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"PICDJ5GPYTD
pc|arnct elt)cLo,r}DeeRor)
The Joupnol of
The Mgthopoeic Linguistic Felloarship
I orkl6h, and !'helr relatlon6hlD; Aduralc, |'/e6trcn, OLd
uol Autumn L97I
'arma lldalamberon/The Book of lhe Elven Tonques ls
,he Jcurnal of ihe Mythopoelc Llngulstlc Fel,IowEhlp, a
ipeclal Intere6t oroup of the fiyLhopoelc Soclety, ln-
rerested ln lma8lnary fantagy languages ard all maL-
rers l.lnjulstlc and phllologlcalr esceclal.Iy Lhe d1-
,'ers Longues of l'lldciIe-earth and Lhe Low \rcrlds.
ghgl ExecuLlve F.d1!or
UIer-. .jo3dKnl
PauIa l'iarrcr/
tC 1 lcr: lllr 1le-ear!h
Carleron/ EdlLorl Ol-, Solar
,-;1n
JIm Vfbber/ Edlror: Art alrd CaIIlgrsphy
.l
berb-Luis-NioN Dy paula marmor
One of the flr6t goaie of the Hythopoelc LlngulEL-
tc FeIIow6hlp Has and 16 Lhe publlca!1on (or prepara-
tlon for publlcatlon) of The Bock, a comocslLe dlcblon-
ary, gramBarr Eourcebook and hl6tory of Lhe Elven lan-
8uage6, Hlth appendlces coverlng lhe oLher tongueE or
|tlddle-earuh, tncludlng glosEarleE of the anglo-Saxon,
Franklsh, lrorse and Celtlc nanes found among Lhe Rohlr-
rlm, Dwarves, Woodmen and HobbtLB; the Black Speech,
noL l'iannl6h and hobbltl6h and thelr relatlonshlps: the
evoluLlon of Elven grammar-Eid'-lhe lnterconnecLlons of
tho6e tongue6 wlth che orher languages of l'lldile-ear!hi
and so on !o lhe polnl of an Excedrln headache, Thls
16 obvlously too greaL a viork for one perscrl al,one, or
for a 6ma1l. group of people, and our llream exocrioed Lo
a Grand Compendlun of Tolklenlan iilvla, HlLn cc:i!rlbu-
Lor6 6caltered nea:- anc far, wl th conf lIctlr..r !r:eorl es
nece6slLaLlng secLlons of nlnorlty opl.1ons, H1!n ma:L
flylnd frorn siate to 6!ate and contlnert !o cor:Li.nen!
to dlspute a cer!31n ruenya lnflexlonal end.1re....
e expect t,h1s Hcrk !o Lake 6ome L lne ( I an per-
'r,i

6onally hoplng lo co,TpIete 1t for Professor Iolki.enrs

lolumns
' 3erh-Luls-Nlon, by Paula lr:armor.
wcndeloner by Jlm Carleton.
Llnnln Parandan laur, by Jln Vlbber.
Articles
haradrlnr and Slgelhearwar, by iobert Foster.....J
A Glossary of old Solar, by Joe A. Cilrlsgocher..4
Ine One InconsLstency 1n LofR, by 3obert, Foster,g
On ti-.e Formatlon of Plurals 1n Slndarln,
by ts1li '*'elien.
Features
liatnons
lunes (Lelrer Colunn)......
Art
;over: .-auIa l',armor / tsack cover: .,raneL fa lnwr j.,-ht
cage 7: ilm Car]eton/ page o: i1n Vlbber
Tyoos: Paula I'larncr / LaycuE: Cl,en CoodXnIghL
l,vLhcr'1rt 1s t,he rcntf,Iy bulie!1n of the l:ythoocelc
:ccIe!y. IL glves the."oplcs at'.i reetlng lnfc:.mar.1on
cf 1rs branches and s3eclal 1!:!eresl grcuos. It al.so
feaLu:'es arrwork, Society arC qener.:I1) rela!eC newst
caanch re3or!s. Lythf,rln'" 1s ralleo tc ac'.lve and
"r:o
assoclale nembe:"s of Llie 5oc1e!y. 6c!1ve members are
(
h6FhoFc a-i h^,,^ ..,,1
uLt 1 PaL
^- eturuaLlurttl ^b :1
Dues ai'e $6 tor a 12 monih oerloi, payable ln lncre-
nenls of 501 '"c lhe )oclety Treasurer. A6soclate rnembers
;::::J:":: i3i!"i.il^il##"'3i ii; i?|f;:l:.i:'""
Soclety, tsox 21+1 50, Los Argeles, Callfornla 9C021+.
Lvir.Io:.e Is Lr.e Jcurnal of tne l:ytho.oe1: Soctety. lt,
feaLures artlcles, revleHs, columns, edltorlals, a IeE-
ter cclumn, and excellenl ar!wcrk. The purpose of
l:vtnl.cre 1s not'e general, ihar ?arma E!Qe!anberon and
lj{:g:lAr ut Loc v:-r,5 ^ :;--;:=-:;--;-
speclal lnLerest groucs. Ilythlore seers lo brlng
forth background lnforniailon and stlmulaie further
Lncughr oll iolkleni Lewls, dllllams, and !he my!no-
poelc genre of l1!erafure. Subscrlgt,lons are fcur
lssues for $3. tsack lssues are $1 each. Wrlte to
LyLhIcre, c/o Tl,e l{yLhopoelc Socl.eLy, tscx 24150, Los
An:eIes, CaIlfornla 9OC?4.
Lylhrll 1s tne 3ubllcatlotr cf'.he InkIlngs II 'JrlLersl
l.?orksncp. .IL prlnLs orlglnaL flc!1on and ooebry t,ha!
has been reaci and dlscussed ln the group. It also
lncludes ariwork and edl torlal. ccnrnenls . ltiythrl l 1n-
vltes contrlbutlons of orlglnal work lo be read tc lhe
3roup, If Ehe wrller llves too far !o attend t.he meet-
1n6s 1n perso:i. SlngIe lssues are 751; subscrlDt,lons
a:'e fcur lssues for $2.25. }:anuscrlpts and orders
should be malled to GLen GoodKnlghL, )Z4O Fay Avenue,
!os AngeIes, Callfornla 90014.
!:ythcon I Prcceedlnas 1s !he Proceedlngs cf t.he lgTC
fiylhcon. Thls nefty pub]lcallon conLaIr.6 serenteen
paDers glven at, the convenllon, tncl.udlng i3rna;;l;
tnd. <uenya Phonology" by Robert Fosier. Thls 50+ eage
Pr3ceedlngs 1. $2.50 and can be ordered from the lv,yth-
)poelc Soclety, tsox 24150, Los Angeles, Callfornla
)cc24.
lalna Elcialamberon 1s publlshed (hopefully) quarterly;
volume I number 1 ls 5Ol. Crders, conlrlbutlons, art_
work, le!Uers 6hou1o be rnalleo go Paula liarmor.
@ 1971, The Mythopoeic Society, reprint
7973, Box 24150, Los Angeles, Ca. 90024
Centenntal ln 199?). In tne ritean t1.me, 1L seened Hlse
.,....,.,2 LU puuIl6I; a JOulIjdI rrr ftr..L,. J J.. CU: a:'gu[er.:S
,..,.,.7 and alr our Eneorle6, pass cn blls of trlvla (hey, ycu
.....E guys, lhe Fhovanlon nanes Bre GoLhlc! | ) aro chait,er
about varlous other lr.aglnary lonsues. Thus was bcrn
Farma El,dal-amberon/The tsook of tne EIven Tongues (1n
orlgln a c:.Lle for The Bcok)(changerElven' :o'e1-
crLlch' ani Ilo ol:e coulC ask fcr a tlLIe cl wider 1m-
pllcatlons), AlLn:ugn Trli<1er anC Lerls zrre !i,e fccus
.....10 for our endeavor, we xelccne ar.tlcles cn 3tit€ r fanLasy
Lan€:uages, a.d nex: lssue wllL nooefuI1i, see il Ll iel-
..1& t den's lntroduct,ory artlcle for a cclunn tc be sn!lLLeC
,.....11 Larir.endan' (wnlcn nay ot nay noL be jinc.arlr f cr
'I!The
I:nluage-maker')(or'icnsuewrlght', lf -r:u rrefer).
Thls w1Il. be an open cofuma whereln varlous .ecal,e wllL
descrlbe theLr resul*"s 1n that nost anclen'" a.nc r:oble
art of rioricraf L .
There 1s cr.e !h!rie- -abscluLel-y necessarj/:c crr
goals: letlers'!gIIg!!:. ! IeI] us we're.r3zyl
aIr yfr: cwn .bsurd tnec:1es, ser.J us :rl'J1.'1 --i.t-- ':a.;
fc.:nci cllr.::lr.d L) Lt.2 :af :ers, or:Iy wrlLe: /?:1.,.ai.-
n3t funcllon as a s!ccK exchanEr) for 1r:fcrna:1o:,] cn
;iv1sf. langua;es a]io CIC iclar-unless we have :..1r,;.s
!3 snare Hlgrr eacn oiner. if we car ie!:r:i lr'tieis,
we wlLi expand !he leLEercol--tc as rucr. as iall o1' !ne
In{tEr.L5.
^r }^ zlne 1f !he resrcnse lndlcaEes you war,i j.! fnaL;ay.
Tr:j.s xlII be especlally 1r.:ort3nt as we oe.-1n o!-1::1.:
arLlcles or: speclflc ool:'.:s c1:ce:-r.:r.d \uen.v,- ar: -'.r.-
carrn ixcrpncrog].
i nert,l cnec above '.i.aa -,f.e rcyal nanes rf 3r',cvar-
lon are GoLtlc. For inose en!1ce: ty tr.zt b1i cf news,
an expanslon therecf: VlduAavla (or VlcugauJa as !l'.e
absuroltles of VlcLoi-1an| cr:no6rapny wou.l.d nave ii ) 1s
'Uood-nanr or 'h'ooo-Iord ; Vldumavl (or -nawl ) 1s 'icoC
maldenr. VlnlLhar.ya (VlrlParJa? ) I have r,a. les: iuck
wlth: V1n1, Ilxe -:gIo-Saxot: ^!ne, .re3ns'jrlen:'.
oLes on Varda
i.
Ine l,orns of !ne iCia are r:ar-eo ,iRz3. !,:F-\ii. ano
SKU:J, and represen! Jast, prese!tr, anc f rr-rr.e. ,':r. tl..e
!hree proper names 1L 1s lnposslbl,e t3 rn" fcri::
'ij,s:d{ef:-Jr !ne
of ver'baL nours or a.iJec.-lves: Ljiiih j.s.,ad,.t-.
prcl. !1. of ver.la (vat'6, urtun), io beccre., V:iril;,I
ls fi'e pnes. parL. of Lfte sane *crci, ana:riU-L ls tn.
pasf parl of skula, snall, the auxtll jry cj hr_lct Lli.
future tense 1s fo:.r,reCr" (Jrlnm p. lrC5; unae:iit:1.t:
mi,ne ).
Ihe SoLhlc f orms wouf c have been Va'.;iPS, Vaf ia.tNDEI ,
SXiJLJS; CnG !riJET, 'FEEfAl'irI , S;i;L;. fne-il-Fsr oi rhese
Has Ene nos! HLCel) knowni she i.s ti.e Ar.gLo-Sa):o:t;ya-,
FaLe, aIs3 speliei U'JRL.ii, d,-;Aln. lnese Li,ree are tne
orlglnals of Shakespeare's aelrrislsrers (wel:-d beln: a
v arl an t cf \,/yrd ) .
The word hRAiTh ras arc)'.alcaJ-iy UnRTi c: rEiii:, a
Scott. lrrll\:.rt.n ^. Fr_-1 -r. ip-F .^.. -,rry.d1Ar -.)r_,pt rnam
the Norse VOAThn, gua:.d1ar:, from VH:-i'nA, Io aira]-i;
aL- r . uL.
*'.AiD
and GUAF; ilre cograLe.
VafiDO 1s a mounialn 1n Flnnna:-k lanei "-s tr.e Lr"\'sL-
lnA pldce of w1!ches.
- V5n (gen. V;FA) 1s !he:dclc totriesE cf cl:Er:iei
faltn and covenarLs; 1n AS her r?i:e ls i.i:J. :'ne .'l
plural noun _VARAF (slng. .VaR), pllghced faltfrs, :s Lne
or1g1n of V EtsIl.il , Varanclar:s or Va:.1ags, Liiel,orsenen
cf (1ev and Lhe Byzantlne Inceria-] icdylu',:": . l.t-- i
2 t.(: I
 hanabrum t'gGelheapwan
by Robert Foster
J. R. B. Tolkten rras a phlloloSls! and medlevallsl
before he becane a rrlter of fantasyr ancl very often
hls resear:h ln!o medleval language and culture has
been lncorporalcd Into the naUure of lltddle-earih. In
ghe early 1910's, Tolklen.publlshed a EHo-part paper
engltled "slseluara land"r ln whlch he atleEpted "to
ci I scover *EilIfre-gngml' should anclently have had a
prlvale name"z for the EthloPlans' Alihough he never
reache6 a deflnlte concluslon, the dlscusslon 16 qulLe
val,uable ln $any ways.
