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Chapter I
Problem and Its Scopes

Introduction
Talay Rehabilitation Center was the first Hospital for mental disordered person in

the Province of Negros Oriental. The Negros Oriental Hospital Behavioral Care Center

(NOPH-BCC), formerly the Talay Mental Hospital and NOPH psychiatric ward in

Barangay Talay, Dumaguete City, becoming a world class facility, a product of

collaborative efforts of the provincial and city governments, the church, civic

organizations and the Private Sector.

Did you know the causes of mental disorder? The primary causes of mental

disorder are drug addiction, depression and genetic in the heritance. The most affected

part of our body is brain. The function of the brain is to command, interpret, control, and

stored information of everyday learning.

Mental disorder is a person who has the problem in mind the way person may

think behaves and interacts with the society. It is also the act of abnormality in the brain,

which it does not give a proper function leading you to a wrong direction.

Mental disorder comprise abroad range of problems with different symptoms.

However, they are generally characterized by some combination of abnormal thoughts,

emotions, behavior and relationship of others. Examples are schizophrenia, depression,


intellectual disabilities and disorder can be successfully treated.

(www.who.int/mental_health/management/en/).

Drug addiction is one of the well- known causes of mental disorder because of

taking the stimulant drugs and narcotic drugs. According to the study of Lauren Villa,

MPH that addiction results to, in distinct brain changes can disrupt a person “hierarchy of

needs and desires” leading to prioritize drug use above else. A person’s ability to control

their compulsion to use substances becomes significantly diminished as these brain

changes occur, which can continued drug or alcohol.

The second primary cause of mental disorder is depression. It can also be

considered as the cause of mental disorder which it can affect your emotions and you are

unable to think normally. In depression it may sometimes result to committing suicides

and they might think that it is the only solution to solve their problems. According to

Enchoing the WHO declaration on the World health Day 2017 “depression is the leading

cause of ill health and disability worldwide,” Health Secretary Paulyn Jean B. Rosell

Ubial and Dr. Gundo Weiler, WHO representative in the Philippines, agreed that “it is

urgent and imperative that new approaches to engage every Filipino in a serious national

chat on depression must lead to more openness in discussing depression, demystification

of depression, and eventually the destigmatization of depression and other mental issues.”

It is very important to tell your problems to the person whom you can trust with.

The genetic inheritance is accepted as the cause of mental disorder by inheriting it

from your genes. If you had a family who was a mental disordered it can be acquire in the

third generation. According to the National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH) addresses

to mental illness as a developmental brain disorders with genetic and environmental


factors leading altered circuits and altered behavior. However, the three causes are

not just the causes of having mental disorder. There are to be discovered.

In general mental disorder are serious disease in which it is not done by one take

of medicine or done by a single treatment, it will undergo process so called

psychotherapy. The purpose of these research is to inform our readers what are all causes

of mental disorder and how did the doctors handled this kind of problem.

Statement of the Problem

This study sought to find out the causes of mental disorder in Talay Rehabilitation Center

located in Barangay Talay, Dumaguete City. Specially, this study seek to answer the

following question.

1. What s mental disorder?

2. What are the causes of mental disorder?

3. What are the mental disorder that are catered in the facility?

4. How many patients does the facility have in terms of:

1.Sex

2. Age

3. Status

5. How long does a person with mental disorder be treated?


6. What are the follow treatment after the patient will be discharge?

7. How does psychiatrist treat their patient?

Objectives of the Study

The researchers are expected to:

1. to know what is mental disorder

2. to know the causes of mental disorder

3. to know the types of mental disorder that are catered in the facility

4. to know the patients inside the facility in terms of:

1. Sex

2. Age

3. Status

5. to know how long does a person with mental disorder be treated

6. to know the follow up treatment after the patient will be discharged

7. to know the ways of the psychiatrist inn treating their patient

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will be very useful to students, people in the

community, and future researchers. Therefore, it is expected that this study will serve as
the information about the causes of mental disorder. This research will benefit to the

following:

Students

They will be able to know about what are causes of mental disorder and also its

treatment.

People in the Community

To let them know what is real reason why others suffer or experienced mental

disorder.

Future Researchers

The ideas presented may be used as their reference data in conducting new

research. This study will give them a background or an overview that serves as their

research.

Scope and Delimitations

The study focus about the situation of "Mental Disorder" in Talay Rehabilitation

Center. It covers to patient cases as well as the study interact with the Psychologist or

health personnel at Talay Rehabilitation Center Dumaguete City and never interact with

respondents that are not professionals. It was limited to the individual situations of the

respondents and purely only base on their statements.

