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Module 1
Overview & Basic Concepts on ASSESSMENT &
TESTING
Lesson 1
Overview of the Course
Learning Objectives:
To learn more about Assessment.
Identify the differences between Goals and Objectives.
To understand certain methods and processes that best help in examining and
interpreting how much and how does a student learn and perform inside the class.
To explicate and discuss about the two types of measurement.
To elaborate the four types of assessment and explain their function.
Assessment -Is an ongoing process aimed at understanding and improving student learning (AAHE
Bulletin, November 1995)
Is the act of evaluating, appraising, and/or estimating the features, qualities, performances, and needs of
individuals, programs, and institutions (NCPS)
Use in classroom Placement An assessment procedure used Readiness tests, aptitude tests,
instruction to determine the learner’s pretests on course objectives, self
prerequisite skills, degree of report inventories, observational
mastery of the course goals and techniques.
or best modes of learning.
2. Definition of terms
a. Assessment- the act of assessing (The Grolier international dictionary.; volume one)
b. Perception – the process, act or faculty of perceiving (The Grolier international dictionary.; volume
one)
c. Evaluation – the process of gathering and interpreting evidence regarding the problems and progress
of individuals in achieving desirable goals.( Rosita de Guzman)
d. Placement- evaluation accounts for a student’s entry behavior or performance. .( Rosita de Guzman)
e. Formative- evaluation provides the students with feedback regarding his success or failure in
attaining instructional objectives. .( Rosita de Guzman)
f. Diagnostic – evaluation used to detect student’s learning difficulties which are not revealed by
formative tests or checked by remedial instruction and other instructional adjustments. .( Rosita de
Guzman)
- Adj. of pertaining to, or used in a diagnosis. (The Grolier international dictionary.;
volume one)
g. Summative- evaluation is concerned with what students have learned. .( Rosita de Guzman)
h. Performance- n. the act or style of performing a work and rote before an audience. (The Grolier
international dictionary.; volume one)
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Types of measurement
a. Norm-referenced test
A test designed to measure the performance of the student compared with other student.
b. Criterion-referenced test
A test designed to measure the performance of the student with respect to some particular
criterion or standard.
Common characteristic of norm – referenced test and criterion- referenced test
1. Both require specification of the achievement domain to be measured.
2. Both require a relevant and representative sample of test items.
3. Both use the same types of test items.
4. Both used the same rules for item writing (except for item difficulty).
5. Both are judge with the same qualities of goodness (validity and reliability).
6. Both are useful in educational assessment.
Differences between Norm-Referenced Tests and Criterion-Referenced Tests
Norm-Referenced Tests
Typically covers a large domain of learning tasks, with just a few items measuring each specific task.
Emphasizes discrimination among individuals in terms of relative of level of learning.
Favors items of large difficulty and typically omits very easy and very hard items.
Interpretation requires a clearly defined group.
Criterion-Referenced Tests
Typically focuses on a delimited domain of learning tasks, with relative large number of items
measuring each specific task.
Emphasizes among individuals can and cannot perform.
Matches item difficulty to learning tasks, without altering item difficulty or omitting easy or hard items.
Interpretation requires a clearly defined and delimited achievement domain.
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Types of assessment:
A. Placement of Assessment
-is concerned with the entry performance of student.
B. Diagnostic Assessment
-is a type of assessment given before instruction. The purpose of diagnostic assessment:
1. To determine the level of competence of the students;
2. To identify the students who have already knowledge about the lesson;
3. To determine the causes of learning problems and formulate a plan for remedial action.
C. Formative Assessment
-is a type of assessment used to monitor the learning progress of the students during or after the instruction.
Purpose of formative assessment:
1. To provide feedback immediately to both student and teacher regarding the success and failures learning;
2. To identify the learning errors that is in need correction;
3. To provide information to the teacher for modifying instruction and used for improving learning instruction.
D. Summative Assessment
-is a type of assessment usually given at the end of a course or unit. Purpose of summative assessment:
To determined the extent to which the instructional objectives have been meet;
To certify student mastery of the intended outcome and used for assigning grades;
To provide information for judging appropriateness of the instructional objectives;
To determined the effectiveness of the instruction.
