MODULE V

DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE PERMEABILITY OF CORE

SAMPLE USING DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Name : Ghozyan Maududi

Student ID : 12217006
Group : Senin1_Kelompok2
Date of Experiment : 11 March 2019
Date of Submission : 17 March 2019
Lecturer : Prof. Dr. Ir. Pudji Permadi
Module Assistant : 1. Yosafat Abednego 12215025
2. Devara Adhika Jala Putra 12215056

LABORATORIUM PETROFISIKA
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2019

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................................2
TABLE LIST .............................................................................................................................3
IMAGE LIST .............................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION
I.A. MODULE TITLE .....................................................................................................5
I.B. OBJECTIVE .............................................................................................................5
I.C. FUNDAMENTAL THEORY ...................................................................................5
CHAPTER II - DATA PROCESSING
II.A. EXPERIMENT DATA............................................................................................6
II.B. DATA PROCESSING .............................................................................................7
CHAPTER III - ANALYSIS
III.A. ASSUMPTION ....................................................................................................12
III.B. ANALYSIS ..........................................................................................................12
CHAPTER IV - CONCLUSION .............................................................................................13
CHAPTER V - IMPRESSION ................................................................................................13
CHAPTER VI - BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................13
ATTACHMENT ......................................................................................................................14

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 TABLE LIST
PAGE
Table 2.1 Core Sample Dimension .......................................................................................... 5
Table 2.2 Core Sample Mass ................................................................................................... 5
Table 2.3 Displacement Rate – Interpolated ............................................................................ 5
Table 2.4 Data Processing...................................................................................................... 10

IMAGE LIST
PAGE
Graph 2.1 Relative Permeability to Saturation ...................................................................... 11

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Experiment Title
Determination of Relative Permeability of Core Sample Using Displacement Method.

B. Objective
1. To determine relative permeability krg/kro with gas-water system.
2. To determine the correlation between saturation and relative permeability.

C. Fundamental Theory
Permeability is a measure of the capacity of the rock to transmit fluid. Analogically,
permeability is the conductivity of an electric component. Permeability is an anisotropic
parameter – the value varies based on its direction. There are types of permeability:
1. Absolute Permeability  A permeability of a rock with only a single-phase fluid.
2. Effective Permeability  A permeability of a rock with multi-phase fluids.
3. Relative Permeability  The ratio of Effective-and-Absolute Permeability.

In absolute permeability, the fluid saturation doesn’t affect the permeability itself, since
the rock is 100% saturated with only one fluid. In two or more phase of fluids, saturation
is a function of effective permeability – the effective permeability changes as the
saturation changes.
The relative permeability data is used:
1. To determine free-water-level;
2. To determine residual fluid saturation;
3. To determine the fluid distribution through fractional flow and frontal advance;
4. As a parameter for Drill-Stem and Production-Test.

The experiment principle is to displace water in a fully-saturated core with gas using
Hassler Core Holder, so there will be multi-phase flow in the core. The water volume that
comes out will be used to calculate the effective permeability to water, and the gas will
flow to the Volumetric Measurement System to know the volumetric rate of the gas.
These data will be used to calculate the relative permeability and its correlation to
saturation.

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 CHAPTER II
DATA PROCESSING
A. Experiment Data
Table 2.1 Core Sample Dimension
Length (cm) 3.77
Diameter (cm) 2.56

Table 2.2 Core Sample Mass

Dry Core Sample Mass (gr) 40.14
Saturated Core Sample Mass (gr) 42.12

Table 2.3 Displacement Rate - Interpolated

Volume displaced fluid, Volume flask,
Time (s)
Vi (cc) f (cc)
0 0.3 0
10 0.3 0.05945
20 0.5 0.06893
30 0.8 0.078395
40 1.2 0.08786
50 1.5 0.097325
60 2.0 0.10679

Confining pressure = 100 psig

Outlet pressure = 14 psig = 28.7 psia
Inlet pressure = 0 psig = 14.7 psia
Water Density = 1 gr/cc
Gas Viscosity = 0.0185 cP
Water Viscosity = 1 cP
Kabs = 17.1272 mD

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B. Data Processing
1. Water Density
Using reference:
𝑔𝑟
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1 ⁄𝑐𝑐

2. Bulk Volume
𝜋
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 = 𝑑2 𝑙
4
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 = 19.40489 𝑐𝑐

Pore Volume
𝑚𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 − 𝑚𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒 =
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 1.98 𝑐𝑐

Area
1
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑑2
4
𝐴 = 5.147185 𝑐𝑚2

