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Petrogenesis of 1000 Ma Felsic Tuffs, Chhattisgarh and Indravati Basins,

Bastar Craton, India: Geochemical and Hf Isotope Constraints

Article  in  The Journal of Geology · January 2014

DOI: 10.1086/674802

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Petrogenesis of 1000 Ma Felsic Tuffs, Chhattisgarh and Indravati Basins, Bastar Craton, India:
Geochemical and Hf Isotope Constraints
Author(s): M. E. Bickford, Abhijit Basu, George D. Kamenov, P. A. Mueller, S. Patranabis-Deb,
and A. Mukherjee
Source: The Journal of Geology, Vol. 122, No. 1 (January 2014), pp. 43-54
Published by: The University of Chicago Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674802 .
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 Petrogenesis of 1000 Ma Felsic Tuffs, Chhattisgarh and
Indravati Basins, Bastar Craton, India: Geochemical
and Hf Isotope Constraints

M. E. Bickford,1,* Abhijit Basu,2 George D. Kamenov,3 P. A. Mueller,3

S. Patranabis-Deb,4 and A. Mukherjee5

1. Department of Earth Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244-1070, USA; 2. Department of
Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA; 3. Department of Geological
Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA; 4. Geological Studies Unit, Indian
Statistical Institute, 203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata 70108, India; 5. Rajiv Gandhi
National Ground Water Training and Research Institute, Central Ground Water Board,
BhuJalBhawan, NH-IV, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT
The 1000 Ma felsic tuffs that occur near the top of both the Chhattisgarh and Indravati Basins in peninsular India
have been attributed to a “rhyolite flare-up” occasioned by the collision of parts of East Antarctica with India, in
what is now the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, and the suturing of the North and South Indian cratonic blocks along
the Central Indian Tectonic Zone, all during the assembly of Rodinia. In this study we present (1) new U-Pb SHRIMP
ages of zircons from the granitic basement; (2) Hf isotopic compositions (laser ablation multicollector ICP-MS) from
previously dated zircons from a number of tuff samples and a sample of the Archean basement (Bastar craton); and
(3) major, minor, trace, and rare earth element compositions of these and a randomly collected additional set of
samples from the Bastar craton basement. We have used these data to infer the petrogenesis of the tuffs. The Hf
isotopic data preclude derivation of the parent magmas of the tuffs from simple melting of the basement rocks;
geochemical data constrain the source to include garnet, a titanium mineral, and in some cases plagioclase. It is
likely that the source was a mafic granulite, possibly in the lower crust, and that the triggering mechanism was far-
field stress release during collisional orogenies to the southeast and to the north.

Online enhancements: supplementary tables.

Introduction
Peninsular India is composed of a number of Ar- (CITZ), in a series of accretionary events beginning
chean blocks, including the Dharwar, Bastar, Singh- about 2.2 Ga, continuing through ca. 1.6–1.5 Ga,
bhum, Aravalli, and Bundelkhand cratons (e.g., and culminating during the assembly of Rodinia at
Meert et al. 2010 and references therein; fig. 1). The about 1.0 Ga (e.g., Radhakrishna 1989; Roy and Pra-
assembly of these to form the framework of the sad 2001, 2003; Acharyya 2003; Bhowmik et al.
continent is poorly known, but many have pro- 2012a, 2012b; Dharma Rao et al. 2012, 2013). A
posed that the northwestern Aravalli craton and striking feature of Indian Precambrian geology is
the northern Bundelkhand craton were joined along the presence of six major Proterozoic (Purāna) sed-
a tectonic zone, and the latter was joined to the imentary basins, the Vindhyan, Chhattisgarh, In-
southern blocks along the polymetamorphosed and dravati, Albaka, Mallampalli, and Cuddapah ba-
polydeformed Central Indian Tectonic Zone sins, along with a number of smaller basins (fig. 1).
The sediment fills of these basins are mostly un-
Manuscript received June 5, 2013; accepted November 9,
metamorphosed and undeformed, leading many ge-
2013; electronically published January 8, 2014. ologists to speculate that the basins, having opened
* Author for correspondence; e-mail: mebickfo@syr.edu. at unknown times in the Proterozoic (Ramakrish-
[The Journal of Geology, 2014, volume 122, p. 43–54] 䉷 2014 by The University of Chicago.
All rights reserved. 0022-1376/2014/12201-0003$15.00. DOI: 10.1086/674802

43

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44 M. E. BICKFORD ET AL.

