to some part of its intranet
creating in this way an extranet, while at the same time
the customers may not be considered 'trusted' from a
security standpoint). Technically, an extranet may also
be categorized as a CAN, MAN, WAN, or other type of
network, although, by definition, an extranet cannot
consist of a single LAN; it must have at least one connection with an external network.
18 | P a g e
Internet
A specific internetwork, consisting of a worldwide interconnection of

governmental, academic, public, and private networks based upon the Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) developed by ARPA of the U.S. Department of
Defense – also home to the World Wide Web (WWW) and referred to as the 'Internet' with
a capital 'I' to distinguish it from other generic internetworks.
Participants in the Internet, or their service providers, use IP Addresses obtained

from address registries that control assignments. Service providers and large enterprises
also exchange information on the reach ability of their address ranges through the Border
Gateway Protocol (BGP).
19 | P a g e
I. Identify the following. Choose your answer from the grid below. Use a separate sheet of
paper in answering.
______________ 1. The World Wide Web.
______________ 2. The internal network of a company or other enterprise.
______________ 3. A model for supporting mobile communications across an arbitrary
number of wireless LANs.
______________ 4. A data communications network that covers a relatively broad
geographic area.
______________ 5. A network that connects two or more Local Area Networks or
Campus Area Networks together.
______________ 6. It signifies the way in which intelligent devices in the network see
their logical relations to one another
______________ 7. It is the interconnected group of computers.
______________ 8. A network covering a small geographic area, like a home.
______________ 9. All the cables run from the computers to the central location where
they are all connected by hub.
______________10. Each computer is connected to the next computer with the last one
connected to the first.
Topology Ring Topology Bus Topology

Network Star Topology GAN
LAN Extranet MAN
WAN Internet Intranet
20 | P a g e
These are the following materials needed in the Configuration task:
1. Connectors
- It is used to connect external devices to the computer system.
2. Adapter
- A piece of hardware that plugs into an expansion slot in your computer.
3. Wires and Cables

- It is used to connect computers for network.
21 | P a g e
4. Appropriate software
- This software packages are used to install new drivers needed in setting up your
computer.
5. Computer storage media

- These help you in saving data and providing backup for your files such as diskette,
compact disc, flash drives and memory cards.
6. Reference book
- These are books that will provide topics about networking or related books on
computer.
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7. Manuals
- These provide instructions for certain operation or task.
8. Cable tie
- It is used to organized wires and cables used in connecting computers to avoid
tangling.
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These are the following tools/ testing devices needed in the
configuration task:
1. Screw drivers
− Flat screw driver is used to fasten negative slotted

screws.
− Philips Screw driver is used to fasten positive slotted screws.
2. Pliers
− Side Cutter pliers is used for cutting and trimming of

connecting wires or terminal leads in the circuit board.
− Long nose pliers is used for holding, bending

and stretching the lead of electronics component and
connecting wire.
3. Soldering iron/gun
− It is used to join two or more metal conductors with the

support of soldering lead melted around it.
4. Multi-tester
− It is used by technician for measuring current, voltage and

resistance.
5. Magnifying glass
24 | P a g e
− It is a device made of glass with handle. It exaggerates or increase the apparent size
of an object.
6. Safety apparel suit (coverall)
- It is used by the person for body protection.
7. Anti-static wrist strap
- It absorbs the static electricity of the material when being
hold by the hands.
8. Tweezers
- It is used to hold the small sensitive part of the
computer.
9. Mini-vacuum cleaner
- It is used for cleaning sensitive parts of the computer.
Note: Apply safety precautions when handling the materials, tools and testing
devices for safe keeping purposes and long lasting use.
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I. Identify the following. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering.
______________ 1. It is a tool used to hold the small sensitive parts of computer.

______________ 2. A device made glass with handle, to exaggerate or to increase
the apparent size of an object.
______________ 3. It is an instrument used by technician for measuring

current, voltage and resistance.
______________ 4. It is a tool used for cutting and trimming of connecting wires

or terminal leads in the circuit board.
______________ 5. It is a tool used to join two or more metal conductors with

the
support of soldering lead melted around it.
______________ 6. It is a material used to organize wires and cables used in

connecting computers to avoid tangling.
______________ 7. These are the materials that are used in saving data and
providing backup for your files such as diskette, compact disc,
flash drives and memory cards.
______________ 8. It is a piece of hardware that plugs into an expansion slot in

your computer.
______________ 9. It is a reference material that provides you instructions for

certain operation or task.
______________ 10. It is a tool used for holding, bending and stretching the lead of
electronics component and connecting wire.
26 | P a g e
1. Choose five materials, tools and testing devices discussed in the lesson. Demonstrate the
use of the following tools and materials.
5 - Has demonstrated and discussed five materials
4 - Has demonstrated and discussed four materials
3 - Has demonstrated and discussed three materials
2 - Has demonstrated and discussed two materials
1 - Has not demonstrated and discussed any materials
27 | P a g e
Learning Outcome 2: Configure a computer system
• OHS policies are followed in selecting personal protection gadgets.

• Manufacturer’s instruction manual is followed for normal system network
operation.
• Diagnostic SOP for the purpose of troubleshooting is followed strictly.
• Synchronization with the SOP configuration system and network configuration
are performed.
• Accidental events are prioritized based on OHS.
References:
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment
• http://www.pcguide.com/ts/x/sys/crash.htm
• http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=why-do-computers-crash&print=true
• http://catalyst.washington.edu/help/computing_fundamentals/troubleshootingxp/
com
mon_hardware.html
• http://www.ivc.k12.il.us/ivchigh/Departments/computer.htm
• http://www.johnniemccoy.com/
• http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/networking/setup/netadapter.mspx
• http://support.microsoft.com/servicedesks/ShowMeHow/3061261.asx
• http://support.microsoft.com/kb/250927
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• http://uis.georgetown.edu/software/documentation/win9598/win9598.print.to.ne
twork. printer.html
Personal Protective Equipment
You must wear/use something in order to protect yourself against unexpected

harm that may arise while performing certain tasks. Different jobs used different gadgets
or suits to prevent unexpected harmful events that may hurt us. The equipments below
may be used as PPE:
• Goggles – is used to prevent tiny particles from entering our eyes.

• Coverall/apron- is worn by a person to prevent his body or clothes from any
types of dirt.
• Gloves – are used in handling object without hurting your hands.
• Dust mask – is used to cover the mouth and nose from tiny particles when
cleaning computer peripherals.
• Shoes with rubber sole and rubber mat – are used to avoid us from slippery.
• Anti-static wrist strap - It absorbs the static electricity of the material when
being hold by the hands.
gloves coverall with rubber mat
29 | P a g e
goggles apron shoes with anti-static
bb l i t t
Manufacturer’s Instruction Guide
Manufacturer’s Instruction Guide or simply manual may be a big help for you
especially when you bought new materials or appliances at home. You don’t have to be
professional to operate the material but by just following the procedure/steps listed on the
manual, it may lighten your work. Manual usually covers all the functions and steps in
configuring the material and/or on how to operate it. Manuals also provide steps in
troubleshooting.
This is an example of what you may see on a Manufacturer’s Instruction Guide.
How to install a wired network adapter
To connect to a network, your computer needs a network adapter. Fortunately,

most computer manufacturers know that connecting to the Internet or other computers is
important to computer users, and they include a network adapter with your computer.
If you need to add a network adapter, first choose which method you want to use
to install it. Most people prefer to use a USB (Universal Serial Bus) network adapter,
because it's easy to install. If you have a portable computer, you might find a CardBus (also
known as PCMCIA or PC Card) or CF network adapter better meets your needs. If you have
a desktop computer with the proper amount of available space, you may also have the
option of adding an internal network adapter.
The instructions you follow to install a network adapter depend on how you
connect it.
How to determine if you have a network adapter
Many newer computers have a network adapter built in that you can use to
connect to a wired network. If you want to install a wired network adapter and aren't sure
whether your computer already has one, look for a network port on the back of the
computer. Network ports resemble phone jacks, but they are slightly larger and have eight
pins inside.
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To see what kind of network adapters may already be installed in your computer.
1. Click the Start, and then click Control Panel
2. Under or pick a Control Panel icon, click Network Connections
3. Microsoft Windows XP displays your network adapters. If an adapter has a red X

over it, it is disconnected. If the Network Connections window is blank, your
computer doesn't have a network adapter
4. If you already have a network adapter, you are ready to configure your
network.
How to install a wired USB network adapter
Once you have the adapter…
• If your USB network adapter came with software, insert the CD or floppy disk
into your computer, and follow the manufacturer's instructions to install the
software.
• Find an available USB port on your computer.
Note: If you need to move your computer to reach the USB ports,
you should shut down Windows to avoid damaging your computer. If
you can easily reach a USB port, you need not shut down your
computer.
• If you do not have an unused USB port, connect a USB hub to add additional
ports. Then connect your USB network adapter to the unused USB port.
• Connect the network cable to the network adapter.
• Connect the other end of the network cable to your networking equipment.
• If you had to shut down your computer to get to the USB port, you can now
turn on your computer. Windows detects and installs the new hardware, and
then displays a notification informing you that the hardware has been
successfully installed.
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I. Give the functions of the following PPE Use a separate sheet of paper in answering.
• Goggles
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
• Coverall
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
• Apron
_____________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
• Gloves
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Today's computers have faster microprocessors, more memory and bigger hard
drives. When you think about the differences between a Pentium 4 and 386, you have to
conclude the improvement is astounding! But when error attacks your computer you have
to do something for the computers to survive. Here are some of the common faults and
problems that you may encounter:
1. Why computer becomes slow?
• You need more memory.
Don't overlook the obvious. Up until recently not having enough memory wasn't a
problem. With the price of RAM becoming very affordable, most people were filling their
computers with more than enough memory to do the job. If your computer is slow and it
has lower capacity of RAM, you need to add more memory to speed it up.
• Spyware and viruses

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Spyware. It is a software program that is intentionally
installed on the computer by the user to monitor or spy on what
the other users of the same computer is doing.
For this program to be effective, you have to keep up to date. By

up to date, it means up to the minute.
Virus. A software program, macro or script that has been

designed to infect, destroy, modify or cause other problems with
computer or software program.
• Background programs
When you install new software on your computer, often times you install it to run in
the background every time you start up. Most times you do this without knowing it. Look
at the bottom right hand side of your screen.
If you see several icons there, you have extra programs running and stealing resources.
Right click on these and see if you have the option of closing them. Many times, you can
open the program and choose an option to keep these programs from starting
automatically.
• Corrupted registry
Any changes you make to your computer effects and actually, it corrupts your registry
even when you do something positive like remove spyware and you end up with a
corrupted registry.
After months of corrupting your registry, it will become good. This will, in its early
stages, cause your computer to slow down. In its advanced stages, it will freeze and crash
and do more mysterious and troublesome things.
2. After I pressing the Power button...
Nothing happened
• Check mains plug switched on at wall

• PSU may have its own power switch - check this is on
34 | P a g e
• Check PSU-to-Motherboard cable(s) are correctly connected
• Check front panel power switch is correctly connected
• Check Reset button is not stuck 'in'
• Check mains cable fuse
There was a loud bang (possibly with smoke) at the back of the PC Case
• PSU was faulty or set to incorrect voltage for mains supply system. Replace PSU
PC is on but monitor shows no display and a sequence of beeps emits from the PC
• Check fitting of CPU, RAM, Video card, sound card etc. If necessary, remove and
refit these components
• Check the motherboard manual and perform a BIOS reset procedure
• This may indicate a faulty motherboard
PC is on but monitor shows no display and one beep emits from the PC
• Check monitor is switched on at the wall socket

