FLUID MECHANICS

Fluid
• Fluids have the ability to flow (also described
as the ability to take on the shape of the
container)
• Include liquids, gases & plasmas
• Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids and the
forces on them
Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Statics

Fluid Dynamics
Hydromechanics

Hydrostatics
(Liquids at rest)

Hydrodynamics
(Liquids in motion)
HYDROSTATICS
 Buoyancy
• An object submerged in liquid feels an upward
force called buoyancy.
• The buoyancy force is exactly equal to the
weight of liquid displaced by the object.
• Objects sink if the buoyancy force is less than
their own weight.
 Archimedes’ Principle

• "Any object, wholly or

partly immersed in a
fluid, is buoyed up by a
force equal to the
weight of the fluid
displaced by the
object."
Buoyancy
Penggunaan Hukum Archimedes
untuk pengukuran volume benda
 Soal
1. Hitunglah volume benda tersebut!
2. Hitunglah densitas gliserin!
 Hydrometer
• Hydrometers (sometimes called areometers) are hollow
glass bodies with the shape of a buoy. Hydrometers are
designed with a volume to mass ratio in such a way that
the glass body will float at a certain depth in the liquid
under investigation. Depending upon the density of
that liquid the hydrometer will float at a higher or lower
position.The upper part of the hydrometer has a scale
for reading the nonsubmersed part of the floating glass
body.
 Hydrometer
• The nonsubmersed length of the hydrometer can be read
with the aid of a scale on the upper part of the
hydrometer. A weight at the bottom of the hydrometer
ensures that it will float in the liquid in a vertical
orientation.
• The scale can be calibrated directly in units of density or,
e.g. in concentration units. Hydrometers with special
scales are available for specific applications, such as for
sugar solutions (saccharimeter), alcohols (alcoholometer),
acids (acid hydrometer), Baum´e hydrometer for salt
solutions, milk (Quevenne lactometer), etc.
Hydrometer
Hydrometer
 Diffusion
• Diffusion  the process by which molecules spread
from areas of high concentration, to areas of low
concentration
• Osmosis  diffusion of water across a semi-permeable
membrane
Diffusion
Osmosis
PRESSURE
in LIQUIDS
PRESSURE
• The concept of pressure is
central to understanding how
fluids behave within themselves
and also how fluids interact
with surfaces, such as
containers.
• If you put a box with holes
underwater, pressure makes
water flow in from all sides.
• Pressure exerts equal force in
all directions in liquids that are
not moving.
 Properties of liquids and gases
• Gravity is one cause of
pressure because fluids
have weight.
• Air is a fluid and the
atmosphere of the Earth
has a pressure.
• The pressure of the
atmosphere decreases
with altitude.
 Properties of liquids and gases
• The pressure at any
point in a liquid is
created by the
weight of liquid
above that point.
 Pressure
• Tekanan = gaya yang bekerja per satuan luas

P=F/A

P = tekanan (Pa = N / m2)

F = gaya (N = kg m / s2)
A = luas (m2)
1 atm = 1,013 . 105 Pa  tekanan atmosfer normal
1 bar = 105 Pa
1 torr = 1 mm Hg = 133,322 Pa
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
 Pressure in Liquids

• The pressure at the same depth is the same

everywhere in any liquid that is not moving.
Pressure Density (kg/m3)
(Pa or N/m2)

P=ρgh Depth (m)

Strength of gravity
p = p0 + ρ . g . h (9.8 N/kg)
g = 9,80665 m/s2
 Contoh Soal
Suatu tangki silinder setinggi 3 m berisi susu skim (BJ
1,04). Tekanan pada titik tertinggi tangki adalah 75 kPa.
Berapa tekanan terbesar dalam tangki? Nyatakan
dalam Pa, atm dan cmHg.
Contoh Soal

Sebuah tabung U dg 2
ujungnya terbuka ke
atmosfer, diisi sebagian dg
air. Minyak dituangkan ke
satu sisi hingga berjarak d =
12,3 mm di atas permukaan
air di sisi lainnya. Kenaikan
permukaan air setinggi a =
67,5 mm dari tinggi semula.
Tentukan densitas minyak.
PRESSURE

Pascal’s P inciple
 Pascal’s Principle
Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is
transmitted undiminished to every portion of
the fluid and to the walls of the containing
vessel
 Hukum Pascal
Tekanan yang dikerjakan
pada fluida dalam bejana
tertutup diteruskan tanpa
berkurang ke semua
bagian fluida dan dinding
bejana

