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Low-cost EMI Pre-compliance Testing Using a Spectrum Analyzer
EMI regulations are in place throughout the world to provide Performing basic pre-compliance testing can help minimize
improved reliability and safety for users of electrical and your time and expense at the compliance test house.
electronic equipment. To ensure compliance with these Performing pre-compliance testing can help you catch out
regulations, many companies employ the services of a of specification conditions before you send your product for
specialized test facility to perform the actual compliance tests formal testing. If you have already been to a test house and
required for EMI certification. The test facility might belong to your product failed the emissions test, testing in your own
an outside company (a “test house”) or to an in-house EMC lab gives you the time to methodically isolate your problem
department. areas and apply different corrections.
A great deal of time and effort goes into the design of With the introduction of the Tektronix RSA306 USB based
today’s products to minimize their EMI signatures. Most Real Time Spectrum Analyzer, pre-compliance testing has
engineers employ good design practices to minimize the never been easier or more cost effective. This application
potential for EMI problems. It is common today to perform note provides an overview of EMI compliance testing,
pre-compliance measurements during the design and pre-compliance testing, and the measurement regulations.
prototyping stages to identify and address potential EMI Test setups using the RSA306 and similar low cost products
issues before the product is sent out for compliance testing. are used to perform both radiated and conducted emission
These techniques reduce the risk that the product will fail measurements that can help you minimize both your expense
the final full compliance at the test house. and schedule for getting your products EMI certified.
www.tektronix.com/emi 3
Application Note
Compliance Testing
Compliance testing requires methods, equipment and
measurement sites in compliance with international standards.
Compliance tests are commonly done as part of the design
qualification prior to production of a device. Compliance
testing is exhaustive and time consuming, and a failure in EMC
at this stage of product development can cause expensive
re-design and product introduction delays.
The term Radiated Emissions refers to both the intentional
and unintentional release of electromagnetic energy from an
electronic device. To address this concern, a radiated test is
performed to ensure that emissions emanating from the DUT
comply with the applicable limits. Figure 1. Full compliance test facilities are expensive and are costly to rent. Minimizing
use of these facilities is important from both a cost and a schedule perspective (Image
The term Conducted Emission refers to the mechanism that courtesy of Microwave Vision Group).
enables electromagnetic energy to be created in an electronic
device and coupled to its AC power cord. Similar to radiated
emissions, the allowable conducted emissions from electronic
Compliance Test Facilities
devices are controlled by different regulatory agencies.
Some of the cost drivers for compliance testing are the
Unless you are fortunate enough to have an accredited in-
facilities and equipment needed to perform the testing.
house full compliance laboratory in your company, the best
Formal testing requires:
choice is to involve a third-party compliance lab at the design
stage and then follow through with testing of your product at An EMC lab with large anechoic test chamber (Figure 1)
the lab. There are many EMC labs around the world. In the An EMI receiver with Quasi-peak detector and preamplifier,
United States, the FCC maintains a list of laboratories certified that can test up to the tenth harmonic or to 40 GHz
for compliance testing.
Mast and 360° Turn table
The full compliance test in a certificated lab is expensive
EMI software controlling the test equipment like masts, turn
with costs ranging from $1,000 to $3,000 per day). Even if
tables, EMI Receiver and report generator
you have your own internal full compliance lab, the time to
perform compliance test is significant. Failure of these tests Antennas
can mean some level of costly and time consuming design if Line impedance stabilization network (LISN) and Transient
rework is required. It is best to do as much pre-compliance Limiter (Only for AC Conducted measurements if necessary)
verification as practical to reduce the risk of a failure during
compliance testing.
