=e IATA Airport Development Reference Manual 9th Edition Effective January 2004 Intemational Air Transport Association Montreal — GenevaNOTICE DISCLAIMER. The information contained i this Publication is subject to constant review in the light of ‘changing government requirements and regulations. No ‘subscriber or other reader should act an the basis of any such iniormation without referring to applicable laws and teguiations and/or without taking appropriate professional advice. Although every etfor has been mage te ensure accuracy, the International Air Transport Association shal not be held resoonsible for loss or damage caused by ferors, omissions, misprints or misinterpretation of the contents hercof. Furthermore, the International Air Transport Association express’y disclaims al and any liabitly to any person, whether a purcnasor of this ppubiiation oF net, in respect of anything done of amitted, and the consequences of anything dane or omited, by any such person in reliance on the contants ot this publication, ‘Opinions expressed in adverisemants appearing in this publication ate the advertiser's opinions and donot necessarily reflect tose of JATA, The mention of specific ‘companies or products in advertisement does nol imply that they are endorsed or recommenced by IATA in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertise, No partof the Airport Development Relerence Manual may be reproduced, recast, reformatted or transmited in any form by any means, electronic oF mechanical, musing Photocopying, recording or any information storage end retrieval system, without the prior written permission trom: Director Alrpons and Infrastructure Consultancy Services Interrational Air Transport Association {800 Place Victoria P.O. Box 113 Montreal, Quebee Canada HAZ 1M ‘Aiport Development Reference Manual Ret. No: 9048-09 ISBN €2.9195-086-5 {© 2004 Intemational Air Transport Association. All ights reserved Monireal — Geneveark TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement ... See eV Chapter A — Introduction ‘Section A1: IATA’S Rol® ern 3 Section A2: Purpose of the Manual . 5 Chapter B — Planning ‘Section 81: Major Planning Processes 11 ‘Section B2: The Planning Process a7 Chapter C — Master Planning Section C1: Principles .. 43 Section C2: Forecasting 28 Section C3: Land Use Planning ... 98 Section G4: Control Towers a 103 Chapter D — Airport Economics ‘Section Dt: Alport Management i 108 Section D2: Airport Cost Stuctures and Revenue Sources 114 Section 03: Airport Investment Decisions and Financing . 116 Section D4: Aaronautical Charge Policies 120 Section DS: Intemational Cost Variations ne : : 190 Chapter E — Environmental Issues Section £1: Main Issues 197 Section €2: Social and Poitical Considerations... 141 Section E3: Noise... 148 Section 4: EmiSSIONS uennner 152 Section 5: Waste Management 155 Chapter F — Airport Capacity Section F1: Capacity and Level of Service 159 Section F2: Capacity Detinitons .. 161 Section F3: Airport Systems a 162 Section Fa: Planning Schedule 165 Section FS: Runway Systems aaa 166 Section Fé: Taxiway 11 Section F7: APFON nun 173 Section F8: Atcraft Stand 174 178 Section F9: Passenger Terminal Facilities...S, “TATA Airport Development Reference Manual Page Section F10; The Airport Scheduling Process Seceoeet won 218 Section F'11: Computational Fluid Dynamics - : 216 Chapter G — Airport Flight Operations Issues Section Gr: Aircraft Characteristics ieetaret senine 224 Section G2: Visual AMES eo enrononenn 234 ‘Section G3: Non-Visual Aids a 229 Chapter H — Airport Security Section H1: General Principles .... 245 Section H2: Passenger Operations .n.uou/urnnnnn : areesssne 246 Section H3: Cargo Operations non. 260 Chapter | — Airport Access Section I1: Roads 269 Section 12: Rall sn ee arr Section 13: Intermodality and Airport Access 282 Chapter J — Passenger Terminal Section J1: Outline of Principle Functions. 289 ‘Section J2: Categories of Passenger Terminal 301 Section U3: Small Airport Terminals oH 318 ‘Section J4: Common Systems CUTE & CUSS Section U5: Airline Communications Networks Section Jé: Passenger Processing Facilities Planning Section J7: Concession Planning ... Section J8: Maintenance Section J9: Check-In a Section J10: People Mover Systems Section J11: Passenger Boarding Bridges Section J12: Signage ... 370 Chapter K — Passenger Facilitation Section K1: Principles ee i See te: Section K2: Roles and Responsibilities of Governments/Airines .. Petia ee: Section K3: Immigration Processes .. 388 Section k4: Customs Processes a 392 Section KS; Simplifying Passenger Travel 398 Section K6; Disabled Passengers and Staff snnntnnanenne 400wy (ATA Table of Contents ; Page Chapter L — Aircraft Parking Aprons Section Lt: Current and Future Aieraft Types 407 Section L2: Physical and Functional Requirements 409 Section L3: Gate Stands and Remote Stands 419 Section L4: Ground Handling Equipment... 