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Multiplexing
¡ Multiplexing
Ê Two communicating stations does not in general utilize the full
capacity of a data link.
Ê For efficiency, it should be possible to share that capacity.
Ê We call such sharing multiplexing.
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¡ Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
Ê Modulation
original signal modulated signal
(analog or digital) (analog)
Modulator
carrier(fsc)
0 f fsc f
Ê Transmitted TV signal
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Ê Receiver
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Ê Example: FDM of three voiceband signals
Spectrum of voiceband signal
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¡ Analog Carrier Systems
Ê The long-distance carrier system is designed to transmit voiceband
signals over high-capacity transmission links.
Ê The earliest and the most common technique for utilizing high-
capacity links is FDM.
Ê North American and int’l FDM carrier standards
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¡ TDM Link Control
Ê Flow and Error Control
Done by the channel basis.
Mux and deMux does not need to take care about such control.
An Example
y Configuration
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Ê Framing
Because we are not providing flag or SYNC characters to bracket
TDM frames, some means is needed to assure frame synchronization.
Added-digit framing technique
y Add a control bit(channel) for each frame(special pattern like 010101…).
y Search bit patterns in the control channel for frame synchronization.
Ê Pulse Stuffing
The most difficult problem in a synchronous TDM: Synchronizing the
various data sources.
y If each source has a separate clock, any variation among clocks could
cause loss of synchronization.
y The data rates of the input data streams are not related by a simple
rational number.
The outgoing data rate of the multiplexer, excluding framing bits, is
higher than the sum of the maximum instantaneous incoming rates.
The extra capacity is used by stuffing extra dummy bits or pulses into
each incoming signal until its rate is raised to that of a locally-
generated clock signal.
The pulses are inserted at fixed locations in the frame format so that
they may be identified and removed at the demultiplexer.
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¡ A TDM Example(11 sources to multiplexing)
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Ê DS-1 Transmission Format
193 bits
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Digital data transmission
y For compatibility with voice, the same 1.544-Mbps data rate is used.
y 23 channels of data are provided.
y The 24th channel position is reserved for a special sync byte, which
allows faster and more reliable reframing following a framing error.
y Within each channel, seven bits per frame are used for data, with the
eighth bit used to indicate whether the channel, for that frame, contains
user data or system control data.
y With seven bits per channel, and because each frame is repeated 8000
times per second, a data rate of 56 kbps can be provided per channel.
y Lower data rates are provided using a technique known as subrate
multiplexing.
y For this technique, an additional bit is robbed from each channel to
indicate which subrate multiplexing rate is being provided; this leaves a
total capacity per channel of 6 x 8000 = 48 kbps.
y This capacity is used to multiplex five 9.6-kbps channels, ten 4.8-kbps
channels, or twenty 2.4-kbps channels.
y For example, if channel 2 is used to provide 9.6-kbps service, then up to
five data subchannels share this channel. The data for each subchannel
appear as six bits in channel 2 every fifth frame.
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¡ Statistical TDM
Ê Dynamically allocate time slots on demand(statistical multiplexer).
Ê Because statistical TDM takes advantage of the fact that the
attached devices are not all transmitting all of the time, the data
rate can be lower than the synchronous TDM.
Ê The statistical multiplexer can support more devices than the
synchronous multiplexer if the data rate is the same.
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¡ Performance of Asynchronous TDM
Ê The data rate can be less than the sum of the input rates.
Ê There may be peak periods when the input exceeds capacity.
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¡ Modeling of The Asynchronous TDM
Ê Single-server queues with constant service time and poisson
(random) arrivals.
inputs
buffer server
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¡ Performance Evaluation
Ê Buffer size and delay versus utilization
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¡
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¡
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¡
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¡
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