Figure 1. Map of India with the locations of the principal Purāna Basins and tectonic belts. A p Ampani, ADMB p
Aravalli-Delhi Mobile Belt, CH p Chhattisgarh, CITZ p Central Indian Tectonic Zone, CU p Cuddapah, EGMB p
Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, I p Indravati, K p Khariar, KBB p Kaladgi-Badami-Bhima, L p Lohara, PG p Pranhita-
Godavari, S p Sabari, V p Vindhyan, and Pz ⫹Mz p Paleozoic ⫹ Mesozoic. Locations of the tuffs are shown with
arrows. Map after Holmes (1955), Mahadevan (2008), and Bickford (2011b).

nan and Vaidyanadhan 2010; Kumar 2012; Sharma
and Shukla 2012), continued to receive detritus un-
til the latest Neoproterozoic, and perhaps even into
the Cambrian Period. In two earlier articles (Pa-
tranabis-Deb et al. 2007; Bickford et al. 2011a), we
showed that in the Sukhda area (fig. 1), felsic tuffs
near but not at the top of the Chhattisgarh Basin
crystallized at ca. 1000 Ma and that similar tuff
beds in the Dhamda area (fig. 1) crystallized at ca.
993 Ma. Bickford et al. (2011b) showed that a tuff
at the base of the Chhattisgarh succession was not
older than ca. 1400 Ma, thus demonstrating that
the basin is mostly Mesoproterozoic in age; this
finding is in essential agreement with that of Das
et al. (2009), who reported electron microprobe an-
alyzer (EMPA) monazite ages of ca. 1500 Ma and a
similar, ca. 1500 Ma EMPA age for a single zircon
grain from this tuff. Mukherjee et al. (2012) found

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Journal of Geology PETROGENESIS OF 1000 MA FELSIC TUFFS 45

Figure 2. Concordia diagram showing analyses of zircons from the Dongargarh granite. Regression of the data yielded
an upper intercept age of 2485 Ⳳ 7 Ma. A color version of this figure is available online.