• Check monitor power cable is connected correctly
• Check that the monitor's signal cable is connected correctly to both the PC and
Monitor
• Check that the monitor is switched on at its front panel
• This may indicate a faulty video card
PC is on but there are no power and/or HDD lights on the PC case front panel
• Check correct connection of front panel connectors to the motherboard (see

motherboard manual)
• This 'may' indicate a faulty Motherboard
PC is on but HDD does not spin up
• Check power connector to HDD is properly connected

• Check IDE ribbon cable is correctly connected to both Motherboard and HDD
• This may indicate a faulty Hard Drive
PC is on but CD-ROM shows no lights/will not eject tray
• Check power connector to CD-ROM is properly connected

35 | P a g e
• Check IDE ribbon cable is correctly connected to both Motherboard and CD-ROM
• This may indicate a faulty CD-ROM Drive
PC is on but the CPU fan/fans do not spin
• Disconnect the power immediately to prevent damage to the CPU from overheating
• Check fan power cables are correctly connected to the relevant power connector
(in most cases, a motherboard FAN connector or one of the PSU power connectors)
• Disconnect the power and carefully spin the fan blades with a finger. If there is any
resistance to this movement, this may indicate a faulty fan unit
On boot up, the monitor shows corrupted display
• Check seating of CPU, RAM, Video card, sound card

etc. If necessary, remove and refit these
components
• Check the motherboard manual and perform a BIOS
reset procedure
• This may indicate a faulty Motherboard or Video
card
On boot up, display shows incorrect CPU type/speed
• Check the motherboard manual for the appropriate CPU jumper settings (where
applicable)
• Check BIOS settings for CPU type (see Motherboard Manual)
• Perform a BIOS reset procedure
• Perform a BIOS update (with an updated BIOS, the Motherboard may support your
CPU)
• This may indicate a faulty/old motherboard
On boot up, display shows incorrect RAM total
• Check correct seating of Memory Modules in slots

• In cases of two or more modules, this may indicate a faulty module
• This may indicate a faulty/old motherboard
On boot up, display shows - FDD/Keyboard/Mouse not found (or similar)
• Check correct connection of device described, In the case of the FDD, check its
ribbon and power connections
• Check that the BIOS is configured correctly for the device described
• This may indicate a fault with the described device or Motherboard
36 | P a g e
The monitor shows no picture
• Is the power light on?

• Are the cables plugged in?
• Check brightness and contrast settings.
• Swap the monitor with another one, reboot the machine and see if it works. If the
computer works the monitor has probably gone bad. If it still fails to work,
something in the CPU perhaps a video card has gone bad.
Computer displays limited colors.
• Check display options for the monitor usually under control panel under the display
icon. Select at least 256 colors for standard display. If you had 16 color selected,
this may be why your screen displays limited colors. Some programs such as
FastCat require you to set display settings to 256 colors.
Signs of Video Display Troubles
If your screen is completely white or gray and you hear buzzing noises, this could
indicate video card troubles. Before you panic, make sure all cables are secured from
monitor to CPU. Try using another power cord for the monitor to see if this may be the
problem.
If screen appears distorted around the edges and the color does not look right, you
may have incorrect display adapters. Select Start, Settings, and Control Panel. Double click
on System Icon and select Device Manager. You will see a listing of devices. Double click
on Display adapters to view the type. If there is a yellow exclamation point next to device,
there is a conflict. To view conflicts for a certain device, click on the device, select
properties, and select the general tab. There should be a description of the device and
why it is not working properly.
Printer Does Not Print.
• Are all cables connected and is the printer turned on?

• Is the printer online?
• Is there paper in the tray?
• Is the printer an Inkjet/Deskjet or a Laserjet?
• If it's an inkjet, is the ink cartridge out of ink. Remove cartridge, hold up to light or
gently shake it to see if it is empty.
•
Things to Try...
37 | P a g e
Do you have correct print drivers installed? Find print drivers under Device Manager.
• Check to be sure you have correct print drivers installed. Double click on System
Icon and select Device Manager. You will see a listing of devices. Double click on
the Ports button to view the type. If there is a yellow exclamation point next to
device, there is a conflict.
Title: Identifying Common Faults and Errors of Computer
Equipment, Tools and Materials: System Unit, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, Printer
Given the necessary tools, materials and equipment identify the common faults and
errors of computer when you detached the following:
Devices Port
- Keyboard - PS/2
- Mouse - PS/2
- Hard disk - IDE cable
- Floppy disk drive - IDE cable
- CD-Rom drive - IDE cable
38 | P a g e
- RAM chip - Memory slot
List the messages or errors it will prompt you. You will be assessed using the
following criteria:
CRITERIA RATING
• Safety Precautions are observed. 30%
• All the peripherals are properly inspected. 20%
• Standard checking of different peripherals is strictly noted. 30%
• Proper boot-up and shutdown of the computer is observed. 20%
Total: 100%
What is a Network?
A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share
resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow electronic
communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone
lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
The three basic types of networks include:
• Local Area Network (LAN)

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
39 | P a g e
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
Advantages of Installing a Network
• Speed. Networks provide a very rapid method for sharing and transferring files.
Without a network, files are shared by copying them to floppy disks, then carrying
or sending the disks from one computer to another. This method of transferring
files (referred to as sneaker-net) is very time-consuming.
• Cost. Network cable versions of many popular software programs are available at
considerable savings when compared to buying individually licensed copies. Besides
monetary savings, sharing a program on a network allows for easier upgrading of
the program. The changes have to be done only once, on the file server, instead of
on all the individual workstations.
• Security. Files and programs on a network can be designated as "copy inhibit," so
that you do not have to worry about illegal copying of programs. Also, passwords
can be established for specific directories to restrict access to authorized users.
• Centralized Software Management. One of the greatest benefits of installing a
network is the fact that all of the software can be loaded on one computer (the file
server). This eliminates that need to spend time and energy installing updates and
tracking files on independent computers throughout the building.
• Resource Sharing. Sharing resources is another area in which a network exceeds
stand-alone computers. Most establishments cannot afford enough laser printers,
fax machines, modems, scanners, and CD-ROM players for each computer.
However, if these or similar peripherals are added to a network, they can be shared
by many users.
• Electronic Mail. The presence of a network provides the hardware necessary to
install an e-mail system. E-mail aids in personal and professional communication for
all school personnel, and it facilitates the dissemination of general information to
the entire school staff. Electronic mail on a LAN can enable students to
communicate with teachers and peers at their own school. If the LAN is connected
to the Internet, students can communicate with others throughout the world.
• Flexible Access. School networks allow students to access their files from
computers throughout the school. Students can begin an assignment in their
classroom, save part of it on a public access area of the network, and then go to the
media center after school to finish their work. Students can also work cooperatively
through the network.
• Workgroup Computing. Workgroup software (such as Microsoft BackOffice) allows
many users to work on a document or project concurrently. For example, educators
located at various schools within a county could simultaneously contribute their
ideas about new curriculum standards to the same document and spreadsheets.
40 | P a g e
Disadvantages of Installing a School Network
• Expensive to Install. Although a network will generally save money over time, the
initial costs of installation can be prohibitive. Cables, network cards, and software
are expensive, and the installation may require the services of a technician.
• Requires Administrative Time. Proper maintenance of a network requires
considerable time and expertise. Many schools have installed a network, only to
find that they did not budget for the necessary administrative support.
• File Server May Fail. Although a file server is no more susceptible to failure than
any other computer, when the files server "goes down," the entire network may
come to a halt. When this happens, the entire school may lose access to necessary
programs and files.
• Cables May Break. Some of the configurations are designed to minimize the
inconvenience of a broken cable; with other configurations, one broken cable can
stop the entire network.
What is a Protocol?
A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communications between computers on

a network. These rules include guidelines that regulate the following characteristics of a
network: access method, allowed physical topologies, types of cabling, and speed of data
transfer.
The most common protocols are:
• Ethernet
• Local Talk
• Token Ring
• FDDI
• ATM
What is Networking Hardware?
Networking hardware includes all computers, peripherals, interface cards and other
equipment needed to perform data-processing and communications within the network.
CLICK on the terms below to learn more about those pieces of networking hardware.
41 | P a g e
This section provides information on the following components:
• File Servers
• Workstations
• Network Interface Cards
• Switches
• Repeaters
• Bridges
• Routers
File Servers
A file server stands at the heart of most networks. It is a very fast computer with a
large amount of RAM and storage space, along with a fast network interface card. The
network operating system software resides on this computer, along with any software
applications and data files that need to be shared.
Workstations
All of the user computers connected to a network are called workstations. A typical
workstation is a computer that is configured with a network interface card, networking
software, and the appropriate cables. Workstations do not necessarily need floppy disk
drives because files can be saved on the file server. Almost any computer can serve as a
network workstation.
Network Interface Cards
The network interface card (NIC) provides the physical connection between the
network and the computer workstation. Most NICs are internal, with the card fitting into
an expansion slot inside the computer. Some computers, such as Mac Classics, use external
boxes which are attached to a serial port or a SCSI port. Laptop computers can now be
purchased with a network interface card built-in or with network cards that slip into a
PCMCIA slot.
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Network interface cards are a major factor in determining the speed and
performance of a network. It is a good idea to use the fastest network card available for
the type of workstation you are using.
Switch
A concentrator is a device that provides a central connection point for cables from
workstations, servers, and peripherals. In a star topology, twisted-pair wire is run from
each workstation to a central switch/hub. Most switches are active, that is they electrically
amplify the signal as it moves from one device to another. Switches no longer broadcast
network packets as hubs did in the past, they memorize addressing of computers and send
the information to the correct location directly. Switches are:
• Usually configured with 8, 12, or 24 RJ-45 ports

• Often used in a star or star-wired ring topology
• Sold with specialized software for port management
• Also called hubs
• Usually installed in a standardized metal rack that also may store net modems,
bridges, or routers
Repeaters
Since a signal loses strength as it passes along a cable, it is often necessary to boost
the signal with a device called a repeater. The repeater electrically amplifies the signal it
receives and rebroadcasts it. Repeaters can be separate devices or they can be
incorporated into a concentrator. They are used when the total length of your network
cable exceeds the standards set for the type of cable being used.
Bridges
A bridge is a device that allows you to segment a large network into two smaller,
more efficient networks. If you are adding to an older wiring scheme and want the new
network to be up-to-date, a bridge can connect the two.
A bridge monitors the information traffic on both sides of the network so that it can
pass packets of information to the correct location. Most bridges can "listen" to the
network and automatically figure out the address of each computer on both sides of the
bridge. The bridge can inspect each message and, if necessary, broadcast it on the other
side of the network.
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The bridge manages the traffic to maintain optimum performance on both sides of
the network. You might say that the bridge is like a traffic cop at a busy intersection during
rush hour. It keeps information flowing on both sides of the network, but it does not allow
unnecessary traffic through. Bridges can be used to connect different types of cabling, or
physical topologies. They must, however, be used between networks with the same
protocol.
Routers
A router translates information from one network to another; it is similar to a super

intelligent bridge. Routers select the best path to route a message, based on the
destination address and origin. The router can direct traffic to prevent head-on collisions,
and is smart enough to know when to direct traffic along back roads and shortcuts.
If you have a school LAN that you want to connect to the Internet, you will need to
purchase a router. In this case, the router serves as the translator between the information
on your LAN and the Internet. It also determines the best route to send the data over the
Internet. Routers can:
• Direct signal traffic efficiently

