Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
BO 213 Hostology 2
Histochemistry 2 4
Embryology 1
Semester II
BO 221 Taxonomy 4
Economic Botany 1
/2 4
Ethnobotany 1
/2
Semester IV
BO 241 Microbiology 11/2
Biophysics 11/2 5
Molecular Biology 2
BO 242 Elective Special Paper 5 10
Distribution of marks
Theory 100 x 11 = 1100
Practical 100 x 5 = 500
Dissertation (80 + 20) = 100
Comprehensive Viva-voce = 100
Total = 1800
Dissertation
Topic of dissertation may be chosen from any area of botany and may be laboratory based,
field based or both or computational, with emphasis on originality or approach. It may be
started during 2nd / 3rd semester and shall be completed by the end of the 4th semester. the
dissertation to be submitted should include:
* Background information in the form of introduction
* Objectives of the study
* Materials and methods employed for the study
* Results and discussions thereon
* Summary and conclusions
* References
The practical examinations are conducted at the end of Semester II and Semester IV. At the end
Semester II, examination for Practical I (BO 214) & Practical II (BO 224) and at end of Semester IV,
examination for practical III (BO 234), Practical IV (BO 243) & Practical V (BO 244) will be
conducted.
DETAILED SYLLABUS FORM M.Sc. BOTANY (SEMESTER SYSTEM)
SEMESTER I
A. PHYCOLOGY
1. Principles and modern trends in taxonomy of algae and contributions of Indian Algologists.
Practicals
1. A record of the local algal flora- a study of their morphology and structure.
2. Study the following types with special reference to their morphology and anatomy of vegetative
and reproductive structures.
Spirulina, Scytonema.
B. MYCOLOGY
1. Principles and modren trends of the classification of Fungi and contributions of Indian Mycologists.
C. PLANT PATHOLOGY
References
Phycology
1. Bhatia, A. 1994. Treatise on Algae.S. Chand & Company, New Delhi.
2. Bold, H.C. & Wynne, M.J. 1985. Introduction to the Algae. Prentice Hall of India,
New Delhi.
3. Chapman, V.J. Chapman, D.J. 1975. The Algae. Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi.
4. Fritsch, F.E.1945. Structure and reproduction of Algae. Cambridge University Press.
5. Kumar, H.D. 1999. Introductory Physiology, Affiliated East West Press Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi.
6. Lewin, R.A. (Ed.). 1962. Physiology and Biochemistry of Algae. Academic Press.
Mycology
1. Ainsworth, G.C., Sparrow. K.E. and Sussman. The Fungi. Academic Press,
New York.
2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. Blackwell, M. 1996. Introductory mycology.
John Wiley & Sons., New York.
3. Bilgarmi, K.S. and Verma, R.N. 1994. Physiology of Fungi. Vikas Publishing House
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
4. Dube, H.C. An Introduction to Fungi. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
5. Hale, M.E. 1983. Biology of Lichens. Edward Arnold.
6. Moore, D.et al., 1986. Developmental Biology of higher Fungi
7. Sharma, O.P. Text book of Fungi. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co.Ltd. New Delhi.
8. Webster,J.1975. Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge University Press.
Plant Pathology
1. George N. Agrios. 1997. Plant Pathology. Academic press, London.
2. Manners, J.G.1982. Principles of Plant Pathology. Cambridge University Press.
3. Marshall, H. 1999. Diseases of Plants. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
4. Mehrotra, R.S.2000. Plant Pathology, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. New Delhi.
5. Mundkur, 1982. Text book of Plant Diseases. Macmillan India, New Delhi.
6. Rangaswamy, G. 1992. Diseases of Crop Plants in India. Prentice Hall of India,
New Delhi.
7. Singh, R.S. 1991. Plant Diseases. Oxford IBH, New Delhi.
8. Singh, R.S. 1994. Introduction to the Principles of Plant Pathology. Oxford IBH.
New Delhi.
9. Swarup et al., 1999. Plant Diseases. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
10. Vashishta, P.C. and Gill, P.C. 1998. Plant Pathology. Pradeep Publications, Jalandhar.
11. Wheeler, B.E. 1972. An Introduction to Plant Diseases. John Wiley.
A. BRYOPHYTA
Morphological and anatomical studies of the following taxa using whole mount preparation,
dissection and sections.
Targionia, Reboulia, Notothylus,
Sphagnum.
B. PTERIDOPHYTA
1. General characters, classification (modern trends) and life cycle of pteridophytes.
Contribution of Indian Pteridologists.
2. Structure and evolutionary trend stelar and spore. Telome concept in Pteridophytes.
3. Apospory, apogamy and pathenogenesis.
4. Fossil Pteridophytes-Rhynia, Lepidocarpon, Sphaenophyllum, Zygopteris
5. Comparative morphology, structure, ecology and phylogeny of the following groups.
Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphaenopsida, Pteropsida.
Practicals
A. HISTOLOGY
1. Origins structure and function of Cambia and their derivatives.
2. Structure of wood- Softwood, hard wood, Sap wood, heart wood and role of extractives in
wood quality. Wood yielding plants of Kerala-
Artocarpus integrifolia, Tectona grandis, Dalbergia latifolia,
Ailanthus malabarica, Alstonia scholaris.
3. Nodal anatony, root-stem transition, transfer cells.
4. Anatomy in relation to Taxonomy.
Practicals
1. Maceration of herbaceous and woody stems- separation of different cell types.
2. Nodal anatomy and root stem transition.
B. HISTOCHEMISTERY
1. Scope of histochemistry and cytochemistry in Biology.
2. Buffers and reagents.
3. Chemistry of fixation
4. Tissue processing techniques for light microscope, hand and serial sections, squashes smears and
maceration.
5. Types of microtomes-Rotary, Sledge, Freezing Cryostat and Ultratomes.
6. Classification and chemistry of biological stains. General and specific vital stains and
fluorochromes.
7. Tissue processing techniques for election microscopy (SEM and TEM).
8. Detection and localization of primary metabolites- Carbohydrates (PARS reaction), Proteins
(Coomassie brilliant blue staining), Lipids (Sudan Black method). Brief mention about other
methods also.
9. Enzyme histochemistry (General design and applications).
Practicals
1. Preparation of double stained free hand sections and identification of the tissues with reasons
(Normal or anomalous secondary thickening).
2. Free hand sections showing localization of soluble components-Proteins, Sugars and Lipids.
3. Preparation of serial sections, from the given block and identification of the tissues with
histological reasoning.
4. Preparation of squashes and smears. Maceration of the tissues for separating cell types.
5. Students are expected to get a through understanding on reagents and buffers for the tissue
processing and they should submit 15 permanent slides (5 serial, 5 hand sections for histology and
5 hand section for sledge and histochemistry) for valuation.
C. EMBRYOLOGY
1. Microsporogenesis-male gameteophyte-pollen fertility and sterility pollen storage-viability and
germination
2. Megasporogenesis-embryosacs-development and types
3. Pollination-primary and secondary attractants of pollination-ultra structural and histochemical
details of style and stigma-significance of pollen-pistil interactions
4. Fertilization-barriers to fertilization-genetics of incompatibility-methods to overcome
incompatibility-intra ovarian pollination and invitro fertilization-embryo rescue
5. Embryo endosperm and seed development-polyembryony parthenocarpy
6. Recent advance in palynological studies-pollen allergy-Economic importance-Pollen analysis of
honey-role of apiaries in crop improvement.
Practicals
1. Pollen germination-in-vitro and-vivo viability tests
2. Study of pollen types using acetolysed and non-acetolysed pollen
3. Developmental stages of another, ovule, embryo and endosperm.
References
Histology and Histochemistry
1. Cutler, D. F. 1978. Applied Plant Anatomy. Orient Longman Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Easu, 1987. The Anatomy of seed plants. Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.
3. Fahn, A. 1989. Plant Anatomy, Peragamon Press, Oxford, New York.
4. Gahan, P.B. 1984. Plant Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, Academic Press, London.
5. Gary, P. 1964. Hand Book of basic microtechnique, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
6. Harris, Electron microscopy in Biology
7. Johanson, W.A. 1984. Plant Microtechnique. Mc Graw Hill.
8. Johanson, W.A. 1982. Botanical Histochemistry-Principles and Practice. Freeman & Co.
9. Kierman, J.A. 1999. Histological and Histochemical Methods. Butterworth Publications, London
10. Poarse, histochemistry, Vol. I and Vol.II.
11. Ruzin, Z.E. 1999. Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy. Oxford University Press, New York.
Embryology
1. Bhojwani, S.S and Bhatnagar, S.P. 2000. The Embryology of Angiosperms, Vikas Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
2. Johri, B.M. 1984. 1984. Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer Verlag. Berlin.
3. Maheswari, P. 1980. Recent Advances in the Embryology of Angiosperms.
4. Pandey, A.K. 1997. Introduction to Embryology of Amngiosperms. CBS Publishers and
Distributors, New Delhi.
5. Pandey, S.N. and Chadha, A. 2000. Embryology. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
SEMESTER II
II.
4. Plant Nomenclature: Evaluation of ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) –
Contents of ICBN – Author citation – Type Method and different types –Publication of names –
Rules of Priority-Nomina Conservanda and definitions of nomenclatural terms Autonym,
Homonym, Basionym, Tautonym and Nomen nuclum.