that a similar tuff that occurs at the top of the
Indravati succession (fig. 1) is also 1000 Ma, sug-
gesting that the Indravati Basin is also essentially
Mesoproterozoic. An age of about 1000 Ma for the
closure of the Vindhyan Basin was inferred by Ma-
lone et al. (2008) and Turner et al. (2013) on the
basis of studies of the paleopole positions of, and
detrital zircon ages within, the sandstone beds in
the Upper Vindhyan. Gopalan et al. (2013) have de-
termined Pb-Pb isochron ages of 908 Ⳳ 72, 866 Ⳳ
180, and 1073 Ⳳ 210 Ma for the topmost limestone
beds of the Vindhyan succession, directly support-
ing an approximately 1000 Ma closure of the basin.
Bickford et al. (2011a) suggested that there was
a 1000 Ma rhyolite “flare-up” in Peninsular India
that was associated with the accretion of parts of
East Antarctica, specifically the Rayner terrane
(e.g., Veevers and Saeed 2009), during the assembly
of Rodinia. Several authors (e.g., Li et al. 2008; Rino
et al. 2008; Rogers and Santosh 2009) have proposed
that the site of the collision was what is now the
Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, which is located on the
eastern margin of India (fig. 1). This terrane con-
tains ca. 1000 Ma, high-grade, highly deformed
rocks, including charnockites, mangerites, gran-
ites, and anorthosite massifs, similar to the classic
Grenvillian Anorthosite-Mangerite-Charnockite-
Granite suite in North America and elsewhere (e.g.,
Mukhopadhyay and Basak 2009). Bhowmik et al.
(2010) have proposed that collisional orogeny along
the Aravalli-Delhi Mobile Belt (ADMB; fig. 1) oc-
curred about 1000 Ma, and Bhowmik et al. (2012a,
2012b) have shown that the collision and suturing
of the North and South Indian cratonic blocks along
the CITZ (fig. 1) also occurred about 1000 Ma.
Dharma Rao et al. (2013) document ages of 1015,
967, and 808 Ma for granite crystallization in the
Aravalli-Delhi Mobile Belt (fig. 1), along which the
Bundelkhand and Aravalli cratons had sutured.
Thus, several separate cratonic blocks evidently ex-
isted before the assembly of Rodinia and were in-
volved in its assembly.
The basement to both the Chhattisgarh and In-
dravati basins is the Bastar craton (fig. 1). The craton
includes several supracrustal suites and mafic dike
swarms but mostly consists of tonalite-trondhjem-
ite-granodiorite (TTG) granitoid rocks; a good sum-
mary of the petrology and structure was given by
Ramakrishnan and Vaidyanadhan (2010), and studies
of geochemical aspects have been presented by Mon-
dal et al. (2006), Chaki et al. (2008), and Rajesh et
al. (2009). There have been only a few modern geo-
chronological or petrological studies of rocks within
the Bastar craton. Sarkar et al. (1993) used U-Pb anal-
yses of multigrain zircon fractions to determine an
age of 3509 Ma for the Markampara trondhjemitic
gneiss and an age of 2480 Ma for a later granite just
north of Markampara. Ghosh (2002, 2004a, 2004b)
reported ages of 3580 and 3562 Ma for TTG gneisses
in the southwestern part of the craton and also ages
of 2525 Ⳳ 15, 2511 Ⳳ 11, and 2506 Ⳳ 4 Ma for rocks
in the Kotri Linear Belt. We report here an age of
2485 Ⳳ 7 Ma (fig. 2, table S1; tables S1–S3 available
online) for the Dongargarh granite, a major batholith
that occurs along the southwestern margins of the
Chhattisgarh Basin and is considered to be coeval
with other granitic bodies, such as the Kanker gran-
ite and Sambalpur granodiorite, in the Bastar craton.

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46 M. E. BICKFORD ET AL.

Figure 3. A, Chemical data from felsic tuff and granite samples plotted on the SiO2 versus Zr/TiO2 diagram rock-
type discrimination diagram. B, Similar data plotted on the Zr/TiO2 versus Nb/Y diagram. Diamonds p Sukhda tuffs,
circles p Dhamda tuff, and squares p Indravati tuff. Diagrams after Winchester and Floyd (1977).

This result conforms to the results of Bickford et al.
(2011b), who found that detrital zircons in the basal
arkoses of the Chhattisgarh succession have an es-
sentially unimodal age distribution around 2500 Ma.
Thus, it appears that the Bastar craton consists
mostly of ca. 2500 Ma granitic rocks within which
are small, much older, ca. 3500 Ma enclaves.
The purpose of this article is to examine the or-
igin of the Sukhda, Sapos, Dhamda, and Indravati
tuffs in the light of new (1) geochemical data for
the dated tuffs (a) and randomly collected older
rocks of the Bastar craton (b) and (2) U-Pb age and
Hf isotopic data from zircons from the tuffs and the
Dongargarh granite, a ca. 2.5 Ga body that appears
typical of the Bastar craton, and discuss appropriate
tectonic implications.
Tuffs and Basement Granites
Recognition of Proterozoic ash beds, that may have
been silicified and are commonly called porcellan-
ites (Auden 1933), as tuff is difficult. The problem
and the criteria used for recognition of “tuff” have
been described elsewhere (Bickford et al. 2013; Basu
and Bickford 2013) and are not repeated here. In-
dividual tuffs are discussed below and locations
shown on figure 1.
Sukhda and Sapos Tuffs. Patranabis-Deb et al.
(2007) have described the volcanic rocks exposed
at Sukhda and Sapos villages (fig. 1) as welded tuffs
that are 2 to 20 cm thick. There are also 40–60-cm-
thick beds of volcaniclastic sandstone. According
to these authors, who published photomicrographs
of representative tuffs, the welded tuffs “contain
shattered pumice; lunette, cuspate, or sickle-
shaped shards; and minor lithic clasts.” Pheno-
crysts are described as quartz and albite, with mi-
nor K-feldspar and garnet. Accessory minerals
include zircon, apatite, rutile, ilmenite, and mica.
Quartz phenocrysts are commonly embayed. Pa-
tranabis-Deb et al. (2007) reported SHRIMP U-Pb
zircon ages for three samples of the Sukhda and
Sapos tuffs. These yielded ages of 1020 Ⳳ 15,
1011 Ⳳ 19, and 990 Ⳳ 23 Ma.
Major and trace element chemical data for five
samples of the Sukhda and Sapos tuffs were deter-
mined in Actlabs (Canada) and are given in table
S2. Notable characteristics: (1) SiO2 ranges from ca.
79% to 76%; (2) whereas total alkalis range from
ca. 6% to ca. 4%, three samples have less than
0.20% K2O, the rest of the alkalis being Na2O,
while two samples have ca. 3% K2O and corre-
spondingly less Na2O. This range in alkalis may
indicate some degree of alteration, although the
rest of the major element chemistry appears typi-
cal. We did not observe any petrographic indication
of alteration, at least of large crystals, with either
optical or SEM petrography. When these samples
are plotted on the SiO2 versus Zr/TiO2 diagram of
Winchester and Floyd (1977; fig. 3A), they plot in
the rhyolite field. When plotted on the Zr/TiO2 ver-
sus Nb/Y diagram of Winchester and Floyd (1977;
fig. 3B), however, they plot as trachytes.
Dhamda Tuff. Bickford et al. (2011a), who pub-
lished a field photo and thin-section photomicro-
graphs, described the Dhamda tuff beds (fig. 1) as