Participants of the study will be chosen based on the following:


1. Male or Female

2. Any Age

3. Professional Status

4. Currently Working at Rehabilitation Center

5. Willing to participate in the study

Definition of Terms

Psychologist- is generally focus on individual person which is either alone or in relation

to other people and other environment.

Psychiatrist- are medical doctors who are experts in mental health. They specialize in

diagnosing and treating people with mental illness. Psychiatrists have deep understanding

of physical and mental health and how they affect each other.

Psychotherapy-is a general term for treating mental health problems by talking with a

psychiatrist, psychologist or other mental health provider.

Rehabilitation Center- it is the facility that provides 24/7 medical care and supervision

as well as various therapy program in a residential setting to help patients focus on

regaining their maximum functional potential.

Schizophrenia- is chronic and serve mental disorder that affects how a person thinks,

feels, and behaves.


Genetic Inheritance- is a basic principle of genetic and explains characteristics are

passed from one generation to the next. Genetic inheritance occurs due to genetic

material in form DNA being passed from parents to their offspring.

Mental Illness- it is a medical problem, just like heart disease or diabetes. Mental illness

are health conditions involving changes in emotions, thinking or behavior (or

combination of these).

Trauma- is a very severe shock or very upsetting experience which may cause

psychological damage.

Psychology- is the study of mind the means by which people learn, think, and feel.

Drug Addiction- is a disease that affects your brain and behavior. When you are

addicted to drugs, you cannot resist the urge to use them, no matter how much harm the

drugs may cause

Stress- is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can come from any event or

though that makes you feel frustrated.

Depression- is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you

feel, the way you think and how you act.


Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework

A Case Study of Mental Disorder in


Talay Rehabilitation Center

Psychologist Psychiatrist

 Conduct  Psychiatrists
scientific are medical
studies to study Mental Disorder doctors who
behavior and diagnose and
brain function. treat mental
 Work with illnesses.
individuals,  Employ
couples and individual or
families to help group therapy to
Depression
them make gain insight into
desired changes Drug Addiction patients past
to behaviors. and find coping
Genetic Inheritance
 Identify and methods to help
diagnose Anxiety patients address
mental, their own
behavioral, or problems.
emotional
disorders.

The main difference between two is that one is a PhD


and other is a MD (medical doctor). In most
psychiatrist costs more than a medical psychologists
because a psychiatrist is a MD.
Review of Related Literature

Rehabilitation is the process of helping a person who has suffered an illness or

injury restore lost skills and so regain maximum self-sufficiency. The purpose of

rehabilitation is to restore some or all of the patients physical, sensory and mental

capabilities that where lost due to injury, illness or disease. Rehabilitation includes

assisting the patient to compensate for deficits that cannot be reserved medically.

According to the New Book of Knowledge (2007), the term Psychology is the

study of the mind (the means by which people learn, think, and feel) and behavior (what

people do). Scientists who study psychology are called psychologists. Psychologist

generally focus on individual person, either alone or in relation to the other people and to

the environment.

A mental illness, like many chronic illnesses, requires ongoing treatment.

Fortunately, much progress has made in the last two decades in treating mental illnesses.

As a result, many mental conditions can be effectively treated with one or combination of

the following therapies: medication, psychotherapy, group therapy, day treatment or

partial hospital treatment, specific therapies, such as cognitive behavior therapy and

behavior modification. Other treatments available include: alternative therapies, such as

water therapy, massage, and biofeedback, creative therapies, such as art therapy, music

therapy or play therapy, hypotheraphy, electro convulsive therapy (ECT), vagnus nerve

stimulation (VNS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a newer therapy.


(https://www.medicinenet.com/mental_illness/article.htm#what_causes_mental_illness.re

trieved February 21, 2019)

According to Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard Medical School (2009), sleep

and mental health are closely connected. Sleep deprivation affects your psychological

state and mental health. And those with mental health problems are more likely to have

insomnia or other sleep disorders.

Traditionally, clinicians treating patients with psychiatric disorders have viewed

insomnia and other sleep disorders as symptoms. But studies in both adults and children

suggest that sleep problems may raise risk for, and even directly contribute to, the

development of some psychiatric disorders. This research has clinical application,

because treating a sleep disorder may also help alleviate symptoms of a co-occurring

mental health problem.

The brain basis of a mutual relationship between sleep and mental health is not

yet completely understood. But neuroimaging and neurochemistry studies suggest that a

good night's sleep helps foster both mental and emotional resilience, while chronic sleep

disruptions set the stage for negative thinking and emotional vulnerability.

According to Kendra Cherry and Steven Gans, MD (2018) the term psychological

disorder is sometimes used to refer to what is more frequently known as mental disorders
or psychiatric disorders. Mental disorders are patterns of behavioral or psychological

symptoms that impact multiple areas of life. These disorders create distress for the person

experiencing these symptoms.