5. Construction of taxonomic keys (indented and bracketed) and their utilization.
6. Floristic studies in India: Roleand organisation of Botanical Survey of India.
III.
7. Modern concepts and trends in Plant taxonomy: Elementary treatment of
i. Cytotaxonomy ii. Chemotaxonomy iii. Numerical Taxonomy
(Taximetries) iv. Molecular Taxonomy v. Cladistics.
8. Problems in evolutionary taxonomy: the concepts of primitive and advanced, monophyly and
polyphyly, parallelism and convergence, homology and analogy.
10. Critical study of the current ideas on the origin of angiosperms with special reference to there
ancestral stocks and time and place of their origin.
IV & V.
Study of the following families giving importance to morphological peculiarities if any, and economic
importance, interrelationships and evolutionary lines.
1. Ranunculaceae 2. Magnoliaceae 3. Cruciferae
4. Polygalaceae 5. Caryophyllaceae 6. Dipterocarpaceae
7. Malvaceae 8. Rutaceae 9. Rhamnaceae
10. Vitaceae 11. Leguminosae 12. Rosaceae
13. Droseraceae 14. Rhizophoraceae 15. Melastomaceae
16. Lythraceae 17. Passifloraceae 18. Curcurbitaceae
19. Umbelliferae 20. Rubiaceae 21. Compositae
22. Ebenaceae 23. Oleaceae 24. Asclepiadaceae
25. Gentianaceae 26. Boraginaceae 27. Solanaceae
28. Lentibulariaceae 29. Acanthaceae 30. Verbenaceae
31. Labiatae 32. Nyctaginaceae 33. Amaranthaceae
34. Podostemaceae 35. Aristolochiaceae 36. Piperaceae
37. Lauraceae 38. Loranthaceae 39. Euphoribiaceae
40. Casuarinaceae 41. Orchidaceae 42. Scitamineae
43. Amaryllidaceae 44. Liliaceae 45. Commelinaceae
46. Palmae 47. Araceae 48. Alismaceae
49. Cyperaceae 50. Gramineae
Practicals
1. Study of representative members of all the prescribed families as evidenced by record of practical
work (to be presented for valuation).
2. Identification of freshand herbarium specimens using Floras.
3. Field work for a study of local flora under the supervision of teachers.
4. Preparation of dichotomous keys. A minimum of 3 keys to be presents in the record.
5. A minimum of 5 abbreviations of authors’ names to be presents in the record.
6. A minimum of 50 herbarium specimens giving representation to be prescribed families should be
presents for valuation. It should be accompanied by a Field Book which confirms to that of
recognized herbaria.
B. ECONOMIC BOTANY
Study of Botanical name, family, and morphology of the useful parts and utility of the following:
1. Cereals and Millets-Rice, Wheat, Ragi.
2. Legumes-Soybean, Square bean (winged bean), Horse gram, Ground nut,
3. Sugar yielding plants-Sugar cane and Sweet potato.
4. Spices and condiments-Turmeric, Cinnamon, Pepper, Nutmeg, Allspice.
5. Fibre-Cotton and Coir
6. Dyes-Indigo, Henna
7. Rubber-Para rubber
8. Gums- Gum Arabic, Karya gum
9. Resins-Dammars, Gum resin- Asafoetida
10. Oil-Coconut oil, Sesame oil, Palm oil
11. Medicinal-Ocimum, Acorus, Dioscoria, Neem
12. Food additives and colors-Saffron, Annatto
Practicals
Identification of plants and plant parts mentioned above.
C. ETHNOBOTANY
A. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
1. Cell wall architecture and its role in plant cells.
2. Water movement in plants and stomatal physiology- enzymic mechanism of opening and
closing of stomata. Interrelations of soil and cellular water.
3. Structure and organization of plant cell membranes, glycoconjugates and proteins in
membranes, ion transport across the membrane, Na/ K/ Mg dependant ATPases. Role of G-
proteins in membrane transport.
4. Photosynthesis – Importance, Efficiency and turn over; Photosynthetic pigments,
Photochemistry, Electron transport, Phosphorylation and oxygen evolution. Water oxidizing
clock, Photosystem I and II Structure and function. RubisCo – Structure and function,
Photo inhibition, Phytochromes; carbondioxide fixation, C3-C4 pathways; energetics of
CO2 fixation; Crassulacean acid metabolism. CAM species. Bacterial photosynthesis.
5. Photorespiration and glycolate metabolism. Mechanism of photorespiration in C3 and C4
plants. Factors regulating photorespiration.
6. Respiration – Glycolytic pathway of glucose degradation; Oxidative Pentose phosphate
pathway, anaerobic, TCA cycle, Respiratory chain, Generation of ATP, Electron transport
and Terminal oxidation. Oxidative phosphorylation.
7. Transport of metabolites – Xylem and Phloem sap translocation – current trends.
8. Photoregulation and growth responses. Growth regulators and their mode of action. Plant
morphogenesis. Physiology of flowering, fruit ripening senescence and abscission,
vernalisation.
9. Seed metabolism, Hydration Phase of germination, Inter relationship between growing
seedling and the storage tissues, glyoxylate cycle in fatty seeds during germination.
10. Physiological response of plants to stress. Various stresses viz drought, heat and cold. Salt
tolerance in plants.
11. Role of phytoalexins, defence mechanism, Phenyl propanoid pathway in plants.
12. Tree Physiology – Leaf canopies, Radiation environment, Effect of irradiance in plants;
Tree and water relations.
13. Allelopathy – Plant derived compounds
Practicals
1. Extraction and estimation of total proteins by TCA precipitation and Lowrys method.
2. Isolation of chloroplast from fresh leaves and estimation of chlorophyll proteins.
3. Chlorophyll survey of five plants. Quantification, absorption spectra of chlorophyll and
carotenoids using different solvents.
4. Hill activity by DCPIP/ ferricyanide reduction.
5. Extraction and estimation of total phenols.
6. Physiological identification of CAM in plant species.
7. Isolation and quantification of free amino acids and protein bound aminoacids.
8. Determination of antioxidants in plant tissues – ascorbic acid, tocopherol, β – carotene.
B. BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Chemical bonds, Ionic bond, Covalent bond, Atomic orbitals, Concept of hybridization,
bonding in organic molecules effect of bonding on reactivity, polarity of bonds – bond
length – bond angle – hydrogen bond, dissociation and association constant.
2. Structure, function and metabolism of carbohydrates. Glycogen break down (glycogenesis),
gluconeogenesis. Interconversion of hexoses and pentoses. Hormonal regulation of
carbohydrate metabolism.
3. Lipid oxidation, Biosynthesis of fatty acids. Biosynthesis of Triacyl glycerol, diacyl
glycerol, monoacyl glycerol; Phospholipids, Cholesterol.
4. Proteins – Classification based on structure, function and localization sites. Biosynthesis,
tertiary, quaternary structure. Ramachandran plot; Purification of proteins; molecular
composition.
5. Amino acids – Transamination, deamination, essential and non essential amino acids,
Aromatic acids – metabolism
6. Nucleic acids – Structure and replication; Enzymes for synthesis and degradation,
modification of nucleic acids, Biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines; RNA biosynthesis;
Transcription and RNA processing; Translation of mRNA
7. Enzymes – major groups; distribution of plant enzymes; functional compartmentation;
soluble and membrane bound enzymes; purification; localization of enzymes by
electrophoresis; Zymogram; Isozyme analysis, abzymes. Enzyme linked immunosorbent
assay ( ELISA)
8. Hormones – Chemistry and biological functions. Biosynthesis of auxins, cytokinins,
gibberellins, abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene. Biochemical role of ABA and ethylene in
plant growth and development.
9. Vitamins, plant sources as anti oxidants – Chemistry and biological role of fat; soluble
vitamins A,D,K and E and water soluble vitamins – B complex and Vitamin C.
Practicals
1. Preparation of buffers.
2. Preparation of standard solutions of BSA, Glucose, Catechol.
3. Extraction and estimation of soluble proteins by Bradford method.
4. Estimation of reducing sugars.
5. Column chromatography of pigments.
6. Thin layer chromatography of phenols.
7. Isolation, assay and determination of specific activity of plant enzymes of germination,
growth and fruit ripening, viz amylase, lipase, protease peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase.
8. Ammonium sulphate precipitation – dialysis and kinetics of anyone of the above enzyme.
9. Electrophoresis of enzymes – Peroxidase and is-enzyme analysis.
10. Isolation and quantification of plant lipids by dry and wet methods.
References
Plant physiology
1. Brett, C.T. and Waldron, K.K. 1996. Physiology and Biochemistry of Plant Cell Walls,
Chapman and Hall London.
2. Conn, E.E. and Stumpf P.K. et al., 1999. Biochemistry. John Wiley and Sons. New Delhi.
3. Daphne. J. Osborne, Micheal. B. Jackson. 1989. Cell separation in plants physiology,
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Springer – Verlag. Berlin.
4. David T. Dennis and David H. Trurpin (Eds.) 1993. Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology. Longmann Scientific and Technical, Singapore.
