Machine #6

Question 1:

Dimension of specimens

Table 1. Dimension of Specimens

　 Length L(in) Width w(in) Thickness d(in)

Aluminum 2.169 0.527 0.148
Steel 2.118 0.492 0.150

Table 2. Scale in Percent for X and Y axis for Specimens

　 X Y
Aluminum 10% 20%
Steel 10% 50%
0.01 inch displacement in specimen corresponds to Q inches change in X direction on
the plot chart, when the scale in percent for X axis is 10%. As measured, Q is 4.6
inches.

L  0.01 
strain     X  / L
L  Q 

 0.01 
For Aluminum    X  / 2.169  1.00  10 3 X
 4.6 

 0.01 
For Steel    X  / 2.118  1.03  10 3 X
 4.6 

Since our machine was #6,

Load = [(20,000 lbs)/(10 inches)*(Scale in Percent)/100%]*Y

For Aluminum, Load = [(20,000 lbs)/(10 inches)*(20%)/100%]*Y = 400*Y lbs

For Steel, Load = [(20,000 lbs)/(10 inches)*(50%)/100%]*Y = 1000*Y lbs

Stress σ = Load/ Area = Load/(w*d)

For Aluminium, σ= 400*Y/(0.527*0.148) = 5128*Y lb/in2 = 5.128*Y ksi

For Steel, σ= 1000*Y/(0.492*0.150) =13550*Y lb/in 2 = 13.55*Y ksi

Question 2

Mean

Max Load Slope

　
(lbs) (lbs/in)
Aluminum 2631.90 5.27*105
Steel 6842.91 1.75*106

Standard Deviation

Max Load Slope

　
(lbs) (lbs/in)
Aluminum 200.00 1.48*105
Steel 1373.96 5.58*105

Question 3
a) For our data, Young’s modulus can be found by taking the slope of our stress-
strain curve since Young’s modulus is E=σ/ε. This gives our data a Young’s modulus
value of 1.74*104 ksi for aluminum and 3.95*104 ksi for steel.

Taking E=σ/ε, and substituting σ = Load/ Area and =Displacement/Length gives

E=Load*length/(Area*Displacement). Because Load/Displacement is the slope of the
Load-Displacement graph, we can derive the group data’s Young’s modulus by
multiplying slope by l0/A0. From this, we get a Young’s modulus of 1.47*104 ksi for
aluminum and 5.02*104 ksi for steel.

b) Maximum stress can be found by dividing the maximum load by the cross-
sectional area lmax/ A0. For us, this gives about 34.6 ksi for aluminum and 106 ksi for
steel. In group data, it is 33.7 ksi for aluminum and 92.7 ksi for steel.

c) 32.31 ksi

d)

Discrepancy Values

Aluminum Steel

Max Stress 45-33.7=11.3 Ksi 50-92.7= -42.7 Ksi

Young’s Modulus 10-14.7=-4.7 Mpsi 30-50.02= -20.02 Mpsi

Yield Stress 40-.002(1.47*104)=10.6 Ksi 32-.002(5.02*104)= -68.4 Ksi

Variation of max load of aluminum:

Average value – 2631.9

Variation- ((2304.4-2631.9)2+(2768-2631.9)2+(2400-2631.9)2+(2584-
2631.9)2+(2363.7-2631.9)2+(2840-2631.9)2+(2864.7-2631.9)2+(2624.3-
2631.9)2+(2822-2631.9)2+(2747.7-2631.9)2)/9= 546,509.2 lbs

Variation Values

Aluminum Steel

Max Load 5.6*105 lbs 44543.29 lbs

Slope 3.4554*105 lbs/inch 2.39684 * 105 lbs/inch

Because these traits are all properties of the material and not dependent on minor
differences in cross-sectional area or length, these huge variances in data can only be
attributed to errors in measurement. These go beyond the 3% error of the machines,
however, so it must also be assumed that human error was involved to some degree.

Question 4

There were differences in how the steel and aluminum broke. When the aluminum
broke, it split down the middle diagonally, rather than in a straight line. Steel, on the
other hand, broke near the top and had a rather straight cut. It also made a louder
noise upon splitting.

Site of cut

Question 5

When thickness is doubled for a specimen, the section area is doubled. The yield
stress and maximum stress will not change, because they are properties that only
depend on the kind of material. Since the section area is doubled, according to the
definition of stress, the maximum load will be doubled. In elastic region, the stress-
strain relationship is: σ=E*ε, where E is Young’s Modulus which only depends on the
kind of material. As a result, the slope of stress v, strain will not change. Also: σ =
Load/(Section Area) = P/A, ε = (displacement)/ (Gauge Length) = (△L)/L. Substitute
these into stress-strain relationship, we get: P/A = E*(△L)/L. Rearrange it: P =
(A*E/L)*△L. Since A is doubled, the slope of load v. displacement is doubled.
Question 6

When length is doubled for a specimen, the yield stress and maximum stress will not
change, because they are properties that only depend on the kind of material. Since
the section area is not changed, according to the definition of stress, the maximum
load will not change. In elastic region, the stress-strain relationship is: σ=E*ε, where
E is Young’s Modulus which only depends on the kind of material. As a result, the
slope of stress v, strain will not change. Also: P = (A*E/L)*△L. Since L is doubled, the
slope of load v. displacement is halved.