The phenomenon 16 rather 6tr1k1n8; h,hereas Anglo-
>:xon religlous gransla!lons (euch as @gSE and lhe-
Psa]lers) iegularly adopt the l,atln names of races and
councries' lhe word AethtjPg 16r 11!h one or twc excep-
!lonsr translaled or glcrsed by the words SlEelhearra
or gEgIlgE. Furgher, .hese naDes dld not have an
explanacory funcLloni we are no! surprl6ed by glosses.
s,lth as "Ellopoleos, bet 1s on Engltsc'Sunnan Burh'"'
(Genesls lxl, 45) bu! Stqelhearwa "expIalns nothlng and
I s lt6eIf obscure. "J After dl6cusslng the occurrences
of lhe Hords and decldln8 that -hea:"na' not -warai ls
!ne orlglnal foro, Tolklen concludes tnat Slselhealwa
ts an lndependeni word predatlng tne knowledge tn Eng-
Iand of the narne AethloD8. Furhher'
I,le have to deal wl th an equat l on such as ln
'
neorxnawars=paradl6us. In Slqelhearlan ls pre-
seried at leasL a naBet lf no more, from the
vanlshed natlve nythology or 1ts borderland of
nalf-oythlcal Seography...Slselhearwan must' gE
A have mealli' therefore' sonelhlng IIke
!&].g,people
tbLack 1lvlng ln a hol re81on'--whelner
as a rutDor of the actual races of Afrlca' or as
a Eeoory of scme Hospells meElr of realms of
flre, or bofh (they are no! mulually excluslve)'
Unfoitunabely 1t does nob follow that elther of
lhe elemenls, .q!ff,I cr &48, refers by lcself
dlrec!Iy !o tnese tdeas.t
Toldlen's aLlempt to analyze Lhe lndlvlcua] eIe-
Eenls of the Hord ls, as he adnilts' nlndered by a lack
of lnforhatlon and not entlrely successful. Irlscusslng
Lhe word g!8gl (conmon ln conpounds' bug someHha! rare
as a:r lndEpendent forB)' !,hlch means 'sud or 'JeweI"
tclklen decldes, after some lnteresLlng dlSresslons
lnt,o Greek and Latln cognates' that
I! cannoL be doubted tha'" thls word l6 Lhe flrst
eleDent ln SlqeIhearwa. Less certaln 1s lts
fornr and meanlng when tnls name was flrsL de-
vlsed. It seems now generally assumed thaf li
meanc 'sunr'and thls ls cer!alnly probable' Yet
lt cannoi be lgnored that Ethlocla was also a
Iand of gems.)
tJara 1s neatly exolalned as the word of the salxe form
meanfng 'cwelIer, lnhabltang.i HoHever' ln coEoounds 1t
occurs only Htth words referrlng Eo speclflc places' as
Ronwara 'Fomanrt eorbwara reartn-dweIIerr man.' UnIess
tne ettrtoptaas weie belleveci to 1l've tn ghe sun l!sel"l
or ln a place called Slgel' 1t ls necessary !c assume
that:wara Is a corruptlon or ar: "exp1analcry perver-
sion"6-'ifTroduced by later EcrlbeE nho were anaware of
the occurrence resgrlctlon on -wara and for whom -hear-
qa nade no 6ense.
Ihe chlef 1leE of lnterest for tne phlloloSlsLi
however, 1s -hearwa ltself. I! 1s posslble that uhe
fiearwan were a race' and were called Sun-HearHan de-
scrlpllvely; thl6 would parallel such exaoples as @-
ancl Ar-Scyldlnga 'gIorlous Scyld-
!.W. 'spear-Danes'
lncs' found ln EeowuIf. ltlore plauslble Is the derlva-
r16n of an aaSedEf@er*a by any of three means3
1) I.E.'cer(s) rblackr+ Skt. krIuEs
9 onc. i-a-FTiTso - or
*h-e,r!e
2) Omc..@g'blackr 4OE naso, p).
A varlant hazwc woulci + OL weak
3) otn. hairl 'coal,' , oN hyr-r 'flrer (related oE
ifgg4'hearthr, hlersLan
t to roast'
+ oE *!.ry
The flrst adJectlve' meanlng 'brackened,r 1s paralleled
by E4.!g., r;ulllated by the pyre,' from 94 f PYre'*
lamg-Ta;e.r The cermanlc words relaled to the second
dElEofogy range ln s.esnlng from 'black' to 'smoky,
grly'; I'oftren clarlfles ahls semantlc range by ref-er-
Enci io che |,lE adJecllve 49EEY., as ln "dusky Negro."
The lhlrd etyEology' whtch ylelds an adJectlve meanlng
rburnt,'1s supporled by "forbarned burh-nLeo ur brulie
leode hagum heofoncclum" ('burni fortress-he18ht6'
people brcfrn wllh lhe hea! of lne coal of heaven'--
!xodus, ?o-?1). l{hlchever of uhese etymol.ogles 1s
choEen, the word Slgelhearwa seen,6 to oean rsun-bLack-
ened' or rsun-burn!r'and repre6ents an anclent legend-
ary raclal naBle apolled aptly to the ELhloplans:
If rhls gue66 ls worth con6lde11ng, we percelve
ralher the sons of ||io6oell Lhan ol narn, the
ancestors of fhe Sllhearwan wlth red-hot eyes
fhat eml!ted spark8, lrlth faces black as soot,
Bug al] 6uch guess-work 1s naturaliy lnccnclu-
slve, It seeks to probe a past probabLy faded
even before the earllesb document6. Buch a6 Exo-
4g.lg, whlch now pre6erve nenLlon of the Stlhedil
wan, were wrltEen. Yet, 1t nay not be polntles6
to have probed. Gllopses are caugh!, 1f dtm and
confused, of the background of Engllsh and ncrth-
ern tradltlon and lmaglnatlon, whlch has ccLoured
the verse-treatdent of Scrlplure, and deterrilned
the dlctlon of poeEs. Slgel may be taken as a
sy&bol. cf che Intrlcate blendl.ng cf the Lgfln a.nci
NorLhern whlch makes the study of Old EngIlsh
parLlcularly lntere6clng and conEroversj.al; hear-
wa cf ChaC large part of anclext Eng]lsh langusge
lid ]ore wnlcn-ha! noH vanlehec bey5nd recall, "
swa hl ! no w Ere, /
Iurrilng now tc Hlddle-earth, we see tr,3t !he Hen of
iiarad, "black_men llke haLf-tro1i6 wlll.l whlEe eyes and
red tonguesr": "alI 1n reci ani 6cIc,"7 are nc! unllke
the Slgelhearwan cf tne AndIJ-Jax:r 1maglr-e:1on, wlln
!he excepLlon tha! the flre-glaris cf l{usceLheli! nave
become tro]Is, Tne IlnSulsllc s: tiarlcr 9'lsc oarallel.s
thar of lhe Slgelhearwan, Ine Slndarln name lglgj1lu
has ihe sarxe culLural value 1n l'.1ddle-eargh as Aethl-
gE_q ln early Chrlstlan Europe, aI'"hcugh lne vernagplar
'.ranslallon Soutnerns cr Soulhrons ls al,sc ccmnon.-"
Ihe r,obbl!s,-Til-Ehe engl;:sE;;;;, had an lns)Iar crl-
eniatlon, bu! evtdently re!alneC, a flrm ever: ncre
garbled !han that of Ehe Engllsh, -n Iegends of rhe renole
world fron lrnlch trrey had lsclatec Lnemselves. r'art cf
Lhl s raclaI mer,ory, whlcn ha1 j'dlndlec ini,c l-erend,
lnvolved !ne Swertlngs (CE *sweargl.nga, frcn swesrtl
'swarlhy') and OIlphaunts. Althougn Lhe parallel wlrh
Slgelhearwan ls noL perfec;, ln b3Ln cases the 3r3v!n-
clal name 1s more v1vld. a:C seems'"o serve as a fccus
for a:: ldentlflcaitcn w1!h ftgures frcn Lhe IegenCary
pas!. ToIklen, when namlng Lhe naradrln' qlo l:ci bor-
roH nls ccmplete ecymology for Si,gelhearwa' but s1lI:1-
Iarlgles are presen!, ano !neJ er.aole us'"3 6ltnose
tne],ong-6undered connectlons of the;obblts Hlth Lne
malnstream of l.,iestron culLure anci Hltf, ihelr orn folk-
nemory, Ln much the same way as the odd forn SIAeI-
hearwa glves lnslght lntc tne lr.ag1naE1cn ani folk-
mer.ory of early inglo-Saxor. En6]anc.
F co t,n cte s
1, ltedlun Aevutr Illg)Z ), pq. icl-95, airo ,t (193+;, "0.
y)-i 1r,
1l?
2. ^
? a 1R" I a l'1
4. pp.192-9) 5. Lota, iiI 1L:
p. uc
.r 9. iI )2?
1L r,us! be remembered !li3t ta.e Cual cultural value
of latln wa6 1n lv,td:Ie-eaI'th. l,n tne LIlr';edaln
areas, dlvlded between 'iesLrcn' lne Ilngua fr3nca,
and Slndarln, lhe language of Iore arc cerernony
(1.e., rellglcn).
I r rl
IVtatnoms
Ihe Norse word lqlggg means "serpen!' hcl'nr 3lason".
Cornwall was once call.ed tseIerlum.
Doe6 tne Tgwer cf lmgn Sill cwe anylnlni:c lne'cysterl-
ous Irl'.A\>uL. Inr.II\SuL. 111, 'creat PtI:arr, tf.3: xas
supposeoly destroyed by Cnarlemagne ln a batLle agalnsL
!he Saxons? the PlIIer was also calleC ail'.:I SUL' ail'.ii -
i{FOESS 1s a Flnnlsh trlbe of flshermen.
The words fo:'"dwarf"--0S Naus(r1m)' S Ilcn(tr:i^.rlm)'
Phuru)narg(lan)--nay have thelr ot'1g1n 1n -!ne ci'crse
norq "dwarf,
1
J
denon"
l!r'i
 A Glossary of Old Solar
Forcror.il
Thlr glorrary I. rn crccllcnt rorkr shorlng Euch tlEc'
[crgy rnd rrrrlroh. Darptt. t fcr orror3 (dl.cussrd
rtcr), lt lr r vary good rcfcrcnoc rork and 18 hlShl.y
uncttonal. ft tr, to thc bcrt of oy knorladgc' cos-
'1ctc. Hoxcvcr, a fcr notcr of explanallon arc nocc!-
ery to hclp thc ua.r.
(1) chrlscoph.r glvaa nany pcgc rafcrcnces afber h16
.cftnlLtons so thab thc uscr can check for cross-refcr-
Ince6, ga! oore ooaplo!c and dctalled cxplqnatlons' etc'
lls are for lhe herdcovca cdltlons. Hotcver' I felt
,he! because oany pcoplc u3e thc paperback edltlons
Balnly because they aro chcapcr end easler to 8et) I
;hould pu! ln Lhe page nunbers froE lhe paperbackg
rIEo. i have uaed the 8th cdltlon for all coptea (aI-
;hcugh I doubt that pages chanS€ Euch frod edltlon to
:d!tion). They are se! off by a /t e,g. OSP l?4/lL5l
rlth hardcover flrs! and papcrback seconal. There wao
)nly one reference tha! I could not trece and that ra6
;he quotallon aftcr cldll. I voulcl appreclatr lt lf
rboeone rho found th18 quotc xould wrlte Eer so that
.! car b. prlnccd and can therefore help other user8.
l?l Unfortunatel,y' not ell xord-groups are broken
toyn, although soae are. Hopefully thls wlll be cor-
'ected ln a Iager Yer8lon.
(3) Soue rordE are Dlsslng and are lnclude<i ln oy
]oEnent6 on lhls work.
(4) Soae xords are not clearly deflned by Lew!s.
16 a rcsul!, Chrlstopher and I have a few dlfferencea
)f oDlnlon aboug solta of the rords. I wlII conment on
;hesl ln ry colunn (t{ondelone).-- J1B Car}eton
The foIlowlng glosaary lncludes aII word6,
)IudlnS proper nsmeE, Hhlch C. S. Lewls re port 6
lg-nsom's adventures. As readers of the trl I ogy
)1C SoLar or rted a6
.anruase of the hrossa ln Out of the Sllent Pl
- e x r a 1 n ea a s -5?Til t h e-EiGTE-T6ifriE$---f
:u c ! but truly lnhereit 1n !:.en as the shape oi lhe great
iy8tem ln Perelandral ln That Hldeous SLrencth 1t
lurns ou! to ue t,ne rangu@'s spel-
.j,ng of T3Iklenrs liunenor). I shall Ieave comparlson
:f Lewls's ver6l.on of t,h16 tongue Hlth TolklenrE to
)!her scholars, but I Ehould add-a Harnlng: Ranson
)oaoen!6 to llerlln that'Not even ln liutrlnor wa6 lb
reard ln lhe 6treets' (TrlS, p. 320/272)--even lhen it
ras an anclenb tongue known only to the learned.