3. Volume Displaced Fluid

∆𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑛 − 𝑉𝑛−𝑖

4. Volume Flask
∆𝑂𝑖 = 𝑂𝑛 − 𝑂𝑛−𝑖

5. Gas Volume
∆𝐺𝑖 = ∆𝑉𝑛 − ∆𝑂

6. Gas-Water Ratio
∆𝐺𝑖
𝑅𝑖 =
∆𝑂

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 7. Pressure
∆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡
∆𝑃 = 14 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎

8. Boyle Correction Factor

14.7
𝐶1 =
∆𝑃
14.7 + 2

𝐶1 = 0.677419

9. Gas-Oil Ratio
𝑅𝑓 = 𝑅𝑖 . 𝐶1

10. Gas Viscosity

Using reference:
𝜇𝑔 = 0.0185 𝑐𝑃

11. Water Viscosity

Using reference:
𝜇𝑤 = 1 𝑐𝑃

12. Viscosity Ratio

𝜇𝑔
⁄𝜇𝑤 = 0.0185

13. Relative Permeability

𝑘𝑔 ∆𝑉 − ∆𝑂 𝜇
⁄𝑘 = [ 𝑖 ] . 𝐶1 . [ 𝑔⁄𝜇𝑤 ]
𝑤 ∆𝑂

14. Logarithmic Mean

(∆𝑉𝑖 )𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 0.414 . (∆𝑉𝑖 )

15. Gas-Water Mean Volume

Vbar𝑖 = (𝑉𝑖 )𝑛−1 + (∆𝑉𝑖 )𝑎𝑣𝑔
16. Arithmetic Average

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 (∆𝑂 )𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 0.5 . (∆𝑂 )

17. Fluid Total Volume

Obar = 𝑂 𝑛−1
+ (∆𝑂 )𝑎𝑣𝑔

18. Gas Total Volume

𝐺𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑖 = 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑖 − 𝑂𝑏𝑎𝑟

19. Gas Mean Volume

𝐺𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 𝐺𝑖. 𝐶1

20. Total Volume

𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 𝐺𝑏𝑎𝑟 + 𝑂𝑏𝑎𝑟

21. Gas-Water Volume Ratio

1 ∆𝐺𝑖. 𝐶1 + ∆𝑂
= = 𝑅𝑓 + 1
𝑓𝑜 ∆𝑂

22. Gas Saturation

∆𝑆 = 𝑓𝑤. (𝐺𝑏𝑎𝑟 + 𝑂𝑏𝑎𝑟) = 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑟. (𝑓𝑜)

23. Final Gas Saturation

𝑉𝑔 = 𝑂𝑏𝑎𝑟 + ∆𝑆

24. Terminal Gas Saturation

𝑉𝑔
𝑆𝑔𝑙 =
𝑉𝑝

25. Time
∆∅ = ∅𝑛 − ∅(𝑛 − 1)

26. Flow Constant

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 𝜇𝑔 . 𝐿 . 14.7 . 1000 . 𝐶1
𝐶2 =
𝐴 . 𝐾𝑎𝑏𝑠 . ∆𝑃
𝐶2 = 0.562735

27. Volumetric Rate

∆𝐺𝑖
𝑄𝑔 =
∆𝜃

28. Relative Permeability to Gas

𝐾𝑟𝑔 = 𝑄𝑔. (𝐶2)

29. Water Saturation

𝑂𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑆𝑤𝑡 =
𝑉𝑝

30. Relative Permeability to Water

𝐾𝑟𝑔
𝐾𝑟𝑤 =
𝐾𝑔⁄
𝐾𝑤
(Kg/Kw)  plot Sgt vs (Kg/Kw)

Tabel 2.4 Data Processing

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 t (s) Vi (mL) f (mL) dVi dOi dGi Ri Rf
10 0.3 0.05945 0.3 0.05945 0.24055 4.046257 2.741013
20 0.5 0.06893 0.2 0.00948 0.19052 20.09705 13.61413
30 0.8 0.078395 0.3 0.009465 0.290535 30.69572 20.79388
40 1.2 0.08786 0.4 0.009465 0.390535 41.26096 27.95097
50 1.5 0.097325 0.3 0.009465 0.290535 30.69572 20.79388
60 2 0.10679 0.5 0.009465 0.490535 51.8262 35.10807

kg/kw dVi avg Vbari dO avg obar gbari gbar Vbar

0.050709 0.1242 0.4242 0.029725 0.089175 0.335025 0.639563 0.728738
0.251861 0.0828 0.2828 0.00474 0.01422 0.26858 0.512719 0.526939
0.384687 0.1242 0.4242 0.004733 0.014198 0.410003 0.782695 0.796892
0.517093 0.1656 0.5656 0.004732 0.014198 0.551403 1.052627 1.066825
0.384687 0.1242 0.4242 0.004733 0.014198 0.410003 0.782695 0.796892
0.649499 0.207 0.707 0.004733 0.014198 0.692803 1.32256 1.336757

