Voltage Regulation

Report by : Gigi Bartolare

Voltage regulation of a transformer

• The percentage change in the output voltage from no-load to full-load

• When the transformer is loaded with constant primary voltage, the secondary

voltage decreases of its internal resistance and leakage reactance.

• Primary voltage was supposed to be kept constant and the changes in

secondary terminal voltage were considered.

• The primary voltage of the transformer is always greater than the emf induces on
the primary side.
• Secondary terminal voltage at no-load is always greater than the voltage at full-
load condition
Mathematically the voltage regulation is represented as:
𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
%𝑉𝑅 = × 100
𝑉𝐹𝐿
Or
𝐸2 − 𝑉2
%𝑉𝑅 = × 100
𝐸2

𝐸2 = secondary terminal voltage at no-load

𝑉2 = secondary terminal voltage at full-load
1. A 500 kVA, 3800/400 V, 50 Hz single phase transformer has the following data:
𝑅1 = 0.014 Ω 𝑅2 = 0.00102 Ω
𝑋1 = 0.459 Ω 𝑋2 = 0.00416 Ω

Find the percentage voltage regulation of the transformer when supplying full-load current at a
p.f. of 0.8 lagging.

Ans. 𝟐. 𝟐%

2. A 100 kVA transformer has 400 turns on the primary and 80 turns on the secondary. The
primary and secondary resistance are 0.3 Ω and 0.01 Ω respectively and the corresponding
reactance are 1.1 Ω and 0.35 Ω respectively. The supply voltage is 2200 V. Calculate the
voltage regulation and secondary terminal voltage full-load having p.f. of
𝑖 0.8 lagging
𝑖𝑖 0.8 leading
Ans. 𝒊 𝟒𝟐𝟓. 𝟐 𝑽, 𝟑. 𝟑𝟔%
𝐢𝒊 . 𝟒𝟒𝟔. 𝟖𝑽, −𝟏. 𝟓𝟒%
Open Circuit Test and Short Circuit Test
Report by Albert Cuarto
• The purpose of this test is to determine the core loss
• 𝑃𝑂𝐶 = reading of the wattmeter during the test watts
• 𝐸𝐺 = rated low side voltage volt
• 𝑃𝐶𝑂𝑅𝐸 = core or iron losses (watts)
• The purpose of this test is to determine the equivalent impedance, equivalent
reactance, equivalent resistance in which measuring instruments are connected
and determine the full-load or rated copper loss.
1. A 50 kVA, 6360/240 V transformer gave the following test results:
OC test : Primary voltage 6360V, primary current 1A : power input 2kW
SC test : Voltage across secondary windings 50V ; current in secondary winding:
Power input 2kW. Find the efficiency of the transformer when supplying full load at a power
factor of 0.8 lagging.
𝐚𝐧𝐬. 𝟖𝟗. 𝟐𝟖%

2. A short circuit test when performed on the H.V. side of a 10kva, 2000/400 V single phase
transformer gave the following data : 60V, 4A, 100W. If the L.V. side is delivering full load current
at 0.8pf lagging, find The voltage applied to H.V. side so that secondary voltage at on load is the
same as at no load.
𝐚𝐧𝐬. 𝐕𝐏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟔. 𝟑 𝐕
TRANSFORMER’S
EFFICIENCY
Report by: Lily Jean S. Junio
Efficiency at Full Load

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
%n = × 100
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
where;
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
hence;
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
%n = × 100
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
Losses:
• Core loss (𝑃𝑐 )– constant loss
• Copper loss(𝑃𝑐𝑢 )- variable loss

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
%n = × 100
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑐 +𝑃𝑐𝑢

𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝐼12 𝑅𝑜1 = 𝐼22 𝑅𝑜2

where;
𝐼1 − is the current in the primary winding
𝐼2 − is the current in the secondary winding
𝑅𝑜1 − is the resistance referred to primary side
𝑅𝑜2 − is the resistance referred to secondary side
Efficiency at Any Load
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
%n = × 100
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑐 +𝑃𝑐𝑢

Copper loss @ any load

𝑃𝑐𝑢 = (%𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒)2 × 𝑃𝑐𝑢𝐹𝐿
 Maximum Efficiency
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
%n = × 100
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 +2𝑃𝑐
KVA load @ maximum Efficiency

𝑃𝑐
𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑃𝑐𝑢𝐹𝐿
Power Output @ Maximum efficiency

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (pf)

Example:
1. In a 100 KVA transformer, the iron loss is 1.2 kW and full-load
copper loss is 2kW. If the load p.f. is 0.8 lagging, find the efficiency
at (i)full-load (ii)half full-load.
[answer: (i)96.16% (ii) 95.94%]
2. A 150 KVA transformer has an iron loss of 1.4 kW and full- load
copper loss of 2.8 kW . Calculate (i) the efficiency of transformer at full-
load (ii) the maximum efficiency of the transformer and (iii) the output
power at the maximum level of efficiency. Assume unity p.f.
[answer: (i)97.2% (ii) 98.13% (iii) 106.05kW]]
All Day Efficiency
Report by: Eden Paul Del Castillo
 All Day Efficiency of a Transformer
Definition:
• All day efficiency means the power consumed by the transformer throughout the day. It is defined as
the ratio of output power to the input power in kWh or wh of the transformer over 24 hours.
Mathematically, it is represented as

• All day efficiency of the transformer depends on their load cycle. The load cycle of the transformer means the
repetitions of load on it for a specific period.
• The ordinary or commercial efficiency of a transformer define as the ratio of the output power to the input
power.
1.Find the all day efficiency of a 500 KVA distribution transformer whose copper loss and
iron loss at full load are 4.5KW and 3.5 KW respectively. During the day of 24 hours. It is
loaded as under

