Applied Electronic

Name: Sifa Rahmania A’la ID: A10703008

First of all I would like to inform that on this paper I will mention what I have learned
before on my currently college in my vocational university in Indonesia. The material that I want
to write is relate with this course, Applied Electronic. Here is the explanation in each
components:
 Basic Components of Electronics
a. Resistor
A resistor is a component that resists the flow of current. It’s one of the most basic
components used in electronic circuits. If you put resistors next to a penny, you get an
idea of how small they are. Resistors come in a variety of resistance values (how much
they resist current, measured in units called ohms and designated by the symbol
Ωand power ratings (how much power they can handle without burning up, measured in
watts).
b. Capacitors
Next to resistors, capacitors are probably the second most commonly used component in
electronic circuits. A capacitor is a device that can temporarily store an electric charge.
Capacitors come in several different varieties, the two most common being ceramic
disk and electrolytic. The amount of capacitance of a given capacitor is usually measured
in microfarads, abbreviated μF.
c. Diodes
A diode is a device that lets current flow in only one direction. A diode has two
terminals, called the anode and the cathode. Current will flow through the diode only
when positive voltage is applied to the anode and negative voltage to the cathode. If these
voltages are reversed, current will not flow.
d. Light-Emitting Diodes
A light-emitting diode (or LED) is a special type of diode that emits light when current
passes through it.
e. Transistors
A transistor is a three-terminal device in which a voltage applied to one of the terminals
(called the base) can control current that flows across the other two terminals (called
the collector and the emitter). The transistor is one of the most important devices in
electronics.
f. Integrated Circuit
An integrated circuit is a special component that contains an entire electronic circuit,
complete with transistors, diodes, and other elements, all photographically etched onto a
tiny piece of silicon. Integrated circuits are the building blocks of modern electronic
devices such as computers and cellphones.
 Basic Electrical Theory
1. Understanding Currrent
This flow of electrical charge is referred to as electric current. There are two types
of current, direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). DC is current that flows
in one direction with a constant voltage polarity while AC is current that changes
direction periodically along with its voltage polarity. Thomas Edison and Alessandro
Volta were pioneers in DC current and wrote much of electricity’s history. But as
 Applied Electronic
Name: Sifa Rahmania A’la ID: A10703008
societies grew the use of DC over long transmission distances became too inefficient.
Nikola Tesla changed all that with the invention of alternating current electrical
systems. With AC it is possible to produce the high voltages needed for long
transmissions. Therefore today, most portable devices use DC power while power
plants produce AC.
2. Ohms’s Law
Ohm's Law deals with the relationship between voltage and current in an ideal
conductor. This relationship states that:
The potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor is proportional to the
current through it.
The constant of proportionality is called the "resistance", R.
Ohm's Law is given by:
V=IR
where V is the potential difference between two points which include a resistance R. I
is the current flowing through the resistance. For biological work, it is often
preferable to use the conductance, g = 1/R; In this form Ohm's Law is:
I=gV
Ohm's Law can be used to solve simple circuits. A complete circuit is one which
is a closed loop. It contains at least one source of voltage (thus providing an increase
of potential energy), and at least one potential drop i.e., a place where potential
energy decreases. The sum of the voltages around a complete circuit is zero.
3. Series and Parralel Circuits
Series circuits are those which are connected in-line with the power source. The
current in series circuits is constant throughout but the voltage may vary. Parallel
circuits are those which branch off from the power supply. The total current supplied
from the power source is divided among each of the branches but voltage is common
throughout.

4. Kirchoff’s Current Law

Kirchhoffs Circuit Laws allow us to solve complex circuit problems by defining a
set of basic network laws and theorems for the voltages and currents around a circuit
 Kirchoff’s First Law
Kirchhoffs Current Law or KCL, states that the “total current or charge entering
a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no
other place to go except to leave, as no charge is lost within the node“. In other
 Applied Electronic
Name: Sifa Rahmania A’la ID: A10703008
words the algebraic sum of ALL the currents entering and leaving a node must
be equal to zero, I(exiting) + I(entering) = 0. This idea by Kirchhoff is commonly known as
the Conservation of Charge.
 Kirchoff’s Second Law
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law or KVL, states that “in any closed loop network, the
total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within
the same loop” which is also equal to zero. In other words the algebraic sum of
all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This idea by Kirchhoff is known
as the Conservation of Energy.