Lew16 comEents on hl6 developtren! of rhe lanSuage
.n hls LetLers:
There ls no concloua connectlon beLween any of
the phonetlc eleoents ln oy '01d Solarr HordE and
lhoEe of eny actual language. I an always play-
lng Htth eyllables and flttlng thero together
(purely by ear) to 6ee 1f I can hatch up new
words ihat please me. I van! them to have an
enotlonal, not lnDel1ectual, 6uggestlveneBsi the
heavlne66 of g.]-und. for as huge a planet as Jupl-
ler, ghe vlbratlng, tlnrll.laflng quallty of vlr1-
trllbta for the subtlety of l{ercury, the Ilquld-
liy... of l4alelalll. The only exceptlon I am
aware of ls hnau rhlch ry (but I donrt know)
have been lnflueDced by Greek gg.
(London: Geoffrey tsJ.es, LLd., 7)66i pp. 281-4)
abbrevtatlons of book tltles refer to the
oI Iowlng edMons:
OSP Org of ghe Sll.ent Pl.anet (New York: llacmll-
ffi
Plal Perelardra (New York: flacElllan Co., 1!44)
TliS Thac rltaleou6 Strenrth (Nen York: llacnlllan
d;-t46'-
have trled to lilentlfy the page of al.I words whlch
re not used extenslvely ln the voluEes, as HeII ag
lvlng page references for dlrect quotatlons.
I Arkal : proper nane. The narne of a SI! (OSP 12411 15 ) .
Then sooethlng happened whlch conpletely altered hlE
state of Elnd. The cresture, whlch wa6 sllll stear!-
lng and shaklnS lteeLf on the bank ancl had obvlous-
ly not aeen hlo, opened lts oouth and began to Eake
no16ea. Thls ln ltself rra6 not reoarkablei but a
ItfeglEe of Ilngulstlc scudy assured Rarsclr almost
at oncc that these rere artlculate noiseE. Tbe
creature Has lglLlgg. It had a larguage. If you.
are nol yourself a phllologlst, 1 an afrald you slust
take on tru8t the prodlglou6 emotlonal conBequenceg
by Ioe R. Christopher
of fhl6 realleaLlon ln Banaoo'6 Elnd. A new rorld
he had already seen--but a ncp, an cxtra_terrestrl_
al, a non-huEan language H8B e dlfferent Batber.
SoDchor he had not ihought of ChlB ln connecllon
the E-gCILE; now, tg flashcd upon hlrD llke a revcla_rllh
tlon. The Love of knorledge ls a klnd of tradne66.
In the fracllon of a second whlch l! Cook Ban6on to
dcclde that Lhe creature res really lalklng, and
rhll.e he 6tlll kneH thBt he nlghf be faclng'ln6lant
deathr ht6 ltraglnatlon hed lcaped over eveiy fear
end hope and probablllty of hl6 slluatlon to foltox
the dazzllng proJec! of maklng a flalacandrlan graE_
mar. .Al InprodHcclon t,9 the flalacandrlan l,arEiase-_
. ;.--A Conclse |,lart1an-Engllsh DicDlonsrv... ine
tltle6 flltted though hls nlnd. And what, Elgh! one
not dlscover fron Lhe Bpeech of a non-hunan iace?
The very form of larguage l!6e1f, lhe prlnclole be-
hlnd all pcs6lbLe langus€e, trlght fall lr1!o h1s
hanals.
(osp, pp. 55_56/55)
t
And Dlmble, xho hac been sllglng hls face drawn,
'rl!hfaces of the two
and raLher whlLe, betxeen the whlle
wooen, and h16 eye6 on Ehe table, ralsed h16 head.
and great syll,ables of nords that rounded llke cas_
EIes cade ouL of hls mouth. Jane felt her heart
leap and quiyer a! !hen. Everythlng el6e ln lhe
rcom seened to have become lntengely qulet; even the
blrd, and the bear, and ihe cag, were stl11, sLarlng
at the speaker. The volce dld nof 6ound llke D1n_
ble's orn: 1! Ha6 as If lhe words spoke lhetrselves
througn hlm froB Eone Etrong place a! a dl,slance__
1n- or as lf they were not, word8 at all. bug Dresen! oD_
1n erallon6 of God, ihe planels, and the pendragon.
know, For thls wa6 Lhe language spoken before the iall and
beyond the iloon enc fhe ne8nlngs were not glven Lo
the Eyllables by chance, or ek1I1, or long tradlilon,
Sun 1s lnhe:-enL tn the ltflle waLerdrop. Thts ias
l,anguage herself , as Ehe f lrs! sprang at l,laleId1l r 6
blddlng ou'u of !he cclien qulcksllver of !he 6Ear
caIled liercury on Ear*"h, but VIrItrlIbta 1n ;eeD
iieaven.
(Tiis, pp. 265-66/228-29)
ttt
Abhal I.'l 1n r place nene
"The cup-shaped Iand oi AbnatIJln" (THS )22/214) ).tes
beyonC the 6eas of Lur on Perelandra; there ln
lhe House of Kln6s dwel), Enoch, Ellas, f.ose6.
Klng lielchlsedec, erd Klng Arghur.
See Aphallln and Lur.
gh1 hra ! exclamat I on
?resuoably the equlvalent cf 'UowI' or "CIory be!"--
exclelmed by fiyol upcn iupller's rlslng (OSP 171l
159).
Aohallln: place nane.
An lsland. on Perelandra where Klnc Arthur llves for-
ever (THS 4\1/)68); presumably ldenrtcal wlrh
Abhal I 1n .
See also !gg.
arbol : noun, The Sun.
"The Fteld of Arbol" (PId ?/9) t6 che Solar Sysrem;
Erlbol-ef-Cordl seems to be Old Solar for "lhe
FleId of Arbol'--6ee iil.ab-Erlbol-ef-Cord1.
ffi
arbol hru: noun. GoId; Ilterally "Sunrs bIocd" (OSP
), wnlch comes i.n several varletles (oSP
L.)/tL)).
-?17T9
Askl proper name. An albernage nane for Tcr (Pld 220/
206);. cf . fullg f or ll.nldrlI.
A-SS.SJ! proper natre. A sorn who rurs a travellersi
Etatlon on the path between two handrarnlts.
991!!; p).ace nane.
A pool above a xaterfall fed by ano*"her waterfall
(called "The t{ountaln of Hater"); 1n ghe pool
hnerakt dwell. (0sP ?9/?5).
4 i i:- {
 tsaru: Droper ngne. An altcrtatG name for Tor (PIcI
2?0/206); cf. Beru'ah for TlnldrlI.
-Baru'ah: Droper naDc. An alterdate nane for Tlnldrtl
-Tra 2207206) i cf . Baru for Tor.
.Bel,mo: proper naoe. The name of a gorn (osP 1241115).
cordl ! noun. Flalit.
--G HIab-Ertbo}-cf -cordl
ef : prepo6Mon. .. Of (ueed f ollowln8 rather than pre-
cedlng a word').
See HIab-Erlbol.-e,f -Corall . Hnoh: proper name. The name of a hross (OSP 124/115).
c rah: noun.
--Ene Iasc pard of a poen" (osP ?6/?)) i presuoably an
envoy. : ,/iaught Ransoo/ Ehe /soLar/ Language" (OSP 6? /65).
9L{!-}., plural glLLIg: noun
Splrl!s, angel-Itke hnau; thl6 tern lncludesr but l6
not Ilmltgd to, the 0yerseu. The adJectlve e1d-
llic ls used (Ti{S 2)?/228), but 1t 16 probably an
Arcllclzed fortr.
actlvl!y bullds what
"To those hlgh creagures whogeInatural.r
we call Nature, nothlng 16 From thelr
slatlon the essentlal arbltrarlness (8o to calL
It) of every actual creatlon ls ceaselessly vls-
lble; for them there are no baslc assumptlons:
all sprlngs wlt,h the vllful beauty of a Jest or a
lune from tha! mlraculous noment of self-llmlta-
llon whereln the Inflnlte, reJecglng a myrlad
posslbllltles, throH6 oug of hlmself the posltlve
and elected lnventlon." (THS 213).
Epbla: proper name. An alternate name for Tlnldrll
(PLd 220/206); cf. Ask for Tor.
EgtEgL3 proper naoe. The name of a g9g (OSP 124,/115).
glrlklteklla: proper name. A pflfltrlqE who is tn
charge of the clsterns at Heldllorn wh1le Ransom
I s ihere ( OSP 141,/1 l0 ) .
Olund: name. Juplter: both the planet and 1t,6 splr-
1lual ruler (see oyarsa,l.
"The Ice of Grund" (ffit/ztA); see also ThiS 186-
87/)27.
Clundandra: name. Juplter (used once--OSP '171+,/160--
lnstead of Clund).
/qlund (?) * (E-TilEra (Iand, planet)/
handra: noun. Dlrt, eerth, Lanili planet (OSP 58/5?).
h,gslg!!3 noun.
"The low, watered country, the gorge or canyon" (OSP
62/57 , 61); lowland; yalley; the canals of lilars.
/handra (dlr!, earth, Iand) + g!! (Iow?),/
lgrandra: noun. Hlgh1anal; nountalns; the surface of
[.tars .
/!eI (hr8nr) + (h)andra (cllrt, earth, land
hlab: noun. Language.
See hlab-Erlbol-ef -Cordl and Hres6a-filab.
Hlab-Erlbol-ef-Cordl: noun. Old Solar, a (or fhe)
--ianguaFJ ld-entlcal wlth Hressa-Hlab (PId E9/25)
Hlab = language; Erlbol seems to be a varlant (or
older) ford of ELEgLT sun; 4 may be rofr (follow-
ln8 Ell-hg-L lnstead of precedlng lt as the prepo-
sltlon lrould ln Engllsh); and Cordl seem6 to be
'fleld'--that ls, "the language of the Fleld of
the Sun", the language of thls solar system (see
arbol ).
Hlerl: proper name. Ihe wlfe of Hyol (OSP 84179)
gIL!.@!!! proper name. The name of a hross (OSP 124/
11<l
1L)r.
hlunthellne: verb.
Io Iong for somethlng ln such a way as to wlsh to re-
experlence 1t (OsP ?7/?)).
Contra6t wondelone.
hnEn, plural @@: noun.
The hrosslan pronunclatlon of @ (oSP ?1, ?3/68, ?o).
plural hnrirakl: noun. A flerce aquat'lc anlma].
!n4g,
Chapter thlrteen of oSP descrlbes a @@ hunt--
cculd thls be a serlous verslon of Lerls CarroLl,'s
'The huntlng of the Snark'? liote how the r and
5
the ! reverse thelr poslllons ln the plural.
(CarrolI's poer l6 menCloned 1n Pld, e. 164/r7)).
hnakraounl, olura.L hnakraDuntl: noun.
ABIayer of a hnakra ' ( OSP 85-87,/8 1 -82 ).
hnau. olural hnau: noun.
A ra!lonal belnga al6o the souL (OSP ?1, II9, It+Z/68,
7r?, I)9
Th16 ls the hreasa pronunclatlon; Lhe 6eronl say 4.
Hnlh1: proper name. The name of a hross \OSP 124/115).
I
unohrs: proper na'e.
"The grey-muzzLedt venerable /hross/ who . . dalIy
.-TE'C proper name.
hnoo:
hros6 who was ln charge of dlpplng Weston's head
honodraskrud: noun.
"The,/edlble/ plnkl6h-whlle weed whlch/covered che
whole handramlt" (OSP 6g/56).
lressa-Hlab: noun. The language of the hrossa.
hressa seems !o be the adJecttve form of hrossa (ccm-
narp thc shlft. Lo an e 1n tne femlnlne pIura} );
hlab = Language.
See Hlab-Erlbo}-ef -Cord1.
!rlkkl: proper name.
--nn--frttie ihe-hross, not nuch more than a cub" (oSP
?)/?1), whom Ransom sees taLklng to an eldll.
bross, mascullne arod general. plural Eggs.g, fenlnlne
plural hre66n1: nour..
A member of cne of Uhe three ratlona],specles of
|lars ( OSP 58, 60, ?? / 5? , 59 , ?4) .
The hross "had a coaE of thlck black halr, luctd as
a 6eal-skln, very short legs wlth webbed feeE, a
broad beaver-Ilke or flsh-I1ke talI, strong fore-
llmbs wlgh webbed claws or flngers . . . It was
somethlng Ilke a pengutn, somethlng llke an otLer,
somethtng llke a seal; but lt was hlgher ln the
forehead than a seal's and the mouth was srnaller"
(osP 55/54). Il':''stands slx f ee! hlgh.
There are dlfferent varletlesr the abcve descrlbes a
black hross, buL there are al,so sllver hrossa and,
a
places. the great crested hrossa: "t
ln a few places, "ten
feet hlgh, a dancer rather than a sfnger (OSp
17o/r56)
hr.l: noun. Blood (PId 2)6/2zo).
-Tee arbol hru.
gyg!!.: proper name. The brothJr of i{yol (OS? lJ6/125).
hyol: proper name.
The flrst hross rhom Ransom meeus on l:alacandra.