• Route messages between any two protocols
• Route messages between linear bus, star, and star-wired ring topologies
• Route messages across fiber optic, coaxial, and twisted-pair cabling
What is Network Cabling?
Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network
device to another. There are several types of cable which are commonly used with LANs. In
some cases, a network will utilize only one type of cable, other networks will use a variety
of cable types. The type of cable chosen for a network is related to the network's topology,
protocol, and size. Understanding the characteristics of different types of cable and how
they relate to other aspects of a network is necessary for the development of a successful
network.
The following sections discuss the types of cables used in networks and other related
topics.
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
• Coaxial Cable
• Fiber Optic Cable
• Wireless LANs
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Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties: shielded and unshielded. Unshielded
twisted pair (UTP) is the most popular and is generally the best option for school networks
(See fig. 1).
Unshielded twisted pair
Categories of Unshielded Twisted Pair
Type Use
Category 1 Voice Only (Telephone Wire)
Category 2 Data to 4 Mbps (Local Talk)
Category 3 Data to 10 Mbps (Ethernet)
Category 4 Data to 20 Mbps (16 Mbps Token Ring)
Category 5 Data to 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet)
Unshielded Twisted Pair Connector
The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector.
This is a plastic connector that looks like a large telephone-style connector. A slot allows
the RJ-45 to be inserted only one way. RJ stands for Registered Jack, implying that the
connector follows a standard borrowed from the telephone industry. This standard
designates which wire goes with each pin inside the connector.
45 | P a g e
RJ-45 connector
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be susceptible to radio and electrical frequency

interference. Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for environments with electrical
interference; however, the extra shielding can make the cables quite bulky. Shielded
twisted pair is often used on networks using Token Ring topology.
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides
insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield. The metal shield
helps to block any outside interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and other
computers.
Coaxial cable
Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal

interference. In addition, it can support greater cable lengths between network devices
than twisted pair cable. The two types of coaxial cabling are thick coaxial and thin coaxial.
Wireless LANs
Not all networks are connected with cabling; some networks are wireless. Wireless
LANs use high frequency radio signals, infrared light beams, or lasers to communicate
between the workstations and the file server or hubs. Each workstation and file server on a
wireless network has some sort of transceiver/antenna to send and receive the data.
Information is relayed between transceivers as if they were physically connected. For
longer distance, wireless communications can also take place through cellular telephone
technology, microwave transmission, or by satellite.
46 | P a g e
Wireless networks are great for allowing laptop computers or remote computers to
connect to the LAN. Wireless networks are also beneficial in older buildings where it may
be difficult or impossible to install cables.
What is a Network Operating System?
Unlike operating systems, such as DOS and Windows, that are designed for single
users to control one computer, network operating systems (NOS) coordinate the activities
of multiple computers across a network. The network operating system acts as a director
to keep the network running smoothly.
The two major types of network operating systems are:
• Peer-to-Peer
• Client/Server
Peer-to-Peer
Peer-to-peer network operating systems allow users to share resources and files
located on their computers and to access shared resources found on other computers.
However, they do not have a file server or a centralized management source. In a peer-to-
peer network, all computers are considered equal; they all have the same abilities to use
the resources available on the network. Peer-to-peer networks are designed primarily for
small to medium local area networks. AppleShare and Windows for Workgroups are
examples of programs that can function as peer-to-peer network operating systems.
Peer-to-peer network
Advantages of a peer-to-peer network:
• Less initial expense - No need for a dedicated server.

• Setup - An operating system (such as Windows XP) already in place may only need
to be reconfigured for peer-to-peer operations.
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Disadvantages of a peer-to-peer network:
• Decentralized - No central repository for files and applications.

• Security - Does not provide the security available on a client/server network.
Client/Server
Client/server network operating systems allow the network to centralize functions

and applications in one or more dedicated file servers. The file servers become the heart of
the system, providing access to resources and providing security. Individual workstations
(clients) have access to the resources available on the file servers. The network operating
system provides the mechanism to integrate all the components of the network and allow
multiple users to simultaneously share the same resources irrespective of physical location.
Novell Netware and Windows 2000 Server are examples of client/server network operating
systems.
Client/server network
Advantages of a client/server network:
• Centralized - Resources and data security are controlled through the server.
• Scalability - Any or all elements can be replaced individually as needs increase.
• Flexibility - New technology can be easily integrated into system.
• Interoperability - All components (client/network/server) work together.
• Accessibility - Server can be accessed remotely and across multiple platforms.
Disadvantages of a client/server network:
• Expense - Requires initial investment in dedicated server.

• Maintenance - Large networks will require a staff to ensure efficient operation.
• Dependence - When server goes down, operations will cease across the network.
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UTP Cable
A UTP cable (category 5) is one of the most popular LAN cables. This cable consists
of 4 twisted pairs of metal wires (that means there are 8 wires in the cable). Adding RJ45
connectors at both ends of the UTP cable it becomes a LAN cable they usually use.
Preparation
You need a UTP Cable, Crimping Tool, RJ45, and Cutter
Making Cable
Follow the steps below.
49 | P a g e
1. Remove the outmost vinyl shield for 12mm at one end of the cable (we call this side
A-side).
2. Arrange the metal wires in parallel (refer the each section's wire arrangement
table). Don't remove the shield of each metal line.
3. Insert the metal wires into RJ45 connector on keeping the metal wire arrangement.
4. Set the RJ45 connector (with the cable) on the pliers, and squeeze it tightly.
5. Make the other side of the cable (we call this side B-side) in the same way.
6. After you made it, you don't need to take care of the direction of the cable. (Any
cable in this page is directionless --- that means you can set either end of the cable
to either device.)
How to see the wire arrangement
Take the UTP cable with your left hand and a RJ45 connector with your right hand.
Hold the RJ45 connector in the way you can see the contact metal face of the RJ45
connector.
The tables below are for the case where the UTP cable consists of green/green-white,
orange/orange-white, blue/blue-white, brown/brown-white twisted pairs.
10 Base T / 100 Base T Straight
10BaseT and 100BaseT are most common mode of LAN. You can use UTP category-
5 cable for both mode. (You can use UTP category-3 cable for 10BaseT, in which there are
only 3 wires inside the cable.)
A straight cable is used to connect a computer to a hub. You can use it to connect 2
50 | P a g e
hubs in the case one of the hubs has an uplink port (and you use normal port on the other
hub).
Pin ID side A side B
1 orange-white orange-white
2 orange orange
3 green-white green-white
4 blue blue
5 blue-white blue-white
6 green green
7 brown-white brown-white
8 brown brown
10 Base T / 100 Base T Cross

A cross cable for 10BaseT and 100BaseT is used to connect 2 computers directly
(with ONLY the UTP cable). It is also used when you connect 2 hubs with a normal port on
both hubs. (In other words, the cross cable is used relatively in a rare case.)
Pin ID side A side B
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1 orange-white green-white
2 orange green
3 green-white orange-white
4 blue blue
5 blue-white blue-white
6 green orange
7 brown-white brown-white
8 brown brown
To create a peer network, you must have the following components:
A network interface or Local Area Network (LAN) adapter for each computer. The same
•
manufacturer and model of network card is preferred.
• Cabling that is supported by the network cards.
• Windows 98 drivers for the network cards.
• A common network protocol.
• A unique computer name for each computer.
To create a peer network, follow these steps for each computer connected to the network:
1. Shut down the computer and install the network card and appropriate
cabling for each computer.
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NOTE: For information about how to configure your network adapters and physically
connect your computers, consult the documentation included with your network
adapters or contact the manufacturer(s) of your network adapters.
2. Start Windows and install the network drivers. Windows may detect your network card
and install the drivers when you start the computer. If the network card drivers are not
included with Windows, follow the manufacturer's instructions about how to install the
network drivers.
3. Choose a client and a common protocol for each computer. To do this, follow these
steps:
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click
Network.
.
b. Click Add, click Client, and then click Add.
c. In the Manufacturers box, click the appropriate manufacturer, click the

appropriate client in the Network Clients box, and then click OK.
d. Click Add, click Protocol, and then click Add.
e. In the Manufacturers box, click the appropriate manufacturer, click the

appropriate protocol in the Network Protocol box, and then click OK.
4. Configure a peer server. Each computer that is configured for File and Printer Sharing
can act as a server. To configure a computer for File and Printer Sharing, use the following
steps:
.
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click Network.
b. Click File and Print Sharing, click one or both options to share files and printers,
click OK, and then click OK again.
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c. Click Yes when you are prompted to restart your computer.
5. Give each computer a unique computer name. To do this, use the following steps:
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click
Network.
b. On the Identification tab, type a unique name in the Computer name box.
c. Click OK, and then click Yes when you are prompted to restart your
computer.
NOTE: The computer name must be unique for each computer on the
network and should be no more than 15 characters in length. In small
networks, the workgroup name should be the same for each computer so
that all computers are visible in the same workgroup when browsing. You
should not use spaces or the following characters in computer and
workgroup names:
Windows XP Networking
As in previous versions of Windows, Windows XP provides a wizard for network

connection setup. Wizards break down a task into individual steps and guide the user
through the steps one at a time.
The Windows XP New Connection Wizard supports two basic types of Internet
connections, dialup and broadband.
To access the network connection setup wizard in Windows XP, navigate through
the Start menu to the Connect To and Show all connections options as shown below.
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The same feature is also accessible via the Network Connections icon in Control
Panel.
Choosing either of the above options causes a new window to appear on the
desktop as shown below. On the right, this window displays icons for any pre-existing
connections. The Create a new connection option on the left allows new connections to be
set up.
Types of Windows XP Network

Connection Setup
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Clicking the Create a new connection option from the Network Connections dialog
activates the wizard as shown below.
Clicking Next presents the user with three main choices for Internet and private
network setup as shown below.
The Connect to the Internet option supports several types of Internet connection
setup. This option allows the user to choose from a list of ISPs, use a setup CD-ROM
provided by their ISP, or set up a connection manually.
Connect to the network at my workplace supports client-side set up of both dialup

remote access and VPN services.
The Set up an advanced connection option supports serial, parallel and infrared
port networking setups. This option also allows the user to enable certain types of
incoming network connections.
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Setting up an Internet Connection
The Getting Ready page presents three choices as shown below:
The Choose from a list of Internet Service Providers option gives instructions for
setting up an account with an ISP, then making the Internet connection through that new
account.
The Set up my connection manually option sets up connections for accounts that
have already been opened with an ISP (username and password are ready for use).
The Use the CD I got from an ISP option should be used when possessing an
installation CD-ROM from one of the service providers.
By default the first option Get online with MSN (Microsoft Network) is selected. To
set up a new connection to MSN, click Finish. To set up a new connection to various other
ISPs, change the radio button selection to the second option and then click Finish.
MSN Internet Connection Setup
After choosing MSN and clicking Finish, the Windows XP network connection wizard
closes and a new window opens as shown below.
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This window leads to the MSN Explorer Wizard. Answering Yes to this question
creates a key in the Windows Registry that allows access to MSN email from the Windows
XP Start Menu. Answering No to this question skips that step. After answering either Yes or
No, the MSN wizard launches automatically.
The MSN wizard sets up an MSN account and dial-up Internet connection but
require a working phone line connected to a working modem.
Other ISP Internet Connection Setup
After choosing an alternate ISP and clicking Finish, the Windows XP network connection
wizard closes and a new Windows Explorer window opens as shown below.
The first shortcut launches the MSN window shown above. The second shortcut
launches a new Internet Connection Wizard. This wizard dials a public phone number to
obtain a list of ISP referrals from Microsoft. Obviously, this wizard will provide a limited list
of service providers and not necessarily the best ones for each individual's needs.
These shortcuts, installed in C:\Program Files\Online Services, can be accessed at

any time from Windows Explorer. It is not necessary to navigate through the Windows XP
network connection wizard to execute them.
This wizard assumes an account has been opened previously. Manual connections
require the username (account name) and password from a working ISP service. Dial-up
connections also require a telephone number; broadband connections do not.
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The next step presents three options for creating a manual connection.
The Connect using a dial-up modem option works for phone line Internet services
(either traditional dial-up or ISDN).
The Connect using a broadband connection that requires a user name and
password option works for DSL or cable modem Internet services that use PPPoE.
The Connect using a broadband connection that is always on option works for true
"always on" DSL or cable modem services (those that do not require a
username/password) as specified in their service agreement.
Microsoft added this option for informational purposes only. Service providers
normally create their setup CDs to include all of the necessary setup data for an operating
system in a self-contained package. Therefore, clicking Finish has no effect other than to
exit the wizard.
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Setting XP Network Connection
Equipment, Tools and Materials Required:
- UTP cables
- 4 Computer units
- 1 hub
Given the following materials, set-up a network connection on four computers.
CRITERIA PASSED FAILED
• Safety Precautions are observed.

