!

(ax ) = ax a
x ! x
(e ) = e
! df
f (x) =
dx & '!
1 1
f (x! ) − f (x) # √ $ =√
f ! (x) = 2
x+ x +a 2 x + a2
2
x! →x x! − x # $! # 2 $!
2
f (x + h) − f (x) x =− x = 2x
= !
h→0 h (xx ) = xx (1 + x)

d
(c) = 0 c dy dy dz
dx = · y = f (z) z =
x dx dz dx
d d g (x)
(k · f (x)) = k (f (x)) !
dx dx (f (g (x))) = f ! (g (x)) · g ! (x)
d d d
(f (x) ± g (x)) = (f (x))± (g (x)) ( ) y = φ (t)
dx dx dx
dy
dy dt φ! (t)
x = ψ (t) =( )= !
u v x dx dx ψ (t)
!
(uv) = uv ! + u! v dt

!
(u1 u2 · · · un ) u!1 u2 u3 · · · un + u1 u!2 u3 · · · un
=
+ · · · + u1 u2 u3 · · · un−1 u!n
! u "! vu! − uv ! y!
=
v # v2 $ # $ # $
y = (1 + x) 1 + x2 1 + x4 · · · 1 + x2n dy
% x+y = (xy)
dy %% dx
dx %x=0 ( )
dy dy
1+ = (xy) x +y
dx dx
!
( x) = x dy 1−y (xy)
! =
( x) = − x dx x (xy) − 1
! 2
( x) = x
!
( x) = −cosec2 x f (x, y) =
!
( x) = x x 0
!
(cosec x) = −cosec x x ( )
dy ∂f /∂x
# −1 $! 1 =−
x =√ dx ∂f /∂y
1 − x2
# −1 $! −1 ∂f df
x =√ =
∂x dx
1 − x2
# −1 $! 1
x =
1 + x2
# −1 $! −1 f (x, y) =
x = (xy) − x − y
1 + x2 ( )
# −1 $! 1 dy ∂f /∂x
x = √ = −
|x| x2 − 1 dx ∂f /∂y
# $! ( )
−1 y (xy) − 1 − 0
cosec−1 x = √ = −
|x| x2 − 1 x (xy) − 0 − 1
! 1
( x) = y = f (x) · g (x) · h (x)
x
! 1
( a x) =
x a
 # $# $
y = (1 + x) 1 + x2 1 + x3
% %% % y! x
|y| = |1 + x| · %1 + x2 %%1 + x3 %
% % % % y (n−1)
|y| = |1 + x| + %1 + x2 % + %1 + x3 % nth y (n)
2 x
1 dy 1 2x 3x
= + + y =
y dx 1 + x 1 + x2 1 + x3 x
d2 y 2 x−3
y = f (x)
g(x)
2
=
dx x3
nth
u (x) v (x) nth
x
y=( x)
x· ( x) (n)
y=e (c1 u + c2 v) = c1 u(n) + c2 v (n)
( 2 )
dy x· ( x) x
=e − + x· ( x) (uv)
(n)
= u(n) v + nu(n−1) v (1)
dx x
x n (n − 1) (n−2) !!
y = ( x) + u v + · · · + uv (n)
2!
n
.
n
y = x x = Cr u(n−r) v (r) u(0) = u
dy ∂ ! x
" k=0
= ( x) v (0) = v
dx ∂x
* base +, - y (20) y = x2 x
(xn )!
∂ ! x
"
+ ( x)
∂x
* base +, -
(ax )!
x−1
= x·( x) (− x)
x
( ) ( )
+( x) · ( x) · x −1 1 −1 1
( ) y = + + ···
2
x x2 + x + 1 x2 + 3x + 3
= ( x)
x
− + x· ( x) ( )
x −1 1
+ + ···
x2 + 7x + 13
% %
% f1 (x) f2 (x) f3 (x) % dy
% %
∆ (x) = %% g1 (x) g2 (x) g3 (x) %% dx
% h1 (x) h2 (x) h3 (x) % −1
# √ √ √ $
y= x 1 − x − x 1 − x2
% ! % dy
% f1 (x) f2! (x) f3! (x) %
% % dx
∆! (x) = %% g1 (x) g2 (x) g3 (x) %%
% h1 (x) h2 (x) h3 (x) %
% %
% f1 (x) f2 (x) f3 (x) %
% ! %
+%% g1 (x) g2! (x) g3! (x) %%
% h1 (x) h2 (x) h3 (x) %
% %
% f1 (x) f2 (x) f3 (x) %
% %
+%% g1 (x) g2 (x) g3 (x) %%
% h!1 (x) h!2 (x) h!3 (x) %
% 3 %
% x x x %
% %
f (x) = %% 6 −1 0 %
%
% p p2 p3 %
3
d
p∈R (f (x)) x=0
dx3

dy
y x y! ,
dx