Kalakaoerl: proper name.
The name of a pflfl!.rlqs (OSP 124/115).
(anakaberaka: proper nane.
The pflflgrlsg who carves Rs'Isom's plcture at l{el-
dll.orn \OSP 724/775),
place name.
area o!1 Perelandra where a forest grows up from
-An the Eea-bottom (presunably an und.erwater moun-
taln-top) to above uhe waves (PId 224/210); be-
yond "the seas of Lur' Iles nthe cup-shaped land
of Abhallhln" where ls lhe House of Klngs (IHS
322/274).
See also Aphall.ln.
LurFa: name. Saturn3 both the planet and lts 6plrliu-
al ruler (see qgrse).
.The
Rlngs or Lur[drTFLd 23L/2L6); see also tHS
385/ )26.
Halacandra: name. Hars! both the planet and lts
Eplrltual ruler (see Oyarsa).
/aa ac (?) + (h)andra (land, planet)/--rl.D. Norwood,
Jr., has suggesled that nala here ls meanl !o
suggest the @lgneES (Lhe mascullne gender, not
sex) of Ilars the Oyarsa (see Pld 271-15/2OO-OI).
See al6o IiS )83-85/)23-25. n..-,
re(
blgL{!!r shc NaE6.
Ood; elro, a! -llala1dll. tha Young", lhe Son of Ood
(OSP 70,/58); but €Is€Hhoa fialeldll acens to bc
chrlsr only (PI(t 225/2toI.
Slnce thc llartlana do not hnor of thc Incernatlon.
both elp.ctr of ;el.IallI era .plrlts.
rltal.sldll
rr. r .ptrlt rlthout body, parts or paa-
slon!' (OSP ?0,/68)r tJ.D. Norxood, Jr., has sug-
tcrtcd bhst gglg h.rG ls Dcant go sug6eet thc
rinlenesE (ihe oarcullne grndcr, not acx) of Ood
( E€e THS J?4 ).
!.9,\{l_L9gg: place naEe.
The lsland rhrrc 1t8 Oyaraa ru1e8 flalacandra.
"!he bcauty of thls ne* handranlt aB lt opened before
hln took /Baneoore/ brcath away. ft xas wlder
than tha! ln nhlch hc haal hltherto Ilved and rlght
bel.ox hlE lay an AlDosb clrcular lake--a aapphlre
bwelve EIIeE ln dlareter s€t ln a border of pur-
ple forcst. Anldrst the lake there ro6e llke a
Ior and gently sloplng pyrauld, or llke a ronan's
breastr and lsland of pale redr soooth to the
auEmlt, and on lhe sunolt a grove of euch trees
aa Ear haal ncver s€cn. Thelr erooth coluEns hed
the gentle arell of ghe nobleGt beechtrees: but
. the8€ rere tallcr lhan a cathedral Bplre on eartht
and at thelr tops, they broke rather tnto flowcr
than lnto follage; lnto golden flower brlght a6
tullp, 6t111 a8 rock, and huge as suGoer cloud.
Florcrs tndced they rera, not treear and far Clorn
aaong thelr roots he caup;ht a pale hlnt of Blab-
Itke archltecture. He knew before hl6 gulde
/Lgray/ told hln that thls ras lleldllorn" (OSP
rt3/ro5) ,
AIso used loetaoorphlcalIy, the 'great Heldllorn", !o
refer to Juplter (oSP 1741160).
llggt noun. See @9.
Nefuyal.: name. Uranus: both the planet and lt6 Eplr-
-----frual ruler (see gfgg) r cross that frontler and see the flelds on her
The "Iron-plaln In Neruval" (PLd 2)t/216). I asEUme
thls refers to Uranus because the other two plan-
et6 Eentloned ln thls passager under thelr OIcl
Solar nanes, are Juplter and Saturn--hence the
next planet out should be the thlrd namei but
technlcally lc Blghc refer to elgher NepLune or
Pluto. Lewls does not use the Oyar6a of thls
planet ln THS because there 16 no medleval astro-
loglcal tradltlon for hlm.
gJgX-Eg, plural oYdresu: tltLe. I
-fF'irit wrro li-a-i'fanesary ruler (the oyarsa of llal-
acandra = the archon of Mars, for exanrpl,e); -also,
any planetary ruler (see Perelendrl).
Technlcally, the oyiresu are at the level of fntelll-
gences ltas D5/zAu). Accordlng to Spenserrs
lfsttng of the 8plrllual hlerarchy ln rAn Hynn of
Heavenly Beaublc" (11. 78-98), lhe sequence froo
hlghes! to lowest 16 thls: Archangels' Angels'
Seiaphlnr CherublE' Domtnagr'onst Potentatesr Pow-
ers, &!gUU.&4Eg, and ldeas; but thts neo-Pla-
tonicJfE-E-TevEiE-6i the poeltlon of the iArchan-
ge16 and Angels' of the u6ual Chrlstlan po8ltlon-
Ings: Seraphl6' CherublB, Thrones, Domlnatlon6'
Vlitues. Porers. Prlnclpalltle6r Archangels and
Angels. The bype of qllll}g Lerls ra8 thlnklng of
ls shown ln The Dlscarded Inase (p. 115)1 r . . .
each spherer oi Cooethlng resldent ln each Epheret
ls a conclous antl lntellectual belngr moved by
'lntellectual love' of God. . . . These lofty
creatures are called Intelllgences.n i{e goes on
to dl6cuss the differences between the Platonlc
anal Chrlstlan conceptlons of these caeaturea.
Parakgtalu: proper nabe. lhe nanre of a oflfltrlgs
(osP r24/rr5).
Perelandra: naEe. Venus: bolh the planet anal lts
eplrltual ruler (eee ovarga)
/oerel (?) + lElg4gB (Iand, planet),/--perhaps Perel-
andra lE nea.trg co BuBgeBt @allse (for thl6 l8 a
Paradl6e Betalned ).
liote (1) ttrat Augray call6 lt-Parelandra IOSP 9?/91)
--perhap6 a mlsprlnt, and (2) that Merlln (THS refers
to a shadolr' or earlhl.y Hralth' of Venus )42/
289-90)' Hho ,48 Elstakenly detfled aB the Greek
and Bonan goddeEs (THS 375) and Hho appears ln
rHs (359-J51. 458/322-24, 378).
See PId 211-215/205-215, and THs )82-B)/32).
See also Perelendrl.
Perel,endrl: Part of 8peech urcertaln.
--Teralandra (ihe foruer oyarsa of the pl.anet) calls
6
Tor and Tlnldrll -Oyarra-PereIendrl" (PLd 220/206)
after uhey have taken rule. The Dost obylous ln-
t€rpretatlon would bc to take thls rord a8 genl-
tlye, "lhe ruler of Perelandra'; on the other
hand, lt could be an lnflected adJectlye yhich
takG8 thc forn of the noun 1t nodlf lce, 'the $g-
clandrlan rul-er" ln Dlgll8h (rhlch of course doca
Dot lnflcct lts adJectlves). It ls pos6lble, by
the-way, that glarsa ln thl8 phraae 1,8 plural--
'rulera'--for the relular pIural, Oydresu, appears
only ln THS; perhapE Lewl8 had not yet developed
an lnflectlon of the word ln Pld.
pflfltrlrq, plural pflfItrlEAls noLrn.
A nenber of one of bhe three rattonal specles of llars.
iTaplr-headed, frog-bodled anlnalsj (OSP 71/1tz-I))i
they are mlners, artl6t6 ln cartlng and uaklng
arLlfacts, Hho llve tn the old sea-beds of llars.
'They are ovlporous and nalrlarchal, and shor!-
Ilved coopared HlEh the ot,her specles' (OSP t|O/
157 ).
!@, plural s5ronlr noun. A oeober of orE of the
three ratlonal Epecle6 of llarg.
A uhlte-featheretl @g wlth long thln legs, a large
cheStr a narror face wlth large eyes, and geven-
flngered hands (osP 44-45/45-46), tntetlecLually
lncllned.
See also Eoroborn and Surnlbur.
soroborn: noun. The red-feathereil sorn of the north-
---rr-; desert (OSP 1?O/L55).
Sulva: nane. The lloon.
'Ranson repJ.led /to l4er)-Lrr/, rSu1va ls 6ne lrnom Eor-
tals caII the l.loon. She walks' ln the lowest
ephere. The rto of the world that was wasted
goes through her. lial.f of her orb ls turned to-
Hards us and shares our curse. Her other half
Iooks to Deep Heaven; happy would be he who could
further slde. On thls 61de, the xomb ls barren
and the narrlages cold. ?here duell an accursed
people, full of prlde and Lust. there rhen a
young man takes a nalden ln raarrlage, they tlo not
Ile together, but each lles wlth a cumlngly
fashloned lmage of the other, Eade to oove and to
be warm by devlllsh arts, for real flesh wl1l not
please theo, they are so dalnty (dellcatl) ln
tfelr dreams of 1ust. Thelr real, chlldren they
fabrtcate by vlle arts'Tfn a secret place.' " (THS
)21/273-?4i see also 200-?il194).
Surnlbur: nour. The Ianguage of che sdronl, a later
development than @.U!g! tPId r9/?5).
Tafalakeruf: proper name.
The name of a p.4!!!gg losP 124/115).
Tal Harendrlnar: name. t
--rTfr-EIIf-6'-Ltf;" Dlace (pld ?25/;rt)--the hllt upon
i{hlch Tor rll,I rule hls chlldren for ten thousand
Venerlan years. (lhere ls no certalnty about
whlch eleoent ln the naEe means rhllli anil whlch
rLlfe'. )
lhulcandra: naEe. Earth, Tellus: both the planet
and lts rullng splrlt. Satan (see Oyarsa).
,/thulc (sllent) + (h)anaia (Iand, plaiEiTf,-heirce
the tltle of the flrst book of the trtlogy, Out
gl9!9,i!€4!-Paneg: that ls' a trlp away froo
tsarch ( to l1ar6,l .
Tlnldrlls DroDer nane.
The nane of the unfallen Perelandrlan Eve (Plct 220,/
206) .
lier alternate name6 are Baryrah, Embla, and Yatsurah
(PId 22O/206).
Tor: DroDer naoe.
--Tne
iramb of the unfallen Perelandrlan Adao (PLd, 22O/
206).
Tor-Ovarsa-Perelendrt (PLd 222, 225/ 206-?, 211) is
h1s t1t1e aa ruler of the olaneti see Perel.enalrl.
His aliernate nanea are Baru, Ask, ;nd IaiEFTE[?l-
220/206).
Urend.l l,lalel.diI: part of Bpeech uncertaln.
The precfsE oeanlng of the flrst element 1n thls
phrase 16 uncertsln; lt ls a blesslng:
'Go, my dear frlends. Urendl t"alelalll.' He
rard nrs hands on thetr-IeffiTF-451/)??)
and
he lald h1s hand on /the bearrs/ flat head.
Now
((l
 /T{q ??</?1 <l
'UrenBI llal'eldllr'...'Xou are a good bear. "' \Lrtr )t)r).J'.
(Ths 452/)77 )
See also ThS )80-82/)22.
and
The Dlrector leanecl forrard and lald hls hancl Hhln:
-Te niosiDroper name.
who hunted.tne EgBIg wlth iivol and BansoE.
on her heatl...'Donrt cry. You are a good wom- preEGauly h16 name 16 pronounced (ln the Engllsh
an. Go and hGaI thls Ean. Urendl lialeldll-- f a6hl on ) as hiwln.
xe shall oeet agaln." (Ths 45)/)?8)
and woncielone: verb.
"0o In obcdlence and you wlII ftnd love' You -T-Tofi for 6omeEhlng wlLhou! wl6htng !o re-experl-
Have chlldron ln-
wtll have no Eorc dreans.(ThS ence l! excep! ln the memory (oSP 771771.
sreaC. Urendt lial,el,dl1." tt55/)8Ol
Conlrast hlunghellne.
Vlrltrllbla! name. tlercury: both Lhe planet and lts Yalsur! proper name. An alternaLe narne for Tor (PId
splrlgual ruLer (see g}gEJ. --zzo/zo6); cf . rat6urah f or Ttntdrlr.
t(ot;'that llerlln refers !o a 6hadow' or earthly
r.ralth of llercurlus $dS 342/289-90 ), who wss YaiEurah3 proper name. An alternate name for Tlnld-
mlsiakenly delfled as the Creek an'l Ronan god' ---TI (PLd z2o/205) ; cf . Yalsur for Tor.

Lhat she had recelved the glossary that 1s belng crlnL-

wonbeloite by Jim Carleton
ed. As 0.S. edltor I revlewed both Horks' found 'joe
Chrlstopher's !o be the beLter of the Lwo and decldeci
to prln! 1L' aLlhcugh I declded to prlnt ny comrenLs
on i! here. So, below are some words thaL Joe forgot
and lhen I wlII dlscuss a few dlfferences cf o3IIilon
between us.
hRINiiA--proper noun--The hross wlio was 1n cnarge
of lhe ferry Lo lv,eldllcrn when Ransom
went over.