It provides direction for the instructional process by clarifying the intended learning outcomes.
It conveys instructional intent to other stakeholders such as students, parents, school officials, and the
public.
It provides basis for assessing the performance of the students by describing the performance to be
measured.
Different descriptions between goals and objectives:
Goals Objectives
Broad Narrow
General Intention Precise
Intangible Tangible
Abstract (less structured) Concrete
Cannot be validated as is Can be validated
Long term aims what you want to accomplish Short term aims what you want to achieve
Hard to quantify or put in a timeline Must be given a timeline to accomplish to be more
effective
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Lesson 2
Types, Functions & Modes of Assessment
Learning Objectives:
.
Upon the successful completion of this lesson, students will be able to:
To know the meaning of the different types of assessment and its purpose.
To determine and understand the modes of assessment
I. Types of Assessment
There are four type of assessment in terms of their functional role in relation to classroom instruction.
The different types of assessment
A. Placement Assessment
It is concerned with the entry performance of student. The purpose of placement assessment evaluation is
determining the prerequisite skills, degree of mastery of the course objectives and the best mode of learning.
B. Diagnostic Assessment
It is of assessment that is given before the instruction. It aims to identify the strengths and
weaknesses of the students regarding the said topics to be discussed. The purpose of diagnostic
assessment:
To identify the level of competence of the students;
To identify the students who have already knowledge about the lesson;
To determine the causes of learning problems and formulate a plan for remedial action.
C. Formative Assessment
It is a type of assessment used to monitor the learning progress of the students during or after
instruction.
To provide feedback immediately to both student and teacher regarding the success and failures of
learning;
To identify the learning errors that is in need of correction;
To provide information to the teacher for modifying instruction and used for improving learning ad
instruction.
D. Summative Assessment
It is a type of assessment usually given at the end of the course or unit. Purpose of summative
assessment:
To determine the extent to which the instructional objectives have been meet;
To certify student mastery of the intended outcome and used for assigning grades;
To provide information for judging appropriateness of the instructional objectives;
To determine the effectiveness of instruction.
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A. Traditional assessment
Assessment in which students typically select an answer or recall information to complete the
assessment. Test may be standardized or teacher made test.
Indirect measures of assessment since the test items are designed to represent competence by
extracting knowledge and skills from their real life context.
Items on standardized instrument tend to test only the domain of knowledge and skill to avoid
ambiguity to the test takers.
One-time measures to rely on a single correct answer to each item. There is a limited potential for
traditional test to measure higher order thing skills.
B. Performance Assessment
Assessment in which students are asked to perform real-world tasks that demonstrate meaningful
application of essential knowledge and skills.
Direct measures of student performance because tasks are design to incorporate contexts, problems,
and solution strategies that students would use in real life.
Focus on processes and rationales. There is no single correct answer; instead students are led to
craft polished, thorough and justifiable responses, performances and products.
Involve long-range projects, exhibits, and performances are linked to the curriculum.
Teacher is an important collaborator in creating, as well as developing guidelines for scoring and
interpretation.
C. Portfolio Assessment
Portfolio is a collection of student’s work specifically selected to tell a particular story about the
student.
A portfolio is not pile of student work that accumulates over a semester or year.
A portfolio contains a purposefully selected subset of student work.
It measures the growth and development of students.
Methods of Interpreting the Results
Norm-referenced Interpretation
It is used to describe student performance according to relative position in some known group. In this method
of interpretation it is assumed that the level of performance of students will not vary much from one class to
another class.
Example: ranks 5th in a classroom group of 40.
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Criterion-referenced Interpretation
It is used to describe student performance according to a specified domain of clearly defined learning tasks.
This method of interpretation is used when the teacher wants to determine how well the students have learned
specific knowledge or skills in a certain course or subject matter.