5. Devlin and Witham, 1997. Plant Physiology. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
6. Fitter, A.H. and Hay R.K.M. 1987. Environmental physiology of plants. Academic Press.
7. Hall, D.O. and Rao, K.K. 1999. Photosynthesis. Cambridge University Press.
8. Hatch, M.D. et. al., 1971. Photosynthesis and Photorespiration.
9. Hess, D. 1975. Plant physiology. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi
10. Jain, J.L. 2000 Fundamentals of Biochemistry. S. Chand & Co. New Delhi.
11. Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger, 1991. Plant Physiology. The Benjamin/ Cummings
publishing Company, Inc.
12. Noggle and Fritz, 1999. Introductory Plant physiology. Prentice hall, London.
13. Salisbury, F.B. and Ross. C. 2000, Plant physiology. John Wiley & Sons, New Delhi.
14. Strafford, G.A. 1979 Essentials of Plant Physiology. Heinemann Publishing Co. New York.
15. Wilkins, M.B. (Ed) 1984. Advanced Plant Physiology, Pitman Publishing Co. New York.
16. William G. Hopkins, 1999. Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. New
York.
Biochemistry
A. ECOLOGY
1. Introduction to various approaches to the study of ecology based on levels of organization
and habitat – interaction between environment and biota. Limiting factors.
2. Concepts of Ecosystems: Types – Fresh water, marine and terrestrial – components of
ecosystem – Application of law of thermodynamics, food chain, food web trophic levels,
ecological pyramids and recycling – energy flow and transaction – Development and
evolution of ecosystems.
3. Plant community: Concept, attributes. Difference between community and vegetation.
Methods of study of communities – Floristic, Physiognomic and Phytosociological
methods. Classification – Raunkiaer’s and Clements systems. Main concepts in
classification of communities – individualistic concept of Gleason, Vegetation continuum
concept of Whittaker and Curtis. Ecotone.
4. Major terrestrial plant communities – study of climate, their distribution and adaptation to
the environment. Deserts (Dry and Cold,), Tundra, Grass land, Savannah, temperate forest,
tropical rain forest, mangrove.
5. Ecological concept of species : Autecological level (genecology), Synecological level
(Ecosystem level). Ecads (Ecophenes), Ecotypes, Ecospecies.
6. Pollution – Causes, effects and preventive measures of air, water, soil and radiation
pollution.
Practicals
1. Analysis of vegetation – by using Qudrat/line transect to find out frequency and interpret
the vegetations in terms of Raunkiaer’s frequency formula.
2. To find out dissolved oxygen content in the given water (Pond, lake, well etc.) samples by
Winkler’s methods.
3. To find out primary production in the given water sample lusing light and dark bottle
methods.
4. Estimate carbonate and bicarbonate content in the water samples.
5. Estimate the total organic carbon content in the given soil samples
B. PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
1. Define – Phytogeography, static phytogeography and dynamic phytogeography
2. Geological history and evolution of plant life
3. Factors of plant distribution. Theories concerning present and past distributions –
continental drift, glaciation, existence of land bridges and their effect on plant distribution
4. Phytogeographic regions of world (Vegetational belts)
5. Soil, climate, flora and vegetation of India.
C. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
D. EVOLUTION
1. Origin and evolution of life
Classical and synthetic theories of evolution
Forces of evolution, Mechanism of evolution
Species concept, Speciation
Isolation mechanisms
Evolution above species level
Molecular evolution
Practical
Critical notes can be given for practical
Reference
Ecology and Phytogeography
1. Addision, M.J. 1984. Ecology An Evolutionary Approach, Wesley Publishing Co. New
Delhi.
2. APHA. 1985. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. APHA,
Washington, DC.
3. Arora, 1995. Fundamentals of Environmental Biology. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Billings. W.D. 1972. Plants man and ecosystem, Macmillan India, New Delhi.
5. Chapman. 1999. Ecology – Principles and Applications. Cambridge University Press.
Foundation Books, New Delhi.
6. Crawford, R.M.M. (Ed.) 1986. Plant Life in aquatic and amphibious habitats, Black Well
Scientific Publications, Oxford London.
7. Jeffrey, D.W. 1987. Soil Plant relationship – An ecological approach. Croom Helm.
8. Jones, H. G. 1983. Plants and Microclimate: a quantitative approach to environmental
plant physiology. Cambridge University Press.
9. Kershaw, K. A and Looney, J.H.H. 1985. Quantitative and dynamic plant ecology. Edward
Amold.
10. Krishnamurti, C. R. and Viswanathan, P. (Eds.) 1991. Toxic metals in the Indian
Environment. Tata Megraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
11. Kumar, H. D. 1997. General Ecology. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
12. Mackenzie, A. Ball, A.S. and Virdee S. R. 1999. Instant notes in Ecology. Viva Books Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
13. Odum, F. E. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. W. B. Saunders & Company.
14. Ray. P.K. 1992. Pollution and Health Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.
15. Trivedi, P.R. and Gurudeep Raj. 1995. Environmental Biology. Akashdeep Publishing
House, New Delhi.
16. Weber, W. J. Jr. and Morris, C. J. 1962. Advances in water pollution research. Peragamon
Press , Oxford, London.
Conservation Biology
1. Ahmedulla and Nayar, M.P. Endemic Plants of India region. Botanical Survey of India P-8
Brabourne Road, Calcutta 700 001
2. Bramwell, D., Hanamann, O., Heywood, V. and Synge, H. Botanic gardens and world
conservation strategy. Academic Press, London.
3. Brain Ford-Lloyd and Michael Jackson. Plant Genetic Resources – An introduction to their
conservation and use. Edward Arnold (publishers) Ltd., 80 Weverly Road, Caulfield East,
Victoria 3145, Australia.
4. Chopra, V.L. and Khoshoo, T. N. Conservation for productive agriculture. ICAR, New
Delhi.
5. Green Lucas and Hugh Synge, IUCN Plant Red data book. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland.
6. Jain, S.K. and Mehra. K.L. Conservation of tropical plant resources. B.S.J, p-8 Brabourne
Road, Calcutta – 700 001
7. Jain S. K. and Rao. R.R. An assessment of threatened plants of India. Botanical Survey of
India, P-8 Brabourne Road, Calcutta- 700 001
8. Nayar, M.P. Hotspots of endemic plants of India, Nepal and Bhutan. TBGRI, Palode,
Thiruvananthapuram.
9. Nayar, M. P. et al. Red data book of Indian Plants Vols. 1-3. Botanical Survey of India , P-8
Braboume Road, Calcutta 700001
10. Prodipto Ghosh and Akshay Jaitly. The Road from Bio-Environment and development
policy issues in Asia. Tata Energy Reseach Institute, 9, Jor Bagh, New Delhi- 110003
11. Ramesh, B. R. and Pascal, J.P. Atlas of endemics of the Western Ghats (India). Institute
Francais de Pondichery, PB 33, Pondichery 605 001
12. Samar Singh. Conserving India’s natural heritage. Batraj publishers, Dehradun.
13. Takuya Abe et al. Biodiversity – Social and Ecological aspects. World rainforest
movement, 87 Cantonment Rjoad, 10250 Penang, Malaysia
14. Vandana Shiva et al. Biodiversity – social and Ecological aspects. World rainforest
movement, 87 Cantonment Road, 10250 Penang, Malaysia.
15. Walter V. Reid et al. Biodiversity prospecting: Using genetic resources for sustainable
development. Word Resources Institute (WRI), usa.
16. Warren. A. and Goldsmith, F.B. Conservation in perspective. John Wiley and Sons.
Chichesten, New York.
Evolution
1. Blackie, 1983. Evolutionary Principles, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
2. Briggs, D. and Walters, S.M. 1984. Plant variation and Evolution. Cambridge University
Press, London.
3. Echrlich & Holm, 1974. Process of Evolution, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
4. Jha, A.P. 1997. Genes and Evolution. Macmillan India ltd. Delhi.
5. Savage, J.M. 1969. Evolution, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
6. Strickberger, M.W. 1996. Evolution. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, New York.
7. Theodosius Dobozhansky et al., 1986. Evolution. Surjeet Publications, Delhi.
8. Wooley, P. 1983. Molecular theory of Evolution. Springer – Verlag, Berlin.
SEMESTER III
1. The cell- ultra structural study of cell organelles Mitochondria, Plastids, Endoplasmic reticulum
, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes, Glyoxysomes and Peroxisomes giving importance to their
functional inter – relationship.
2. Cyto skeleton - its role in cell organization and motility.
3. Nucleus – importance of nucleus in cell metabolism, Nucleus as the center of genes and genetic
regulation in eukaryotes Nuclear envelope – inner and outer membranes – internal dense
lamellae – pore complex and dynamic aspects of pore complex and nuclear envelope.
Importance of nuclear envelope.
Nucleoplasm – Constituents – Chromosomes – organization of chromatin fibre, current
evidences for uninemic folded fibre organization – bead string organization of chromatin fibre –
structural and functional organization of nucleosomes.
4. Chemistry of chromosomes – DNA – organization, histone and non-histone proteins, RNA and
organization of these components in the three dimensional configuration of chromosome. A
study of structure and function of Kinetochore – NOR and other secondary constrictions,
satellites, heterochromatic segments and telomeres.