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Journal of Geology PETROGENESIS OF 1000 MA FELSIC TUFFS
“consisting of fine, micrometer scale particles that
were interpreted to be ash.” The fine groundmass
forms the matrix to small phenocrysts of quartz
and feldspar that make up ∼10%–15% of the rock.
Lamination and alignment of the long axes of
quartz and feldspar grains suggest that these rocks
are probably water-laid tuffs. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon
ages for two samples yielded a composite age of
993 Ⳳ 8 Ma (Bickford et al. 2011b).
Chemical data for two samples of the Dhamda
tuff are given in table S2. In contrast to the Sukhda
and Sapos tuffs, these rocks are somewhat lower in
SiO2 (ca. 71%), are highly potassic (ca. 5.7% K2O),
and have extremely low Na2O (!0.1%). As with the
Sukhda and Sapos tuffs, the extremely low Na2O
may indicate some alteration, but there is no in-
dependent evidence. Similar to the Sukhda and
Sapos tuffs, they plot as rhyolites in the SiO2 versus
Zr/TiO2 diagram (fig. 3A) and as trachytes in the
Zr/Ti versus Nb/Y diagram (fig. 3B).
Indravati Tuff. The tuff beds studied in the In-
dravati Basin (fig. 1) were described recently by Mu-
kherjee et al. (2012). According to these authors,
whose article included field outcrop photographs
and thin-section photomicrographs, the beds are
“subhorizontal, massive, and brittle. Fresh rock
samples are hard and compact, are pale to greenish
white in color, and resemble the felsic tuff and por-
cellanite beds found in the Chhattisgarh and Vin-
dhyan Basins.” Petrographic examination shows
that the tuff is fine grained with randomly oriented,
anhedral phenocrysts of quartz and feldspar. Glass
shards are small and curved, some displaying typ-
ical triple junctions. Larger quartz grains show pale
blue-orange colors in cathodoluminescence, indi-
cating that they are of volcanic origin. Mukherjee
et al. (2012) concluded that the tuff is an ash-fall
deposit and reported a U-Pb zircon age of 1001 Ⳳ
7 Ma, determined by LA-MC-ICP-MS (laser abla-
tion, multicollector ICP-MS) methods.
Chemically (table S2), the Indravati tuff is similar
to the Dhamda tuff, with SiO2 of 73%, K2O of 8.1%,
and Na2O !0.1%. The Indravati tuff also plots as
rhyolite in the SiO2 versus Zr/TiO2 diagram (fig.
3A) and as trachyte in the Zr/TiO2 versus Nb/Y
diagram (fig. 3B).
Bastar Craton Granitoids. We use the term ”gran-
itoid” sensu latu to include a variety of coarse-
grained plutonic rocks composed predominantly of
feldspar and quartz, as in granite. The rock names
we use below are intended only to convey a general
sense of the material and are not constrained by mo-
dal mineralogy or rock chemistry. Chemical analysis
of these samples was also determined in Actlabs.
Dongargarh granite. The Dongargarh granite is a
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47
major batholith that is taken to be representative
of much of the Bastar craton basement. The rock
is composed of microcline-perthite, quartz, plagio-
clase, and minor biotite. Our samples, collected
from the Dongargarh Hill (21⬚0722.0N,
80⬚47 20.02 E and 21⬚10 56.6 N, 80⬚4505.6E),
   