Mental illnesses, in general are thought to be caused by variety of genetic and

environmental factors. Inherited traits is more common in people whose blood relatives

have mental illness. Certain genes may increase your risk of developing a mental illness

and your life situation may trigger it. Environmental exposures before birth are exposure

to environmental stressors, inflammatory conditions, toxins alcohol or drugs while in the

womb can sometimes be linked to mental illness. Brain chemistry or neurotransmitters

are naturally occurring brain chemicals that carry signals to other parts of the brain and

body. When neural networks involving these chemicals are impaired, the function of

nerve systems change, leading to depression.

Certain risk factors may increase your risk of developing mental health problems,

including: having a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with a mental illness,

stressful life situations such as financial problems, a loved one’s death or divorce, an

ongoing (chronic) medical conditions, such as diabetes, brain damage as a result of a

serious injury (traumatic brain injury), such as a violent blow to the head, traumatic

experiences such as military combat or being assaulted, use of alcohol or recreational

drugs, being abused or neglected as a child, having few friends or few healthy family and

a previous mental illness. (www.mayoclinic.org)


Chapter II

Presentation of Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Questions Statements

Q1. What is mental disorder?

R1.

• Disordered state of mind.

• Imbalance of hormones

neurotransmitters in brain or results in

behavioral changes.

R2.

• Is a psychological syndrome or

pattern which is associated with distress,

disability of personal functioning. It may

be persistent or it may occur as a single

episode.

R3.

• Behavioral pattern that is changed

or unpaired or personal.

Q2. What are the types of mental disorder R1.

that are catered in your facility? • Schizophrenia disorder

• Schizophreniform disorder
• Schizoaffective disorder

• Bipolar disorder type I and II

• Manic disorder

• Major affective disorder

• All types of psychosis

R2.

• Depression

• Bipolar Disorder

• Schizophrenia

• Schizo-affective Disorder

• Personality Disorders

Example:

• Paranoia

• Antiserial

• Historic

• Narcissistic

• Obsessive

• Compulsive

Personality Disorders emerge in childhood,

adolescence or early adulthood.

R3.

• Depression
• Epilepsy 18 Seizures Disorders

• Psychosis

• Behavioral and Developmental

Disorders

• Use and Drug Disorders

• Self-harm/Suicidal

• Bipolar

Q3. How many patients does in terms of: R1.

• Sex Sex:

• Age • Female- 26

• Status • Male- 53

Age: 21-70 years old average

Status

• Married- 19

• Single- 60

R2.

Sex:

• Female- 26

• Male- 53

Age: 21-70 years old average

Status

• Married- 19
Single- 60

R3.

Sex:

• Female- 26

• Male- 53

Age: 21-70 years old average

Status

• Married- 19

Single- 60

Q4. How long does a person with mental R1.

disorder be treated? • Long term basis; months to years.

• A mental illness cannot be cured.

Monthly check-up is the necessary to

prevent relapse of symptoms.

R2.

• The Psychotherapy

• Psychiatric medications

R3.

• Depends upon the Disorders

treatment and other factors like

environment.
Q5. What are the follow up treatment after R1.

the patient will be discharge? • Monthly injections

• Oral medications

• Psychological counseling

R2.

• Medications

(e. g; lifestyle changes, social interventions

and peer support and help).

R3.

• Referred to RCH; instructions in

check-up and follow up medications/

injections, and proper support system.

Q6. How long does psychiatrist treat their R1.

patient? • Through medication/therapeutic

communication. Provide a therapeutic

environment for the clients.

R2.

• Medications

• Counseling

R3.

Psychiatric treat by proper assessment:

• Decision making

• Medical, other management


Q7. What are the causes of mental R1.Traumatic expression (e. g; rape,

disorder? witnessing a murder hereditary genetic

factors

R2.

• Distress anxiety

• Chronic depression

• Maladjustments

• Genetic predisposition

• Traumatic experience

R3.

• Genetic

• Environmental factors
Research Methodology

Research Design

This study is all about A Case Study of Mental Disorder in Talay Rehabilitation

Center. This study applies a Qualitative research, specifically the Phenomenological

approach wherein exploring the causes and treatment of mental disorder.

Research Locale

The survey will be conducted in Talay Rehabilitation Center, intended for the

medical personnel. This is located at Barangay, Talay, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental.

Research Participant and Sampling Procedure

In conducting this study, the respondents are the medical personnel in Talay

Rehabilitation Center. The researchers have chosen participants who were able to answer

the consecutive questions from the survey in gathering data.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers first sought the approval to their Principal in Taclobo National

High School and to their adviser in Practical Research 1 in Senior High for the formality

and for awareness that the researchers will be conducting a study. Before conducting the

survey, the researchers will present the letter of approval and ask the permission from the

chosen respondents that are willing to answer the survey questionnaire.