• All the UTP are properly connected to the computer and
hub.
• Computers are properly connected and seen in the
network.
• Proper boot-up and shutdown of the computer is observed.
Total:
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Accident reports may contain the following details:
• Name of person injured

• Date and Time of accident
• Type of Injury
• First Aid given
• Action taken to prevent further accidents.
With this kind of report, the teacher and the students could see what type of
accident mostly occur on their place that they could already prevent it from coming.
Sample Accident Report
ACCIDENT, DANGEROUS OCCURRENCE AND INCIDENT REPORT
Name: _______________________________ Date: ________________

Year & Section: ______________________
A. Subject of Report
(Please tick the box)
• Injury
• Dangerous occurrence
• Damage to equipment
• Accidents/incidents with the potential to injure or cause damage
• Health Condition
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B. Place, Date, Time:
Exact location of event: ___________________________________

Time of event: ____________________________________________
Teacher-in-charge at the time of event: ___________________
C. Nature of Injury:
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
D. First Aid Treatment:

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Checked by: ____________________________
I. Simulation
1. Group yourselves into six.

2. Show some situation where it can lead to an unwanted accidental event.
Show the class on how you would come up with this.
5 - Excellently performed
4 - Very Satisfactorily performed
3 - Satisfactorily performed
2 - Fairly performed
1 - Poorly performed
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II. Make an Accident Report that you may encounter inside the computer laboratory.

Learning Outcome 3: Analyze and try-out the configured computer system.
1. Another round of inspection and test following the specified manufacturer’s instruction
is carried out.
2. Safe operation of the network and system is assured guaranteed 100%.
References:
• Introduction to PC Hardware and Troubleshooting by Mike Myers
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• http://support.microsoft.com
You have learned from Information Sheet #2.2.6 how to configure a Peer-to-Peer
network and XP connection with Internet. Now to check if the LAN connection is really
working, you must try to share your resources and accessed shared resources of other
computer. Make sure that you follow the standard operating procedures in configuring
network to achieve successful operation.
Sharing Resources and Accessing Shared Resources
1. Open My Computer, double-click

the C: drive, and create a new
folder on the C: drive. Name it
Shared. Right-click the Shared
folder and select Properties.
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2. In the Shared Properties dialog box,
select the Sharing tab. Notice that the. Select
the Share This Folder button. Type the Share
Name. Click Apply and the computer you are
linked to should be able to view your Shared
folder.
3. Right-click My Network Places, which

should be located on your desktop. Select
Properties. Right-click your connection (look for a name like Local Area Connection) and
again select Properties. In your Local Area Connection Properties dialog box, select File and
Print Sharing for Microsoft Networks and click OK. If you don’t see an option for File and
Print Sharing, click Install and select a service and then click Add. Now select the File and
Print Sharing option.
4. Open My Network Places- double-click the icon- and select the Entire Network option
under Other Places at the left of the window. In the main (right-hand) pane, you should see
one or more options. Double-click the Microsoft Windows Network icon.
Local Disk (C:\PC 1)
5. You’re now at the main network screen, where you should see what’s called a
workgroup. A workgroup is a basic group of computers connected to the same Ethernet
65 | P a g e
network. Double-click the workgroup to see all the computers connected to your Ethernet
network.
At this point, you can access any of the other computers and see what folders they
have shared. If you don’t see any computer but your own, just wait a few minutes and
refresh your screen. Then it’s time to troubleshoot the network problems.
In a network, other peripherals such as printer and faxes could also be shared. You could
use one computer in a network of 10 computers. Click the Print command, when the dialog
box appears click Find Printer. Then click Browse. Find the location of the printer you will
use.
If you don’t have any printer installed in your computer, here’s the step on how:
TO ADD A PRINTER:
1. Click Start button, then point to Printer and Faxes.
66 | P a g e
2. A window will be displayed showing Click Add a Printer on the Taskpane (if there are
printers already installed).
3. To continue, click Next.
4. Select what kind of printer you are going to connect, Local printer or Network printer.
67 | P a g e
5. Select Printer port.
6. Below Manufacturer, Click on the name of the printer's manufacturer. Manufacturers

are listed in alphabetical order and you may have to click on the little down arrow until
the manufacturer's name appears in the list.
Below Model, Click on the model of the printer you will be using. Model names are
listed in alphabetical order and you may need to click on the little down arrow until the
model name appears in the list.
Note: You can often find the manufacturer and model names by looking on the printer
itself.
7. Click the Next button. Windows will check to see if it has the software necessary to
communicate with the printer (the software your computer needs to communicate
with devices like printers, monitors, and disk drives is known as a driver). If so, it will
install the software automatically.
Note: If you receive a message saying that Windows was unable to locate the
necessary files, you will need to get the necessary software before continuing.
Most often, the printer manufacturer's Web site will have a section called
Drivers, from which you can download the software necessary to use their products. If you
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are unable to locate the software on the manufacturer's Web site, inquire within your
department to see if someone is in possession of a software installation disk for the
printer. Once you have obtained the necessary software, click here for instructions on
installing a driver.
• Assign your Printer name. Click Next. If you want to test page, click Yes. Click Next.
9. Then Finish. Right-click on the printer you installed. Click Set as Default.
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Writing an Accomplishment Report
Accomplishment Report is done when you have finished a certain job. This report
may be in narrative or tabular form.
Sample of an Accomplishment Report
ACCOMPLISHMENT REPORT
Name: ___________________________ Date:_________________
Assigned Task Working Properly Not Working Connected in a

Network
PC 1 √ √
PC 2 √ √
PC 3 √
Printer √ √
Accessing Printer in a Network
Materials, Equipments:
- Computer Units
- Hub
- Printer
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• Given the following materials and equipments, access one document file on other
computer in a network.
• Print the file you open with the use of the network printer.
• Make an Accomplishment Report on this operation.
CRITERIA RATING
• Computers are connected in the network. 30%
• All the peripherals are properly inspected. 20%
• Shared files are located and opened a document in the 30%

computer.
• Accessed file has been printed. 20%
Total: 100%
Self-Check# 6.1.2
1. Internet
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2. Intranet
3. GAN
4. WAN
5. MAN
6. Topology
7. Network
8. LAN
9. Star topology
10. Ring topology
Self-Check# 6.1.3
• tweezers
• magnifying glass
• multi-tester
• side-cutter pliers
• soldering iron
• cable tie
• Computer Storage device
• adapter
• manuals
• long nose pliers
Self-Check #6.2.1
Googles
PC HARDWARE
- used SERVICING
to prevent tiny particles from entering our eyes
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Coverall
-worn to prevent the body or clothes from any types of dirt
Apron
-also worn to protect the body from dirt
Gloves
-used in handling objects without hurting the hands.
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Page
How to Use this Module ..................................................................................................................... ii
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... iii
Technical Terms ................................................................................................................................. iv
Learning Outcome # 1 ........................................................................................................................ 1
Information Sheet # 7.1.1 .................................................................................................................. 2
Operation Sheet # 7.1.1 ..................................................................................................................... 8
Learning Outcome # 2 ........................................................................................................................ 9
Information Sheet # 7.2.1 ................................................................................................................ 11
Self Check # 7.2.1 ............................................................................................................................. 14
Operation Sheet # 7.2.2 ................................................................................................................... 20
Self check # 7.2.2 ............................................................................................................................. 22
Operation Sheet # 7.2.3 ................................................................................................................... 30
Learning Outcome # 3 ...................................................................................................................... 31
Job Sheet # 7.3.1. ............................................................................................................................. 33
Answer keys ..................................................................................................................................... 37
1|Page
Welcome to the Module “Maintaining of Computer System and Networks”. This module
contains training materials and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency “Maintain Computer System and Networks” contains

knowledge, skills and attitudes required for a Computer Hardware Servicing NC II course.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete

each of the learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome there are
Information Sheets, Job Sheets, Operation Sheets, and Activity Sheets. Follow these
activities on your own and answer the Self-Check at the end of each learning activity.
If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.
You may already have some of the knowledge and skills covered in this module
because you have:
o already have completed training in this area.
If you can demonstrate to your teacher that you are competent in a particular skill
or skills, talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you don’t have to do he
same training again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous
trainings show it to your teacher. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant to
this module, they may become part of the evidence you can present for RPL. If you are not
sure about the currency of your skills, discuss it with your teacher.
After completing this module ask your teacher to assess your competency. Result of
your assessment will be recorded in your competency profile. All the learning activities are
designed for you to complete at your own pace.
Inside this module you will find the activities for you to complete followed by
relevant information sheets for each learning outcome. Each learning outcome may have
more than one learning activity.
2|Page
Course : Computer Hardware Servicing NC II
Unit of Competency : Maintain Computer System and Networks
Module : Maintaining Computer Systems and Networks
INTRODUCTION
This module contains information and suggested learning activities on Computer

Hardware Servicing NC II. It includes the following competencies: plan and prepare
maintenance procedures; maintain computer system and networks; and inspect and test
computer system and networks.
It consists of 3 learning outcomes. Each learning outcome contains learning

activities supported by each instructional sheet. Upon completion of this module, report to
your teacher for assessment of what you achieved in terms of knowledge and skills
requirement in this module. If you pass the assessment, you will be given a certificate of
completion.
LO1. Plan and prepare maintenance procedures
LO2. Maintain computer system and networks
LO3. Inspect and test computer system and networks
PRE-REQUISITES:
You must have completed module 5 “Diagnose and Troubleshoot Computer

System” and module 6 “Configure Computer Systems and Networks” before studying this
module.
3|Page
 OHS – Occupational Health and Safety
 Port hub /Port – is a connector on the back of a computer or other device. A port is
either a serial port or a parallel port.
 Modem - (Modulator-Demodulator) The modem is a device that allows a given
computer to share data or otherwise a device which let computers exchange
information
 USB – (Universal Serial Port)
 Scanner- is an input device that read text or illustration printed on paper, translates
the information into a form that a computer can use.
 Printer - is a piece of hardware that produces a paper copy (also known as ‘hardcopy’)
of the information generated by the computer.
 Flash drive – a portable storage device which is plug directly to the USB port.
 Network – a group of computers and associated devices that are connected by

communications facilities.
 OS (Operating system) software that controls the allocation and use of programs and
data that a computer uses.
 Software – programs and data that a computer uses.
 Maintenance - is the testing and cleaning of equipment.
 Planning – is both the organizational process of creating and maintaining a plan; and
the psychological process of thinking about the activities required to create a desired
future on some scale
 Computer System - The complete computer made up of the CPU, memory and related
electronics (main cabinet), all the peripheral devices connected to it and its operating
system. Computer systems fall into two broad divisions: clients and servers. Client
machines fall into three categories from low to high end: laptop, desktop and
workstation. Servers range from small to large: low-end servers, midrange servers and
mainframes.
 Defragmentation – the process of reorganizing and rewriting files so that they occupy
one large continuous area on your hard disk.
 CRT – (Cathode Ray Tube) A display device used in computer monitors and television
sets.
 Boot sector – The part of the formatted disk containing the operating system loading a
program.
 Virus – A program intended to damage your computer system without your
knowledge and permission.
4|Page
Course : Computer Hardware Servicing NC II
Module : Maintaining Computer System and Networks
Learning Outcome 1: Plan and Prepare Maintenance Procedures
1. Planning and preparing for maintenance task is organized as a prerequisite.

