Calculus and Analytic Geometry

Calculus was one of the greatest achievements in all of mathematics due to

its ability to interrelate: accelerations, velocities, and distances traveled by

moving bodies, to relate slopes of curves to rates of change, to find the

maximum ad the minimum values a function might have (for example, the

greatest and least distances of a planet from the sun), to find the lengths of

curves, the areas bounded by curves, the volumes enclosed by surfaces, and

the centers of gravity of attracting bodies.

Calculus measures motion and change. Where there is motion of growth,

where variable forces are at work producing acceleration, calculus is the ideal

mathematical tood.

It is used to: predict the orbits of Earth's satellites, to design inertial

navigation systems, to explore problems of space travel, to test theories

about ocean currets and the dynamics of the atmosphere.

It is frequently applied in biology, business, economics, linguistics, medicine,

political science, and psychology.

Differentiation calculus:

•calculates rates of change

•Ex: when given a formula for the distance that a moving body travels as

a function of time, differential calculus provides the formulas for

velocity and acceleration at any instant.

It helps to answer question such as:

 •What angle of elevation gives a cannon its greatest range?

•What is the strongest rectangular beam that can be cut from a cylindrical

log?

•When is a chemical reaction proceeding at its fastest rate?

Integral Calculus:

•Determining a function from information about its rate of change

•Ex: Given the present size of a population and the rate at which is grows,

we can produce a formula that accurately predicts the population's

size at any future time or that estimates how big the population

sometime in the past

•Ex: Given the rate at which carbon 14 disintegrates, we can produce a

formula that calculates the age of a sample of charcoal from its

present ratio of carbon 14 to carbon 12. The age of Crater Lake in

Oregon, 6660 years, was determined by applying such a formula to the

charcoal from a tree that was killed in the volcanic eruption that

formed the lake.

Johannes Kepler

•The squares of the periods of revolution of the planets about the sun are

proportional to the cubes of their average distances from the sun.

•The Earth's period of revolution is 365 days, its distance from the sun is

93 million miles, the ratio of the square of 365 to the cube of 93 million
 is 1.66 x 10-19

Calculus was invented by astronomers, mathematicians, physicists:

•Rene Descartes, Bonaventura Cavalieri, Pierre de Fermat, John Wallis,

Blaise Pascal, Christian Huygens, Isaac Barrow, James Gregory, Isaac

Newton, Wilhelm Leibniz, James Bernoulli, John Bernoulli, Leonhard

Euler, Josph Louis Lagrange, Bernhard Bolzano, Augustin-Louis Cauchy,

Karl Weierstrass, John von Neuman