showed considerable alteration of the mafic min-
erals to chlorite and epidote. Accessory minerals
are titanite, apatite, and zircon. Two of our samples
are coarse grained, but one is allotriomorphic gran-
ular and has features suggesting cataclasis. Another
sample is either a porphyry or an aplitic rock. It
has a fine-grained matrix with phenocrysts of both
quartz and microcline. Analyzed Dongargarh gran-
ite samples (table S2) have SiO2 ranging from ca.
69–73 wt%, K2O 4%–6%, and Na2O from 3%–4%.
As noted above, zircons from the Dongargarh gran-
ite have yielded a U-Pb age of 2485 Ⳳ 7 Ma (fig. 2).
Kanker granitoids. These rocks are samples of
the Bastar craton basement that occur to the south
and southeast of the Dongargarh granite. Although
not well dated (e.g., zircon U-Pb upper intercept at
2480 Ma, per Sarkar et al. 1993), they are considered
to be coeval with the Dongargarh granite. Our sam-
ples, which were randomly collected from road
cuts, or outcrops near roads, along a transect be-
tween the Indravati and Chhattisgarh basins, were
mapped as unclassified granites and gneisses (Na-
rayana et al. 2000). In their comprehensive study,
Narayana et al. (2000) described these rocks as a
“rapakivi granite complex” consisting mostly of A-
type and some I-type granites (see also Ramachan-
dra et al. 2001; Ramachandra 2004). In their text-
book, Ramakrishnan and Vaidyanadhan (2010)
consider this transect to be on the Kanker gneiss
and Kanker granite. Narayana et al. (2000) suggest
“derivation by mixing of mantle-derived basic
magma with a crustal-derived partly crystalline
granitic magma.”
Our samples are heavily altered. One is a cata-
clasite, consisting of plagioclase, an apparently un-
twined K-feldspar, and quartz. The mafic minerals
are altered to chlorite and abundant epidote. The
second sample is coarse grained and consists of al-
tered plagioclase, microcline and microcline-perth-
ite, quartz, and an altered biotite. This rock also
contains abundant epidote; a large garnet was ob-
served in thin section. It seems possible that this
sample is a quartz-feldspar gneiss, although the
thin section did not reveal foliation. The cataclasite
sample (11281102) contains 63% SiO2 (table S2) and
is probably a granodiorite. The coarse-grained sam-
ple (11281103) contains almost 73% SiO2(table S2).
48 M. E. BICKFORD ET AL.

