SECTION2

CLASSIFICATION OF
ENGINEERING
SERVICES
 2.1 GENERAL

Services provided by Civil Engineers can be grouped into

five broad categories:

1.Consultations, research, investigations and reports.

2.Design services for construction projects.
3.Construction services.
4.Special services for construction projects.
5.Engineering support services.
6.Academic services.
7.Services as Employee.
The types of infrastructure under the domain of civil
engineering, pursuant to RA 544, as amended, include:

1.Streets, bridges, highways and railroads

2.Airports and hangars
3.Port works, canals, river and shore improvements,
light houses and dry docks
4.Buildings
5.Fixed structures for irrigation, flood protection,
drainage, water supply and sewerage works
6.Tunnels
 2.2 CONSULTATIONS, RESEARCH,
INVESTIGATIONS AND REPORTS

Services provided by Civil Engineers can be grouped into

five broad categories:

1.Consultations, research, investigations and reports.

2.Design services for construction projects.
3.Construction services.
4.Special services for construction projects.
5.Engineering support services.
6.Academic services.
7.Services as Employee.
 2.2.1 PRELIMINARY AND FEASIBILITY
INVESTIGATIONS AND REPORTS

These services usually precede the authorization of a

capital project and may involve extensive investigations,
analyses of conditions, and comparison of several
possible plans.
 2.2.2 PLANNING STUDIES

These services may include the broad areas of

developing the engineering requirements of master
plans for long-range capital improvement programs;
preparation of preliminary engineering of land
development plans, urban plans, and regional plans; and
the investigation of environmental impact studies with
subsequent engineering planning to improve or maintain
existing conditions.
 2.2.3 APPRAISALS, VALUATIONS AND RATE STUDIES

These services may include investigations and analyses

of existing conditions; capital and operating costs;
overhead costs and costs of financing; and revenues as
needed to evaluate a property or to recommend
establishment or prospective rates.
 2.2.4 ASSISTANCE IN FINANCIAL MATTERS

The Civil Engineer may be engaged by a client who is

planning to issue bonds, particularly revenue bonds, to
finance a capital project. The scope of services may
include an evaluation of capabilities of existing or
proposed facilities to meet present and projected
failure needs, statements of probable construction
costs, and an estimate of annual revenue requirements,
with a determination of appropriate rates to provide this
income.
2.2.5 MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENT TESTS

These services include test of materials and equipment

under established codes and standards, specialized
examination of equipment and materials used in
construction and industry, and other inspections and
monitoring.
 2.2.6 DIRECT PERSONAL SERVICES

This includes services such as assistance in preparation

for legal proceedings. Appearances before courts or
commissions to render expert opinions and conclusions,
and investigations of technical matters where
specialized civil engineering knowledge, experience and
judgment is required.
 2.2.7 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Research is a specialized investigation and gathering of

data from existing resources or through laboratory
works and processes related to the purpose and object
of the research. Research and development may cover
the following:

1.Development of new construction materials and

methods from concept to commercialization
2.Improvement of construction materials and methods
through exhaustive studies to reduce total
construction cost and at the same time improve quality.
 2.2.8 SPECIAL SERVICES

1.Value engineering 2.Appraisal and valuation

3.Load testing 4.Environmental evaluations
5.Traffic engineering
6.Forensic engineering for structural and other failures
7.Operational assistance 8.Materials process design
9.Pilot studies 10.Computer modeling
11.Safety engineering
12.Topographic, sounding and boundary survey engineering
13.Toxic and hazardous waste evaluation
14.Permit and application services
15.Sales and marketing services

16.Expert witness
17.Representation of municipal or private entities in projects
proposed for privatization
 2.3 DESIGN SERVICES FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Six standard phases of a construction project and the

engineering services needed for each are:
1.Study and Report Phase. Analysis of the client’s needs,
conceptual design, conceptual opinions of probable construction
cost.
2.Preliminary Design Phase. Preparation of final design criteria,
preliminary drawings, outlines specifications, and preliminary
opinions of probable construction cost.
3.Final Design Phase. Preparation of design calculations,
construction drawings, specifications, estimated construction
cost, and other contract documents.
4.Bidding or Negotiating Phase. Assistance to the client with the
bidding or negotiating process for construction of the project.