4 www.tektronix.com/emi
Low-cost EMI Pre-compliance Testing Using a Spectrum Analyzer
Figure 3. This data shows the failure from Figure 2 at approximately 89 MHz.
www.tektronix.com/emi 5
Application Note
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Low-cost EMI Pre-compliance Testing Using a Spectrum Analyzer
www.tektronix.com/emi 7
Application Note
Detection Methods
A detector calculates a single point that represents the
signal over a defined sampling interval. Detection methods
can calculate the positive or negative peak, the RMS or
average value of voltage, or the Quasi-Peak (QP) value. The
compliance labs use quasi-peak (QP) detectors for the full
compliance test, but the pre-compliance measurements can
be made with simple peak detectors for a more conservative
test margin. The EMI department or the external labs typically
begin their testing by performing a scan using simple peak
detectors to find problem areas that exceed or are close to the
specified limits. For signals that approach or exceed the limits,
they perform QP measurements. The QP detector is a special
detection method defined by EMI measurement standards.
Figure 6. Quasi-peak responses will always be less than or equal to peak
The QP detector serves to detect the weighted peak value detection, never larger. So you can use peak detection to do your EMI troubleshooting
(quasi-peak) of the envelope of a signal. It weights signals and diagnostics.
depending upon their duration and repetition rate. Signals that
occur more frequently or last longer will result in a higher QP
measurement than infrequent, short impulses. Video Filters
An example of peak and QP detection is seen in Figure 6. Video filters are specified in some EMI measurements and
Here, a signal with an 8 μs pulse width and 10 ms repetition were the original method used in spectrum analyzers to
rate is seen in both peak and QP detection. The resultant reduce the effects of noise variations in measurements. The
QP value is 10.1 dB lower than the peak value. name video filter derives from the original implementation,
A good rule to remember is QP will always be less than or when low-pass filters were placed between the detected
equal to peak detect, never larger. The RSA306 offers peak output and the Y-axis analog drive input of the CRT on the
detection to do your EMI troubleshooting and diagnostics. spectrum analyzer. RTSAs and some modern spectrum
You don’t need to be accurate to perform an EMI department analyzers use digital techniques to achieve this smoothing
or lab scan, since it is all relative. If your lab report shows of the noise on the signal. In most EMI measurement cases,
the DUT was 3 dB over the limit and your peak detected video filters are specified to be either off, or the video filter is
measurement is 6 dB over, then you need to implement fixes specified to be at least 3 times greater than the specified RBW
that reduce the signal by 3 dB or more. of the measurement.
8 www.tektronix.com/emi
Low-cost EMI Pre-compliance Testing Using a Spectrum Analyzer
http://www.tek.com/dl/55W-30065-2%2520WLAN%2520Pre-compliance
%2520App%2520Note_1615_0.pdf
www.tektronix.com/emi 9
Application Note
Type N Connector
USB 3.0
RF Optional
Pre-Amp
0 to 1 meter
DUT
Non-metallic
DUT platform
10 www.tektronix.com/emi
Low-cost EMI Pre-compliance Testing Using a Spectrum Analyzer
Figure 9. Test antennas. An Electro-Metrics EM-6912A Biconical Antenna, and a PCB log periodic antenna ordered from www.wa5vjb.com
Selecting Antennas
For our measurements we used three very low cost PC
board log periodic antennas2 and a biconical antenna. These
antennas were mounted on a tripod for easy placement.
The Antenna Factors (AF) and cable loss can be input into the
RSA306 for field strength correction (Figure 10). A biconical
antenna was used for the 20 to 200 MHz frequencies. The
longer 20 to 200 MHz wavelengths require a larger antenna,
and the background noise may also be an issue as it includes
many radio broadcast frequencies.
to the RSA306, turn on the peak detectors and set the limit
lines. The limit lines were adjusted to adapt to our testing
environment.
Prior to turning on your DUT it is important to evaluate and
characterize your test environment. Is there enough signal
room between the limit line and your ambient noise floor?
Are there known signals that can be reduced? Do you need
to move your test set up to a quieter environment? 2 The concept of using low-cost PC board log periodic antennas and the creative
mounting design were taken from Ken Wyatt’s “The EMC Blog”, http://www.edn.com/
electronics-blogs/the-emc-blog/4403451/PC-board-log-periodic-antennas
www.tektronix.com/emi 11
Application Note
Figure 11a. Environmental background results. Broadcast signals are clearly visible in the VHF band.
Figure 11b. Test results of DUT. No out of limit conditions were attributable to the DUT.