5. Nucleolus – ultrastructure of nucleolus Pas chromosoma, Pars fibrosa, Pars granulose, Pars
amorpha. Variations in nucleolar ultra structure origin of nucleolus – diversities in nucleolus
organization.
6. Functions of nucleolus – Manufacture of ribosomal subunits.
7. Special types of chromosomes – structure and significance of Lamp brush chromosomes,
Polytene chromosomes and B chromosomes.
8. Numerical variations of chromosomes – origin and meiotic behaviour of haploidy, aneuploidy
and polyploidy.
9. Structural variations of chromosomes – Deletion, inversion and translocation. Meiotic behavior
in the above types
10. Stages of cell cycle – G1, s, G2 – Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Mitotic
apparatus, Cytokinesis, Meiosis – General description of meiosis, Synaptonemal complex,
structure and function with significance of the various stages of meiosis I and II
11. Theories and mechanism of crossing over, Stern’s experiment and Mc Clintock Creighton
experiment. Crossing over at tetrad stage. Molecular mechanism of crossing over.
12. Genetic consequence of meiosis intercellular interaction. Cell recognition, specific cell
adhesions and contact inhibition.
Practicals
Mitosis: Allium cepa Chlorphytum
Meiosis: All stages – Rhoeo Chlorophytum
B. GENETICS
I. Classical Genetics
II Molecular Genetics.
1. Genetic Material – DNA as genetic material, DNA constancy, C-Value paradox, structure of B-
DNA and Z-DNA.
2. DNA replication- Stage, unit and mode of replication. Semi conservative mode of replication,
Messelson – Stahl experiment. The system of replication – template, deoxy nucleotide tri
phosphate pool, enzymes and protein factors, mechanism of replication, unidirectional and bi-
directional replication, molecular assembly at the replication fork, leading and lagging strands.
Okasaki fragments. DNA polymerases of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, topo isomerases, gyrases,
ligases and nucleases. DNA polymerase function, proof reading and repair. Comparison of
eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA replication.
3. DNA damage and repair – Photo reactivation excision repair, recombinational repair, SOS
repair, genetic diseases caused by defects of DNA repair system-Blooms syndrome, xeroderma
pigmentosum, retinoblastoma.
4. Mutations – Types of mutations, methods of detection of mutations, CIB method and attached X
method, Molecular mechanism of spontaneous and induced mutations , site directed
mutagenesis, high radiation belts of Kerala. Mutagenic effects of food additives, drugs etc.
Ames test.
5. Genetic code – Experiments of Crick, Nirenberg and colleagues and Hargobind Khorana.
Genetic code word dictionary. Features of the genetic code and its exceptions.
6. Protein synthesis – Transcription, organization of transcriptional units Prokaryotic and
eukaryotic RNA polymerases and their function. RNA processing and Translation.
7. Gene regulation – Gene regulation in viruses – cascade mode of expression of early, middle and
late genes in viruses. Gene regulation in prokaryotes – Operon concept positive and negative
control, attenuation, antitermination. Eukaryotic gene regulation – heterochromatinisation and
DNA methylation. DNA methylases, DNA rearrangement. Transcriptional regulation - signal
transduction, upstream and down stream. Regulatory sequences and transacting factors,
activators and enhancers. DNA binding by transcription factors. Britten and Davidson model
for eukaryotic vene regulation. Post transcriptional regulation. RNA processing – hnRNA,
introns and exons capping, poly adenylation, splicing, snRNAs and spliceosomes. Translational
regulation and post translational regulation. Cleavage and processing of proteins. Genetic
imprinting. Environmental regulation of gene expression.
8. Gene synthesis – Kornberg’s in vitro replication of X 174 DNA. Khorans’s artificial synthesis
of the genes for alanine transfer RNA and tyrosine transfer RNA of yeast. Gene synthesizing
machines.
9. Molecular genetic techniques – DNA sequencing methods of Sanger and Maxam and Gilbert,
nucleic acid hybridization and Cot curves, PCR, RFLP, RAPD and AFLP. Blotting techniques –
Southern, northern and western blotting, do blotting, slot blotting, DNA finger printing and foot
printing.
10. Genetic engineering – Methods and applications.
1. Population Genetics – Systems of mating and their genetic effects. Hardy – Weinberg law and
its applications, factors affecting gene frequencies, genetic drift, founder effect, genetic load,
consanguinity and its genetic effects.
2. Human Genetics – Mendelian characters in humans, blood group systems – Rh and MN blood
groups, human karyotype and syndromes caused by its aberrations, genetic diseases caused by
gene mutations, amniocentesis, genetic counseling.
3. Genomics – Genome organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Genomic RNA, structure of
chromatin, coding and noncoding sequences and satellite DNA, Advances in the genome
sequencing of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Reverse genetics. Human genome project.
4. Gene therapy – Somatic cell and germline gene therapy.
5. Developmental genetics – Genetic control of development in plants and animals with stress to
developmental genes in Arabidopsis and Drosophila. Role of cytoplasm in development.
Animal cloning.
6. Somatic cell genetics – Dynamism of the genome in somatic cells, gene amplification,
transposons, gene modifications and rearrangement in somatic cells with stress to the immune
system. Somaclonal variations. Hybridoma technique.
Practicals
Working out of problems in quantitative inheritance, linkage and chromosome mapping, microbial
genetics (tetrad analysis), molecular genetics and population genetics.
Reference
Cytology and Ctyogenetics
1. David. E. Sadava. 1993. Cell Biology. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston.
2. De Robertis and De Robertis 1998. Cell and Molecular Biology. B.I. Waverly Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi.
3. Dyansager, V.R. 1986. Cytology and Genetics. Tata Mc Graw-Hill. New Delhi.
4. Geoffrey M. Cooper 1997. The Cell – A Molecular approach. ASM Press Washington.
5. Gerald Karp, 1984. Cell Biology. McGraw Hill. New Delhi.
6. Goodenough, U. 1984. Genetics, Saunders College Publishing.
7. Jurgen Schulz Scaffer, 1985. Cytogenertics-Plants, Animals and Humans. Springer-verlag.
Berlin
8. Kiichi Fukui and Shigeki Nakayam (Eds.) 1996. Plant Chjromosomes – Laboratory Methods.
CRC Press, New York.
9. Satyesh Chandra Roy and Kalyan Kumar De. 1999. Cell Biology. New Central Book Agency
(P) Ltd. Calcutta.
10. Strick berger , M. W. 1985. Genetics. Macmillan India, New Delhi.
11. Swanson. C.P. (Ed.) 1980. Cytogenetics. Prentice Hall.
12. Swanson. C.P. et. al 1988. Cell and Molecular Biology
13. William D. Stansfield et al., 1996. Schaun’s out line of theory and problems of Molecular and
Cell biology. McGreaw Hill, New York.
Genetics
1. Browder, L.W. Erickson, C.A. and Jeffery, W. R. Developmental Biology III Edn. Saunders
College Publishing, USA.
2. Brown, T.A. 1999. Genomes, John Wiley & Sons. New York.
3. Brown, T.A. 1992. Genetics – A molecular approach. II Edn. Chapman and Hall. London.
4. Carlson, E.A. 1985. Human genetics. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
5. De Robertis and De Robertis 1998. Cell and Molecular Biology. B.I. Waverly Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi.
6. Fosket, D. E. 1994. Plant growth and development – A molecular approach. Academic Press.
7. Gardner, E.J. et al., 1996. Principles of Genetics, VII Edn. Jjohn Wiley land Sons, Inc., New
York.
8. Goodenough, U. Genetics, III edn. Holt. Saunders, New York.
9. Griffiths A. J. F. et al., 1999. Modern Genetic Analysis. W. H. Freeman and Co. New York.
10. Gupta, P.K. Genetics. 1998. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
11. Hartl, D. and Clark, A. 1997. Principles of population Genetics. Sinauer Associates,
Massachusetts.
12. Kornberg, A. and Baker, T.A. 1991. DNA replication. I Edn. W.H. Freeman and Co., New
York.
13. Latchman, D., 1995. Gene Regulation. A Eukaryotic perspective, II Edn. Chapman and Hall,
London.
14. Lewin, B. 2000. Genes VII. Oxford University Press. New York.
15. Lodish, et al. 2000. Molecular and Cell Biology. W. H. Freeman & Co. New York.
16. Mitra, S. 1994. Genetics – A blue print of life. 1994. Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi.
17. Old, R.W. and Primrose, 1994. Principles of Gene Manipulation. VI Edn. Blackwell Scientific
publications, London.
18. Satyesh Chandra Roy and Kalyan Kumar De. 1999. Cell Biology. New Central Book Agency
(P) Ltd. Calcutta.
19. Singh, B.D. 2000. Fundamentals of Genetics. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
20. Sinnot, E.W. et. al., 1958. Principles of Genetics. Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi
21. Snustad, D.P. et. al., 1997. Principles of Genetics, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
22. Stansfield, W.D. III Edn. Theory and Problems of Genetics;, McGraw Hil, New York.
23. Strickberger, M. W. 1999. Genetics. Prentice Hall ofIndia Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.
24. Thomas. R. Mertins and Robert. L. Hammorsmith. 1998. Genetics – a Laboratory
Investigation.
25. William D. Stansfield et al., 1996. Schaun’s out line of theory and problems of Molecular and
Cell biology. McGraw Hill, New York.