Trace Element Chemistry
Trace element chemical compositions, including
data for the rare-earth elements (REEs), for both the
tuffs and the collection of Bastar craton granitoids
described above, are given in table S2. It is instruc-
tive to examine these data separately for each of
the tuffs studied and for the collection of basement
granitoids. The data are presented in figure 4 (spider
diagrams for Dhamda, Indravati, and Sukhda-Sapos
tuffs) and figure 5 (chondrite-normalized REE plots
for Dhamda, Indravati, and Sukhda-Sapos tuffs).
Additionally, chondrite-normalized REE data for all
of the Bastar craton granitoids and all of the tuffs
are presented in figure 6. Certain features are im-
mediately clear:
1. The three tuffs are compositionally similar but
not identical. Dhamda and Indravati tuffs show pro-
nounced negative anomalies in Nb, Sr, and Ti (fig.
4A, 4B). Sukhda and Sapos tuffs display a subtle
negative Nb anomaly and a fairly well-defined neg-
ative Ti anomaly, but only one sample shows even
a modest negative Sr anomaly (fig. 4C). The
Dhamda and Indravati tuffs (fig. 4A, 4B) show a
pronounced negative Ba anomaly, but the Sukhda
tuffs (fig. 4C) display both positive and negative Ba
anomalies, perhaps attesting to the likelihood of
alteration suggested by the major element chem-
istry; there is no correlation between Ba abun-
dances and K2O concentrations, as might be ex-
pected if Ba were carried by K-feldspars. Further,
the Sukhda and Sapos tuffs (fig. 4C) show a positive
Pb anomaly that is missing in the other tuffs.
2. All of the tuffs show a fractionated REE pattern
(fig. 5), but the extent of fractionation, especially
in the heavy REEs (HREEs), is greatest in the
Sukhda, Sapos, and Dhamda tuffs; it is more vari-
able in the Indravati tuff samples. Dhamda and In-
dravati tuffs show a pronounced negative Eu anom-
aly, consistent with the negative Sr anomaly shown
on the spider diagrams (fig. 4A, 4B). However, the
Sukhda and Sapos tuffs show only a small negative
Eu anomaly, and only one sample shows a modest
negative Sr anomaly (fig. 4C).
3. Finally, the plot of REEs from the Bastar craton

Figure 4. A–C, Selected elements versus rock/primitive mantle spider diagrams for Dhamda, Indravati, and Sukhda-
Sapos tuffs, respectively. Diagram after Sun and McDonough (1989).

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Journal of Geology PETROGENESIS OF 1000 MA FELSIC TUFFS 49

Figure 5. A–C, Chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) plots for Dhamda, Indravati, and Sukhda-Sapos tuffs,
respectively. Diagram after Sun and McDonouogh (1989).

granites and all of the tuffs (fig. 6) reveals that the
REEs are uniformly more abundant in the granites
than in the tuffs and that all of the granites have
a negative Eu anomaly.
Hf Isotopic Composition and Model
Ages of Zircons
We determined Hf isotopic compositions of zircons
from the Sukhda, Sapos, Dhamda, and Indravati
tuffs in the laboratories of the University of Florida.
Additionally, Hf isotopic compositions were deter-
mined for zircons from the Dongargarh granite. Lu-
Hf isotopic measurements were performed on a Nu-
Plasma MC-ICP-MS equipped with a U-Pb
collector block and attached to a New Wave 213-
nm ultraviolet laser. Analyses followed procedures
described by Mueller et al. (2008). Depleted mantle
model ages were calculated on the basis of a model
similar to that of Nowell et al. (1998), as discussed
by Mueller et al. (2008). Two-stage “crustal” model
ages (Andersen et al. 2002) were calculated with a
modified version of a program used in the Univer-
sity of Florida laboratories. Lu-Hf evolution param-
eters for bulk silicate earth are those of Bouvier et
al. (2008). Isotopic data and calculated model ages
are given in table S3. The average 180Hf/177Hf for all
samples is within 0.2␧ of the true value and no
176
Hf/177Hf ratios were corrected for isobaric inter-
ferences by more than 23%. On the basis of the
homogeneity of the measured Hf isotopic compo-
sitions, we utilize the average values of ␧Hf and
TDM in the following discussion (e.g., excluding one
measurement each from samples IVT and R-4
yields SDs of !3 ␧ units for each sample).
Single-stage TDM model ages calculated for zir-
cons always constitute the minimum because of
the extremely low Lu/Hf ratios that characterize
all zircons. In contrast, two-stage model ages can-
not be taken as either a minimum or maximum
age. The two-stage ages represent an attempt to
characterize the whole-rock Lu/Hf ratio of the

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50 M. E. BICKFORD ET AL.