426 Section LS: Service Roads & Storage Area8 «. 7 433 Section Lé: Distributed Electrical Power & Air .. 498 Section L7: Aircraft De/Anti-lcing Faciities 445 Chapter M — Aviation Fuel Systems ‘Section M1: Safety Issues ... foo 453 ‘Section M2: Delivery to ApFON eee 456 Section M3: Storage Distribution Facities & Processes ... 7 458 Chapter N — Contingency Management Section N1: Aviation Crisis Management 483 Chapter 0 — Cargo & Separate Express Facilities Terminal ‘Section 01: Planning Principles = 469 ‘Section 02: Forecasting and Sizing .. an Section 03: Flows and Controls... 487 Section 04; Expedited & Express Cargo Processing 492 Section O5: Perishable Cargo .. 501 Section O6: Mail Faciities 507 Chapter P — Airport Support/Ancillary Facilities Section P': Aircraft In-Flight Catering Fadliies 513 Section P2: Aircraft Maintenance mn 516 Section P3: Hotels and Business Centers 519 Chapter Q — Landside Facilities Section Qt: Road System and Curb Arrangements ... 525 Section Q2: Traffic Studies & Parking 7 530 Chapter R — Airport Commissioning Section A: Checklist for the Successful Opening of a New Airport 537 Chapter S — Future Technologies & Miscellaneous ‘Section $1: Future Technology SySteMs nnn 549 Section S2: Developing & Adopting Future Technology 551 553 ‘Section $3: Interfaces — People & Cultural Issuesee Yara port Development Reference Manual Page Chapter T — Airport Processes Section Tt: Terminal Processes... 557 Section T2: Apron Processes 7 560 Section T3: Support Processes .. 562 Chapter U — Airport Baggage Handling Section Ut: Baggage System User Requirements coven 567 Section U2: Departures Systems rn won 878 Section U3: Transfer Systems... 7 aa tia Section U4: Early Baggage Processes... ovine — OB Section US: Arrivals Baggage Systems‘ ee 622 Section US: Control Systems 631 Section U7: Management Information Systems (MIS). 634 Section U8: Oversized Baggage 638, Section UB: Sort Allocation Computer (SAC) se 7 svn OAT Section U10: Baggage Hall Design a7, Section U11: Hold Baggage Screening 651 Secton Ui2: Passenger & Hand Baggage Screening sescu- 659 Chapter V — IATA Airport Project Process ‘Section V1: Concept/Feasibilty;Detal Design/Commissioning/Handover ... Section V2: Project Cost Management «neem Chapter W — Anti-Terrorism and Police Facilities ‘Section W1: Terminal Bulkding Considerations tier Ban 685 Section W2: Pier Area Considerations 688 Section W3: Airfield Area Considerations .. 680 ‘Section W4: Alport Police Facilities : 62 Chapter X — Airport Fire Services Section X1: Fire Response Category Section X2: Fire Response Services & Equipment 669 67 697 699 Chapter Y — Networks Section Y~ Frontline Operational and SeCutty .....usssninninnsnnnnnnennnsnnenann 708 Section Y2: Building Services... nseninesenen 710ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IATA gratefully acknowledges the technical assistance and input provided by IATA Members and the organisations and individuals listed below. IATA Members Document Review Panel: Air France American Airlines British Airways FEDEX KLM LOT Polish Airlines Northwest Airlines Qantas ‘Swiss Intemational Air Lines Ltd. ‘Text and Diagram Contributions: Airbus Industries Airport Design Associates (ADA) APS Aviation Inc. ARINC Boeing Aircraft Corp. Davis Langdon Everest Fabricom Airport Systems HOP Group Intemational Air Rail Organisation Mott MacDonald Consultancy Netherlands Airport Consultants 8.V. (NACO) Norman Shanks Associates International Ove Arup & Partners ITA ‘Swiss International Air Line Ltd. ‘Sypher Mueller Mr, Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Catherine Lafond Eduardo Juranovic John Conlon Jim Sartin Hans Smeets Dariusz R.Sawicki Bob Lamansky & Ms. Yasuko Hashimoto Derek Sharp Davor Frank Sebastien Lavina Rick Stevens & Mr. Alan Clayton Jean Valiquette & Mr. John D'Avirro Edward King Brad Bachtel Tony Potter David Reynolds & Mr. Chris Owens David Langlois & Mr. Jeremy Hill Andrew Sharpe Chris Chalk Huib Heukelom .. Norman Shanks Graham Bolton & Mr. Tony Barker . Graham McLachlan & . Pater Dalaway & Mr. Rene Azoulat . Davor Frank Gordon Hamilton vilwe Airport Development Reference Manual Vilier TATA Chapter A — Introduction Section A1; IATA’s Role At4 IATA ‘1.2 IATA Airports Activities A1.3. Other IATA Airports Activities Section A2: Purpose of the Manual A2.1 Scope of the Airport Development Reference Manual A2.2 How to Use the Manual .....2, ‘ara Airport Development Reference Manualoor IATA CHAPTER A — INTRODUCTION SECTION A1: IATA’S ROLE AL A12 AL24 IATA Intemational air transport is one of the mast dynamic and fastest-changing industries in the word. It feeds a responsive, forward-looking and universal trade association, operating at the highest professional standards. IATA is that association. Originally founded in 