Examples: divide three-digit whole numbers correctly and accurately; multiply binomial terms correctly.
There are ways of describing classroom tests and other assessment procedures. This table is a summary of
the different types of assessment procedures that was adapted and modified from Gronlund, Linn, and Miller
(2009).
three-digit to whole
numbers correctly
and accurately.
Norm-referenced It is used to describe Standardized
student’s aptitude and
performance achievement tests,
according to relative teacher-made
position in some survey tests, interest
known group. inventories,
Example: ranks 5th in adjustment
a classroom group of inventories
40.
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Lesson 3
Uses, Classification & Types Of Tests
Learning Objectives:
To explicitly discuss, describe & differentiate the uses, classification &types of test.
To be able to identify if what type of test should be conducted in different types of
learner.
To be knowledgeable enough in different ways of categorizing test.
1. Classification of Tests
A. Administration
i. Individual:
- Given orally and requires the examinees’ constant attention since the manner
of answering may be as important as the score.
ii. Group:
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B. Scoring:
i. Objective
- Independent scores agree on the number of points the answer should
receive.
ii. Subjective
- Answers can be scored through various ways. These are then the given
different values by scores, the essays and performance tests.
C. Sort of being Emphasized;
i. Power
- Allows examinees a generous time limit to be able to answer every
item. The questions are difficult and this difficulty is what is
emphasized.
ii. Speed
- With severely limited time constraints but the items are easy and only
a few examinees are expected to make errors.
D. Types of Response the Examinees must make;
i. Performance
- Requires students to perform a task. This is usually administered
individually so that the examiner can count the errors and measure
the time the examinee has performed in each task.
ii. Paper and Pencil
- Examinees are asked to write on paper.
E. What is measured;
i. Sample
- Limited representative test designed to measure the total behavior of
the examinee, although no test an exhaustively measure all the
knowledge of an individual.
ii. Sign test
- Diagnostic test designed to obtain diagnostic signs to suggest that
some form of remediation is needed.
F. Nature of the Groups being compared :
i. Teacher-made-test
- For use within the classroom and contains the subject being taught
by the same teacher who constructed the test.
ii. Standardized test
- Constructed by test specialist working with curriculum experts and
teachers.
2. Types of Tests
As to MODE OF RESPONSE
a. Oral tests- the test taker gives his answer orally.
b. Written test – a test where answers to question are written by the test taker.
c. Performance test- the test taker creates an answer or a product that
demonstrates his knowledge or skill, as in cooking and baking.
As of QUANTIFICATION OF RESPONSE
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Lesson 4:
Checklist for Writing Tests
Learning Objectives:
To understand furthermore the use of different types of test.
To understand the proper guidelines in constructing such a test.
To know the advantages and disadvantages of every tests.
To be able to construct our own test in the near future
The number of true items with the same number of false items.
Avoid grammatical clues that lead to a correct answer such as the article (a, an, the).
Avoid statement directly taken from the textbook.
Avoid arranging the statements in a logical order such as (TTTTTTFFFF, TFTFTF, TTFFTTFF).
Directions should indicate where or how the students should mark their answer.
Advantages of a True or False
Item sampling
It covers a lot of content in a short span of time.
Ease of Construction
It is easier to prepare compared to multiple-choice and matching type of test.
Ease of Scoring
It is easier to score because it can be scored objectively compared to a test that depends on the
judgment of the rater.
The score is more reliable than essay test.
It is useful when there are two alternatives only.
C.MATCHING TYPE
The matching type test is similar to the multiple choice test. The examinee associates an item in one column
with the other column. Therefore, matching type test is consisting of two columns. The first column must
contain the questions/descriptions and the second column must be the choices/option. The examinee is asked
to match the description with its correct answer.
Since multiple choice test are difficult to construct but easy to score, they are considered more
practical when the test can be used only once, an essay examination may be more convenient than a
multiple choice one.
Guidelines in Constructing Essay Test Items
Construct essay question used to measure complex learning outcomes only.
Essay questions should relate directly to the learning outcomes to be measured.
