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CREATED BY:
KRISNAWATI BR HOMBING (2016031128)
MONIKA DESI DERIA BR GINTTING (2016031090)
LECTURER:
SWESTI MAHARDINI
3.4 Keuntungan dan Kerugian yang diberikan oleh sistem basis data terdistribusi…..
In an institution, data is one of the most important things. Each part / division of the
institution has its own data. But every part also needs some data from other parts. This
is commonly known as "shared data". Each division has its own application in
manipulating and retrieving the data. Each application has files in the operating system
that are used to store data. Along with the development of institutions, increasing parts /
divisions, also increases data and applications used. Increased application, also added
files created.
The style of the file-processing system causes each data to be stored in the form of
records in various kinds of files, and different applications are needed to retrieve
records from, and add records to the file. This applies in the period before the existence
of the Database System.
• Software program
• Supplements operating sistem
• Manages data
• Queries data and generates reports
• Data security
1.2 Database Model
Hierarchical
Having a tree structure where fields only have one parent, each parent has many
children. This model has a good speed.
Network
Relationship is made using a linked list (pointer). Unlike the hierarchical model one child
can have several parents. This model has high flexibility.
Relational
This model is represented in a two-dimensional table, these tables have a relationship
called a relation. This model has high flexibility and speed.Object oriented
Object Oriented Database is a database system that combines all object oriented
concepts such as inheritance, abstraction, encapsulation, etc. This model can interact
well with object-oriented programming languages such as java and C ++.
Database Model
The relational database has a "logical" structure called Relations. Relationship structure
is a 2-dimensional data structure and at the "physical" level in the form of a table (table).
An attribute represents an element of data related to a relation. For example, Student
relations have attributes such as nim, name, place of birth. birth date, and address.
It is a process to represent the desired real world facts into a computer system, so that
the user is easily understood by considering the ease of implementation and processing.
The term 'real world' is meaningful to all unstructured data that is real / related in the
scope of the system being reviewed. The real world here can be said to be a domain as
a whole / full or subdomain, for example if we consider a company as a domain then we
can assume the units in the company are subdomains or it could be a business process
or activity in we can also consider the company as a subdomain and even a domain.
Every real world that exists has unequal characters. For example the real world for the
banking system is definitely not the same as the real world for the hospital system.
Is a way of how a database is made through certain stages, starting from the problem
investigation stage to the implementation stage.
In general there are two stages of the database design process, namely:
Is a process of defining entities and relations (Relationship) from the real world
that are designed, based on information needs and processing data from the
organization concerned.
Entity / entity is a set of objects that can be identified and distinguished in the user
environment
Relations are relationships that occur between groups of entities.
The goal of designing database logic is the flexibility of the data model generated
and the efficiency of its implementation in the computer.
It is a process to implement the results of logic design into a computer physically that
depends on the DBMS software selected. The process carried out:
• Send input
• History
• Determine the structure for each table, including field names, types, widths and key
fields.
• Determine the name of the database and the name of each table, as well as the location
of the storage (drive, directory / folder).
• Calculate the approximate space needed for all tables and for the entire index.
1. Conventional approach
Database design without going through the conceptual design stage. In general, the
design steps are as follows:
• Modeling relationships
• Normalization
• Implementation using certain DBMS (Access, SQL, etc.). Table structure, key
attributes, integrity rules, relationships between tables
Implementasi
Pembuatan melalui DBMS
Normalisasi
REAL Model Skema Basis
WORLD Data Basis Data
Model
Relasi Data
relasi
Conventional approach
2. Entity-Relationship approach
Using the conceptual model approach. In general, it has the following stages:
A file is a data set that is designed for an application or a set of applications that are
close to it.
For example a bank that has many branches, even in a city can consist of several
branches / offices. Each location has its own local network, and all local networks are
connected to each other to form a national network.
A distributed database system may only be built into a computer network system.
Network Topology
a. Star topology
b. Ring Topology
c. Bus Topology
The main difference between the various topologies above lies in:
b. Communication Costs Time and costs in operating the system are in the form of
sending data from one node to another.
Distributed database systems do not consist of a set of files that are in various places
but in a database in various places
Each place independently processes user requests that need access to data in that
place and are also able to process data stored elsewhere.
Advantages:
Increase reliability
Disadvantages:
- Management complexity
- Integrity control is more difficult
- Development costs
- Security
- Difficulty in standardization
- Increase storage requirements
- More difficult in managing the data environment
There are several approaches related to storing data / tables in a distributed database
system, namely:
1. Replication
2. Fragmentation
1. Replication
2. Fragmentation
The data in the table is sorted and distributed into a number of fragments.
Fragmentation can take the form of horizontal fragmentation (sorting of data records) or
vertical fragmentation of sorting data / attribute data)
The system then manages a number of copies of each of these fragments in a number
of nodes.
Data Replication