2. OHS policies are carried out along with the task.
3. Computer system is regularly checked in compliance with maintenance procedures.
4. Appropriate materials are used for ensuring work delivery that conforms with task
specifications.
5. Proper tools, equipment and testing devices for maintenance purposes are
obtained and checked against correct operation and safety.
6. Computer system and network are maintained based on the manual instructions
References:
1. Bigelow, Stephen J., PC Technician’s Troubleshooting, McGraw Hill

2. Kelly,DianneRose, Computer Maintenance and Troubleshooting Handbook Rose
Nelson WEB: http://home.comcast.net/~
3. Sandler,Corey, Fix Your Own PC,MIS Press
4. Kuhlman, Dave, dkuhlman@rexx.com
http://www.rexx.com/~dkuhlman Dave Kuhlman. This documentation is
covered by The MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license
5. Meyers,Mike,Introduction to PC Hardware and Troubleshooting,McgrawHill
6. www.eserviceinfo.com
7. http:/csd/2.computer.org
8. http:/sevier.com/wps
9. www.yahoo.com
5|Page
Plan and Prepare Maintenance Procedures
Introduction:
Planning and preparing systematic maintenance procedure save time, money and
frustration. It is a good idea and opportunity to learn the proper care and maintenance of
your computer.
PC maintenance is an important topic for anyone who owns a PC. Looking after your
PC properly ensures you of trouble-free use. Regular PC maintenance also keeps the
machine’s performance optimal.
A. Plan Maintenance Procedures for Computer System and Networking.
1. Design a systematic maintenance plan for hardware.
• Design a monitoring, evaluating and updating plan.

• Place your computer in a well-ventilated area.
• Schedule use of computer for its longer life.
• Move the computer only when it is turned off and unplugged.
• Treat your computer properly.
• Maintain your hard disk
2. Design a systematic maintenance plan for your software.
• Backup your files

• Install or secure passwords
• Delete temporary files
• Update anti-virus and spy ware
6|Page
MONTHLY COMPUTER MAINTENANCE PLAN
JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
Anti virus
software
checkups
Disk space
utilization
Defragmentation
of hard drives
Troubleshoot
hardware and
software issues
TYPES OF MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE:
(1) Hardware maintenance is the testing and cleaning of equipment.
(2) Information system maintenance is the routine updating of master files, such as
adding and deleting employees and customers and changing credit limits and product
prices.
(3) Software or program maintenance is the updating of application programs in order to

meet changing information requirements, such as adding new functions and changing
data formats. It also includes fixing bugs and adapting the software to new hardware
devices.
(4) Disk or file maintenance is the periodic reorganizing of disk files that have become
fragmented due to continuous updating.
7|Page
Work place procedures
• Identify hazards and assess risk.

• Execution of OHS policies are carried out along with the task.
Following certain procedure is very important to perform a given operation or

evolution or in reaction to a given event. The table below shows different elements and
their corresponding performance criteria to be able to identify occupational health and
safety hazards, and assess risk, as well as follow instructions and procedure in the
workplace with minimal supervision. The students will also be capable of participating and
contributing to OHS management issues.
ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
1. Identify hazards and assess risk. 1.1 Identify hazards in the work area and
during the performance of
workplace duties.
1.2 Assess level of risk
2. Follow procedures and 2.1 Report hazards in the work area to

strategies for risk control. designated personnel according to
workplace procedures
2.2 Follow workplace procedures and
work instructions for assessing and
controlling risks with minimal
supervision.
2.3 Whenever necessary, within the scope
of responsibilities and
competencies, follow workplace
procedures for dealing with hazards
and incidents, fire and/or other
emergencies.
8|Page
ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
3. Contribute to OHS in the 3.1 Describe employee’s rights regarding

workplace. consultation on OH&S matters
3.2 Raise task and/or job specific OH&S
issues with appropriate people in
accordance with workplace
procedures and relevant OH&S
legislative requirements
3.3 Contribute to participative
arrangement for OH&S management
in the workplace within
organisational procedures and the
scope of responsibilities and
competencies
3.4 Provide feedback to supervisor on
hazards in work area in line with
organisational OH&S policies and
procedures
3.5 Provide support in implementing
procedures to control risks in
accordance with organisational
procedures
Examples of OHS issues which may  Identified Hazards
need to be raised by workers with  Problems encountered in managing
designated personnel may include: risks associated with hazards
 Clarification on understanding of OHS
policies and procedures
 Communication and consultation
processes
 Follow up on reports and feedback.
 Effectiveness of risk controls in place
 Training needs
9|Page
Materials, Tools, Equipment and Testing Devices.
Programming Tools
(1) Programming tools are used for software development or system maintenance.
Virtually, any program or utility that helps programmers or users develop
applications or maintain their computers can be called a tool. Examples of
programming tools are compilers, interpreters, assemblers, 4GLs, editors,
debuggers and application generators.
(2) Programming tools help the user analyze or search for data. For example, query
and report programs are often called query tools and report tools.
(3) An on-screen function in a graphics program; for example, line draw, circle draw or
brush tool.
(4) A software control panel for setting user preferences.
(5) Sometimes people will call any software a "tool." For example, the phrase, "there
aren't any tools to do that job" means that no application is available to perform
the required processing.
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Equipment/Facilities Tools & Instruments Supplies & Materials
Server Protective eye wear Floppy disk
Computer peripherals Wire stripper with cutter Compact Disk
Desktop computers Pliers(Assorted)
OHS guidelines Screw drivers (Assorted)
Phil. Environmental Soldering iron/gun

protection standards
De-soldering tool
Monitors
Flashlight
Motherboard
Tweezers
Power supply
Mirrors
Network device and
Antistatic wrist wrap
cablings
LAN Tester
Hubs
Crimping tool
Switches
Software installer
LAN Cards
Work bench
Printers and
Magnifying glass
Scanners
Routers
USB Flash Drives
11 | P a g e
Plan and Prepare Maintenance Procedure
1. Prepare/Design a daily maintenance plan for your hardware, ( time allotment: 1 week)
MAINTENANCE TASK MON TUE WED THUR FRI
Recalibrate the battery
Clean computer case
Clean the keyboard
Clean the mouse
Clean the screen
Clean up hard drives
2. Design a systematic daily plan for your software, ( time allotment: 1 week)
MAINTENANCE TASK MON TUE WED THUR FRIDAY
Create an emergency diskette
Check for viruses
Back up files
Defragment hard drive
Scan hard drive for errors
12 | P a g e
Program course : Computer Hardware Servicing NCII
LO.2 : Maintain Computer System and Networks
1. Appropriate personal protective equipment are used in conformity with the
standard procedures.
2. Periodic maintenance of the equipment is performed following manufacturer’s
requirements.
3. Established procedures are followed in case of repair and parts replacements.
4. Accidental events or conditions are responded to in accordance with the
established standards.
Resources:

De-soldering tool
Monitors
Flashlight
Motherboard
Tweezers
Power supply
Mirrors
Network device and
cablings
LAN Tester
Hubs
Crimping tool
Switches
Software installer
LAN Cards
Work bench
Printers and Scanners
Magnifying glass
Routers
13 | P a g e
USB Flash Drives
Reference:
1. McLaughlin,Robert, Sasser,Susan, Ralston,Mary.Fix Your Own PC.Philippine Graphic

Arts, Inc Tandang Sora St.Caloocan City
2. Meralco Faoundation. Microcomputer Servicing Plus. Pasig City, Philippines.
3. Legaspi,Carlos, Caiña, Mark Anthony. Operate A Personal Computer. Dasmariñas
Computer Learning Center.Dasmariñas,Cavite, Philippines
4. Bigelow,Stephen J. PC Technician’s Troubleshooting ,McGaw Hill
5. www.helpwithpcs.com
6. http://en.wikipedia.org
7. www.techsoup.org
8. www.howstuffworks.com
9. www.microsoft.com/technet/network
14 | P a g e
Tools and equipment used to protect the user and the computer system.
Types of personal protective devices
1. Anti-static devices
2. Power surge protectors
3. Personal equipments
ESD (Electro Static Discharge)

-A small amount of static electricity that can destroy small parts of your computer.
Anti-static devices
Devices designed to protect the computer from static electricity.
Examples:
1. Anti-static wrist strap
2. Anti-static mat
3. Anti-static bag
4. Anti-static spray
Power surge protectors

Devices designed to protect the computer from sudden power surges from
intermittent power sources.
Examples:
1. AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulators)
2. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply)
Personal Equipment
1. Small paint brush
2. Screw drivers
3. Pliers and tweezers
4. Compressed air
5. Handheld vacuum
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Periodic Maintenance Scheme
Regular scheduled upkeep of your computer will keep you and your computer in working
smoothly.
Daily Schedule
• Update virus and spyware definitions

• Do incremental backup – back up updated files for each date.
• Reboot upon crash- Reboot the computer to fix your pc upon crash.
Weekly
• Full virus and spyware scan

• Complete backup of files
• Patch up –Get latest software update for your operating system.
Monthly
• Clean your PC inside and out.

• Defrag your hard drive to speed up its operation.
Yearly
• Check your programs – clean up unused programs

• Reformat your hard drive and reinstall the operating system
• Make a full diagnostic check on hardware and software
16 | P a g e
Sample Maintenance scheme
Recommended
Preventive Maintenance Activity Auto?
Frequency
Scan hard disk file systems for errors Daily Yes
Scan for viruses Daily Yes
Back up data Daily No
Clean CRT screen Weekly No
Defragment hard disks Monthly Yes
Scan for hard disk read errors Weekly Yes
Clean mouse Monthly No
Check for full hard disk volumes and
Monthly No
remove unnecessary files
Update virus definition files Monthly Sometimes
Check power protection devices to ensure
Quarterly No
they are still protecting the system
Check power supply fan for ventilation and
Quarterly No
dirt buildup and clean if necessary
Back up CMOS information Quarterly No
Update emergency boot floppies Quarterly No
Clean floppy disk drive internals and Quarterly (depending
No
read/write heads on use)
Annually (or
Check processor temperature, inspect heat
whenever case is No
sink and fan to ensure they are working
opened)
Annually (or
Check hard disk for temperature and
whenever case is No
vibration
opened)
Clean exterior of case Annually No
Clean exterior of monitor Annually No
Check and clean interior, motherboard and
Annually No
expansion cards if necessary
Check internal connections and cables Annually No
Clean keyboard Annually No
17 | P a g e
Answer the following questions
1. For somebody who always works with computers, what personal protective devices
do you usually use? How often do you use them?
2. Computers should be protected from static electricity to prevent component

malfunction. What anti-static devices can you utilize to avoid such malfunction?
18 | P a g e
Cleaning the Mouse
1. Shut down the PC before cleaning the mouse.

2. Roll the mouse over onto its back and remove the ball access slide cover.
3. Wash the mouse ball with water.
4. Inspect the mouse ball’s chamber, for lint, dirt and threads and carefully remove
any you find with tweezers.
5. Blow out the mouse ball chamber with compressed air.
6. If needed, you can use isopropyl alcohol to clean the exterior of the mouse.
7. Reconnect the mouse and restart the computer to give it a complete test
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Cleaning the Monitor
1. Turn off the monitor and unplug it from the power source.
2. Using compressed air, clean away any dust on the top of the monitor’s case.
3. Use a soft cloth and isopropyl alcohol to clean the outside of the monitor.
4. Use an antistatic cleaner to clean the glass of the monitor.
5. Reconnect the monitor and test the performance.
1 2
3 4
20 | P a g e
Procedure in cleaning the keyboard
1. Shut down the computer and turn off the computer.