5.Construction Phase. Advice and

Consultation on matters related to his services.
6.Operation Phase. Assistance to the client in start-up and
operation of the project, including periodic inspections.
 2.3.1 STUDY AND REPORT PHASE

Services performed during this phase may include:

1.Reviewing available data and consulting with the client to
clarify and define client’s requirements for the project.
2.Advising the client as to the necessity of providing or
obtaining from other additional data or services and
assisting the client in obtaining such data and services.
3.Identifying and analyzing requirements of governmental
authorities having jurisdiction to approve the design of the
project and participating in consultations w/ authorities.
4.Providing analyses of the client’s needs, planning surveys,
comparative evaluations of prospective sites and solutions.
5.Providing a general economic analysis of the client’s
Requirements
applicable to various alternatives.
6.Preparing a report and presenting alternative solutions
available to the client with the Civil Engineer’s findings and
recommendations.
 2.3.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN PHASE

Preliminary design services may include:

1.Consulting with the client, reviewing preliminary reports,
clarifying and defining the project requirements, reviewing
available data, discussing general scheduling.
2.Advising the client as to whether additional data or
services of the type described under the study and report
phase above are required and assisting the client in obtaining
such data and services.
3.Preparing preliminary design documents consisting of
final design criteria, preliminary drawings outline
specifications, and written descriptions of the project.
4.Preparing revised estimates of probable total project
costs.

5.Providing periodic status reports.

 2.3.3 FINAL DESIGN PHASE

1.Preparing construction drawings and specifications

showing the character and extent of the project based on
the accepted preliminary design documents.
2.Preparing and furnishing to the client a revised estimate
of probable total project costs based on the final drawings
and specifications.
3.Furnishing the necessary engineering data and assisting in
the application for regulatory permits from local, or
national authorities.
4.Preparing basic documents related to construction
contracts for review and approval by the client.
5.Furnishing to the client specified number of copies of
drawings, specifications and other contract documents.

6.Providing final design and construction

Services for design –build contracts.
7.Providing periodic status reports.
 2.3.4 BIDDING OR NEGOTIATING PHASE

Services under this phase may include:

1.Assisting the client in advertising for and obtaining bids or

negotiating proposals for each separate prime construction
contract, maintaining a record of prospective bidders to
whom bidding documents have been issued, attending pre-bid
conferences and receiving and processing deposits for
bidding documents.

2.Issuing addenda as appropriate to interpret, clarify, expand

or amend the bidding documents.
3.Assisting the client in determining the qualifications and
acceptability of prospective contractors, subcontractors
and materials suppliers.

4.Consulting with and advising the client as to the

acceptability of alternative materials and equipment
constructions and equipment proposed by the prospective
constructors when substitution prior to the award of
contracts is allowed by the bidding documents.

5.Attending the bid opening, preparing bid tabulation sheets

and providing assistance to the client in evaluating bids or
proposals and in assembling and awarding contracts for
construction, materials, equipment and services.
 2.3.5 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

1.Reviewing for compliance with design concepts, shop and

erection drawings submitted by the constructors.
2.Reviewing laboratory, shop, and mill test reports on
materials and equipment.
3.Visiting the project site at appropriate intervals as
construction proceeds to observe and report on the
progress and the quality of the executed work.
4.Providing services during construction by a full-time
resident project representative, and by supporting staff as
required, to enable construction to be accomplished in
conformance to the construction drawings, specifications,
and other contract documents.
5.Issuing instructions from The client to the contractors,
issuing necessary
interpretations and clarifications of contract
documents, preparing change orders, requiring special
inspections and testing of the work, and making
recommendations as to acceptability.
6.Making recommendations to the client on corrective
actions or contractual measures that may be exercised by
the owner.
7.Preparing sketches required to resolve problems due to
actual field conditions encountered.
8.Determining amounts of progress payments due, based on
degree of completion of the work, and recommending
issuance of such payments by the client.
9.Observing and assisting performance tests and initial
operation of the project.
10.Preparing record drawings from information submitted
by the contractor.
11.Making a final inspection and reporting on completion of
the project, including recommendations concerning final
payments to contractors and release of retained
PERCENTAGES.
 2.3.6 OPERATION PHASE

At the completion of construction, the Civil Engineer may as

a basic service, assist in the start-up of project operations.
The Civil Engineer may be commissioned to prepare a manual
for both operation and maintenance requirements, and may
also provide assistance in adjusting and balancing
equipment, identifying deficiencies and assisting in obtaining
corrections, and performing inspection prior to the end of
the project and performing inspection prior to the end of
the project warranty period.
 2.4 CONSTRUCTION SERVICES

A registered Civil Engineer may engage in construction

contracting after being licensed as a contractor by the
Contractors Accreditation Board.