p = pext + ρ . g . h
 Contoh Soal
Lihat gambar di samping.
Tangki memiliki diameter
1,5 m, berisi air.
Jika F sebesar 50 N dan h
adalah 70 cm, berapakah
tekanan pada titik P ?
Nyatakan dalam Pa dan
torr
 Tekanan Uap (Vapor Pressure)
• Tekanan uap adalah tekanan suatu uap pada
kesetimbangan dengan fase bukan uap-nya
• Tekanan uap rendah  sulit menguap (sulit lepas
dari cairan, kurang volatil)  titik didih tinggi
• Tekanan uap tinggi  mudah menguap (lebih volatil)
 titik didih rendah
The vapor pressure of a liquid varies with its temperature, as
the following graph shows for water. The line on the graph
shows the boiling temperature for water.
 Kapilaritas
• Kapilaritas disebabkan oleh gaya kohesi
dan adhesi. Di dalam suatu tabung yang
dimasukkan ke dalam zat cair, jika kohesi
lebih kecil dari adhesi maka zat cair akan
naik. Jika kohesi lebih besar dari adhesi
maka zat cair akan turun.
• Mengapa minyak tanah dapat
merambat naik melalui sumbu kompor?
HYDRODYNAMICS
 General Characteristics of Fluid Flow
• Steady or nonsteady
– Pressure & velocity are constant in time  steady
• Compressible or incompressible
– Liquid  usually be considered as flowing incompressibly
(constant density)
• Viscous or nonviscous
– The greater the viscosity, the greater the external force or
pressure that must be applied to maintain the flow
• Rotational or irrotational
 The motion of ideal fluids : steady, incompressible, nonviscous,
irrotational  simplifies the mathematics of fluid dynamics &
is often a good approximation to the behavior of real fluids
Laminar & Turbulent Flow
Laminar & Turbulent Flow
 Friction
• A flow of syrup down
a plate shows that
friction slows the
syrup touching the
plate.
• The top of the syrup
moves fastest
because the drag
from friction
decreases away from
the plate surface.
 Equation of Continuity
• Mass flux = mass of fluid per unit time passing
through any cross section (P,Q) [kg/s]
• Mass flux at P = mass flux at Q
Law of conservation of mass

Incompressible fluid
R = A. v = constant
R = volume flow rate = volume flux [m3/s]
 Equation of Continuity
Mass flux at P = ρ1 . A1 . v1
Q
V2 Mass flux at Q = ρ2 . A2 . v2
Mass flux at P = mass flux at Q
P

V1 ρ1 . A1 . v1 = ρ2 . A2 . v2
A2 ρ . A . v = konstan
A1
 Contoh Soal 1
Minyak sawit mengalir dengan kecepatan 2,5 m/s
dalam pipa d=35cm. Berapa lama waktu yang
dibutuhkan untuk memperoleh 1600 m3 minyak?
Contoh Soal 2

1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
 Contoh Soal 3
Parit 1
Lebar 40 cm
Plant A Plant B Dalam 15 cm
Laju 0,12 m/s
1 2
Parit 2
Lebar 35 cm
3 Dalam15 cm
Laju 0,13 m/s

Parit 3
Waste Water Lebar 50 cm
Treatment Laju 0,15 m/s
Dalam ?
 Contoh Soal 4
Air bergerak dengan kecepatan 5 m/s melalui pipa
dengan luas penampang 4,2 cm2. Bagian pipa
selanjutnya memiliki luas penampang 7,6 cm2. Berapa
kecepatan alir air pada pipa tersebut?
 Energy in fluids

• The total energy of a small mass of fluid is equal

to its potential energy from gravity (height) plus
its potential energy from pressure plus its kinetic
energy.
 Energy in fluids

• The law of conservation

of energy is called
Be noulli’s e uation
when applied to a fluid.
• Be noulli’s e uation says
the three variables of
height, pressure, and
speed are related by
energy conservation.
Bernoulli's Equation
 Contoh Soal
Susu (BJ = 1,035) dialirkan melalui sebuah pipa, dengan
R = 30,4 L/s
Input Output
r 2,5 cm 6 cm
h 10 cm 11,5 m
P 50 kPa ?
 Venturi Effect
• The Venturi effect  the reduction in fluid pressure that
results when a fluid flows through a constricted section
of pipe
• Fluid's velocity increase as it passes through a
constriction (the principle of continuity), while its
pressure decrease (the principle of conservation of
energy)
• Any gain in kinetic energy due to its increased velocity
through a constriction is negated by a drop in pressure
 Venturi Effect
• An equation for the drop in pressure due to the Venturi
effect may be derived from a combination of Bernoulli's
principle and the continuity equation
Venturi Effect
 Contoh aplikasi
di bidang pangan (1)
Thermal process
• Pengaturan tekanan dalam proses sterilisasi
• Proses pengolahan pangan dengan tekanan
• Pengaturan kecepatan dalam proses sterilisasi dan
pertukaran panas di dalam pipa
Transfer & storage
• Penentuan kekuatan tangki terhadap tekanan untuk
penyimpanan bahan tertentu
• Transfer bahan cair melalui pipa & pompa
• Prinsip kerja pipet
 Contoh aplikasi
di bidang pangan (2)
Packaging
• Pengujian daya tahan kemasan produk dengan
tekanan
• Penggembungan kemasan snack untuk melindungi
produk dari kerusakan fisik
Sortation
• Pemisahan secara sedimentasi & sentrifugasi
• Sortasi dengan prinsip pengapungan