2. Disconnect the keyboard from the computer and lay it upside-down on a flat, clean
work surface.
3. Remove the screws that hold together the keyboard case.
4. Holding the case together, turn the keyboard over, and then remove the top cover.
Use the compressed gas and/or brush and vacuum to clean out the keys.
5. Taking care not to dislodge any keys, remove the key assembly from the case.
6. If the keyboard has a circuit card attached to the key assembly, remove it and set it
aside.
7. Remove the screws that hold the back metal plate to the key assembly. Put the
screws in a cup or another container so you won’t lose them.
8. Carefully lift off the metal plate. What you find underneath depends on the design
of the keyboard. Carefully lift and clean the contacts on the card with the alcohol
and cloth.
9. Probably, there will be some type of rubber pad between the printed circuit and
the back of the keys. Carefully lift this up and clean any spill residue from the pad as
well as the backs of the keys.
10. Reassemble the pads, printed circuit, circuit card and metal plate, and then turn the
assembly right-side up again.
11. It would be a good idea to remove the keys and clean them, as well. They should
pop off. Just don’t remove more than a few at a time, because you’ll have a real
nightmare to figure out which key go where. Clean under them with the alcohol
and cloth.
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Printer Cleaning
Inkjet Printer
1. Clean the print nozzle regularly. Most inkjet printers have a built-in utility to clean
or unclog the print head nozzles. You should do this regularly, especially if the
printer sits idle for a couple of weeks.
2. Never turn a printer off by pulling the plug from the power source. Always use the
printer’s power switch to turn it off. The printer has some built-in functions, such
as parking the print head that are tied to the power-off function of the printer’s
on/off switch.
3. Use inkjet quality paper.
4. Dust and paper scraps and bits can collect in the bottom of the paper path in an
inkjet printer. Remove the paper scraps and blow out any dust or paper bits that
have accumulated with compressed air.
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Cleaning your system unit
Cleaning the system unit and its parts is not really difficult to do; you just need the proper
tools to clean it properly. Using compressed air antistatic strap and a Phillips screw driver
you can effectively clean your unit
The parts that need cleaning are the ff:
1. Motherboard
2. Memory
3. Interface cards
4. Hard drives
5. Optical Drives
6. System Case
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Computer Hardware Maintenance and Cleaning
Equipment and Materials:
Equipment
System unit
Monitor
Keyboard and Mouse
Printer
Materials
Screw driver
Air Compressor
Anti-static Strap
Computer Hardware Maintenance and Cleaning
The student is provided with the necessary equipment and materials to clean the different
hardware components of a computer unit.
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You will be assessed using the following criteria
Evaluation:
Passed Failed
CRITERIA
1. Periodic maintenance is observed
2. Observance of safety precautions.
3. Appropriate materials are used in cleaning the hardware

components.
4. Confirmation of computers normal function.
25 | P a g e
Write your answers on your answer sheet:
1. Enumerate the basic tools needed in cleaning your system unit.

2. Can we use anti-static glass cleaner when cleaning the monitor? Yes or No.
Why?
3. Is it safe to clean your printer when it is still on? Explain.
4. Why do we need to shutdown our computer unit before we clean and
disassemble?
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Computer Virus
 A virus is a destructive executable program that infects the

other programs in the system and spreads by replicating
itself.
 Such a program is designed to damage the victim’s computer
files.
 Viruses are coded by malicious programmers in a way that
they can spread in the system without one's permission and knowledge.
Virus Origins and History
People create viruses. A person has to write the code, test it to make sure it
spreads properly and then release the virus. A person also designs the virus's attack phase,
whether it's a silly message or destruction of a hard disk. So why do people do it?
There are at least three reasons. The first is the same psychology that drives
vandals and arsonists. Why would someone want to bust the window on someone else's
car, or spray-paint signs on buildings or burn down a beautiful forest? For some people,
that seems to be a thrill. If that sort of person happens to know computer programming,
then he or she may funnel energy into the creation of destructive viruses.
The second reason has to do with the thrill of watching things blow up. Many
people have a fascination with things like explosions and car wrecks. When you were
growing up, there was probably a kid in your neighborhood who learned how to make
gunpowder and then built bigger and bigger bombs until he either got bored or did some
serious damage to himself. Creating a virus that spreads quickly is a little like that -- it
creates a bomb inside a computer, and the more computers that get infected the more
"fun" the explosion.
The third reason probably involves bragging rights, or the thrill of doing it. Sort of
like Mount Everest. The mountain is there, so someone is compelled to climb it. If you are a
certain type of programmer and you see a security hole that could be exploited, you might
simply be compelled to exploit the hole yourself before someone else beats you to it.
Traditional computer viruses were first widely seen in the late 1980s, and they
came about because of several factors. The first factor was the spread of personal
computers (PCs). Prior to the 1980s, home computers were nearly non-existent or they
were toys. Real computers were rare, and they were locked away for use by "experts."
During the 1980s, real computers started to spread to businesses and homes because of
the popularity of the IBM PC (released in 1982) and the Apple Macintosh (released in
1984). By the late 1980s, PCs were widespread in businesses, homes and college campuses.
27 | P a g e
The second factor is the use of computer bulletin boards. People could dial up a
bulletin board with a modem and download programs of all types. Games are extremely
popular, and so are simple word processors, spreadsheets, etc. Bulletin boards lead to the
precursor of the virus known as the Trojan horse. A Trojan horse is a program that sounds
really cool when you read about it. So you download it. When you run the program,
however, it does something uncool like erasing your disk. So you think you are getting a
neat game, but it wipes out your system. Trojan horses only hit a small number of people
because they are discovered quickly. Either the bulletin board owner would erase the file
from the system or people would send out messages to warn one another.
Different Aspects of Computer Virus
Finder- searches for the new uninfected files and the
Replicator- actually targets these files and infects it by multiplying itself.
Types of virus
Resident Viruses
This type of virus is a permanent which dwells in the RAM memory. From there it can
overcome and interrupt all of the operations executed by the system: corrupting files
and programs that are opened, closed, copied, renamed etc.
Examples include: Randex, CMJ, Meve, and MrKlunky.
Direct Action Viruses

The main purpose of this virus is to replicate and take action when it is executed. When
a specific condition is met, the virus will go into action and infect files in the directory or
folder that it is in and in directories that are specified in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file PATH.
This batch file is always located in the root directory of the hard disk and carries out
certain operations when the computer is booted.
Overwrite Viruses
Virus of this kind is characterized by the fact that it deletes the information contained in
the files that it infects, rendering them partially or totally useless once they have been
infected.
The only way to clean a file infected by an overwrite virus is to delete the file
completely, thus losing the original content.
28 | P a g e
Examples of this virus include: Way, Trj.Reboot, Trivial.88.D.
Boot Virus
This type of virus affects the boot sector of a floppy or hard disk. This is a crucial part of
a disk, in which information on the disk itself is stored together with a program that
makes it possible to boot (start) the computer from the disk.
The best way of avoiding boot viruses is to ensure that floppy disks are write-protected
and never start your computer with an unknown floppy disk in the disk drive.
Examples of boot viruses include: Polyboot.B, AntiEXE.
Macro Virus
Macro viruses infect files that are created using certain applications or programs that
contain macros. These mini-programs make it possible to automate series of operations
so that they are performed as a single action, thereby saving the user from having to
carry them out one by one.
Examples of macro viruses: Relax, Melissa.A, Bablas, O97M/Y2K.
Directory Virus
Directory viruses change the paths that indicate the location of a file. By executing a
program (file with the extension .EXE or .COM) which has been infected by a virus, you
are unknowingly running the virus program, while the original file and program have
been previously moved by the virus.
Once infected it becomes impossible to locate the original files.
Polymorphic Virus
Polymorphic viruses encrypt or encode themselves in a different way (using different
algorithms and encryption keys) every time they infect a system.
This makes it impossible for anti-viruses to find them using string or signature searches
(because they are different in each encryption) and also enables them to create a large
number of copies of themselves.
Examples include: Elkern, Marburg, Satan Bug, and Tuareg.
29 | P a g e
File Infectors
This type of virus infects programs or executable files (files with an .EXE or .COM
extension). When one of these programs is run, directly or indirectly, the virus is
activated, producing the damaging effects it is programmed to carry out. The majority
of existing viruses belong to this category, and can be classified depending on the
actions that they carry out.
Companion Viruses
Companion viruses can be considered file infector viruses like resident or direct action
types. They are known as companion viruses because once they get into the system
they "accompany" the other files that already exist. In other words, in order to carry out
their infection routines, companion viruses can wait in memory until a program is run
(resident viruses) or act immediately by making copies of themselves (direct action
viruses).
Some examples include: Stator, Asimov.1539, and Terrax.1069
FAT Virus
The file allocation table or FAT is the part of a disk used to connect information and is a
vital part of the normal functioning of the computer.
This type of virus attack can be especially dangerous, by preventing access to certain
sections of the disk where important files are stored. Damage caused can result in
information losses from individual files or even entire directories.
Worms
A worm is a program very similar to a virus; it has the ability to self-replicate, and can
lead to negative effects on your system and most importantly they are detected and
eliminated by anti-viruses.
Examples of worms include: PSWBugbear.B, Lovgate.F, Trile.C, Sobig.D, Mapson.
Trojans or Trojan Horses

Another unsavory breed of malicious code are Trojans or Trojan horses, which unlike
viruses do not reproduce by infecting other files, nor do they self-replicate like worms.
Logic Bombs
They are not considered viruses because they do not replicate. They are not even
programs in their own right but rather camouflaged segments of other programs.
30 | P a g e
How do Virus Affect a System?
• It corrupts files
• It slows down the speed of the computer system
• It causes the system to hang frequently
• It deletes various files
Sources of Virus Infection
A virus can enter the system and infect it through various sources. Some of the sources are
• Infected CDs, DVDs, pen drives, etc

• E-mail
• Browsing infected sites
• Downloading files from the internet
Steps to Remove Viruses
Removing viruses, though technical, is yet a very simple process if all the required steps are
properly followed.
The basic steps are:
• Buy or download an antivirus software(AVG Anti-virus)

• Install the antivirus software
31 | P a g e
• Update antivirus software with the latest virus definitions
• Do a complete system scan
Methods of Eliminating Viruses
Removing the virus – When the virus can be easily identified and can be removed without
affecting other files, then the antivirus removes it from the host place.
Quarantine – This is done when the virus cannot be easily identified removed from the file
and the removal of virus means the removal of the complete file. In this method, although
the virus is not eliminated, it is rendered inactive by moving the file into "quarantine" and
renaming it.
Anti-virus Software
Software is designed to cure virus infected machines. An anti-virus is a program that

searches for, identifies and removes potential viruses existing in the computer system
32 | P a g e
Examples of Anti-virus software
• Symantec Norton antivirus
• AVG antivirus
• McAfee Scan
• Microsoft Antivirus
• Kaspersky
• Avast
33 | P a g e
Virus removal
Equipment and Materials:
Equipment
System unit
Monitor
Keyboard and Mouse
Materials
Anti-virus Software (Any Anti-virus software)
Virus removal
Provided with the necessary equipment and materials troubleshoot the virus infected area.
Evaluation:
Passed Failed
CRITERIA
1.Periodic maintenance is observed
2. Safety precautions are observed.
3. Appropriate materials are used in virus removal.
4. Computers Normal function is confirmed.
34 | P a g e
Program Course : Computer Hardware Servicing NCII
LO.3 Title : Inspecting and testing computer system and networks
1. Final inspection of the device is instituted to ensure task perfection.