No. of hours Load in kW Power factor

6 400 0.8
10 300 0.75

4 100 0.8
4 0 -

ANS: 97.62%
2. A 100 KVA lighting transformer has a full load loss of 3KW, the losses being equally
divided between iron and copper. During one day, the transformer operates on full load for 3
hours , on half load for 4 hours the output being negligible for the remainder of the day.
Calculate the all day efficiency.
ANS: 92.26%
Auto-transformer
Reported by: Dilsa L. Raya
For Step-Down and Step-Up Transformer

𝐼2 𝑁1 𝑉1
= = = a
𝐼1 𝑁2 𝑉2
1
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ( 1- )
𝑎
1
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ( )
𝑎
𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚= 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 - 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦
Examples
• An auto-transformer is used to step-down from 240 V to 200 V. the complete
winding consists of 438 turns and the secondary delivers a load current of 15
A. Determine (i) Secondary turns (ii) Primary current (iii) Current in the
secondary winding. Neglect the effect of the magnetizing current.
[answer: (i) 365 turns (ii) 12.5 A
(iii) 2.5 A]

• An auto-transformer supplies a load of 3 kW at 115 V at a unity power factor.

If the applied primary voltage is 230 V, calculate the power transferred to the
load (i) inductively (ii) conductively
[answer: (i) 1.5 kW (ii) 1.5 kW]
Parallel Operation of Single-
phase Transformers
Necessity of Parallel Operations of
Transformer
Conditions for Parallel Operation
• Primary windings should be suitable for the supply system voltage
and frequency.
• The transformers should be properly connected with regard to
polarity.
• The transformers should have the same turns ratio.
• The percentage impedances should be equal in magnitude and have
the same X/R ratio.
• With transformers having different kVA ratings, the equivalent
impedances should be inversely proportional to the individual kVA
rating if circulating currents are to be avoided.
Two single-phase transformers A and B of equal voltage ratio are running
in parallel and supplying a load requiring 500 A at 0.8 p.f. lagging at a
terminal voltage 400 V. The equivalent impedances of the transformers,
as referred to secondary windings, are (2 + ј3) and (2.5 + ј5) ohm.
Calculate the current supplied by each of the transformer.

Ans. [𝐼𝑎 = 304𝐴 ; 𝐼𝑏 = 197𝐴]

Two single-phase transformers A and B are operating in parallel and supplying a
common load of 1000 KVA at 0.8 p.f lagging. The data regarding the transformers
are as follows:

Transformer: Rating: % Resistance: %Reactance:

A 750 KVA 3 5
B 500KVA 2 4

Determine the loading of each transformer.

Ans.
𝑆𝐴 = 535∠ − 34.7
𝑆𝐵 = 465∠ − 39.3
Three Phase Transformer
Report by: Kei Bancale
• Consists three transformers either separate or combined with
one core.
• The primary and secondary of the transformer can be
independently connected either in star or delta.
• There are four possible connections for a 3-phase transformer
bank.
- Star – Star or Y – Y Connection
- Mesh – Mesh or Δ – Δ Connection
- Star – Mesh or Y – Δ Connection
- Mesh – Star or Δ – Y Connection
Problems:
1. A 3-phase transformer has 145 turns / phase on each secondary
winding and 1382 on each primary winding. The primary side is
connected to a 6600V , 50Hz , 3-phase supply. Calculate the no –
load secondary line terminal PD when the windings are connected
(i) star – mesh and (ii) mesh – star
Answer: (i) 400V (ii) 1200V
2. A 11,000 / 6,600V , 3-phase transformer has a star connected primary and
a delta connected secondary. It supplies a 6.6kV motor having a star-
connected stator, developing 969.8kW at a power factor of 0.9 lagging and an
efficiency of 92 percent. Calculate the primary and secondary phase currents
in the transformer if the current being supplied in the motor is 126.3A

Answer: 𝑰𝜱𝟏 = 𝟕𝟑𝑨 ; 𝑰𝜱𝟐 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟖𝑨

 OPEN DELTA CONNECTION
What is an Open-Delta connection?
a usually temporary or emergency connection of a three-phase electrical circuit
in which one of the three transformers is omitted and its load carried by the two
transformers — called also V-connection.
Open-Delta Connection Diagram
𝑷𝒗 = 2 VI cos ∅
𝑷∆= 3 VI

𝑷𝒗 𝟐 𝑽𝑰 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟎
=
𝑷∆ 𝟑 𝑽𝑰

Power Factor of Transformers in V-V connection

𝑷𝟏 = S cos (30 + ρ)
𝑷𝟐 = S cos (30 − ρ)
 Tutorial Problem :

1. Three 1100/100-V transformers connected delta-delta supply a lighting

load of 100kW. One of the transformers is damaged and removed for
repairs. Find
a.) What currents were flowing in the transformer when the three
transformers were in service?
b.) What current flows in each transformer when the third is removed?

a.) primary= 30.3A ; secondary= 303A

b.) primary= 30.3 3A ; secondary= 303 3 A
2.) Two transformers are connected open delta and deliver a load of
86.7 kVA at a power factor of 0.8. Calculate:
a. ) The kVA load on each transformer.
b. ) The power delivered by each of the transformers.
c. ) The available transformer kilovolt-amperes if a third unit of the
same rating as one of the other two is added to form a ∆.
a. 50kVA
b. 𝑃1 = 49.6 𝑘𝑊
𝑃2 = 19.6 𝑘𝑊
c. 150 kVA