Once you are satisfied with your background noise, turn on If problems are uncovered at this stage, further diagnosis and
the power to your DUT. The differences between the two design modifications may be required. The features available
measurements are the emissions from the DUT (Figure 11b). on the RSA306 allow for both pre-compliance measurements
and diagnostics. Problem signals may be identified by
For our testing, we used a Tektronix WiFi demo board that had
engineers familiar with the DUT design. Near field probing tools
already been through EMI compliance testing, so there were
may also be useful and are discussed in a later section.
no failures to detect. The good news is that if you have setup
your testing correctly and nothing comes close to the limit line,
it may mean that you are ready for compliance testing.
12 www.tektronix.com/emi
Low-cost EMI Pre-compliance Testing Using a Spectrum Analyzer
Ele Transition
ctr Region
ic
Fie
ld
Wave Impedance
E
Zw =
H
ld
c Fie
eti
gn
Ma
Distance λ
2π
Figure 12. In the near field wave impedance depends on the nature of the source and the distance from it. In the far field the
impedance is constant.
In a full compliance lab, EMI receivers and well-calibrated from predominantly magnetic to predominantly electric
antennas are used to test the electronic devices over wave impedance. Near field measurements are used for
a distance of 3 or 10 meters. In other words, the troubleshooting, since they allow one to pinpoint sources
measurements might be done in the far field. These test of energy and they may be performed without the need
chambers are designed to eliminate or greatly reduce for a special test site.
all the unwanted RF signals so that only the DUT’s EMI
However compliance testing is performed in the far
signals are measured.
field and predicting far field energy levels from near field
While every effort needs to be taken to ensure that the measurements can be complicated because the strength
RF background noise is minimized for your pre-compliance of the far field signal is dependent not only on the strength
testing, the background noise may still be significant. of the source, but also the radiating mechanism as well as
Reducing the distance between the test antenna and the any shielding or filtering that may be in place. As a rule of
DUT boosts the signal level of the DUT relative to the RF thumb we must remember that we if are able to observe
background. a signal in the far field then we should be able to see the
same signal in the near field. However it is possible to
Figure 12 shows the behavior of wave impedance in the
observe a signal in the near field and not see the same in
near and far fields, and the transition zone between them.
the far field.
We can see that in the near field region fields can range
www.tektronix.com/emi 13
Application Note
http://www.solar-emc.com/LISN.html
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Low-cost EMI Pre-compliance Testing Using a Spectrum Analyzer
Type N Connector
USB 3.0
Optional
RF
Pre-Amp
LISN
Optional DUT
Power Filter
Power
Prefer Metallic Ground Plane
www.tektronix.com/emi 15
Application Note
Figure 15. Conducted emissions test showing an over-limit condition at the lower end of the spectrum.
Power Filter Once you are satisfied with your background noise, turn on
the power to your DUT and attach the LISN output to the
For conducted measurements the background noise comes
spectrum analyzer, in that order. The differences between the
from the power source. While the LISN will provide some
two measurements are from the DUT (Figure 15).
isolation, many times you will need additional power filtering.
For our measurements, the noise from our building power For the conducted measurements our DUT was a very low
dominated our results. By adding a power filter4 we were able cost laptop power supply purchased over the internet. We
to reduce the incoming noise to a sufficient level for making used a spare laptop as a load for the power supply. In this
our conducted measurements. case we were able to see a failure. Figure 15 shows the DUT
conducted emission going above the limit at approximately
Characterizing Your Environment and 172 Hz. The features available on the RSA306 allow for
Test Results pre-compliance measurements and diagnostics. Problem
First we input the LISN correction factors to the RSA306, signals may be identified by engineers familiar with the DUT
turn on the peak detectors and set the limit lines. Again, design. Again near field probing tools may be useful. If you
prior to turning on your DUT it is important to evaluate and have setup your tests correctly and nothing comes close
characterize your test environment. Is there enough room to the limit line, it may mean that you are ready for your
between the limit line and your noise floor? Do you need to compliance testing.
add a power filter?
16 www.tektronix.com/emi
Low-cost EMI Pre-compliance Testing Using a Spectrum Analyzer
troubleshooting-emi-problems
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