26. Winter, P.C. et al., 2000. Instant notes in Genetics. Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
A. PLANT BREEDING
1. Introduction – Objectives in Plant breeding.
2. Floral Biology in relation to selfing and crossing techniques.
3. Reproduction in Plants – Mode of reproduction in relation to breeding.
4. Sexual reproduction – objectives and methods of emasculation and pollination – raising F1
hybrids.
5. Asexual reproduction: Vegetative apomixes Advertitive embryony – Non recurrent apomixix,
diplospory, apospory, parthenogenesis, androgenesis automixis, semigamy, agamic comples,
poly embryony. Role of apomixix in plant breeding.
6. Sterility: Environmental and morphological sterility. Gametic and zygotic sterility.
Somatoplastic sterility – inviability – weakness – break down of hybrids, cytoplasmic and
genetic sterilidty, cytogenetic and biochemical basis of sterility – Significance in plant breeding.
7. Breeding Methods: Sources of plant germplasm. Centres of genetic diversity. Concepts of de-
Candolle and Vavilov Primary, secondary and microcenters. Genetic erosion – causes
threatened species. Plant genetic conservation – (in-situ and ex-situ).
8. Plant introduction: Types and procedures. Preservation and utilization of germplasm.
9. Selection: Principles – genetic basis and methods. Mass selection, pure line selection, clonal
selection.
10. Hybridization : Objectives, choice of parents, problems and causes offailure odf hybridization –
Incompatibility and sterility – Methods of overcoming – genetic consequences of hybridization.
Methods of handling segregating hybrids for isolation of superior strains – Bulk method and
pedigree method of selection. Role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization in plant
improvement.
11. Back-cross breeding: Theory and procedure for transferring various types of characters.
Inbreeding consequences. Heterosis theories – genetic and physiologic basis – Applications in
plant breeding – steps in the production of single cross, double cross, three way cross and
synthetic cross – use of male sterility in hybrid production – cytoplasmic – Genetic and
cytoplasmic – Genetic sterility.
12. Polyploidy breeding induction of autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy, role of chromosome
manipulation – chromosome addition and substitution lines achievements.
13. Mutation breeding: Situations suitable for mutation breeding. Materials needed for treatment.
Physical and chemical mutagens. Handling of mutants. Evaluation of mutants in M1, M2 and
M3 generations.
14. Modified methods: Recurrent irradiation split dose irradiation – combination treatment –
Achievements with special reference to Indian works. Advantages and disadvantages.
15. Resistance breeding: Causes of disease – Biotic and abiotic – Biotic – fungal, bacterial, viral,
viroids, mycoplasma, insects and pests. Abiotic- water, temperature, soil – factors, disease
resistance breeding – concepts of disease triangle – factors of host, degree of resistance, basis of
resistance – structural biochemical, physiological and genetic. Factors of pathogen –
physiological races and pathotype specialization. Genetic basis of virulence. Gene for gene
systems of plant – pathogen resistance – vertical and horizontal disease resistance.
16. Methodology of disease resistance breeding. Transfer of disease resistance genes to the
appropriate genetic background – Artificial production of epiphytotic conditions and screening
procedures for resistance.
17. Multiline production: Achievements – Idiontype breeding – Concepts – Wheat – Asana,
Donald. Rice – Super Rice – 2000
B. HORTICULTURE
I
1. concept and Scope – Familiarization of famous gardens in the world and in India.
2. Tools and Implements.
3. Plant growing structures – Green house, Glass house and Mist chamber.
4. Plant propagation – Cuttage, Layerage, Graftage and Budding.
5. Cultural practices – Thinning, Training, Trimming and Pruning.
6. Fertilizers – Biofertilizer, Green manure, NPK, Compost – Vermicompost.
II
7. Out door horticulture – Gardens – Vegetable garden, Medicinal plant garden Roof garden, Fruit
garden, Lawns and Landscapes.
8. Commercial horticulture – Nurseries, Indoor plants and flowers.
9. Arboriculture – Pruning, bracing, feeding and transplanting. Bonsai.
III
10. Floriculture – commercial floriculture – Production of cut flowers and home floriculture.
11. Disease and pest control in gardening- Fungicides and pesticides.
12. Plant growing problems and their control.
Practical
1. Budding – ‘T’ Budding and Patch Budding
2. Layering – Any two methods.
3. Grafting – Any two methods.
4. Tools and Implements.
C. BIOSTATISTICS
1. Principle and practice of statistical methods in biological research – Sourees and presentation of
data
2. Measures of Central Tendency – Mean, Median and Mode.
3. Measures of Dispersion – Range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation,
coefficient of variation and standard error.
4. Probability – Basic concepts, addition theorem, multiplication theorem and conditional
probability
5. Theoretical distributions – Binomial, Poisson and Normal.
6. Test of statistical significance – Chi-square test and t-test.
7. Simple correlation and regression.
8. F-distribution and analysis of variance.
D. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
References
1. Allard, R.W. 1999. Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York.
2. Ame Hagberg and Eric Akerberg, 1962. Mutations and Polyploidy in Plant breeding.
Heimeman Educational Books Ltd. London.
3. Christopher, E.P. 1981. Introductory Horticulture, McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
4. Darbeswhar Roy,2000 Plant Breeding. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
5. Edmond, J. B. et al., 1977. Fundamentals of Horticulture. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
6. Fred. W. Briggs and Knorotes, P.F. 1967. Introduction to Plant Breeding. Reinhold Publishing
Corporation. New York.
7. Khan and Khan. 1994. Biostatistics. Vikas Publising House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
8. Mandal, A. K. 2000. Advances in Plant Breeding. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New
Delhi.
9. Manibhushan Rao. K. 1991. Text book of Horticulture. Macmillan India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
10. Panse and Sukhatme. 1992. Statistical Methods for Agricultural workers. ICAR, New Delhi.
11. Singh, B. D. 1999. Plant Breeding. Kalyani publishers , New Delhi.
12. Steel and Torrie, 1986. Principles and Procedures of Statistics with special reference to
Biological Sciences.
References
1. Brown, C. M. 1987. Introduction to Biotechnology. Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford, London.
2. Brown, C.M. Campbell, I. and Priest, F.G. 1990. Introduction to Biotechnology.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.
3. Brown, T.A. 1999. Genomes. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
4. Chawla, H.S. 2000. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH Publishing
Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
5. Dixon, R.A. and Gonzales, R. A. (Eds.) 1994. Plant Cell Culture - A Practical
Approach. Oxford University Press, New York.
6. Gamborg, O.L and Phillips, G.C. 1998. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Culture. 1998.
Narosa Publishing House, NewDelhi.
7. Griffiths el al., 1999. Modern Genetic Analysis. W.H. Freeman & Co. New York.
8. Gupta, P.K. 1999. Elements of Biotechnology. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
9. Jefrey. M.. Backer el al., 1996. Biotechnology- A Laboratory Course. Academic
Press, New York.
10 Keshav Trehan, 1991. Biotechnology. Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi.
11. Kumar, H.D. 2000. Modern concepts of Biotechnology. Vikas Publishing House Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi.
12. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B 1983. Principles of Gene Manipulation. Blackwell
Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.
13. Old R.W. and Primrose. S.B. 1986. An introduction to Genetic Engineering.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.
14. Pamela Peters. 1993. Biotechnology-Aguide to Genetic Engineering. Wim.C Brown
Publishers, USA.
15. Primrose, S.B. 1989. Modern Biotechnology. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford, London.
16. Thomas R. Mertins and Robert. L. Hammorsmith. 1998. Genetics a Loboratory
Investigation.
17. Thorpe, T.A. 1981. Plant Tissue Culture Academic Press, London.
18. Trivedi, P.C. (Ed.) 2000. Plant Biotechnology - Recent Advances. Panima
Publishing Co. New Delhi.
20. Wulf Crueger and Anneliese Crueger. 2000. Biotechnology - A Text book of
Industrial Microbiology.
SEMESTER IV
Practical
1. Practicals involving preparation of media, principles of isolation, pure culturing
aspects and maintenance of culture.
2. Methods of study : Hanging drops, differential staining - gram and acid fast.
3. Symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria-Rhizobium.
4. Bacterial analysis of water- testing for coliforms
B. BIOPHYSICS
1. Vander Vaal’s electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. Concepts
of free energy, Thermodynamic principles in Biology.
2. Principles and applicationsof light and electron microscopy, bright field phase
contrast, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cytophotometry,
flowcytometry, micrometry, camera lucida, photo micrography.
3. Principle and applications of Gel filtration Ion exchange and affinity chromatography,
High performance liquid chromatography; Electrophoresis, Electro focusing,ultra
centrifugation.
4. Principles of biophysical methods used for analysis of biopolymers: X-ray
diffraction; fluorescence; UV visible, IR.NMR, ESR, Spectroscopy, Atomic absorption
spectroscopy.
5. Principles and applications of tracer techniques in biology. Radiation dosimetry,
Radioactive isotopes; Autoradiography, Cernkov radiation, ORD/CD, hydrodynamic
methods, plasma emission spectroscopy,liqued scintillation.
Practicals
Students are expected to get a good exposure on all the devices used in modern analytic
methods by conducting study trips to research organisations and present a report.
C. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1. Central dogma of Molecular Biology- Nucleic acids and proteins.
2. Molecular structure of proteins, protein folding, domains inproteins, cloning strategy
for proteins, site directed mutagenesis for protein studies.
3. Molecular mechanism of Nitrogen fixation - Nitrate reductase - nif genes and
Nodulation genes (Nod) in Azotobacter and Rhizobia. Genetic regulation of Nitrogen
fixation
4. Molecular mechanism of photosynthesis, light and dark reaction ofphotosynthesis,
regulation in nuclear and chloroplast gene expression, mitochondrial genome organisation
and function.
5. Molecular biology of various natural stresses viz drought, cold and salt in plants.
6. Structural polymorphism of DNA, RNA and three dimensional structure of tRNA.
Practicals
Molecular Biology
1. Separation of chlorophyll proteins and whole soluble proteins using SDS PAGE
2. Extraction and isolation of nucleic acids from leaf tissue
3. Estimation of DNA by diphenyl amine method
4. Estimation of RNA by orcinol method
5. Agarosegel electrophoresis - fractionation and staining of DNA
Biophysics
1. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of amino acids
2. Absorption spectra and estimation of pigments
3. Separation of pigments by column chromatography
4. Separation of alkaloids by TLC
5. Separation of subcellular particles by sucrose density gradient centrifugation.
References
Microbiology
1. Atlas, M. and Bartha, R. 2000. Microbial Ecology. Addison Wesley Longmann, Inc.
New York.
2. Black, J.G.; 1999. Microbiology - Principles and Explorations. Prentice Hall, New
Jersey.
3. Brock, T.D. 1996. Biology of Micro-organisms. Prentice Hall.
4. Casida, L.E. 1997. Industrial Microbiology. New Age International Publishers. New
Delhi.
5. Dubey, R.C. and Maheswari, D.K. 2000. A Text Book of Microbiology. S Chand &
Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
6. Ivan Roitt.1997. Essential Immunology. Black well Science Ltd. London.
7. Kumar, H.D. and Swati Kumar, 1999. Modern Concepts of Microbiology. Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
8. Lydyard, P.M. el al., 1999. Instant notes in immunology. Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi.
9. Madigan, T.Martinko, M. and Parker, J. 1997. Prentice Hall. London.
10. Mathew, R.E.F. (1981). Plant Virology. Academic Press,
11. Nicklin, J el al;, 1999. Instant notes in Microbiology. Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi.
12. Pelezar, M.J. Chan, E.C.S and Kreig, N.R. 1993. Microbiology-Concepts and
Applications. McGraw Hill, Inc. New York.
13. Stainer, R. Y. et al.; 1990. The Microbial World. Prentice Hall.
14. Wulf Crueger and Anneliese Crueger. 2000. Biotechnology - A Text book of
Industrial Microbiology
Biophysics
1. Casey, E.J. Biophysics:Concepts and Mechanics.
2. Daniel, M. 1999. Basic Biophysics for Biologists. Agro Botanica, Bikaner.
3. David Freifielder. Physical Biochemistry - Application to Biochemistry and
Molecular biology.
4. F.M.Slayter. Optical Methods in Biology. Wiley Inter Science.
5. Narayanan, P. Essentials of Biophysics. 2000. New Age International Publishers,
New Delhi.
6. Roy, R.N.1999. A Text Book of Biophysics. New Central Book Agency(P) Ltd.,
Calcutta.
7. Water Hoppe, Wolfgang Lohmann, Hubert Markl and Hubert Zieghr (Eds.) 1983.
Biophysics. Springer Verlag, New York.
Molecular Biology
1. David Freifelder, 1985. Essentials of Molecular Biology. Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi.
2. David T. Dennis and David H. Trurpin (Eds.) 1993. Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology. Longmann Scientific and Technical. Singapore.
3. De Robertis and De Robertis 1998. Cell and Molecular Biology. B.I. Waverly Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi.
4. Gerald Karp. 1999. Cell and Molecular Biology - Concepts and Experiments. John Wiley
and Sons. Inc. New York.
5. Kumar, H.D. 1999. Molecular Biology. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi.
6. Lewin, B. 2000 Genes VII. Oxford University Press. New York.
7. Lodish, et al.; 2000. Molecular and Cell Biology. W.H. Freeman & C0. New York.
8. Mahiga, P. Klessing, D.F. Cashmore, A.R. Grinssen, W. and Varner, J.E. (1995). Methods in
Plant Molecular Biology - A Laboratory Course - Manual. CSHL Press. New York.
9. Singer, M and Berg, P. (1991). Genes and Genomes. Black well Scientific Publications,
Oxford, London.
10. Thomas R. Mertins and Robert. L. Hammorsmith. 1998. Genetics a Laboratory
Investigation, Prentice Hall, New Jersy.
11. Turner, P.C. et al., 1999. Instant notes in Molecular Biology. Viva Books Pvt td. New
Delhi.
12. Twymann, R.M. 1999. Advanced Molecular Biology. Viva Books Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.
13. Watson. J.S. (1990). Molecular Biology of the Gene. Benjamin, Sydney.
14. William D. Stansfield et al;, 1996. Schaun’s out line of theory and jproblems of Molecular
and Cell biology. McGraw Hill, New York.
9. Techniques and applications of cell and tissue culture. Hybridomas, monoclonal and
polyclonal antibodies - site directed mutagenesis, cell culture for vaccine production.
10. New methods for diagnosis of geneticdiseases, RFLP, gene therapy,germline and somatic
cell gene therapy.
11. Animal clonig, animal pharming
12. Techniques, isolation of genomic and orgnelle DNA, RNA and proteins, detection of gene of
interest. Restriction digestion, cohesive and blunt end ligation, kinkers, adaptors and
homopolymer tailing. Blot hybridizations, Southern, Western, Northern and Dot blots,
Colony and plaque hybridization Restriction maping RFLP, Synthesis of probes, Transposon
tagging, Random primer methods, cDna and synthetic probes.
13. cDNA technology, Reverse tanscriptase, cDNA synthesis.
14. DNA cloning strategies, Vectors of cloning, plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, phasmids, coli
phages, M13 X 174, Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) and yeast aritificial
chromosomes (YAC). Shotgun cloning, in vitro packaging, DNA libraries (genomic and
cDNA). Seuencing strategies, Selection of recombinants - use of selectable markers and
reporter genes in plants and animals.
15. PCR and its derivatives LCR, RTPCR and other derivatives of PCR, RAPD, AFLP.
Thermocycler, use in amplification, sequencing. DNA chips - micro arrays.
V Gene transfer
16. Direct: Ca-PEG, Liposome, Pollentube, microinjection, electroporation, and
microprojectiles (Biolistics) mediated gene transfers.
17. Vector mediated Agrobacterium - Ti plasmids, Ri plamids, T DNA, vir regulation and
expression, disarmed plasmids, chimaeric selectable markers (35s / NPT II/nos), co-
cultivation, CaMV, Gemini Viruses Agroinfection) TMV, SV40, Bovine papilloma viruses,
vaccinia viruses, baculo viruses, retro viruses.
Practicals
1. Micropropagation of ornamentals / medicinal plants using shoot tips and nodal
segments.
2. Callus culture and organogenesis, suspension culture.
3. Anther culture experiments
4. Encapsulation of embryos using sodium alginate.
5. DNA isolation - genomic and plasmid.
6. Electrophoresis of pkroteins and DNA
7. Restriction digestion and ligation using kits (Demonstration only)
8. Agrobacteruim tumefaceans and arhizogenes mediated genetic transformations for tumour
and hairy root induction.
9. Students have to submit two live tissue cultured materials of 1 & 2 and a detailed record of
laboratory work done
10. A ckompulsory report of visit of a reputed biotechnology lab and its mandatory research
programmes.
References
1. Bajaj Y.P.S (ed).Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Springer - Verlag, Berlin.
2. Benjamin Lewin. Genes VII. Oxford University Press, London.
3. Chopra V.L. Malik. V.S., and Bhat S.R. (eds.), 1999 Applied Plant Biotechnology. Oxford
and IBH Publish;i;ng Co., New Delhi.
4. Epenetos, A.A. (ed)., 1991 Mjonoclonal antibodies: Applications in Clinical Onchology.
Chapman and Hall. Medical. London.
5. Glick, B.R. and Pastemak J.J. 1994. Molecular Biotechnology - Principles and Applications
of Recombinant DNA. Asna Press.
6. Glick, B.R.; and J.J. Pasternak. 1994. Molecular Biotechnology:Principles and applications
of Recombinant DNA. Asna Press, Herndm, V.A.
7. Jack G. and Chirikjian (ed.) 1995. Biotechnology - Theory and Techniques Volume I & II.
Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Boston, London.
8. Mantell S.H., Matthews J.A., McKee R.A. 1985. Principles of Plant Biotechnology.
Blackwell Scientific.
9. Morris. P., Scragg A.H., Stafford A. And Fowller M. 1986. Secondary ;Metabolism in plant
cell cultures. Cambridge University Press.
10. Old R.W and Primrose S.B. Principles of Gene Manipulation, An introduction to Genetic
Engineering. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.
11. Primrose S.B. Modern Biotechnology., Blackwell scientific Publications. Oxford ,
London.