1919, IATA brings together approximately 280 ailines, including the worc's largest. Fights by these aitiines comprise more than 98 percent of all International scheduled alr traffic. Since these airines face a rapidly changing world, they must cooperate in order to offer a seamless Service of the highest possible standard to passengers and cargo shippers. Much of that cooperation iS expressed through IATA, whase mission is to “represent, lead and serve the aitine industry” Continual efforts by IATA ensure that people, freight and mail can move around the vast glabal airing Rowen as easily 2s i they were on a single aifne in a single country. In addition, IATA helps to Gesure that Members’ aircraR can operate saiely, securely, eficiently and economically under clearly defined and understood rules. IATA is pro-active in supporting the joint industry action essential forthe eficient development of the Fee seon aystom. 1ATA's roles to ‘dently ives, help establish industry positions and communicate these to governments and other relevant authorities. ‘The Airports and Infrastructure Consultancy Services section of ATA, positioned in the SO8I Division, works to put this theory into practice. IATA AIRPORTS ACTIVITIES IATA Aimorts and infrastructure Consultancy Services is responsible for influencing airport planning land development projects woridwide to ensure that airline requirements are met with respect 0 appropriateness, efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It produces guidelines on airpor planning and design, such as tis manual, and actively promotes Bifne user requirements to airport authorities through Airport Consultative Cammittes (ACC) activity and commercial aitport consuancy services on airport projects wotdwide. The section works to assist aitines in the development of airport facilites that will meet airline requirements in a cost-effective manner, The mandate of the section is: ‘To take a leadership role in influencing airport planning and development worldwide in order to dchieve safe and efficient, capacity balanced, cost-ettective, functional and user-fenaly aipports. Major activities of he section are defined within subsequent clauses At 2.1 through to A1.2.3inclusive Airport Consuttative Committees Consultation with aport authorities via the Airport Consultative Committee (ACC) mechanism beings together ne aiines’ air planning expertise, togatner wih the IATA secretariat, mecioas ty roe niles wosidwide. ACCs serve as a focal point for consultation between aiines anc avpor. ape ace congeming ine planning of major airport expansions or the development of neve airports. sates gsleced for such intervention are dotermined by Regional Arport Steering Groves in Asia/Pacific and Europe.we TATA A122 A123 AL3 Airport Development Reference Manual Airport Consultancy Services IATA offers a wide range of Airport Planning and Development Consultancy services. It brings @ global perspective to the projects it undertakes, drawing on its extensive in-house expertise and ils Unique access to airline experts and other specialists Typical clionts include airport authorties, private airport owners, aifines, governments, manufacturers, Suppliers tothe Industry, consulting firms and ‘ther parties involved in aiport infrastructure dec:sions. IATA can act as an independent consultant or provide a review of detailed work undertaken by specialised consulting firms. International industry Working Group ‘The IIWG brings together IATA, Airports Council Intemational (AC!) and the International Coordin: Council of Aerospace Industries Associations (ICCAIA). The IIWG was founded in 1970 and its main goal is to review airporiarcratt compatibility issues which might improve the development of the air transport system. OTHER IATA AIRPORTS ACTIVITIES In addition to the Airport Planning and Development activities of IATA, which this Manual addresses, IATA is active in many other Airport related areas such as User Charges, Fuel, Ground Handling, Security, Passenger Services and Environment. For more information on the full range of IATA's Airport related activities, please visit wow jata.orgiairpons.him Consulting enquiries should be addressed to: alrporidev@iata.orgOe TATA Introduction SECTION A2: PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL A241 ‘SCOPE OF THE AIRPORT DEVELOPMENT REFERENCE MANUAL “The IATA Airport Development Reference Manual (ADRM) is the industry's most important guide for aitines, airports, goverment authorties, architects and engineering consultants who are either planning new or extending existing airport facilities. The ADRM's Information is an invaluable Consolidation of best industry practice with respect to the development of wortd class airports through ‘better design. Its content represents the consolidated recommendations of world-renowned industry