Prior to the survey, the researchers asked the respondents if they are comfortable

with the survey questionnaire of the researchers and respondents will answer and on the

language they are comfortable within expressing their answer in an easy way in order to
maximize the potential data received. Thus, strengthening the reliance ease of the

respondents to express the man to ensure possible data made available.

It will be conducted with utmost confidentiality to ensure the valued privacy of

the respondents.
Chapter III
Summary Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Summary Findings Conclusions Recommendations


1. Respondent number 1 A mental disorder has This mental disorder
that mental disorder is the something to do with our should be prevented
disordered state of mind brain which results to through medical
and imbalance of hormones psychological behavior supplementation such as
neurotransmitters in brain effective medicine and
or results in behavior. counseling.
Respondent number 2 This causes must have
define mental disorder as a complete medications done
psychological syndrome or by the doctors.
pattern which is associated
with distress, and
disability. It may be
persistent or it may occur
as a single episode.
However, respondent
number state that
behavioral pattern that is
changed or unpaired or
personal.
2. Respondent one In this section the They must have enough
mentioned schizophrenia respondents categorized facilities to catered this
disorder, schizophreniform mental disorder into three; type of mental disorders
disorder, schizo-affective adult mental disorder, and hired enough medical
disorder, bipolar disorder personality disorder, and personnel in order to take
type I and type II, manic childhood mental disorder. care the increasing
disorder, major affective population of the patients.
disorder, and all types of
psychosis. Respondent
number two mentioned that
depression, bipolar
disorder, schizophrenia,
schizo-affective disorder,
personality disorders.
However respondent
number three mentioned
depression, epilepsy, 18
seizures disorders,
psychosis, behavioral and
developmental disorders,
use and drug disorders, self
harm/suicidal, and bipolar

3. The three respondents There is no exception of Every patients must


have the same answer having mental disorder. maintain their medicine to
because it is based from Majority of the patients minimize their disease and
their data collection. were male with the age of their family should support
21-70 years old average, them not just financially
and in terms of status many but also emotionally.
of them are single.
4. Respondent number one In treating a person with The family of the patients
stated that mental disorder mental disorder it will must not forget the
can be treated varies on takes time and process. monthly check-up of their
long term basis or months Depending on the type of patients so that it can
to year. Respondent also disorder. prevent relapse of
mentioned that a mental symptoms.
illness cannot be cured.
Monthly check-up is the
necessary to prevent
relapse of symptoms.
Respondent number two
answer that mental disorder
can be treated through
psychotherapy and
psychiatric medications.
However Respondent
number three mentioned
that it depends upon the
disorders treatment and
other factors like
environment.
5. Respondent number one Therefore if you a have We must not be confident
mentioned that monthly patient who was mental ill, about this type of illness so
injections, oral you as the family will that it will be cured
medications, and spend time and money for immediately. Let us help
psychological counseling the follow up medications our patient most especially
are required in treating of your patient. in assisting them to their
mental disorder. check-ups.
Respondent number two
mentioned medications
either lifestyle changes,
social interventions, and
peer support and help.
However Respondent
number three mentioned
that you need to refer to the
rehabilitation center
instructions in check-up
and follow up medications/
injections, and peer support
system.
6 .Respondent number one Psychiatrist plays a big role The government of Negros
mentioned that the ways on in the mental hospital, in Oriental must hire another
how the psychiatrist their which they are going to Psychiatrist in so that they
patient through encounter variety of can always monitor the
medications/therapeutic patients with different patients and find another
communication. Provide symptoms. Their work also ways in curing mental
therapeutic environment involves a differ analysis in disorder or discover
for clients. Respondent providing therapeutic techniques in minimizing
number two mentioned medicine to their patients mental disorder.
medication and counseling. and also they will have a
However, Respondent decision making.
number three mentioned
that psychiatric treat by
proper assessment like:
decision making, medical
and other management.
7. Respondent mentioned It is not just drug addiction, It there is something wrong
that the causes of mental depression, and genetic to one of our family
disorder are traumatic inheritance are the causes members let us consult
expression, examples rape, of mental disorder,their are him/her to the
witnessing a murder, and a lot of causes that the Psychologist/Psychiatrist if
hereditary genetic factors. patients will possibly we notice that there is
Respondent number two encountered. something wrong with their
mentioned distress anxiety, behavior.
chronic depression,
maladjustments, genetic
predisposition, and
traumatic experience.
However, Respondent
number three mentioned
genetic and environmental
factors.

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