PUNT--verb trans.--to klIli noun--k1lIer, slayer
PUI{II--noun cIural--klIIers' slayers
'Ransom noun--Lhp
REI;-SCOI{--prcrer t
sornla. pl'cnunclatlc'
s narne.l
of
I an tclC lnat thls glcssary was an aDpen'lx !o
an essay cn Lewlslan ohllosophy ln Lhe 9anscr lrl'c4y'
Obvlously, Ehere has been rnuch work put lnto 1t' icw-
everr as 6tated above, there are several Lhlngs chat
Jce and I olsagree 3n.
Flrst, 1n hls cefln!tlon of ahlhra, he equa"es lt
wlLh 'wowr and words cf that naLure. T: re, 1E seerns
thal a worc Ilke'wow'ls not as cignlflei as ir's cc:':-
tex! 1n whlch 1! appears suggesLs. Slnce j.! js used
Til.l tarlClDn:lArira
r rar' 6 ^. ar.i SLr.Ce tie
hrossa had a place of honor for LhaL claneL' sore:nlne
more Ltke 'hall' wculd be 1n order. Irue' a s1gf.i
Ilke Lna! would make a person thlnk someLhlng like
r,lcwr , buL Lhe hrossa have a dlf f eren! t!'.cui..L catiern
Lhan rnen and are noL as cvercome by emf,rlcn as re aret
excepL tn poerry. 3ut cne way cr anolher' :.r 1s a
mlb^F
^^tht
One of my twc maln dllferences of cplnlc:i ceals
*1th @LE4-EI€I:84. ,Je agree on lr.e neanlnES
of lilab and gl, bu! whlle Joe feels that Lcgeiher 1i
mean- "Language of the Fleld of the SuIi"' wnere E:"1bol
ls a varlant for'rn of g!!c.!r gf follows:ne wcrd lt
moolfles and Cordl means Tlelc', I Ehlnk lhat :.1 r'eans
"Language of tne Sun of OIo", where Corcil near.s 'old',
g! precedes the modlfled word axd. srlbcl 1s the ccsses-
slve or genltlve of ArboL. lviy baslc reasonlng fcr
Slnce thls is the flrst (and hopefully not the Lhls 1s two-pronged, Flrs'"' lClomaLlcalIy 1L neans
Last) lssue of !@, and slnce Lhere are u:any people 'cId, Sclar'. Slnce Joe nakes no provlslcn fcr'cIi',
who do noc knowl-h& the Hylhopcelc Ltnguistlc FelIcw-
I feel thar he has r,lssed Lhe exac! meanlng. Secondly'
srirp (l'..L.F.) 1s and especlally for those people who lf qL! means tf leld', lhere ls a redundancy thaL
havl managed tc read thts far and are stlll confusedt would not be llkely !o be found ln a well-cevelcped
I feel thit an explanatlon of wha! the l,LF 16 would be Ianguage such as Ehls. ff *e assune gha! eltner Erlbol
ln order aboug now. or Erlbcl-ef means bf the Sun'. Lhls lnoIys owne:'sh1o'
3aslcallyr as the narne lrnpllesr lhe i{;F ls "lnter- meanti[-belonglng !o Lhe (sphere ( (of lnf iuence ) ) of
esEed ln alI matsers llngutstlc and phllol'o81cal". Or' the) Sun'. |Jhen bolled dcHn, thls really neans 'of
ln ogher words, we dlscuis the Ianguage(s) and cul- fhe fletd of the Sunt. iiowever, lf CorCl means 'old',
ture(s) of any number of clvlllzatlons' etc. Natural- lhen the repetltlonr 'of the fleld of rne fleld of the
ly, ghe flrsb thlngs lhat come to mlnd are Elvlsh from Sun' 1s avolded, and, furEherr.ore' ghere 1s a IoAlcaI
LotR and old Solar from c.S. Lewls's Bansom trllogy. explana!1on for the 'oId' ln 'CId Solar', whlch realIy
And, as a resul!' our flrst lssue ls nore or less de- means 'old (language) of the (ftel.a of tne) Sun'.
voted Lo these two works only. Any culture' real or The deflnltlon of eld1L, 'angel-llke hnau', ices
lmaglnary, can be and prcbably w11l be dlscussed. No- nog seem qulte rlght. Slnce the hrossa descrlbe Oyar-
along thls llne ls ougslde our scope.
thlng-Uellr-enougn sa, who ls a type of eldll' as a sorL cf hnau' bu*"
abou! gha!r noH down lo scme real maybe no! really (even they were no! tocsure. In a
buslness. poem fhey would have been able to descrtbe hltr,. 3ut,
In cnls, our flrsL lssuer we are prlntlng an-01d Lgaln, tthe seronl would know'), classlfyl'ng ihen as
Solar Slossary. Ihele ls a welrd blt of hlstory behlnd hnau, or for that matber as even 'angel-1!ke' (Hnlch
Lne prln:lng of t,frfs work' as follows: After readlng'
grocrastlnailngr complllng word llstsr procrastlnatlngt Lewli laler sald ghey really weren'L) ls wrong. Un-
iewordlng aeftiittcn!, pr6cras!lnatlng' and tn general fortunately, my bes! atteBpp was 'a belng wlth nellher
uaklnt n! lloe, I ftnally flnlshed' arcund Iast Febru- physlcal body nor passlons'1. Thls 1s nore amblguous'
ary or so, a gl.ossary of OId Solar and was told lf but maybe thar ls belteri aa no:ran ever really'saw'
n'oul.i be prlnied ln l{ythlore #8. however, shortly af- one.
lieruval probably does rqfer Lo Uranus' althougn
ler lnat rhe I'ILF rdas formed and we declded Lo oubllsh PluLo mlght be JusL as gocd.' IL ls cerlalr.Iy nor
lhls ltttle ger, &.ry3. I asked f"l ly glossary back \eptune, as he was klng of lhe seas' 'jhl19 Plulo 1s /J,
so ti'.at lt could Sfritnged here ar:d CIen agreed. rul,er of !l^.e Underworldr all I ca:i llnd abcu: -ranus l/)- -.
Shortl.y thereafEer, Faula l{armor phoned me and told rne tL
l
I

7
ls that hc ls the father of Cronu!, xho ts also Saturn.
t thlnk that hc l! e lortal rho rrt glvcn llEorcal,tty
lor sone Eood d6cdl. Horcvar, Cronue alto atc hla orn
:hlldren anal ls thus a ryabol for tloe.' Anyway, lhe
3holcrts probably the brst po!!lbIc.
Ac for thc r.ronl bctnt 'ht.Ilcctually lnclr.n.dr,
rll thc hneu rar6 !o tncllncd, but torat{! dtffarant
types of lntcllectUal ltllulatlon. If ettythlngr -thc
eoine xcre rclrntlflorlly tncllncd. By bctcnccr I
Ecan rhc 8tudy and clttllftcatlon of factual lnforEa-
tlon (and Heaven holp dtyonc rho trtes to thror Lcrll'a
antl-sclence tn hcrc I ) .
I donrt thtnk that thc lpclllng of Pcrcl'analra ln
OSP ls a nlsprlntr ar lt ls spellcd that Hay ln thc
paperback edltton (although the typeEttcr may havc
used Lhe orl8tnal pletct as a guldcr ln Hhlch ca8e lt
nay be an erior). Ithtlt' hoxavcr, that Lerls Ju8t
dld nou have the rtght spclflng thought out aral slnce
he rareJ.y Epent much tlEe on Heedlng out everythlng
over and over, Just let lt to.
the other nalor crltlclso I had ras wlth !9!4e-
lone and hluntheline. I donrt thlnk lhat enougEG'flha-
afa fs puE on th6 dlffcroncc. UCgl '.!l!g carrl.s a
connotatlon of rbentnara', 8! tl lEp.l'led by Hyotr It
lcans to 'ale8lre or cravc for loEcthlng rrongly'r.
Qonvcreely, rondelonc DGan! to 'want EoEethlng ln 1ts
place"l. A EEA pocu ls beet rhcn rememberedi horever'
cven lhe hro86a Eust pass oD thelr poeDs fo thelr proS-
cny erd on Eooe nt8ht8 they cvcn rclell sooe of the
storlee and poeo8r as thcy dlct for Bansoo. Thls ls
the rlght tlnc for dotng that. But to Hant IoYe all
of hls llfe 16 wrong, oi hlunthollne for a hross. The
rhole plvot ls around thc dcErac of oeanlnS-.
Tiar fg about all that I havc to 6ay about lt.
Erccp! for the crror! aboY. thls 18 an excellent -8Io6-
sary. Hopefully I wllI, ln collaboratlon rlth Joe
Chrlslopher and othersr reYl6e ghls and t{l}I prlnt 1t
ln a later lssue, or naybe as a eupplement wlth an
EIYlsh dlctlonary aI80.
In fulher lsauca, I vlll comtlent on other O.S.
artlcles and letter8r wlII further d,1scu66 shatles of
Eeanlng in 01d Solar word6r and xlLI dlscu66 the ln-
venEeal Ianguages of Julee Venra, along wlth an 01d
Solar alphabe!. Urendl l'!alrldl I I
Notcs
1. Theee deflnltlons are laken from my orlglnal SIos-
sary.
2. Slnce Cronus dld eat hls own chl)'drenr he 16 a
symbol for tlBer whlch eags the chlldren of thl6
wor1d. As a result, Saturn' who ls also Cronus,
ls a syDbol of tltre' and ls often deplotedSs an
old oan, 6en11er but at one tlBe very tntelllSent
ard stlIl regarded as a sage. Thereforer Holst
wa6 able to shor Saturrl as an ol'al cs,rl' pasg h16
prlae but 6t111 Epry. For further lnforBatlon
see aleost any book on mythology or astrology and
al6o any Sood recordlng of 'The Planets' op. )2'
by Custav hclEt. A6 a further ncler because he
faghered Saturn, Uranus may have been regarded as
belng lron-hearled or soneihlng of the Ilke' aI-
though I aE surprlsed that noghlng shoHs ln LeH-
i6r6 deplction of Sacurn/Lurga.
). Slnce Pluto wag dlscovered abouc 41 years a8o' ln
1910, there Has not a heck of a lot knornaboug 1t
Hhen the trlLogy was wrlttenr nor Is a lot kno*n
t,oday. So lhlE ls another advantage ln Uranusrs
favor.
Mathoms
Ihe Oothlc word for EaEt Has urruns.
Ihe 01d Irlsh Hord for "rlng" ls !gE.
Ihe Arkenstone ha6 a long hlstory: thc uord t6 the Eddlc
tarkna-8!elnn, AS eorcan-6tEn. Eorcan neans "genulne,
roly"; the Jewel 1s varlously ldentlfled xlth pearL,
Eopazr and, Bost often, opal.
Ihe Dnarvlsh nane of tsoobadll, &9, 1.s Norse and Eeans
"6orcerer, anclent oner one wlse 1n anclent kncwlege".
Day be connected rlth the OId Engllsh ftre-demon
:ould lllthrandlr be a conblnatlon of the liorse nanea
l rl otr ii-ii?-fiTl rana r ?, Th 1! rand t wa 6 lnv ol ved. wl th
rhe nlne vafxffiISoftnn replaed Odtnn when he
:ouIo no! be ln at,tendance at Asgard. otlnn wae call.-
)d. Ganqlerl, whlch means "wanderer" or "trave1er".
a
U
Ci-ryn,,en
or, a co),unn by Jln Vlbber call.eil
TALES FBOI,I TIIE LITTI,E OLD BOOKHAKEB
H1 , there, Iunchbrlgader6! l./elI, 1!is Lha,L tlrne
of trtll,enlum agaln, and werre golng to drag cu! all
the cld volumes and 6ee whatwe can do for lelter sty]-
lng ln'.he new St,andardlzed Engll6h Tengwar licde--
whlch I ghlnk I'I1 abbrevtate SEfi--and perhaps any
olher use of ghe Tengwar.
_ Looklng over all lhree voluoeE of Lor(l_-9!_!!.9_A-LBgS
The fioaq Coes Ever On, and the many mcEt pnonerlc ar,o
orthographlc ghau I have seen devlEed by frlends 3nd
acqualntance6, It seem6 gh1! I shculd shake 6cme of
lhe dusl ou! of my halr and nake a few helpful su{ges-
tlons about slmple lei!erlnE. Cne cl Lne mos! trcuUle-
solre leELers 1E "a". It has a:peared 1n ToIklen's
works as,'. and \tr and even ^ the clrcumflex--nor rc nen-
.tlon the Slniarln verslons c, and c The SEI: naxages
!o add chelr lnve!^se6 i. r /,-r v , r, anC a . Al,I of ghese
are permls6Lble and reccgnlzable, but rnat JusL abcuL
exhau6t6 the pos6lbll,Mes, aLtilcu,-n I have seen r,any
a far-fetched varlatlon, such as s+vars or clrcIes,
!{nlch are nog a! a1I EIvlsh ]eci,er icrns.