12. Purohit S.S. 1999. Biotechnology - Fundamentals and Applications. 3rd edn. Agrobios,
Jodhpur.
13. Reinert, j. and Bajaj Y.P.S. 1977. Applied and Fundamental Aspects of plant cell, Tissue and
Organ culture. Springer - verlag, Berlin.
14. Thorpe T.A. 1981. Plant Tissue Culture. Academic Press - New York.
15. Walker, JM and Gingold, E.B. (Eds) 1993. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (III
edition). The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.
16. Walker, J.M. and Gingold, E.B. (eds.) 1993. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (3rd
edn.). The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.
17. Watson J.D. Gilman. J., Witkowski and Zoller. M 1992. Recomb;inant DNA 2nd Edn.
Freeman, New York.
18. Watson J.D. M. Gilman, J. Witkowski; and M. Zoller 1992. Recombinant DNA, 2nd
Ed;Freeman, New York.
19. Yeoman. 1977. Plant cell culture technology. Black well Scientific publications,
Oxford.
1. To find out primary production in the given water sample by using light and dark bottles.
2. Estimation of phosphate and n;itrite in the water samkples.
3. Estimation of hardness and salinity in the water samples.
4. Quantification of the planktons, present in the given two water samples.
5. Analysis of major elements (Na, K, Ca and Fe) of water samples.
6. Anfalysis of chlorophyll pigments in water.
7. Elemental analysis (Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe) of plant samples.
8. Study of morphological, anatomical, ecological, cytological or elemental analysis of a few
plant samples of different hfabitats (not less than five) plants and any two parameters from
an environmentally significant area.
9. Visit to any environmental hot spot area and submit a report.
References
1. Aaradhana P.s. (ed.)1998, Environmental Management. Rajat Publications, Delhi.
2. Ambasht, R.S. and Ambasht, N.K., 1996. A Text book of Plant Ecology. Students Friends
and Co. Varanasi.
3. Burdon, J.J. 1987. Diseases and Plant Population Biology, Edward Amold.
4. Chhatwal G.R. et.al., 1989. Environmental Analysis (Air, Water and Soil). Anmol
Publications Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi.
5. Crawford R.M.M (ed) 1986. Plant life in aquatic and amphibian habitats, Black Well Sci.
6. De Kok, L.J. and Stulen, I (eds.). 1998. Responses of Plant Metabolism to air pollution and
Global change. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
7. Grace, J. et al., 1981. Plants and their atmospheric environment. Black Well Sci.
8. Jeffrey D.W. 1987. Soil Plant Relationship an ecological approach. Croom Helm.
9. Jones H.G. 1983. Plants and microclimate: a quantitative approach to environmental Plant
Physiology. Cambridge University Press.
10. Karla Y.P. 1998. Hand book of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis. CRC Press New
York.
11. Kershaw K.A. and Looney J.H.H. 1985. Quantitative and dynamic Plant Ecology. M.
Satake et al., 1997. Environmental Toxicology. Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi.
12. Mhohan, I., 1989. Environmental Pollution and Management. Ashish Publishing House,
New Delhi.
14. Naskar, K. and Mandal, R. 1999. Ecology and Biodiversity of Indian Mangroves. Daya
Publishing House, Delhi - 110035.
15. Odum E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders and Co.
16. Park, C. 1997. The Environment. Principles and Applications. Routledge London and New
York.
17. Reeve R.N., 1994. Environmental Analysis. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
18. Trivedi, R.K., Goel P.K. and Trisal C.L. 1987. Practical Methods in Ecology and
Environmental Science. Enviro Media Publications, Karad (India)
Practicals
1. Somatic and meiotic chromosome study in selected polyploid and aneuploid, autopolyploid eg: Musa
Crinum
2. Allopolyploid – polypoid seies in Chlorophytum C. heyneanum (2x=2n=14), C. comosurm (4x=2n=28)
C. malabaicum or C. orchedastrum (6x=2n=42)
3. Induction of polyploidy using Colchicine in selected plants
4. Cytological and morphological analysis of the Colchiploids
5. Meiotic study in Rhoea discolor (translocation).
6. Chromosome bdan ding-G-banding.
References
1. Ambrose E.J. and Easty D.M. 1980. Cell Biology – 3rd edition Vikas Publication. Delhi.
2. Bernard John. 1990. Developmental and Cell Biology series. Cambridge University Press.
3. Bungo Wada. 1975. Mechanism of meiosis. Cytologia .50:927-941.
4. Christopher Hutchison and David M. Glover 1995 (Eds). Cell cycle control. IRL Press. Oxford
University Press. Oxford. New York.
5. Du Praw E.J. 1970. Cell and Molecular Biology 3 Volumes. Academic Press. London.
6. Heinz Hemmann 1989. Cell Biology. An enquiry into the nature of the living state, Harper and Row
publishers New York.
7. Jurgen Schalz-Schaeffer 1980. Cyto genetics – Plants, Animals, Humans. Springer – Verlag. New
York.
8. Lima-de-faria. A. 1969. Hand book of Molecular Cytology North Holland Pub. Co. Amsterdam.
9. Norman S. Cohn 1969. Elements of Cytology II Ed. Harcourt, Brace and world inc.
10. Sharma D.K. and Sharma A. (Eds.) 1985. Advances in chromosomes and cell genetics. Oxford and
IBH Publishing Co., 66 Janpath, New Delhi.
11. Sharma. T. (Ed) 1990. Trends in Chromosome Research. Springer – Verlag Narosa Publishing Home.
Panchsheel Park. New Delhi.
12. Stebbins, G.L. 1950. Variation and evolution in higher plants. Columbia Univ. Press. New York.
13. Stebbins, G.L. 1971. Chromosomal Evolution in higher plants. Addition Werley, Pub. Co. London.
14. Swanson, C.P., T. Merz and W.J. Young, 1967. Cytogenetics. Prentice – Hall, inc., Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersy.
15. Sybenga, J. 1972. General Cytogenetics. North-Holland / American Elsevier Co., New York.
16. Sybenga. J. 1975. Meiotic configurations. Springer-Verlag, New York.
17. Water V. Brown. 1972. Text Book of Cytogenetics. The C.V. Mas Company, Saint Louis.
PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Metabolic pool of the cell, Structure, metabolism and functions of primary metabolites – carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
2. Primary metabolic pathways and their interrelationships.
3. Primary metabolite conjugates, structure and function – glycolipids, glycoproteins, metalloproteins
(Cytochromes, leghaemoglobin), nucleoproteins – RNPs and DNPs. Protein DNA interactions,
Hormone DNA interactions.
4. Secondary metabolites, relevance, major secondary metabolites (Alkaloids, Phenolics, Terpenoids,
Cyanogenic compounds etc.), biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites and their
interrelationships, regulation of secondary metabolism.
5. Enzyme engineering for increased secondary metabolite production.
6. Links between primary and secondary metabolic pathways.
ENZYMOLOGY
Practicals
1. Isolation, partial purification and estimation of specific activity of plant enzyme – Poly phenol oxidase,
malate dehydrogenase.
2. Isoenzyme analysis and preparation of Zymogram.
3. Separation of enzyme proteins by Native PAGE.
References
1. Adams R.L.P, Knowler J. T. Leader D.P. 1986. The Biochemistry of the nucleic acids, 10 th ed.
Chafman and Hall.
2. Burdan R.H. Knippenbergh P.H. (editors). 1989. Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
2nd ed, Elsevier.
3. Fersht. A:1985. Enzyme structure and mechanism, 2nd ed. Freeman.
4. Gennis R.B. 1989. Biomembranes: Molecular structure and function. Springer verlag.
5. Gurr M.I, Harwood J.L:1991. Lipid Biochemistry: An Introduction 4th ed. Chapman and Hall.
6. Vance D.E; Vance J.E. (editors): 1991 Biochemistry of lipids, lipo proteins and membranes. Elsevier.
1. Scope and prospects of Reproductive Biology. Different types of reproduction. Vegetative and sexual
in lower and higher forms
2. Floral Biology – Primary and secondary attractants (both morphological and physiological) that favours
reproduction, inhibitors and stimulants
3. Pollen biology – Ultrastructural, cytochemical, physiological and biochemical aspects of anther and
pollen development. Cytophysiological studies of pollen based on its pollination ecology. Pollen
proteins, Isolation of receptive proteins (RP) and its role in pre and post pollination phase. Proximal
composition of biotic and abiotic pollen. Pollen exudates and characterization. Pollen storage, viability
and germination. Pollen leachates and pollen allergy. Aeropalynology, pollen calender, ornamentation,
relation to taxonomy.
4. Pollination biology – Morphological, biochemical and ecological aspects of pollination. Surface
characteristics, Ultra structure and function of stigma and style, cytophysiological correlations of pollen
and stigmatic exudates. Biochemical changes of in sity and in vitro pollination. Physiology of stylar
movement of pollen tubes. Natural and chemical inhibitors of pollen growth. Ultrastructural studies on
pollen tube growth in pistil Stigmatic proteins, recognition and dejection mechanism of intraspecific
and unilateral compatibility and incongruity, methods to overcome incompatibility. Molecular basis of
sterility. Role of biotic components organization.