Figure 6. Chrondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) plot for all felsic tuffs (squares) and basement granites
(open triangles). Diagram after Sun and McDonough (1989).

sources of the magmas from which the zircons crys-
tallized and are calculated relative to the evolution
of the depleted mantle. For our calculations, we
used 0.015 for the 176Lu/177Hf of the sources of the
granites and tuffs. The ca. 1.0 Ga Dhamda and In-
dravati tuff zircons yielded average single-stage TDM
ages of ca. 1.65 Ga, whereas two-stage crustal
model ages are ca. 1.96 Ga; average single-stage TDM
model ages for the ca. 1.0 Ga Sukhda tuff zircons
are slightly older at ca. 1.70 Ga, and two-stage
crustal model ages are ca. 2.04 Ga. Average TDM
model age for Dongargarh granite zircons is 2.99
Ga and the corresponding two-stage crustal model
age is 3.19 Ga. The latter is very close to the Nd
model age of 3100 Ma reported by Narayana et al.
(2000) quoting from Pandey et al. (1993). We em-
phasize that model ages are strongly dependent on
the model employed. Nevertheless, these results
clearly indicate that both the Dongargarh granite
and the several tuffs include a major component of
material from older crustal rocks.
A more useful approach is presented in figure 7,
a plot of ␧Hf (t), the value of this parameter at a
specific time in the past (table S3), versus age in
Ma. The figure shows the current measured values
of ␧Hf at T p 0, the values of ␧Hf at 1000 Ma (the
age of the tuffs), and projections of the isotopic evo-
lution paths back to the depleted mantle curve
(Mueller 2008); the diverging paths from the ␧Hf(t)
values of the tuff zircons and the Dongargarh gran-
ite zircons indicate (1) projection using the 176Lu/
177
Hf ratios of the zircons to give the TDM age and
(2) projection after the crystallization age using an
inferred crustal 176Lu/177Hf ratio for the sources, re-
sulting in the crustal model ages (e.g., Andersen et
al. 2002). In this work we used a value of 176Lu/177Hf
of 0.015, an approximate crustal average (Rudnick
and Gao, 2003). Of most importance is that the
value of ␧Hf (t) for Dongargarh granite zircons at
1000 Ma, the time of eruption of the tuffs, is much
more negative (about ⫺40) than the ␧Hf (t) of the
tuff zircons at that time. In the discussion below,
we will take the Hf isotopic compositions of zir-
cons from the Dongargarh granite as proxies for the
composition of the Bastar craton, although we cau-
tion that the Dongargarh granite may not be rep-
resentative of the craton as a whole.
Petrogenesis of the Tuffs
Isotopic Constraints. The Hf isotopic composi-
tions and model ages of the zircons from the tuffs
indicate that their compositions have a major com-
ponent of older crustal material. Moreover, the sim-
ilarity of the Hf isotopic compositions, and con-
sequently the model ages, also suggests that the