AImo6t, as dlfflcull 1s t,ne "u"-curl ,,rhlch 1s es-
sentlally rnerel.y a reversed "c"-curL, but whlcn cart be
shcrlened lo fne questlon ma:-k-llke snape lounc 1n ir:e
Road Gces Ever On, belng so xrl!leti sc 1t won,r det-
Coo easlly ccr.fused rLin tne "o"-cu:.1. oui Hr,a!'s
really a paln 1s gclnt alcng ar cld nanuscrl3! and
flndlng !he Cots for "1", ")"', "E", ano tie schwa so
!1ny a6 to be rlsraxable fJr acc!xenL.1 pen sc:-aL3r,es
or 1ni< bictches, Tlie cois orgf,I i J be ioa,s, and ::o-
!h1ng less, sc tney can be seer.. Even worse ts Hr.en
somecne carefully wrltes a wct-d and l0rmedlafely wlpes
out aII t.he sub6cr!pt dots anci curls by slashlns
Chrou8h Uhem wlth a grana, sweeplnt Cecoratlve inder-
I1ne, renderlnE ihe worC lIleglbIe. Cerralnly !he
care Uhat ls glven t,o wrltlng Hlth the Ronan elphaber
should be lavlsht,d cn the :ungwar--:cri.irps mors, slnce
the Tengwar serves a speclal cur.Jlse of Cecor.:lcn a-:.ld
cor.munlcatlcn beL?een goci frlenCs. One does no'" Hlsh
t,o confuse a frlenc out of sneer careLessness (lL,s
more fun and crore lnferesLlng ic ccnfuse hln wlth Lhe
aclual subJect tra!ter).
Hlthly Important are Lhe Ier:gtr.s cf rne sLens: "h"
should be clearly dlscernlble from "E", and "m" from
Anri desplte aII precauLlons, eve:"y cnce
1n a whlIe, Lhe alternaie fc:"[.s for "s" and "2" n]anaee
!o geb lotally confused wltn rhe "a"'s anri any cLher
6lmllar lefLers, aIl because of lacklng la,e:.r D:"o3er
length, whlIe Lhelr cnly reason for exlstence 1s !o
make easler Che 6uperscrlpLlon of Lenlar.
Ye! wl!h all these problems, many peocle have come
up rrlth some beau!lful ways of HrltlnB the Filancrean
charact,ers, rangln6 f rom ghe 6lmoIe balLolnt cen go
calllgraphlc pens and brushes Hltn lnk. lne ring ln-
6cri,pLlon 16, of course, a prlrne examcl: of Lr,e be:..r!y
of long-sEenimed charac!ers, the Iong brusn strokes
glvlng a great sense of f Loi{ !o lhe let',ers. irhat
mlght be a marvelous advancement for lhe lengwar wl!h-
ln tne frame ofthe already establlGhef, nodes for quen-
ya and Slndarln and lhe SEll woul<i be a rneans of hanq-
wrlLlng the lengxar, much as we do Fonan cnarac!ers,
wltnouL changlng lhe shapes beycni easy recognltloli.
A 6e! of nurnerals would be exlrerely nlce also (oecI-
mal., please) uo fft 1n w1!h the sLyLe. Sug;estlcns
wlll be extremely '*elcome, and 1f enougn naLerlal 1s
avalLable for consldera!1on, we rxay publlsh lrle nost
faclle resulls by our next lssue.
Due to tne gracual rlse cf thousands of cilfferenL
r.odes for the EngIlsf. Ia,neuaee, 1! nas bec.rne 1r:c:e3s-
{:-1" q^r
.116fJ
rr"r^"1 'r^- ^,
IoLklen far.s Lo com:ur:lcale uslnA I'l-
Lhe TengHar from Lord of lhe Blnss.
our atgenglon as a Batger cerlalnly llngulstlc ln na-
ture, we haver afLer Iong ilcllberatlon, e6tabllshed a
standerdlzed ilode suttable for the lay0rar--6ufflclent-
Iy cornplex to represent readable EngIlsh' yeE slnple
enough Lo be feaal by the non-llngulst.
lowed Tolklen's lead as ouch a6 pJ86lble' assl8nlng
values accordlng !o sounC end lhe human mouthrs method
of pronunclatlon. YhlIe thl8 has 1ed to the lnvenglon
of two new letters--the llldctle-earth Ianguages havlng
lacked Lhe sound Dhat 16 known tn Engllsh as the
"shor! a"--ll has a16o enabled us to create' accordlng
to IoLklents 1n!entlonsr a system lhaL l6 phonemlc'
based upon lhe Eoundsof words rather Lhan upon Lhelr
sDelLlngs. The exaople on Ehe lttle page of LotB was
wrlt!en lo repre6eng. aomeone "heslLa!1ng betHeen the
values of lhe letters fanlllsr ln hl6 'mode' and Lhe
tradltlon3l spelllng of EngJ'tsh"'and canno! be used
as a basls for an Engllsh mode. fnsteadr we started
fror scrf,Lcht uslng ihe values of Lhe Tengwar ln {uel-
ya 3no Slndarln !o prepare a worklng mode wlth two al-
Lernaclve rnear:s of vowel represen!aLlon--one wlLh the
vonels wrltten outr as 1n SIndarln, lhe orher wlth
then wrl!ten as gehEar, rne dlacrl!lcal marks appear-
lng above the consonants' as ln the mode for auenya.
It ls lmcorgant !o note lhal Lhls mode canno! be used
lor elLhe:: 1u€nla or Stndarln' many of the sounds
tn{ olfferen!' and !hose modes belng already qulte
well esgabllshed bY Tolklen.
One rnosg lmportan! rule: symbols !haL appear above
a consonan! precede Lhe consonant; symbols wrlLten be-
Iow fcllow. Also, 1f !he vorr.els are Lo be wrltten ouL'
only-'"he the dlacrMcal marks f 51 and #55 nay be aLlached
ro vowels, and !hese are wrl!len superEcrlpg. One
snoulc use only one of !he two vowels alLernatlves lt
3ny one !lrne !o avold confuslon3 mate:'laI shouLd e1-
:hir have alI the vowels as tehtal or aIl !he vowsl's
wrl !r,en ouL i lfle two are not n!xabIe.
13 avold boE:lng the layman down wlth unfamlllar
IlnEuls!1c noLaL!on. we have borrowed for lhe conson-
anls the nct3tton used 1n lne appendlces of LotBl th
as ln Lnrcugn, dh as ln ![ese clothes' rJ as ln sllE
:oi 1r'r flnger, ch as tn gnurchr zh as 1n measurer 3nd
nw as ln wtilcn. Symbol #22 fs used for a w at the
be6lnnlnr: of a syllabler as 1n !elrd or anyway' Hhl1e
;-.2 ls !c be used as !n coH or nevi. Symbol #65 Ls
pernlsslble as a flnal s 6ound (not a z sound) al rne
e:o of a word when preceded by a ccnsonanL; syrnbol #65
?pfears above a consonanE as a precedlng nasal: F=nt'
fi=nd, F=np,F =mbi 67 appears belcw a ccnsonant to 1n-
sJ,er'16 '' .cels con6onanE:J1
: r -^.1 ;^.,Ll {F- tl
^a
'r/her? dlfferen!atlcn Ceslred beLween tr.e beglnnlng
r and Ltie e::clng r--or betHeen the trllled and untrll-
Ied r, as ln some tsrlrlsh dlalects-- P1f Eo be used
I f,i Lne 9eg]Ilr.rI:3 r' ul' tF{llaA
^F vr rrrqq
F
r r ^ru f^F-ino
I r.
ur.trIlI-d ri 1f no Clfferentatlcl: 1s deslred, )2 ls to
be used f c:' r 1n zrII pos!'.lons' CAUTI0N: 1f rd- 1s used
for endlng r'J6 canno! be u6ed fcr rd'
Vor"ls
Conronont,
il il{
L-. a
1 .a
.,A *,/e
a
L)"
"o'"
,,,-tOO
53rly
aa
"oo"ne
Thls comlng uo ThE VOnELSr Agaln ca6tlng abcuL for famlllar noia-
!1on, the vowelsouni.s are as glven 1n tebsgerrs Sev-
enLh New CoLleglaLe Dlcrlonary (c|969, C.C. Ir,errlam &
Co.), and correspond respecrlvely to cot or faLher,
mqt, bgEter, be!, Elpr' bone, wood or book, rule, Iard,
i{e have fol- and beag, Hhen read ln the voHelsco.l,urm from top lo
botloe. Ihe left column ls lo be used when vowel,6 are
Hrltten out, the rlghL column for *hen lhey are wrlt-
ten wllh lehlar. Symbols h63 and #64 are vowel carrl-
er8 whlch can be u6ed when there ls no conscnan! upon
whlch to place Lhe tehlar; Lhelr length ls lrreLevanL
to the 6ound of lhe vowel. ?he 6llent letter + (i25)
l6 extremeLy useful because tne 6ubscrlp! tehiar . for
e(#41, *42) and,. for y- (fr5J, i 54) wlLl not f1t
under 6l or 64; lhus "of" 1s wrlcten q.)oand "yarC" as
9^pn whlle "but.er" l6 Ff I and "cute" lsgrip
-ir.€-
llEh lons vowels are dt-pntnong6--comblnarloirs of tic
sounds--ind shouLd be wiltten- a6 6uch. UElng !he l',er"-
rlam-Websger vowel, nocatlon for correscondlng Long
vowels and foIIowlnS'"hls nlLh Lne correspondlng Ter.g-
v{ar representaclon, he h'1ve: d=eE ( 5 or j ), e=f E jI
or j ), i=eE (5 op L ), -o=6ii (€. or G ), i=ynfi (*tor
r+d), and 6-o=uii (:t or d )i olner dlpnEhongs are cl cr
oy= 6E (5 or cr ) and ow or au=au (t- on d ). (For
more lnf orma!1on on ho'/,r to wr1!e the l-elter6. see
Tales from the LlLfle old Bookrnaker 1n thls lssue, )
A6 a typlcal phrase, "The man ln tne qocn stayed uo t
be-
loc lage" wOulci read: Fp ca-.r, '5r Qc o3-m {,pig".r+- 96
66p;lfhlIe the mode and tLs descrlpilon are--or a!
IeasL shoulS be--ccn:plete as they sland, tny cuesilcns
should be acdre6sed !o Lne edliors of thls 9ubl.lcallon.
The One Inconsistencv in LotR
by Robert Foster
That t'l1,dile-earin 16 a world ccncelv3c wi.in ccn-
plexlty anC developeo Hl!n grea'" care Ls obvlous. eJna!
1s rncre remarkable ls Lhai as one beccmes mcre ani more
famlllar wlth lL, Lhe comtlexlty lncreases, buL !ne
flawlessness cl Tolklen's developnent I and hls concern
Hlth conslsLercy, keeps pace, Wnen !'. i. duden lnforr-
ed lolklen gna! !ne pool ai tne iesl-date cf i1cr1a nus!
nave been fed by unCerground sprlngs or streans at, ex-
actly the rate of evsoora!1on, slnce t'he waler nelLi-.er
sank nor overflcwed, Tclklen was re.orLedly ?u1te ucset
aE tn!s vestlglal dependence on lmpLauslbl11:y.
=tt'F =dd',G,=1I. Afler slx years of studylng i',1dole-eartn, I have
fcund exactly cne error ln Lord of tne ilnzg, aI:nouEn
there do seen !c be a few lnconslstencles beL14eer't !f.e
tFl I
^.tw
rri l-o -^hFl r l
^r ,^ .,...-
c',F^Fr cl F.l,
-J,, !r.1s e:-:-o!"
L'ru sr-srr/6
^Fr ur results frcrn an over-lndul.gence 1n phllol3glcal games,
ToIklen's favorlt,e ar.usernent. Cn II 2C4. we at-e tcl.d:
Thls was 0:.ihanc, !ne clEadel ?f Sarunan, the
name of whlcn had (by ceslgn ar cn3nce) a twc-
fold neanln6; fcr In rne Elvl6n sreecn orL:ianc
slgnlfles r,6unt Far.g, buL tn rne ianguajE--T-
the l{ark cf cLc tne CunrlnE }.1nc.
n++. Tne Elvlsh cranslaLlcn 1s cercalnly vai1.i: crthaxc
runcL u0Lr0n
F/ ^n^a r-r,^f :lF^/rn,rn inahan) * -..I7---;ZT'-r
(? !11-!:1
reI. *. B!g4 'Jaws'). ioleverr Lhe "iar.guage of rr,e
4.. llark of old" ls Bohlrrlc, whtchr ]lke the ct.het lan-
oA
Suages of tile Edaln (excep! for Lf.e id0nalc nanes cf
the klngs of Numenor) 1s translaLei consLstently and
completeLy lnio old EngIlsh for reasons exilatned 1n
a Appendlx F. Therefore, Orthanc shculd nean 'cunrlnt
a mlnd' ln Old Lngllsh, whlcn 1t does. Althcugn tlie wcrd
e grbanc at flrst meant rorlglnal, lnbcrn thcuaa.t.r, 1!
develooed lnto 'rnlnd, genlus, wlL, understanilne' and
aa !hen tskllful conirlvance, artlflce, devtce'. Ine
tra
datlve olural orbancum usually has lhe aCverblaI sense
'skllfulIy, cunnlngly, wlLh artt, wnll.e t,ne re1?!ed
aa adJectlve orbanc means rcunnlngr. The aclness cf Tc]-
6/l klenrs translaolon 1s demcnstrat,ed bj' cne fit s: of cwc
f o' occurrenceE of the word ln Beowull:
l. :Ecwurf mapeiooe-- o" nLm bynre scir.,
t,
"
F:,
6earcnet seowe<i snlpes orbancur,r-- (405-o )
Seowulf spoke--on hlrD shone hls byrnle, a b3tLle-
reL, puL Loge!ner by r,ne s(lII/cunnln,-:lnd ol r,ne
' sml !h.
iiowever, the oroblen ls ihls: lolklen cjalms S1n-
oarl.n and Fohlrrlc homonyms, and thls of ccurse 1mf,l:es
"genulne ilohhlrlcr', but !he actf,aI ncmonymlty 1s be-
tween Slr.darln and Old engllsn, or "!ranslated nohlrrlc".