5. Biology of ovule – development, types, reduction, nutrition. Ovular morphology in elation to pollen
tube growth and fertilization. Ovular control of embryo development, type of embryos, ultrastructure
of its components, synergid and antipodal haustoria, nutrition of embryo sac in relation to taxonomy.
6. Fertilisation and post fertilization – Fertilisation events, role of synergids, filiform apparatus,
heterospermy, differential behaviour of male gametes, discharge and movement of sperms, ultrastructure
of fertilization, syngamyand triple fusion, post fertilization, metabolic and structural changes in the
embryosac
7. Endosperm – Classification, types, ultrasturcture, cellularization in nuclear endosperm, endosperm
haustoria, their extension and persistence physiological significance storage metabolites, biochemical
transformation and mobilization of starchy and fatty endosperm.
8. Fruit and seed – Post fertilization changes leading to fruit development and ripening, parthenocarpy,
induction of seedless fruits. Physiology of seed/grain development – growth patterns – sigmoid and
double sigmoid curves – phases of growth, role off pericarps (Hull) seed coats and lag leaf in seed/grain
development. Biosynthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, RNA during seed/grain development.
9. Morphology and anatomy of seeds: Exomorphic character, Gross internal morphology, development and
structure of seed coat in main groups of angiosperms, classification of seeds on seed coat characters,
identification and structure of seeds of important field crops and their seeds.
10. Seed storage and classification: Characteristics of orthodox and recalcitrant seeds, principles and
methods of safe seed storage, type of storage structure, factors affecting storage life, effects of storage
environments on seed longevity, seed deterioration in storage and its control, gene banks.
11. Physiology of seed germination: Seed maturation, food reserves, imbibition, mobilization of food
reserves, germination and growth factors affecting germination.
12. Biochemistry of seed germination: Primary/early biochemical events of germination, Appearance and
role of proteases, amylases and lipases in hydrolyzing stored food materials in storage organs.
Mobilization of hydrolyzed products to the growing embryonal axis/seedling.
13. Seed dormancy and longevity: dormancy – significance, types, control and release of dormancy,
longevity – life span of seed, factors affecting longevity, biochemical and cytological effects or
longevity.
14. Seed industry in India, Agencies responsible for achieving self-reliance in production and Improved
crop seeds produced in India
15. Quarantine for seed : History and importance, Principles of quarantine regulations and their application,
implications of permissible tolerances, phytosanitary certificates plant quarantine in India.
Practicals
References
M.Sc. Botany
Semester – I
Paper BO 211. PHYCOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY
Time 3 hrs. Max. Marks 75
Draw diagrams wherever necessary
III. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words
IV. Answer the following questions in not more than 250 words.
21. a. What life Cycle? Describe the various types of life cycle in Algae
or
b. Give an account on the economic importance of Algae.
Semester – I
15. a. What are the morphological interpretations of the “Collar” of Ginkgo ovule?
Or
b. What is “Dictyoxylon cortex”? Where do you find it?
III. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.
IV. Answer the following questions in not more than 250 words.
Semester – I
III. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.
17 a. Explain the different types of nodes and add a note on its anatomical significance.
Or
b. What is the economic significance of wood extractives?
22. a. How a phase contrast microscope is different from an ordinary compound microscope.
Or
b. Briefly describe cell fractionation
IV. Answer the following questions in not more than 250 words
23. a. With the help of suitable diagrams explain the process of fertilization by giving emphasis to the
different factors of incompatibility.
Or
b. Explain the principle and processing techniques of detection and localization of primary metabolites in
cell systems.
24. a. Describe the anatomical significance of root stem transition in dicots.
Or
b. Give an account of the role of cambia and their derivatives in tissue differentiation.
Semester - II
Paper. BO 221. TAXONOMY, ECONOMIC BOTANY AND ETHNOBOTANY
Time 3 hrs Max. Marks. 75
Semester – II
15. a. Why does DNA with a high A-T content have a lower transition temperature (Im) than DNA with a
high G-C content
or
b. Give a concise account of the oxidation of fatty acids
5X2 = 10
19. a. Describe the metabolic changes taking place during seed germination.
Or
b. Give a concise account of the florigen concept
20. a. What are channel proteins and what role do they play in nutrient uptake.
Or
What are oligosaccharides? Briefly explain their role in plant growth
24. a. The fidelity of protein synthesis is assured twice during protein synthesis. How and when?
Or
b. What are allosteric enzymes? Discuss their significance in plant metabolism and add a note on their
mechanism of action.
2X10=20 marks.
Semester – II
1. Endemism
2. Green house gases
3. Continental shelf
4. Littoral zone
5. Smog
6. Biofertilizers
7. Ecological Biche
8. BOD
9. Gross Primary Productivity
10. Basis of natural selection
10X1= 10 marks
Answer the following questions in not more than 50 words.
21. a. What is air pollution? Describe certain recent methods to control the air pollution.
or
b.Write an account of the habitat conditions, flora and fauna of any Indian desert.
23. a. Write an account of the causes of energy crisis and discuss the various non-conventional sources to
overcomes this crisis.
or
b. Explain the role of polyploidy in evolution.
3X10=30 marks.
Semester – III
1)Name the gene interaction involving two different genes of the same metabolic pathway.
2)Name the type of interference involved a quantitative character with an F2 frequency of 1/64 for
one parental type.
3)Mention the function of NOR
4)Name a method other than molecular cloning to produce multiple copies of a DNA segment.
5)What are negative supercoils
6)Mention the importance ofOenothera lamarkiana
7)What are the functional differences between facultative and constitutive heterochromatin
8)What are lethal mutants ?
9)Define Sn RNA.
10)What is homeo box?
12. a. What are the differences between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell .
or
b. Explain the mode of organization of nucleolus
13.a. Compare B- DNA with Z- DNA.
Or
b. Write a note on F2 segregation in polyhybrid crosses.
15. a. Describe any two diseases caused by defects in the DNA repair system .
or
b. Explain the molecular assembly of the replication forks.
16 a. Explain the chemical composition and structure of ribosomes with special reference on different
forms
of rRNA.
or
b.With the help of suitable diagrams explain the process of crossing-over.
17. a. What is non-disjunction? Explain the impact of non-disjunction in meiotic cells.
or
b. Briefly explain the contribution of Me Clintok to cytology
18.a. Write a note on allelic concept with special reference to multiple alleles.
Or
b. Explain how the linkage map of a chromosome can be constructed with the help of three point test
crosses.
19. a. Describe the steps in RNA processing and its importance in the gene expression of eukaryotes.
Or
b. Out line the different blotting techniques and their applications.
20. a. Describe the different methods of gene therapy citing examples.
or
b. Explain the stucture of synaptonemal complex.
23. a. Explain the methods of cell recognition, cell adhesion and contact inhibition.
or
b. Write an account on the role of nucleus in cell metabolism.
24. a. Briefly describe the classical and molecular methods of gene mapping in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
Or
b. How the gene regulation in eukaryotes differ from that in prokaryotes.
2X10=20 marks.
Semester – III
12. a. Briefly explain the different types of inoculation methods adopted during crossing.
Or
b. Give a brief account of parthenogenesis.
III. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.
18. a. Define heterosis. What are the various genetic and physiologic basis of heterosis.
Or
b. Mention the importance of heterosis in plant breeding.
19. a. Define mutation breeding. Briefly explain the different types of mutagens.
Or
b. Briefly mention the steps in the transfer of disease of resistance gene to an appropriate background.
21. a. Describe the different types of fungicides and pesticides used in a nursery.
Or
b. Explain the different types of cultural practices adopted in horticulture
IV. Answer the following questions in not more than 250 words.
Semester – III
16. a. Explain how virus free plants can be produced by tissue culture .
or
b. How plant cells can be transformed by virus mediated gene transfer
22. a. How genomic DNA is isolated from plant cells. Give the details of any one method.
Or
b. Biolistic method of transgenesis.
5X7=35 marks.
IV. Answer the following questions in not more than 250 word
24. a . Describe transgenesis and its applications in the production of genetically modified organisms
and GMF.
Or
b. Explain how the modern DNA technologies are applied in lhigh-tech plant biotechnology.
2X10=20 marks.
Semester – IV
III. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.
17. a. Enumerate the microbiological events occur during sewage treatment and disposal.
Or
b. Briefly explain the antigen antibody reaction.
18. a. Explain the principle and application of electron spin resonance spectroscopy.
Or
b. Describe the principle of NMR spectroscopy.
19. a. Briefly describe the principle and measurements of radioactivity of liquid scintillation counting .
or
b. Explain the ionization potential and electorn affinity
20. a. Explain the role of chloroplast DNA (chDNA) andmitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
or
b. Fibrous proteins and globular proteins
25. a. How does the life cycle of a temperate bacteriophage differ from that of retro viruses.
Or
b. Explain the principle, procedure and application of isoelectrofocussing
5. Sri. N. Ravi,
Verbena, Munadakkal Middle,
Kollam – 691001
6. Dr. Omankumari,
Professor, Department of Botany,
University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.
7. Dr. T. Gangadevi,
Head. Dept. of Botany,
University College, Thiruvananthapuram.
8. Sri. P. N. Muraleedharan,
Sel. Gr. Lecturer in Botany,
S. N. College, Kollam.