2. Laboratory management and maintenance are observed to conform to company
standard.
3. Accomplishment report is delivered to concerned teacher after finishing the
task.
Resources:

De-soldering tool
Monitors
Flashlight
Motherboard
Tweezers
Power supply
Mirrors
Network device and
cablings
LAN Tester
Hubs
Crimping tool
Switches
Software installer
35 | P a g e
LAN Cards Work bench
Printers and Scanners Magnifying glass
Routers Allen key .05-.25
USB Flash Drives IC insertion/extraction tool
RS-232 pin
insertion/extraction tool
Reference:
1. McLaughlin,Robert, Sasser,Susan, Ralston,Mary.Fix Your Own PC.Philippine Graphic

Arts, Inc Tandang Sora St.Caloocan City
2. Meralco Faoundation. Microcomputer Servicing Plus. Pasig City, Philippines.

3. Legaspi,Carlos, Caiña, Mark Anthony. Operate A Personal Computer. Dasmariñas
Computer Learning Center.Dasmariñas,Cavite, Philippines
4. Bigelow,Stephen J. PC Technician’s Troubleshooting ,McGaw Hill
5. www.helpwithpcs.com
6. http://en.wikipedia.org
7. www.techsoup.org
8. www.howstuffworks.com
9. www.microsoft.com/technet/network
36 | P a g e
Computer System and Network Inspection
Materials, Tools and Equipment
Equipment:
2 Computer units
Printer
HUB Switch
MODEM/Router
Network Cable
LAN Tester
Multi-tester
Materials:
Windows XP CD installer
Windows 98 CD installer
Anti-virus Software
Computer Maintenance Software
Hardware Inspection
Given the following tools and equipment, perform hardware inspection. Check the
computers connection and configuration and check for the voltage output of the power
supply.
37 | P a g e
Software Inspection
Given the following materials, perform software inspection.
Check for the ff:
1. Viruses
2. Unnecessary software
3. Drivers are installed
Network Inspection
Given the following tools, perform network inspection.
Check the ff:
1. File and printer sharing

2. Internet connection
3. Proper cable connection
Evaluation:
CRITERIA Passed Failed
1. Sequence of steps.
2. Observance safety precautions.
3. Proper inspection of hardware components.
4. Proper inspection of the power supply.
38 | P a g e
Network and Internet Inspection
Evaluation:
3. Proper inspection of network components.
4. Proper inspection of network connection.
Software Inspection
Evaluation:
3. Proper inspection of operating system.
4. Proper virus removal.
39 | P a g e
After the inspection, the student will create an accomplishment report to be submitted
to the teacher.
Accomplishment report
Area to be Inspected Good running Bad running Remarks

condition condition
HARDWARE
SOFTWARE
NETWORK
40 | P a g e
Answer key# 7.2.1
1. Personal protective devices are the tools and equipment used to protect the user
and the computer system
2. Anti-static devices
• Anti-static wrist strap
• Anti-static mat
• Anti-static bag
• Anti-static spray
Answer Key #7.2.2
1. Compress Air, Phillip Screw driver, Anti-static strap

2. Yes
3. No
4. To avoid the risk of electrical shock.
41 | P a g e

How to Use this Module .......................................................................................................
Introduction ..........................................................................................................................
Technical Terms ....................................................................................................................
Learning Outcome #1 .......................................................................................................... 1
Information Sheet #1‐1 ....................................................................................................... 2
Operation Sheet #1‐1 .......................................................................................................... 6
Learning Outcome #2 .......................................................................................................... 8
Information Sheet #2.1 ....................................................................................................... 9
Activity Sheet #2.1 ............................................................................................................ 10
Learning Outcome #3 ........................................................................................................ 13
Job Sheet

The Strengthened Technical‐Vocational Education Program
1 | P a g e

Welcome to the Module “Terminating and Connecting Electrical Wiring and

Electronic Circuits”. This module contains training materials and activities for you to
complete.
The unit of competency “Terminate and Connect Electrical Wiring and Electronic
Circuits” contains knowledge, skills and attitudes required for a Computer Hardware
Servicing NC II course.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete

each of the learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome there are Job
Sheets, and Activity Sheets. Follow these activities on your own and answer the Self-Check
at the end of each learning activity.
If you have questions, do not hesitate to ask your teacher for assistance.
You may already have some of the knowledge and skills covered in this module
because you have:
o completed training in this area.
If you can demonstrate to your teacher that you are competent in a particular skill or
skills, talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you do not have to do the
same training again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous
trainings show it to your teacher. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant to
this module, they may become part of the evidence you can present for RPL. If you are not
sure about the currency of your skills, discuss it with your teacher.
After completing this module ask your teacher to assess your competency. Result of
your assessment will be recorded in your competency profile. All the learning activities are
designed for you to complete at your own pace.
Inside this module you will find the activities for you to complete followed by
relevant information sheets for each learning outcome. Each learning outcome may have
more than one learning activity.

2 | P a g e

Program/Course : Computer Hardware Servicing NC II

Unit of Competency : Terminate and Connect Electrical Wiring and Electronic
Circuits
Module : Terminating and Connecting Electrical Wiring and
Electronic Circuits
INTRODUCTION

This module contains information and suggested learning activities on Computer Hardware
Servicing NC II. It includes the following competencies: plan and prepare for termination/
connections of electrical wiring/electronic circuits, terminate/connect electrical wiring/electronic
circuits, and test termination/connections of electrical wiring/electronic circuits.
It consists of three (3) learning outcomes. Each learning outcome contains learning activities
supported by each instructional sheet. Upon completion of this module, report to your teacher to
assess your achievement of knowledge and skills requirement of this module. If you pass the
assessment, you will be given a certificate of completion.
LO1. Plan and prepare for termination and connection of electrical wiring and electronic circuits.
LO2. Terminate and connect electrical wiring and electronic circuits.
LO3. Test Termination and connection of electrical wiring and /electronic circuit.
REFERENCES:
1. Agpaoa, Feliciano, Interior and Exterior Wiring Troubleshooting, National books Store, 1991
2. Enriquez, Michael, Simple Electronics (Basic) Fully Illustrated, Antonio M. Andes Sr.
Electronics Book Series
3. www.electronics‐lab.com
4. www.wikipedia.com

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Voltage ‐ The measure of the push on each electron which makes the electron
move. The term potential difference and voltage are often used
interchangeably to mean the “push”, thus, you may see the term
electromotive force (EMF) or just the word potential to describe the
electron push in certain instances.
Current ‐ The flow of electrons in the circuit.
Resistance ‐ The opposition to current flow.
Power ‐ The rate of doing work.
Resistor ‐ A device designed intentionally to have a definite amount of
resistance
Capacitor ‐ A device that stores electrical energy.
Termination - The point where a line, channel or circuit ends.
OHS ‐ Occupational Health and Safety


4 | P a g e

Program/ Course : Computer Hardware Servicing NC II
Unit of Competency : Terminate and Connect Electrical Wiring and Electronic
Circuits
Module #3 : Terminating and Connecting Electrical Wiring and Electronic
Circuits

Learning Outcome 1: Plan and Prepare for Termination and Connection of Electrical
Wiring and Electronic Circuits

1. Materials are checked according to specifications and task.
2. Appropriate tools and equipment are selected according to task requirements.
3. Task is planned to ensure that OHS guidelines and procedures are followed.
4. Electrical wiring electronics circuits are appropriately prepared for connection/
termination in accordance with instructions and worksite procedure.
References:
1. Agpaoa, Feliciano, Interior and Exterior Wiring Troubleshooting, National books

Store, 1991
2. Enriquez, Michael, Simple Electronics (Basic) Fully Illustrated, Antonio M. Andes Sr.
Electronics Book Series
3. Cardenas, Elpidio, Fundamentals and Elements of Electricity, National Book Store,
1991
4. www.wikipedia.com

5 | P a g e

Direct Current and Alternating Current
Direct Current or DC is the first type of current because it was easy to produce. This type of
current always flows in one direction. One of the disadvantages of using DC is the excessive
voltage drop and power loss in the power lines in a long distance transmission. Batteries are
common sources of direct current.
Alternating Current or AC is the solution to the problem of DC. AC allows the flow of current
in two directions. Today, it is possible to step‐up electricity, a power station, transmit it to
any distant place and step it down to for consumption. A transformer is the device used for
stepping‐up or stepping‐down AC voltage. Common sources of AC are found in our AC
outlet (Typically, 220 volts, in the Philippines).

AC and DC Wave Form

OHM’S LAW AND POWER LAW
Ohm’s law states that, for a constant current, the current in a circuit is directly
proportional to the total voltage acting in the circuit and inversely proportional to the
total resistance of the circuit.


6 | P a g e

The law may be expressed by the following equation if the current I is in amperes, EMF E is
in volts, and the resistance R is in ohms.

The relationship of the foregoing three variables was discovered by Georg Simon Ohm,
who theorized that current is in direct proportion to resistance. The relationship is
explained algebraically, using this formula: where:
E – EMF in Volts
R = E/I E=IxR I = E/R R – Resistance
I – Current in Amperes

Resistance Voltage Current

7 | P a g e

A. Practice Problems:

1.
Required…

I = ?
E = 25 V
R = 25 Ω G. I

H. P

2.

Required…

I = 9A
E = ?
R = 72 Ω E. E

F. P

Required…

I = 25 A

E = ?
P = 100W C. R

D. E

8 | P a g e

3.

Required…

I = 4.5A
E = ? P = 350 W A. E

B. R

9 | P a g e

A Simple circuit contains the minimum things needed to have a functioning electric
circuit. A simple circuit requires the following:
 AC/DC source
 Equipment that will operate on either an AC or DC power source
 Battery – A dc voltage source containing two or more cells that convert
chemical energy to electrical energy.
 Cell‐ Single unit used to convert chemical energy into a DC electrical
voltage.
 FUSE
Once you design a simple circuit on electronics, it
is important to include a fuse in the primary or
secondary of a transformer.
 Fuse is a safety device used to protect an

electrical circuit from the effect of excessive
current. Its essential component is usually a
strip of metal that will melt at a given
temperature. A fuse is so designed that the strip of metal can easily be
placed in the electric circuit. If the current in the circuit exceed a
predetermined value, the fusible metal will melt and thus break, or open
the circuit.
 A fuse is usually rated in Amperes, which represent the maximum
continuous current it could handle without blowing.
 The most popular type of fuse in Electronics is 3AG type. This code
describes the case size and material where “G” indicates a glass
materials and “A” indicates that intended for automotive application. A
3AG fuse measures approximately 32mm x 6mm.

 Wires and Cable
 A wire is a single slender rod or filament of
drawn metal. This definition restricts the term
to what would ordinarily be understood as
solid wire. The word “slender” is used because
the length of a wire is usually large when
compared to its diameter. If a wire is covered
with insulation, It is an insulated wire.
Although the term “wire” properly refers to
the metal, it also includes the insulation.
 A conductor is a wire suitable for carrying
an electric current.

10 | P a g e

 A stranded conductor is a conductor composed of a group of wire or any
combination of group of wires. The wires in a stranded conductor are usually
twisted together and not insulated from each other.

 A cable is either a stranded conductor (single‐conductor cable) or a
combination of conductors insulated from one another (multiple‐conductor
cable). The term “cable” is a general one and usually applies only to the large
sizes of conductor. A small cable is more often called a stranded wire or cord
(such as that used for an iron or a lamp cord). Cables may be bare or insulated.
Insulated cables may be sheathed (covered) with lead, or protective armor.

 Switch and its function
 Switch is a device used to break an electric current or transfer it to another
conductor. Switches are commonly used to open or close a circuit. Closed is
the ON position, while open is OFF position. Normally, switch is installed in
series with the line carrying current from
the power source to the load.
 A switch is a mechanical device used to
connect and disconnect a circuit at will.
Switches cover a wide range of types,
from subminiature up to industrial plant
switching megawatts of power on high
voltage distribution lines.
 Switch is a manually operated device
capable of making, breaking, or changing
the connection in an electronics or
electrical circuit. A switch connected in
series with one of the connecting wires of simple circuit affords a means of
controlling the current in the circuit.
 Switch function
o When the switch is closed, the electron finds an interrupted path in the
circuit.
o Open is the OFF position of the switch, while closed is the ON position.
o When the switch is opened, the current delivered by the power supply is
normally insufficient to jump the switch gap in the form of an arc and the
electron flow in the circuit is blocked.