Formulate essay questions that present a clear task to be performed.
An item should be stated precisely and it must clearly focus on the desired answer.
All students should be required to answer the same question.
Number of points and time spent in answering the question must be indicated in each item.
Specify the number of words, paragraphs or the number of sentences for the answer.
The scoring system must be discussed or presented to the students.
1. Choose a leader you admire most and explain why you admire him or her.
2. Pick a controversial issue in the Aquino administration. Discuss the issue and suggest a solution.
3. If you were the principal of a certain school, describe how you would demonstrate your leadership
ability inside and outside of the school.
4. Describe the differences between Norm-referenced assessment and Criterion-referenced
assessment.
5. Do you agree or disagree with the statement, “Education comes not from books but from practical
experience.” Support your position.
Types of Complex Outcomes and Related Terms for Writing Essay Questions
Outcomes Sample Verbs Sample Questions
Comparing Compare, classify, describe, Describe the similarities and differences
distinguish between, explain, outline, between Philippine educational system and
summarize the Singaporian educational system.
Interpreting Convert, draw, estimates, illustrate, Summarize briefly the content of the second
interpret, restate, summarize, translate SONA of President Benigno C. Aquino, Jr.
Inferring Derive, draw, estimate, extend, Using the facts presented, what is most
predict, propose, relate likely to happen when……?
Applying Arrange, compute, describe, illustrate, Solve the solution set of the equation x2 +
relate, summarize, solve 5x-24=0 using factoring method.
Analyzing Break down, describe, differentiate, List and describe the characteristics of a
divide, list, outline good assessment instrument.
Creating Compose, design, draw, formulate, Formulate a hypothesis about the problem “
list, present, make up Mathematics attitude and competency
levels of the education students of U.E.”
Synthesizing Arrange, combine, construct, design, Design a scoring guide in evaluating
Assessment of Student Learning 23
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Oral Question
Oral Questioning provides immediate feedback to both pupils and teachers. It is frequently used by teacher in
the classroom. The oral question is a variation of the essay test. Although more frequently used in final
examinations of college students than as a measurement device for schoolchildren, it deserves brief mention
because of its utility in the classroom, especially in the primary grades.
Both oral and essay examinations have some common advantages and limitations:
Advantages
Both permit the examiner to determine how well the student can synthesize and organize his/her ideas
and express himself/herself.
Both are not dependent, as the multiple choice test, on the ability of the pupil to recognize the correct
answer; both require that the students know and are able to supply the correct answer.
Both permit free responses by the students.
Limitations
Both provide for a variety of limited sampling content.
Both have lower rate reliability.
Developing Rubrics for Essay Test
A rubric is an evaluation tool for essay tests. It gives quantitative and qualitative descriptions of the
different qualities of essay responses. It can be either be holistic or analytic.
Holistic Rubrics give the overall traits of a response.
Analytic rubrics describe the quality of the response in each criterion.
Setting Criteria
The descriptions must focus on the important aspects of an essay response.
The type of rating (holistic or analytic) must match the purpose of the assessment.
The descriptions of the criteria must be directly observable.
Ensure that the criteria are understood by the students, parents, and others.
The characteristics and traits used in the scale should be clearly and specifically defined.
Minimize errors in scoring. These errors may be generosity errors, central tendency errors, and
severity errors.
Make the scoring system feasible.
Assessment of Student Learning 25
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References:
Gabuyo, Yonardo A. (2012). Assessment of Learning I. Rex Book Store, Inc. 856 Nicanor Reyes Sr. St.,
Sampaloc, Manila.
Reganit, Arnulfo, Elicay, Ronaldo, & Laguerta, Cresencia (2010). Assessment of Student Learning I (Cognitive
Learning). C & E Publishing, Inc.
Conception, Benjamin.et.al.(2012).LET Reviewer. MET Review Center, Manila
Garcia,Carlito D.(2008).Measuring & Evaluating Learning Outcomes. Books Atbp.Publishing
Corp.,Mandaluyong