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The Crucial Meso-Level (Faist) o Structural Individualism: The

more intense the motives of a


Lacanue in Sociological Theories of migrant regarding a specific
International Migration goal, the stronger the
 Theories focus on: expectation that she can fufill
o why people move from one her goals by temporary
place to another territorial exit, the higher the
o the macro- and micro- theories propensity to attribute a high
inducing people to migrate preference (value) to exit and
 The meso level the fewer the constraints
o level of analysis between micro- working against the exit, the
and macro-, between individuals more likely a potential mover
and larger structures will choose the exit option
o focuses on social relations or o Decision to migrate depends on
ties between individuals in  Opportunities and
kinship groups, neighborhoods, constraints
and formal organizations  Information: on
o explains what happens in availability of jobs and
networks and collectives that housing or
induces people to stay, move or transportation which
return flows through
Dominant Theories of International Migration communication
 Rational Choice Approach: Between channels (mass media,
Preference and Opportunities friends, etc)
o Rational Choice: in choosing  If social capital can be
between two alternative courses transferred abroad;
of action, a person is apt to Location specific
choose the one for which the capital: territorial
perceived value of the result is restriction of certain
greater; it is assumed that the assets (ex: doctors
actor is able to make rational cannot practice their
decisions on the basis of taste or profession in other
preference; decisions to move or countries)
stay are made by individual or o Rational Choice Theory: does
collective actors who weigh the not specify how structural
costs and benefits involved opportunities are translated into
o Value expectancy model: individual action
MM=strength of motivation to Migration-Systems Approach: Between the
migrate World System and Networks (4 main
P=preferred outcome characteristics)
E=expectancy that migration o Decisions to move or stay are
will lead to desired outcome made within specific economic,
i=preferences (income, status, political and cultural contexts
comfort, stimulation, autonomy, that are determined by larger
affiliation, exit from oppression) opportunity structures reflected
MM=S(i)P(i)E(i) in the family, neighbourhood,
o Hesser: added the element of and community
opportunities and constraints o Migration systems pose the
(O/C); ex: norms, state policies context in which movement
when it comes to decision occurs and that it influences
making in sending countries actions on whether to stay or
move (trade linkages and colinal institutions have to be brought
ties explain origin and direction into this analysis.==meso level
of international movement)
 Migration system: two Three Levels of Analysis: Macro-structural,
or more places Relational and Individual
connected by flows and
counterflows of people Characteristics of a Meso-level approach
o Using dependency theory and  Emphasizes how decisions on moving
world systems approach, and staying are made in and between
systems theories stressed groups of people rather than by isolated
existence of linkages between individuals or groups where economic-
countries other than people such politica-cultural structures only come in
as colonial ties, flows of goods, as external constraints and opportunities
ifnro, ideas which have existed potential migrants and groups always
even before migration occurred relate to other social structures along a
(ex: European countries, most continuum of degrees of freedom
who migrate there are from  Internal dynamics of migration can be
former colonies) described as self-feeding processes of
o Focuses on processes within cumulative causation in ways that
migration systems; migration a reinforce existing staying/moving
circular, interdependent, patterns; a relational analysis tries to
progressively complex, and self- capture the dynamimcs of migration by
modifying system instead of the a close analysis of collectives and
linear, push-pull, cause effect networks; this implies that migration is
notions not simply a straight line interrupted by
o Networks external factors instead movers and
>It is not people who migrate stayers take advantage of opportunities
but networks; migrates are not offered by macro-lelve constraints such
“atomistic flies” as demographic, economic and political
>Social Networks: homogenous developments
sets of ties between three or The Decision-Making Process
more actors. Network patterns  Social ties and Social capital; connects
comprise economic, political macro- and micro level of analysis
networks of interaction, and  Social Ties
collectives such as groups and o Continuing series of
associations interpersonal transactions to
>Migrant Networks: sets of which participants attach shared
interpersonal ties that connect interests, obligations,
movers, former movers, ad non understandings, memories and
movers in countries of origin forecasts.
and destination through social  Strong ties
ties, be they relations of kinship, o Direct, face-to-face transactions
friendship or weak social ties between actors involved;
o Flaw (both rational and involve obligations and
migration systems): do not substantial emotions;
conceptualize social ties of widespread in families, kinship
movers and stayers within and communcal organizations
families or households or  Weak ties
networks. Processes within o Indirect relationships that
these social units and relations involve no direct or fleeting
between them and state
contact; narrow set of
transactions
 Social Capital
o Resources (info on jobs in
destination country,
transportation, loans) inherent in
patterned social ties that allow
individuals to cooperate in
networks and allow individuals
to pursue their goals
o Facilitates cooperation between
individual and group actors in
creating trust and links
individuals to social structures
o Created and accumulated in
social relations
o Forms of social capital
 In exchange
relationships: favors,
info, approval, and
other valued items are
given and received in
transactions between
movers and facilitators
 Reciprocity: form of
social capital when at
least two norms are
adhered to : 1)persons
help those who have
helped them 2) should
not harm those who
have helped them; trust
between members of
relevant collectives such
as families or
households is a very
valuable resource
upholding reciprocity;
 Solidarity: unity of
wanting and action; ; go
with weak ties when
individual or collective
actors feel closely
bound to ethnic,
religious and national
identities; connected
through symbolic ties
(transactions based on
shared worldviews,
understandings,
meories)

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