In other words, ln ihls example Eohlrr-lc ano Jlo Entllsh
,JI are one and tne same, and the careful dlstlncrlctl be-
lween "genulne" and "translaLed" llannlsh forns oces nol
aa_ .) occur. Slnce a three-Ianguage, two-worlC norncnynlt.y 1s
unIlkely, especlally slnce two cf rhe woros rculC also
be synonyms, we have to label ihls as an j,ncJnslstency,
pleaslng but none;heless an errcr. A-i
9 l.,c I
 On the Formation of Plurals in Sindarin
In 01cl SlDdrtlnf thrre rcrc et le.st threa pJ,ural
rufftrc.r -lD lltntfylDg tro of soDcihlng; -AlH 8tgnl-
fylng r1l of rolcthtngl.rtrd . lorr gancral sufflr -IN
rrprc!.ntln8 rora than oDa of rorathlng. thc tro for-
ocr, rhllc c.rtalnly aa co8ron t! the lattcr, rrEalned
oercly sufflrcsr rhll.c thG lattar causcd thc vorcls ln
the rord to xhtch i! ra6 ettachad to shlft toward the
I of Lhe aufflr. Thc aufflx ln oany cascs raa later
Iost. Thus ADAli, rnd froo ADAIIN, EDAIN. The phenour-
cnon 18 frcqu?nt ln Gctlanlc languages and 18 teroed
uolau!. Thls papcr xlII study thc effect rhlch the
-IN endlng has hacl on the forEatlon of plurals ln Slnd-
ar1n.
Thc posltlon Eost strongly affected by the uDlau!
vas of courEe the flr6t syllable froE the end of the
rordr and the vowels shlfts ln tbl6 poslblon wGre the
Eost coEplcr /a/ shlfis Lo lal/t, /e/ shtf|s to /t/t,
and /o/ shlfts Eo /e/ or /y/)t chese three Ehlftg Hc
knor, and lhey are aII t,oxerd /l/. Th. other vorele
ln Stndlarln ara /L/, /u/, anA /l/. If rhe /-tn/ ud-
Iaut theory ls correcLr lhcD of course /l/ rould nog
Slace /y/ 18 half-
bc affected and would retr,sln /l/.
ray betreen /u/ and /l/t Ehe oo6t obvlou8 shtft froE
/u/ te /y/i lndeed, Tolklen says of the pound /y/z'lt
rae partly a oodtflcetlon of g and g,..'*, and elnce
ME knorn EnsE /y/ 1.6 an unl.au!-Eodlf lcatlon of /o/,
1! secEs a 6Lra18h!-forrard asEuEptlon that ,/u/ also
8hlfi6 to /y/. The only vorel Icft ln doublr the' ls
/V/. Slnce thero are no vouels between /y/ and /\/,
lhe only voHel to rhlch lt could 6hlfc, aa HIEb /e/t
Is /I/. These are lhe 81x 6h1fts for slngle voxelt lD
srndarln3 /a/+ /a\/; /e/+ /t/; /L/+ /r/ i /c/+ /e/ , /y/ i
/u/+/y/i /y/+/t/.
The dtphghongs rll] be trealeo tn tHo groups: tho6e
endlng \n /I/ and shose Hhlch do not. Of rhe former
type are thedlphLhonga /ul/ , /eL/, and /at/ . Accordlng
go one l,lne of reasonlng, lhe /I/ on Lhe end of th68e
dlphLhongs Hould protec! the precedlDg vowel froo mu-
laLlon. Th16 seetrs to be Lhe ca6e HlEh /uI/t ELneeA
Lhe Hord LUIN appears a6 both slngular and p),ural''-.
i'iowever, /eI/ Ia 6o close Eo /e/, the only dlfference
belnz one of lenalh, lhar a shlft tl /L/ or rather !o
/l/ to retaln Lh; Iength of the ay-IIable, seemo only
natural. \t /aI/ also shlfls Eo /L/, then CIR rtIl be
Lhe plgra] of CAIB (6hlp). lhls HIII explaln the long
I 1n CIfi)At\ (bullder of 6hlpF) nlcely:1t 1s the only
long I !o appear ln Slndarln/. The questlon ratsed by
!hls explenail.cn 16, cf course, vhy /uL/ 16 unaffecged
by Lhe 6hlft, uhlr..e /aI/ and /eI/ are. The only appar-
ert expianallon ls Lhat /u/ and /L/ are Bo far apart
that lL requlres a deflnlie effort lo pronounce the
dlphthong, ard thls effort was l,hag kept the vowel froo
6h1!Erng. ilere are lhree Eore 6hlft6: iuL/t /uI/, /eI/
- /1/, lat/+ /a/.
Flgure 1:
The dlphthong8 ln SlDdarln yhlch do not ena In /t/
are fae/, /oe/, and /au/. 'de knor that /ae/ shtfts to
/aI/", so 1g Hould seem natural to assuoe that /oe/
6hlf!s Eo /oI/; u.nfortunalely, the latter 1s not a
diphtnong 1n Slndarln. In such a ceae, Ehe /o/ uouId.
probab).y shlft forward also go foro the dlphthone /et/v.
The ctlphthon9 /au/ rould shlft elther to /at/ or /g/,
but lt 6eetr6 that the ftnal vowel xoulcl shlft forward
flrs!, and /y/ ls not descrlbed as belng.a varlart of
/au/. eo the forner Eeens the better cholce. These
Last three Blutatlons coEplete the set of umlautE for
Sindarln. Flgure 1 shors these Eutatlons graphlca1ly.
Long vorels are not marketl, and those whlch are clrcled
do nol change.
The second vowel from the end of the rord ls noi Eo
stlongly affected. It, appears to shlft unlforBly t,o
/e/, excepL 1n Lhe case of /t/ vntcn renatna /t/l0.
The tplrd vowel fron the end undergoes no transforma-
tlon.rrllhen analyzlng uorde whlch Day be conpounds, as
tHo and three syllaole rords nay be, there 16 a danger
of lncorrectly allocatlng plurals to the conponents.
CELEBDAII{ (Iaopwrlghts) coula be the plural 6l: Cff,nn-
DAN or lt could be thc plu141 of CELAIR-DAI{ yhcre CEI-
AIB 16 ghe pLural. of CALaBT'. The latter oxpl.anetton
ls preferabl,e 6lnce the the thlrd voHel fron the end
of lhe word ts not requlred to change.
10
by Bill \{elden
Tne /-fn/ endlrrg of Old Slndarln dld no! conplete-
ly dlsappear by lhe end of the lhlrd Age. llany of t,he
onc-ByIlable rdorda etl1I forued thelr plurals Lhrough
thc aatdllion of thl6 sufflr. Thc plural of EL (arar)
la ELINI). Thls plural can be explalned ln one of EHo
raysr ELIN 16 EL+IN ln rhlch case bhe uBlaut of the /a/
has not yeL occuredi or ELIN ts Uhe uolau! of the older
ELEN, xhere the slngular Letcr lo8t lEa /-en/ endlng.
Thls Iatter seens !he pp6t llkely explanaglon. The
plural of COF t6 CEBINT*, but lf the rcasoning above ls
app116d here 6everal lnconslstencle6 arlBe. Tfie older
foro would need to be COREli, but!lhl6 older fora rnust
have an /a/ Ln the lasE syllable'r. Here, !hen, Lhe
flrsg explanatlon Bust be takent fhat CERIN 1s COR-It:
rhere the ur.Iaul hs6 occurrcd, but Che /-ln/ sufflx
ha8 not yet dl6appeared' In HITHAIGLIN, the AIGLIN
eleEent curr- be pluralro, and 1! has an /-Ln/ endlr:g.
liotlng t(rp -endency of flnal voyels to dlsappear before
sufflxce'/, }le ccnEtruct a Blngular AIOAL, or AGAL
lf an uolaut has occurrGd. That lt has no! cBn be
soen froo the fact Lhat aIGLOS Eeans'lclcle'1o fron
AIGAI, (peak)+LOS (fallen snor)f^ Here 16 a pIural fortr-
ed ylth only the /-ln/ suff:-x.L> Ic Ehould be noged
tha! trost cf the'dords ln Slnoarln are one-6yI1abLe
word6, and ghat plurals are 6hown for only a very snall
percen!age of the6e 1n rela!1on t,o the bBo-BylIabIe
xord plural6 !vh1ch occur falrly frequently. T]ne /-In/
endlng couid !hu6 be presenL In mo6i plurals 1n Slnd-
erln.
it can be seen then that lf rhe hypotheses 6et,
forth In Eht6 parer are adopted, Early of ghe apperent
lncon6lstencle6 1n ti.e forBatlon of plurals ln Sj.ndarln
can be explalned, bui 1L Ehould not be supDosed tha."
Ju8t because lhls Lheory Horks lhat 1t 1s rlghr or even
that 1t 16 Lhe one nhlch r,111 ever1LuaIly be accepLeds
thl6 16 a prellElnar"y report ln a fleIC whlch l6 wlde
open for speculatlon. It 1s Lo be hoped thet rnuch eore
6peculaLlcn xl1I be done ln thl6 fleld ln ihe fulure.
!ioies
1
-- ADAIi-EDAIN (ma::-nen)
2
-- CEBTTi-ClP.ii-. (rurre-ru:res )
-- AI.10N-EXYl, (ntIl-hllls ); CRO--EiEJ icouxra:.n-n16, )
I
*
__ ILL )y)
-- LUIIi ln ERED LUIIi nusU agree Hlrh the plur-al noun
5
1t nodlfles, whlle LUIN ln MINDCI-LUIN must be s1n-
gular for Er.e sane reason.
6 -- I-" nas been suggestec because LUi-N enos !n
/-ln/ Ehat 1i ).s e pIuraI foro. Hoxever', iJIli
doe6 not end 1r: /-ln/ (:o ), 1! ends ln /-ufn/
(ijn ). /u\/ Ls a dlphLhong ln Slndarln and io be
lrealed a6 a slngie vowe}. A160 Lhe *uer.ya wo:c
for 'bl,ue' (plural)16 LUINI from !.hlch !he 6lnsu-
lar i{ou1d seerD bc be LUI}i. I! seens unllkely ihat
the word Iose6 lts endlnt 1n translarlon to Slni-
arln only Lo plck lL up agaln aE a grarnsallcal
sufflx ti.re only L1tre lt occur6. ((!./hat I suc-
ge6ted Has LUEN pl. LUIN; cf. LAEts--i. LAiRE: tsur
BlII 16 probably rtghr. --PKlv.. ) )
? -- Il has also been 6ugge6ted that CIRDAIi cannot be
Slndarln because of the long I 1n lt. If thls 16
a 60, then th16 16 the only name of ghe elves llvlng
then ln l'llddle-earlh Lhlch wa6 not Slndarln. As
to lhe arguBent that CIADAI should be.,shfp-bu1ld-
er' wlth s slngular Ehlp 6ee note 12. CAIRDAN
rould refer go a person rho bull! one shlp.
8 -- GWAIHIB-0WAER (Lord of lhe 1,J1nd6-wlnd). That C'dAI-
hIts should be 'wlnd-lord" wlth a slngular wlnd, see
notes 7, 12. ((cf . ctre {. u6age stBiliE}i, liTne
wlnd8. CWAI|iIR can have a plural form wll4oul
1t nece66arlty followlng that CELEBDAIIi and CIADAN
do; the 61guat1on 1s dlfferent.--PKli))
9 -- Both thls shlfg and the followlng one are entlrely
hypothetlcal, and are nerely lncluded Eo conpleLe
the I16t.
10-- PEBIAN-PERIAIN (halfllng-halfllngs; Road o. 67)i
see also notes 1, 2, ).
11-- There are only a few exanples of thls and none of
them are concluslve; however, lt seen6 reascnable
Lo a66ume that lhe vowels far away from Lhe endlng.
uould suffer no umlaut.