 Load – a source drives a load. Whatever component or piece of equipment is
connected to a source and draws current from a source is a load on that source.
o The following are examples but not limited to:
 Bulb
 Appliances

11 | P a g e

I. Classifications of Electronic Component
A. Passive devices ‐ A Passive Device is one that contributes no power gain
(amplification) to a circuit or system. It has no control action and does not
require any input other than a signal to perform its function. In other words,
"A component with no brains!" Examples are Resistors, Capacitors and
Inductors.
RESISTOR
This is the most common component in electronics.
It is used mainly to control current and voltage

within the circuit. You can identify a simple resistor
by its simple cigar shape with a wire lead coming
out of each end. It uses a system of color coded
bands to identify the value of the component
(measured in Ohms)
Capacitors, or "caps", vary in size and shape ‐ from
a small surface mount model up to a huge electric

motor cap the size of paint can. Whatever the size
or shape, the purpose is the same. It stores
electrical energy in the form of electrostatic charge.

It is charged with a magnetic field and when that

field collapses it produces current in the opposite

direction. Inductors are used in Alternating Current
circuits to oppose changes in the existing current.
12 | P a g e

B. Active Devices are components that are capable of controlling voltages or
currents and can create a switching action in the circuit. In other words,
"Devices with smarts!" Examples are Diodes, Transistors and Integrated
circuits.
Diodes are basically a one‐way valve for electrical

current. They let it flow in one direction (from
positive to negative) and not in the other direction.
Most diodes are similar in appearance to a resistor
and will have a painted line on one end showing the
direction or flow (white side is negative). If the
negative side is on the negative end of the circuit,
current will flow. If the negative is on the positive
side of the circuit no current will flow.
LEDs are simply diodes that emit light of one form

or another. They are used as indicator devices.

Example: LED lit equals machine on. They come in
several sizes and colors. Some even emit Infrared
Light which cannot be seen by the human eye.
The transistor is possibly the most important

invention of this decade. It performs two basic

functions. 1) It acts as a switch turning current on
and off. 2) It acts as an amplifier. This makes an
output signal that is a magnified version of the
input signal.
Integrated Circuits, or ICs, are complex circuits

inside one simple package. Silicon and metals are

used to simulate resistors, capacitors, transistors,
etc. It is a space saving miracle.

13 | P a g e

 ELECTRONIC SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS

Wires and connections
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
To pass current very easily from one part of
Wire
a circuit to another.
A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are
connected (joined), but it is sometimes
Wires joined omitted. Wires connected at 'crossroads'
should be staggered slightly to form two T‐
junctions, as shown on the right.
In complex diagrams it is often necessary to
draw wires crossing even though they are
not connected. I prefer the 'bridge' symbol
Wires not joined shown on the right because the simple
crossing on the left may be misread as a
joint where you have forgotten to add a
'blob'!
Power Supplies/Source
Supplies electrical energy.
The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).
Cell A single cell is often called a battery, but
strictly a battery is two or more cells joined
together.
Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more
Battery than one cell.
The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).
DC supply DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one
direction.
14 | P a g e

AC supply AC = Alternating Current, continually changing
direction.
A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the
Fuse current flowing through it exceeds a specified
value.
Two coils of wire linked by an iron core.
Transformers are used to step up (increase)
and step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy
Transformer
is transferred between the coils by the
magnetic field in the core. There is no electrical
connection between the coils.
A connection to earth. For many electronic
circuits this is the 0V (zero volts) of the power
Earth
supply, but for mains electricity and some
(Ground) radio circuits it really means the earth. It is also
known as ground.
Output Devices/Loads: Lamps, Heater, Motor
A transducer which converts electrical
energy to light. This symbol is used for a
Lamp (lighting)
lamp providing illumination, for example a
car headlamp or torch bulb.
energy to light. This symbol is used for a
Lamp (indicator)
lamp which is an indicator, for example a
warning light on a car dashboard.
Heater
energy to heat.
Motor
energy to kinetic energy (motion).
15 | P a g e

Bell
energy to sound.

Buzzer
energy to sound.

A coil of wire which creates a magnetic field

when current passes through it. It may have
an iron core inside the coil. It can be used

as a transducer converting electrical energy
Inductor
to mechanical energy by pulling on
(Coil, Solenoid)
something.

Switches
Push Switch A push switch allows current to flow only when the
(push‐to‐ button is pressed. This is the switch used to operate a
make) doorbell.
Push‐to‐Break This type of push switch is normally closed (on); it is
Switch open (off) only when the button is pressed.
SPST = Single Pole, Single Throw.
On‐Off Switch
An on‐off switch allows current to flow only when it
(SPST)
is in the closed (on) position.
SPDT = Single Pole, Double Throw.
A 2‐way changeover switch directs the flow of
2‐way Switch
current to one of two routes according to its position.
(SPDT)
Some SPDT switches have a central off position and
are described as 'on‐off‐on'.
16 | P a g e

DPST = Double Pole, Single Throw.
Dual On‐Off
A dual on‐off switch which is often used to switch
Switch
mains electricity because it can isolate both the live
(DPST)
and neutral connections.
Complete the table below:
A. Identify each of these symbols:
COMPONENTS SYMBOLS
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.

17 | P a g e

B. Identify the following basic electronic components

COMPONENT FIGURE
1.

2.

3.

4.

18 | P a g e

A simple circuit contains the minimum things needed to have a functioning electric
circuit
 Source‐ a device used to supply AC or DC voltage
 Consuming‐ any device that consumes voltage, whatever component or piece of
equipment that is connected to a source and draws current from a source is a
load on that source.
 Controlling‐ any device having two states, on (closed) or off (open). Ideally
having zero impedance when closed and infinite impedance when open.
 Protecting‐a component used to open the circuit when current exceeds a
predetermined maximum value.
 Connecting‐ a material that conducts electric current very well and used to
connect a complete path for current.

CONTROLLING

source
CONSUMING

Connecting device

 Procedure in Circuit Designing
1. Prepare all the tools and materials needed.
2. By using schematic symbol, make a simple circuit with the following :
a. load
b. consuming device
c. protecting device
d. consuming device
e. connecting device
3. Make sure that the circuit has the following requirement that a
simple circuit must have:
a. A source of electrical potential difference or voltage.
b. A conductive path which would allow for the
movement of charges.
c. An electrical resistance which is loosely defined as any
object that uses electricity to do work.

4. Test the designed circuit by comparing it with the sample circuit
produced by your teacher.

19 | P a g e

A. Fill in the blanks with what is referred to by each of the following.
1. _______________________ Interconnection of components which provides an

electrical path between two or more components.
2. _______________________ A type of circuit in which the flow of current is cut off.
3. _______________________ A circuit in which the components are connected from
end to end so that the current has only one path to
follow through the circuit.
4. _______________________ A circuit where there is more than one path for the
current to flow through.
5. _______________________ A device used to supply AC or DC voltage.
6. _______________________ Any device having two states, ON or OFF.
7. _______________________ A safety device used to protect an electrical circuit
from the effect of excessive current.
8. _______________________ pathway for carrying an electrical current.
9. _______________________ Components or pieces of equipment connected to a
source which draws current from a source.
10. _______________________ A DC voltage source containing two or more cells that
convert chemical energy to electrical energy.

20 | P a g e

A. Initial Steps in Using Analog Multi‐tester

1. Connect the test probe to the appropriate jack.
The red test probe to the positive (+) jack and the black to the common (‐) jack.

‐COM + POS

(Black) (Red)

2. Check if the pointer rests exactly at the infinite zero position in ohmmeter range.

21 | P a g e

3. Check the probes if they are in condition. (Ohmmeter calibration)
a. Set the Multi‐tester to corresponding selector resistance range.
b. Short the two test probes lead together.

Zero Ohm
Adjustment

knob

Note:

The pointer should deflect
towards zero ohm reading

22 | P a g e

Zero
ohm
As indicated, the pointer rests out of

Adjust the ohm adjustment if the
pointer could not rest exactly at “O” the range of ohmmeter scale. Adjust

ohm reading. the ohm adjustment counter
clockwise until the pointer rests “O”
ohm reading.
B. Resistance Measurements
1. Always do the “Initial Steps in Using Analog Multi‐tester”.
2. In testing resistors, capacitors, diodes etc. do not touch both test probe lead,
because our body also has resistance that could affect the reading value of the
electronic components we are testing.
3. If you do not know the value of the resistor to be measured, find the ohmmeter
selector setting until you have a clear reading in the ohmmeter scale.

Ohmmeter Scale
(From infinite to Zero)

Infinite Resistance

open resistor – Open

connection or

Ohm
Ohmmeter Selector
Adjustment
Range
(x1, x10, x1K, x10K
ohms)

23 | P a g e

4. Select the desired resistance range scale with selector switch.


24 | P a g e

Testing a 55 K ohm resistance

Range: x10 Kohm

The pointer stops at 5.5 in x10K
range on selector switch

Testing a 55 K ohm resistance

Range: x1 K ohm

The setting (x1K in 56K Ohm resistor) is not an
advisable setting in testing 55 K ohms resistance. Because,
the pointer stops somewhere in 50. You cannot clearly
read the resistance value, unlike in x10K ohm setting.


25 | P a g e

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LESSON 1 Personal Entrepreneurial

LESSON 2 Market and Environment............................. 19

Courtesy of CvSU and DA-TMC, Cavite

DEVELOPING PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL

Content Standards Performance Standard

The learner demonstrates The learner recognizes his/her Personal

Everybody loves to earn money and accumulate wealth. In the present

1. Explain the different factors to be considered in setting up a business

1. Which of the following is a common activity of an entrepreneur?

2. The saying “Necessity is the mother of all inventions” means

3. What really makes up a successful entrepreneur?

4. People who always feel positive in every effort in order to achieve

5. A set of skills that entrepreneurs must possess to take control of the

6. Information-seeking and goal-setting belong to what PEC’s cluster?

7. Which of the following best describes a risk-taker?

8. Systematic planning and monitoring include the following EXCEPT

9. When entrepreneurs face a significant obstacle with a well-planned

Before immersing ourselves into the exciting discussion about setting

Why did you

How did you

What are the

How did you

Can you share

Are you afraid

Can you give

WHAT STARTED BUSINESSES?

A popular adage that says, “Necessity is the mother of all inventions”

Need-based business opportunities

WHAT MAKES UP A SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR?

Knowledge alone does not guarantee success in a business. Skills

An accomplished entrepreneur has so much to share with business

CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS

Below is a set of characteristics common to entrepreneurs who excel in their

Be someone who always feel positive in every effort in

Once the plan to do entrepreneurial activities is

LIFESTYLE OF SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS

We often observe that entrepreneurs live a life different from that of an

Albarico, et.al, (2011) describes the characteristics of an entrepreneur

It is one of the highest lifestyle considerations that

THE PERSONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES (PECs) OF

PECs are clustered into three according to its area of application:

 Gather data and information or feedbacks from clients,

 Sets goals and objectives which are specific and must

Systematic  Make a well-organized plan with clearly defined

Persuasion  Always be ready to give facts and benefits to convince

This is a self-examination activity. After knowing the different characteristics

Consider the PECs of successful entrepreneurs. Compare these

Let us match the result of our Activity #1 with the standard

Energy and stamina

1. Which of the following is a common activity of an entrepreneur?

2. The saying “Necessity is the mother of all inventions” means _____.

3. What really makes up a successful entrepreneur?

4. People who always feel positive in every effort in order to achieve