1/fo dS Vg Sgt dt Qg Krg Swt Sgt

-0.909 0.089175 0.17835 0.090076 10 -0.00595 -0.00227 0.045038 0.954962
39.36526 0.013386 0.027606 0.013942 10 0.019052 0.007278 0.007182 0.992818
59.59813 0.013371 0.027569 0.013924 10 0.029054 0.011098 0.00717 0.99283
79.76718 0.013374 0.027572 0.013925 10 0.039054 0.014918 0.00717 0.99283
59.59813 0.013371 0.027569 0.013924 10 0.029054 0.011098 0.00717 0.99283
99.93622 0.013376 0.027574 0.013926 10 0.049054 0.018738 0.00717 0.99283

Sgt Kg/Kw
0.954962 0.050709
0.992818 0.251861
0.99283 0.384687
0.99283 0.517093
0.99283 0.384687
0.99283 0.649499

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 Graph 2.1 Relative Permeability to Saturation

Sgt vs Kg/Ko
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4 y = 4E-25e55.611x
Sgt vs Kg/Ko
0.3
Expon. (Sgt vs Kg/Ko)
0.2

0.1

0
0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1

y = 4E-25e55.611x

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15 Sw VS Krg
Sgt vs Krw
0.1

0.05

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

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 CHAPTER III
ANALYSIS
A. Assumption
1. Fluids involved do not react with core sample or other fluids.
2. The core sample is completely saturated – no air trapped inside.
3. The core sample is a perfect cylinder.
4. The gas only presses the core sample vertically.
5. There is no leakage during the process.

B. Analysis
In this experiment, we saturated the core sample in water then injected gas into it. The
core sample used is core sample “3”. The HCH is used to inject gas into the core sample
so the gas will push the water out – to the flask. The gas then flows to push the water
level in the VMS, so we will get the volumetric rate.

The gas used in this module is N2 and dry air. Nitrogen gas is used as confining pressure,
which makes sure that the flow of the injected fluid is only vertical. The dry air is used as
an injected fluid. To assure that there is no leakage, vaseline is used to close the ‘air gap’.

The density of water was not measured back then so we use the reference data. The water
did not come out from the HCH. This happened probably caused by the presence of air in
the flask. The reference data is interpolated so the ‘time’ matches the one we measure.
Then we only use the span of 60s of time, so the calculation will be more accurate.

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 CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION

1. Relative Permeability krg/kro:

Krg -0.00227 0.007278 0.011098 0.014918 0.011098 0.018738

Kro -0.04477 0.028897 0.028849 0.02885 0.028849 0.02885

2. Saturation and Relative Permeability

Looking at the curve, we get that the relative permeability to a fluid is directly
proportional to water saturation.

CHAPTER V
IMPRESSION

This module was harder to understand to me, because I hadn’t understood this chapter in the
class. The compressor was the most exciting part for me, because it blew air madly. It was
quite disappointing that the water didn’t come out of the HCH, but overall the experiment
was fun.

CHAPTER VI
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Amyx, James W. 1960. Petroleum Reservoir Engineering. New York: McGraw Hill.
2. Craft, Hawkins. 1959. Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering. New York: Prentice
Hall.
3. Petrophysics Laboratory. 2019. Buku Petunjuk Praktikum. Bandung: Petroleum
Engineering Bandung Institute of Technology.

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 ATTACHMENT

REFERENCE DATA
Incremental of water volume displaced by dry air
Time (s) Cumulative Volume of Water (mL)
9,53 0,03
19,15 0,07
38,38 0,1
60,72 0,13
112,46 0,16
170,75 0,2

Volumetric Rate Data

Time
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
(s)

Vi (cc) 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.5 2 2.3

Time
80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
(s)
Vi (cc) 2.9 3.3 3.9 4.4 5 5.5 6.1 6.7

Time
160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
(s)
Vi (cc) 7.3 8.1 8.7 9.4 10.2 11 11.6 12.4

Time
240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320
(s)
Vi (cc) 13 13.8 14.5 15.2 16.3 17 17.2 18 18.9

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