12-- For those who say lhat the slngular should be CAL-
rBDAi; (laap-caker), ncEe that lamp 1n thts phrase
refers to oany lamps and not Just one. If che
phraBe 18 tu:'ned around thls becones obvlou6: "nak-
er-of-148p6". There 16 no reason !c a6sume !nat,
the former graonatlcal pecullarlty occurs 1n Slnd-.a
(conllnued on page i1) i,a(
 ra()r)e5
Pyi 1 ihartes G. KesLer lc0-ao-1616; h11ts, !th tsn lC/v)
Lne arcrlalc 5lrliJb. rEi E r"^jluL 4tlu n1!rE.
course ar€ qu€Dla.--PKi!.)) tsuL !nere was a treaL CeaI
of analoglc:I re-orcierlnE ln rhe process ' 6o tn1 a does
noL hold lrue !n every caEe. Thls re-ord3rlng lndl-
cTth Arty, i Forr BIlss, Iexas 79916 caces lhe rapld na!ura!lon anc Icilc of Lhe tldar ln
Lne FlrsE Age. At any rate' a few exampJ.es by Hay c1'
Excerp!s fron a Ietter dared I F.ay 197I: lIIusLratlon:
P-E ranatre rafian1 rantone rantcnl rval.ane rvalrni.
Before I launch lntc any diEcusslon of my dlachron- r anan amanl iandone
ando and or vaL,, vaL ar
OS ramaune ramaunl rand cn rv.ilane rv:,fanl
1c tneorles, I ouSht to provlde you wlgh o:y dlagram of I'i S ramaun ranyn
I rand on rand yn
1
rv:Iar. ival a I nl
Lne Eldarln fanlly Lree so ny 6pace-!lme relaglonshlp6 P-S ramon rernynl r'rndon . end yne
1
ibalan 'be1a1ne
wcn't baffle you. So nere 1! l6! S amon emyn annon ennyn bal-an belaln
Anclen! EIvlsh rrrc urtaJ eilar.5 rr- 6.t sure cf ln lhese exanDles 1s i.r.e
I u. rr!
L,as t-iiven UesL-Elven
( Prc:o-S!Ivan) LloInc of Lhe cons:nan!aI shlfLs, alLhouen as 31.1c3tr'
cney ire falrIJ/ satl6facLc!y. i lisd usei 3bi3ut .:s .in
arln VaIdarl explanatlcn fcr P-E /anane/ AS /an'one/, bu: ycf,r 3ul/c
I
O n 'oldorln
I vocallc shlft 1s far nore agreeable. inarx Jcu fcr
I I I
br!nt!ng 1L Lc n,v a'-Eentlon. ((I ncce lo €lo ln:3 l.ne
lll,CiIe S lnd v Valdarln fl tli
!r.eory ln leiaII nex" lssue' !ode'.ne:- wl!r: v?r1:us 3'T-
l")r*:T'l
IN
Varl cus
I
I nents I h3ve recelvec on It.
I
vrr!"1in
I
((lhe crux of :rte problen: nere 1s HneLf,er c: r.L a
o iale::s Protc-Slndarlti auaFlA
of Lhe
/l
,/l eve,^ had Lnose fln?l ccn6cnanLs !r.a! snoH dp ln r. iti
.::d-3l,ves
I
Slndarln scm-cases, of ccurse, !here are'"io S wcrds;1:n:l,e
,' ^ge same stem--Cnlaii }amp and CAlAl. iayitghL ccme ac 11n,r.
. | | Ad_unalc I y aueny CALI*lA1!? irle
Straarln Slndarln<- Slndarln r has CnLl".A lamp, bu: was the cile:'forn
sien 1s CiL(a) 116nt (cf . CALiJI:Yi VaLe ci L\;rtt-),
-:

of Loinlcrlen of Oonoor of imladrl s

Frorn !he chsr! ycu mlght already have dlscerned a
few of my !heorles:1) I ldentlfy !he PeopIe o1 glig Vai-
ar as lhe unnaned Klndred of TVALTAE. Lhe Eldar' and have by
analoty glveri lheD the narne 2) I see ruellya
as rnE descendart of the t'rlbal tontue of the licldor.
l) I use !he Lern'Vallncreanr !o oeno!e tr.e IanSuage
of lne Valar.
It nlghr be helpful !c shcr. you my conceptlon of
lhe Crear 1u€6!1 6lnce 1! 1s an lnletral pari- cf Lne
"trlbal" !hecry whlch Ied Eo the dlagraE above. Ihe
way I plclure t!, when Lhe caII !o cne Undylng Lands
came Lo lne EIda:"' there HaG some dlEpute among Lhe
Tnree Klndreds as to wnere exactly Lhese laxds Iay. Ir
was a dl8puEe whlcn was noi settled andr ln lne en.'
Lne patrlarchs of each Crlbe Ied rf.elr people on dlf-
ferenL roads. Tnus tne dl6tlncLlon betweer. !r.e T!',ree
(lndreds and '.r.e1r dlal'ects Has lncreased. The years
of lne auest were rnany, and the trlbes xa:lderei far
from each c!her; thelr Ianguages evolvei !c ine s'"age
I have Cubbed 'lilddIe". Shorrly afLer Lnls' the vald-
ar and Lhe NoIdor came Lc val'lnor' Lhe VaIdal' orcbabL)'
flrst, slnce they were favored by the Valar (hence
rhelr narne). BuL lhe road of the Slndar was boLh lcng
and nard, ano Hhen aL last lhey came tc ta.e sncres of
|:tCiIe-ear:n they had tlreC of the quesL and Lald IL
dcrrn. Eve:i El,vlsh de!erntnatlc:: ani endurance 1s nct
lnflnlLe. so at las! the Lrlbal 6cIl! HaG ccmplete.
'Ihe Slniar remalned 1n l{lddle-ear!h and lnelr tongue
chan8ed raolcily. The Valdar and I.old3r dwelL 1n Elda-
ma:'beyond tne Sea ard !helr Ia.nguages absorbed lT'ucn
from lhe Vallnorean, The Noldor rebelled over tne rn-:-
:er of !ne S1]marlIIi. anc re!urned I'n exlIe lc l"ildiIe-
carih ar:d were !hence forward knoHn as hlEf,-elve6.
Ihel:" language becar.e a rellc, as ls tcic by IcL(len'
antr chan;ed lltEIe un!1I the Thlro Age.-
So rEere you have lhe naln polnLs of my hlsiorlcal
perspectlve. I dldn'! bo!ner'"c oreCge u;) Lhe refer-
ences I have !o suppor! lc, slnce l! would take tlme
and space, bur lf ybu care io check l! ouir a close
reaclng of ApDenqlx F and iobblg 17b (near the end of
f lrd tne gene:'aI tet.dency ln R '-o b. :o lc.r a r.oun by
6t,en+conscnan!+voweL (Varda, Calr.er, Clrya, 3o:'na' i'aI-
rna)r Hhlie S usuallli ras s!erJv+c (tsaraj' 'lai3: , :!! lLI: '
?Coren, FaIas). Tne:"e are exceDalcns: il^l 1s:r'e (by
Lhe Hay, I ier'1ve AliiN from nll3i, h111, in:r'.e:i. Af 3-
AR rneanln6 Iande, wcrld ) ' I ilke ycur ineol'y bu! I
don'; see ncH 1! rioulo a3:iy !c r,cuns Llie d--d-i.!.-). '
Could ycu excLaln?
((Anu arorne:' -.r,1nE: 1f cne ices 'rsasci *ei' jCiii/
'^Nlol.i i.n -r-L, 1s 1L ccssl.trle lha:3L cnn:l:e Lr.r
f lngl, ccnscr.ar',s we: e nc: pl'cn3J.cel lr, ine siaiuf ars
but were reLaLnec 1r. rhe olu:'als, r3:r.er ]1xe iFncr'
masc. anci f er,. (vaie:--vaie!t,e e'-c. )2 .'hls: rruli rl ve
f orns L rke a),D0/il'LCli JALr../CALY.t?., a-'At'AL-A-. I'r.ese
nlgr,r tnen de;ene:^ate ' 1n!c a sltr3]e -i cl'u:":1. iel l-'
1!rs a tf.ougn'-,
( (ano I stl.Li !n1r'( nSEA n3;l lCll 1s a pseu:c-aue.ya
pcKe ar b101o8lsts xh: iotl't xnc* .aLl:: 1:3f, -':ra:.,
bu! as ,vcu say tha:'s mi' i-.ana-u3. i l: il ;reni1:n an-
otner leller.,. .--lrii\: ))
0ir irr i0at,;lICi' ''r'l-UhAL: I\:I).'^r,..
(ccntlnue. from Page 10)
ar1n. C^-aBlal. would mean "n:ker-cf-i:"j--a:-:."
1?'-- Toad o. €7
i4-- itir.e l:'e? .rlnos cf see i l:4-5.--ir,l ))
1J-- The qu€iJ'a fcrn was ^mrcgniC09XA. If !r.ts rc:d fcl,cws
Lhe pa!Ler:r cf Lae 3:f.ers iaor.:r.-:1:::a::: f:rn,
lf 1r r.ad tHo sylLables, xouic be Jih(f.)A.r:r JOr-
(l',)eN. (Jrtla-A\1A3, alil0-^l'i'Jii, eic. )
1o-- it refers, sfier aIi, Lc ine yl.st) iirun!alns,
17-- ^iidi-J.3EEl., .rLa!,-aBi.Eli , ( (SiLIVA:^JILIVIII' )), etc.
Io-- IIi 4)? (1,1 6uspect IL na:,' bp di;Aj-+iLj;, "sncr-
rdnl !e, brlEhf . "--?i:li ) )
19-- Analysls cf AI!;Lii' Laker. from cot'r'esoottre:tce xlEh
FauIa l{arrcr. ( ( I develooed tr.Is erJr-oic;j befc:-e
f ran across !hts, bur I olfer 1i as evj.ie.ce:
"algutlle,..A narire glven !c t-.eecIe-ilker.3.snarc-
3c1nLs cr
tcos cf rccks and mountaln casses, cr
' a.lhtpfi rqssas.f r^6
^F al^^1dn. -LC.,'lfe ijeW

"Fl1es-and Spiaers" 1f ycu don'! have the harCbound)
s nculC orovlcie aE?1e evloence.
((I suggested our /-In/ plural' ln Slndarln thec:'y
ro Cnarlle; ani ctued Llie occaslonal- /-n/ plural of-
\uenya "prepo6lCtonal" sufflxes' e.g. YASSEN (cf. LOR-
lEl.DES:E) a6 posslble evlCence of an archilc /-n/ pIu-
ral for ruenya noun6' asklng whether VALANDIL mlghr nct
c on'-aln such a rel lc , --PXlt. ) )
Abou! VALAIIJIL: of course the meanlng ls close Lc
thal of ViLABDIL, but, lhere ls a sllght dl6llnctlon
worlhy of ccmment. VALANDIL 1s of very anclenL 1u€nla
form, as evlderced by lhe forn VALAN as opposed to
VaLA. ThLs /-n/ 1s a feature of Proio-Eldarln whlcn
v/as losL ln ,.uenyar bu! preserved ln Slndarln (e'8.
irA;.AN, oI. tsEi.AIli ). In fact, ihanks to thl6 example
we can CaLe the loss of /-n/ tn {uenya as occurrlng ln
belween tne st3geE of ltildd.Ie and i'lodern.iuenya. I'.o
doubt the Vallnorean lnfluence 16 sonewhat respor:.slbl-e.
Anyway, VnLANDIL should be rendered "Beloved cf lhe
Vala"r referrlng perhaps !o a 6peclflc GulrClan.
Yes, lne Slnclarln um]auL dto sorlng from en /-t/ tn
earller plural forms. And your sugtestlon ebouE Lhls
archalc /-I/ resuj'Elng from a 61n9. /-e/ ts a16o cn the
nark. ((I asked 1f llAR and riIL ml8ht not have pls'
rARDI and i:ILDI--cf. Oromardl and H11d1-nyar--because 44
tl
febster Encvclcoedlc ;lctl3narv 3f tI.e :n'-llsh
i:al1glle8-9., I'e',: Yorkr ;roI1e:', 19b9, p. lc--.rnt ))
r'5Gr
itm AIlan j.r:fcrrns ne LhaL wnere ncsL trlnil..ds cf -'i:1
read (I77 l)9/169' nli/tsaI):"rVerIly, fo:'ir.'-.e i.lgn
tongue of old I arn llessar' the f,lfstone' ani ''ne -ne-
nener, lv:ethuen paoerback and Allen ard Ur'wln cne
volume paperback have AragcI-n say' "'Verily' fcr ln
fhe hlgh tongue of old I arn Elessar, Lne tl'fs"3ne, anc
!nvlnyatar, ihe henewer."' So \arvlnye mus: rea' 'new
Sun', and ellher Narwaln ls noL an exac'" cc6:laie' 3r
we've aIl been wrcng abcuL Iarwaj.n ben-iCar...
I wouLd ltke to rnericlon ri-.ar I atT. EJlni io kee3 a
curxula!lve lndex of wcrCs dlscusseo 1n larmai 1f we
publfsh nore Lhan a few lssue6 (may clberern nave lavc:')
there 1s a pcsslbtllLy cf n:aklng an InCex avallable'
thereby savlng all of ycu ct-:e nasty prcblem cf go!na
througil a moldy stack ol ?armas Lc flnc LhP c::e llne
where sorneone menEloned ihe jeretlo neanlng cf'anan'.
,,.11 __ |
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