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Journal of Geology PETROGENESIS OF 1000 MA FELSIC TUFFS
Figure 7. Plot of ␧Hf versus age for zircons from Don-
gargarh granite and felsic tuffs. See text for derivation of
depleted mantle intercepts.
older crustal component was similar for all three
tuffs. A simplistic model would be that the tuffs
were derived from total melting of rocks of the
Bastar craton, but the isotopic relations, as illus-
trated in figure 7, indicate that that is not the case.
If it were, and if the Dongargarh granite is a rea-
sonable proxy for the Bastar craton, the tuff zircons
should have ␧Hf similar to Dongargarh granite at
the time of their formation at 1000 Ma. In fact, their
␧Hf values are much more positive than Dongar-
garh granite at 1000 Ma, indicating that the tuffs
have a significant amount of a more isotopically
positive (i.e., more juvenile) component.
Geochemical Constraints. Table S2 gives the major
and trace element chemical compositions of samples
of the Sukhda and Sapos, the Dhamda, and the In-
dravati tuffs, and as well eight samples of miscel-
laneous granitoid rocks of the Bastar craton. The
Bastar craton granitoids are of varied compositions,
with SiO2 ranging from 73.6 to 63.1 wt% and CaO
ranging from 5.45% to 1.14%. Presumably these
rocks range from granodiorites to granites. Figure 6
is a standard chondrite-normalized plot (Sun and
McDonough 1989) of the REEs in both Bastar craton
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51
granitoids and the tuffs. It is immediately apparent
that the granitoids are more enriched in the REEs
than the tuffs, confirming that the tuffs cannot be
simple total melts of the basement rocks, at least as
represented by our analyzed samples. Further, the
tuffs—with one exception, sample IVT-1 from the
Indravati tuff—are notably depleted in the HREEs,
with La/Yb ratios ranging from 28.6 (IVT-1) to 111.1,
and averaging 78.7. Commonly, depletion in the
HREEs is attributed to a garnet residue in the source
region. The trace element data suggest that the tuffs
have not been deposited from a common source.
Rather, they appear to have similar but distinct
sources (or mixtures of sources). The negative Sr, Nb,
Eu, and Ti anomalies (figs. 4A, 4B and 5A, 5B) of the
Dhamda and Indravati tuffs suggest that their source
region contained residual plagioclase and a titanium
mineral, perhaps titanite or ilmenite. The Sukhda
and Sapos tuffs display negative Nb and Ti anoma-
lies (fig. 4C), but there is no clear negative Sr anom-
aly, and the negative Eu anomaly, although present,
is small (fig. 5C). Thus, although the source region
may have contained residual titanite or ilmenite, it
may have contained little or no plagioclase.
Discussion
The isotopic data (fig. 7) indicate that the parental
felsic magmas, at least to the extent that the tuffs
represent parental magmas, were not simple melts
of ca. 2.5 Ga (or older) Bastar craton rocks, insofar
as the data from the zircons of the Dongargarh gran-
ite are representative. Rather, the data require ei-
ther (1) that the felsic magmas were derived from
melting of ca. 2.0 Ga rocks, (2) that a more juvenile
component was mixed with melts of sources such
as the Dongargarh granite, or (3) that they were
derived from a source of unknown age whose Hf
isotopic composition was notably more juvenile
than the Dongargarh granite.
Although there are no known 2.0 Ga potential
source rocks within the Bastar craton, possibility (1)
above cannot be ruled out, because much of the cra-
ton is neither mapped in detail (i.e., pluton by plu-
ton) or dated. Possibility (2), mixing of a juvenile
source with melts of Dongargarh granite-like crustal
melts, is difficult to reconcile with the fact that the
felsic tuffs are more silica-rich and less REE-rich
than the granites (table S2). Possibility (3) is essen-
tially a statement that the source is unknown, al-
though, as discussed below, the isotopic and geo-
chemical data place constraints on the nature of the
source. As noted above, the trace element data for
the Dhamda and Indravati felsic tuffs are consistent
with a source in which there was residual plagioclase
52 M. E. BICKFORD ET AL.
and a titanium mineral; the source of Sukhda and
Sapos felsic tuffs probably contained a residual ti-
tanium mineral, but may have lacked plagioclase.
The depletion in HREEs for all samples suggests re-
sidual garnet in the melting zone.
Subba Rao et al. (2006) studied samples of the
Sukhda felsic tuffs and suggested, on the basis of
their major and trace element chemical composi-
tions, that these “intrabasinal ignimbrites” were
derived by partial melting of a mafic source in the
lower crust in which garnet and/or hornblende
were residual phases. The REE data of Subba Rao
et al. (2006) did not show a negative Eu anomaly,
and their analyses indicated high concentrations of
Sr (416 ppm); on this basis they excluded plagio-
clase as a residual phase in the source. Our data for
the Sukhda and Sapos felsic tuffs (table S2) are sim-
ilar for Sr (average abundance 225 ppm and no clear
negative anomaly) but do show a modest negative
Eu anomaly (fig. 5C). Dhamda and Indravati felsic
tuffs have pronounced negative anomalies for both
Sr and Eu (fig. 4A, 4B). On this basis we believe the
melting source of the Dhamda and Indravati tuffs
had residual plagioclase, but plagioclase may not
have been abundant in the source of the Sukhda
and Sapos felsic tuffs. Such a source could have
been a mafic granulite. There are no known ex-
posures of such potential source rocks anywhere
near the tuffs discussed here, but Roy and Prasad
(2003), Roy et al. (2006), and Roy and Chakraborti
(2008) have postulated that rocks similar to the ca.
1.6 Ma Balaghat-Bhandara-Granulite (Bhandari et
al. 2011) exposed in the CITZ may occur at or near
the base of the Bastar craton.
Thus, similarly to the conclusions of Subba Rao
et al. (2006), we suggest that the felsic tuffs formed
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