specialists and organizations seeking to promote the development of worki-lass airpor facilities. ‘The ADAM has been completaly revised since thé previcus (Bth) edition. These revisions and new content additions reflect recent changes within the civil aviation industry, and include entirely new Chapters dedicated to security and antiterrorism issues in particular. In addition to this, specific ‘commercial issues have been discussed and recommended practices for running airport projects have been developed. These adcress the need for authorities to run projects efficiently as they Seek to create unique airport environments through world class design. Environmental issues have also been updated, primarily to promote savings in operational costs for airports which would then be passad-on to iATA’s member airines. ‘This latest evolution of the ADAM also incorporates IATA Recommendations (IRs) at the end of each content section. These recommendations have been included to focus the aimport operator and designer on IATA-determined best practice design principles, and to help convey the expectations ff the world's major airines with respect to the development or refurbishing of airport facilities. To foster overall ease-of-use and help the airport planner to locate key information within the ADAM, the six chapters ofthe previous edition document have now been divided into twenty ve more concise content sections. “The following new chapters with multiple sections have been incliced to broaden the coverage and ‘scope of the publication and provide further essential airport planning guidance: © Airport economics. ‘© Contingency management. ‘¢ Airport commissioning. Future technology & miscellaneous items. Airport processes. IATA alrpott project process. eee ‘Anti-terrorism and police facilities. Airport fire services. @ Networks.2, “Bak airport Development Reference Manual A2.2 HOW TO USE THE MANUAL, This ADM should be used by airport planners worldwide as the primary source of best practice airport design guidance. In certain instances specitied within the relevant clauses of tis ADAM, It's Savised by IATA to refer to furtnor external supplementary international or national publications 10 did the aitpor planner, Seeking addtional guidance from the sources listed below will heip the airport planner to ensure that best and safe practices ate adhered to and bull inta the alrport design and {het national standards are observed and implemented where appropriate IATA recognizes that national standards will vary from region to region across the world. While the ADAM should be the Initial source of design guidance for airport developments, the eitport designer Should seek to clamfy national mandatory standards and decide appropriately on any potentially ‘conficting standards, Professional engineering and architectural guidance should be used to assess Chg roselve areas of conflict between the ADRM standards stated herein and any supplementary national standards. In the event that professional guidance is not sought and used for this edjucication, which is not a fecommended course of action, then the designer should seek to use the higher more onerous Standards in areas of uncertainty. Particular reference should be made to national air transport and nationally recognized design standards, as well as to any pertinent national legisiation or construction codes, as deemed applicable within the region. The ADAM should be used in conjunction with the national legislation pertaining to the country where the alrpor resides. Examples of typical national legislation for conskleration for the countries of Canada, United States of America and the United Kingdom include: e International and national government aviation and security authorities, t include (but not limited 40): International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO), European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) Federal Aviation Authorty-Transport Security Administration (FAA-TSA), United Kingdom Department for Transport (DfT) and Transpo Ganada-Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA).. ‘e _ National and international legislation defining best design engineering practice to include (but nat limited to) standards published by: ‘American National Standards Institute (ANSI) , British Standards Institute (BSI), International ‘Standardization Organization (ISO) ‘6 Engineering Standards Codes of Best Practices published by: Architectural: Foyal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Engineering: institute of Civil Engineers, Insitute of Structural Engineers (IStructE}, Institution ‘of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE). Bullaing Services: The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), Fire Mitigation Engineering: Institution of Fire Engineers (United Kingdom/Canac)