A registered Civil Engineer may provide the services of a

supporting technical employee as a required of a
construction company.

A Civil Engineer may be employed as a construction engineer,

resident Civil Engineer, project engineer, quality control
engineer, cost engineer or engineer inspector in a project.
 2.5 SPECIAL SERVICES FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Special services that may be provided by the Civil Engineer or

negotiated with other firms or sub consultants by the Civil
Engineer acting on behalf of the client could include:
1.Geotechnical engineering-including test borings, sampling
and analysis, recommendations.
2.Special studies, tests, and process determinations to
establish design criteria or demonstrate compliance.
3.Land surveys, establishment of boundaries and monuments,
preparation of easement descriptions, and related
computations and drawings.
4.Engineering and topographic surveys for design and
constructions.
5.Mill, shop, or laboratory inspections of the materials and
equipment.
6.Additional copies of reports,
construction drawings, specifications, and other documents
as required for bidding and construction beyond the number
specified in the Basic Services agreement.
7.Extra travel and subsistence as defined by the agreement
for engineering services.
8.Value engineering- including review of the work of other
engineers, either within the same organization or in other
firms to determine whether a proposed solution is optimum
and, if not, to suggest a better approach for meeting the
project’s functional and financial criteria
9.Redesign to reflect changes requested by the client or
necessitated by the client’s acceptance of substitutions
proposed by the contractor.
10.Assistance to the client as an expert witness in litigation
in connection with the project or in hearings before
approving and regulatory agencies.
11.Final investigations involving detailed consideration of
operation, maintenance, and overhead expenses; preparation
of final rate schedules, and earning and expense statements;
appraisals, valuations,
and material audits or inventories
required for certification of force account construction
performed by the client or for extra work done by the
contractor.
12.Preparation of detailed applications and supporting
documents grants or advances for public works projects.
13.Plotting, computing, and filing of subdivision plans,
staking of plots, and other land planning and partitioning
activities.
14.Preparation of environmental assessment and impact
statements and other assistance to the client in connection
with public hearings.
15.Additional studies and design efforts to meet special
conditions encountered during construction.
16.Assistance to the client in the selection and engagement
of architects, other engineers, contractors and
subcontractors, and observation and approval of their
services or work; contacts with governmental agencies to
obtain permits and documents; and other services related to
project development.
17.Assessment of a
completed project’s ability to meet its
design intent relative to capacity, maintainability, operability,
or reliability
18.Computer simulation and modeling.
 2.6 ENGINEERING SUPPORT SERVICES

The professional services described above often require

engineering support services. Geotechnical engineering, for
example, frequently requires services such as taking soil and
rock borings, excavating test pits sampling and identifying
soil and earth materials, field and laboratory tests and
geophysical measurements and observations.
 2.7 ACADEMIC SERVICES

Academic services may include:

1.Teaching of civil engineering courses in engineering

colleges/universities on part/full time basis.
2.Lecturing in civil engineering courses designed by the
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers for practicing
engineers who want to obtain CPD credits.
3.Conducting tutorials/refresher courses on civil
engineering concepts and related subjects.
4.Serving as a Resource Speaker in Technical Session.
5.Writing technical articles and pamphlets.
 2.8 SERVICES AS EMPLOYEE

This is a condition when a Civil Engineer engages to perform

work or fulfill duties regularly for wages or salary being
paid by an employer.

A Civil Engineer may be employed for any position or function

in any commercial or institutional organization. Where he is
performing civil engineering functions, he is required to
follow the code of ethics for Civil Engineers and comply
with the standards and guidelines of this manual.

A Civil Engineer in part time employment with a firm is

considered to be an employee and at the same time a
consultant of the firm.
Any civil engineer employed as an individual consultant of
any firm, whether the firm is performing engineering,
commercial, administrative, management or financial
services is required to comply with the requirements and
standards herein established for a consulting Civil
Engineering firm or consulting Civil Engineer.

All Government Civil Engineers employed by the

instrumentalities of the Government, e.g., national and
local, shall be governed by pertinent existing laws and
regularities and particularly to those prescribed by the
Civil Service Commission.
 THE END!!!

REPORTED BY: ENGR. SHIELA B. CABERTE