Theoretical Framework/Review Related Studies

Ballou (2012) provides some evidence that school districts do not do a particularly good job of screening

candidates under current accountability systems. However, it is not known whether the same would be

true under a different accountability system (e.g., one based on student performance). It is beyond the

scope of this report to consider alternatives to the current licensure system.

In Tsang and Levin (2011), the authors construct a model enabling us to determine the impact of

overeducation on value added. However, their model neglects a possible direct“human-capital

influence” on value added. Therefore this effect is incorporated in the impact of work effort on value

added. This means that the Tsang-Levin model will overrate the impact of overeducation on production,

as probably occurs in empirical work of Tsang (2011)

Educators are asked to identify the knowledge, skills, abilities, and dispositions that are minimally

needed for teaching. Tests are constructed to align with these specifications. Standards are set for

performance on tests in order to differentiate those candidates who have sufficient levels of competence

to practice from those who do not. Scores on the tests are used by policy makers to help decide which

candidates are licensed.While K-12 enrollments are anticipated to increase by more than 10 percent in

many states in the West and South by the year 2007, in most parts of the Northeast and Midwest

enrollments are expected to decline (U.S. Department of Education). This may be a particularly acute

concern as student enrollments have been growing in some parts of the country and shrinking in others,

while the distribution of trained teachers is uneven across states.

The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing and the Principles for Validation and Use of

Personal Selection Procedures are widely used as professional standards for examination programs. A

number of statutes and guidelines impact licensure examinations, including the federal Uniform
Guidelines for Employee Selections Procedures (1978), the Civil Rights Act of 1991, and the Americans

with Disabilities Act of 1990.

The researcher read materials and reviewed studies which provided direction to this research venture.

On Student-Related Factors. Figuerres (2012) in her study entitled “An Analysis of the Performance of the

University of Northern Philippines in the Licensure Examination for Teachers”, found out that for the ten-

year period (2001-2010) the LET performance is significantly correlated with specialization. Selective

admission and retention policies could be a plausible explanation to this result. The LET performance is

also correlated with year of graduation. The newly graduates of the teacher education programs tend to

perform higher in the LET than those who took the LET at later examination schedule. This is explained

by the principle of memory retention why graduates tend to forget the principles and concepts they had

learned during their course of study if they take the test several months or years after

graduation.Figuerres (2012) also found out that the performance of the examinees in the LET Elementary

and LET Secondary in general education, professional education and specialization courses failed to meet

the passing rate. However, the distributions of their scores were negatively skewed; there were more

examinees who obtained higher scores compared to those who got lower scores. The distributions of

their scores were platykurtic. They have extreme scores indicating the heterogeneity of their LET

scores.She further disclosed that for the LET examination period 2001-2010, the UNP Institutional

Percentage Rates for LET Elementary had been consistently higher than the National Passing Rates. For

the LET Secondary, UNP passing rates were higher in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2009 but

lower rates in 2004, 2006, April 2008, September 2010 and April 2010. Viernes, (2010) in her study

entitled, “Performance of the Graduates of Selected State Colleges and Universities of Solid North in the

Licensure Examination for Teachers”, found out that the overall LET performance of the BSEd and BEEd

graduates is not significantly influenced by sex, parents’ educational attainment, parents’ occupation,

year graduated and academic achievement, taken singly and as a whole.This present investigation is
related to most of the reviewed studies in that it attempts to correlate some independent variables to a

dependent variable which is the LET performance of the teacher education graduates. However, it differs

from other studies in a number of aspects. As to population, this study will concentrate on the LET takers

of HEIs for a period of five years. This study includes teaching aptitude test, academic rank and

instructional materials/books developed/published by the teacher education faculty of the HEIs in Abra

as variables which are not considered in the study of Bañez.On Faculty-Related Factors. Pilarta (2011) in

her study entitled, “Status of Public Secondary Schools in Abra”, exposed that the administrators’ present

position and administrative experience had a significant relationship with their performance. The

adequacy of physical plant and facilities, instructional materials, and support services were associated

with the performance of the administrators. Teachers’ position, number of trainings attended and

number of preparations, on the other hand, as well as the land area of the school, adequacy of

instructional materials and physical plant and facilities were significantly related with their performance.

The administrators’ performance also had a significant relationship with the performance of the school

particularly on repetition rate. Likewise, the teacher’s performance was found out to have a significant

relationship with the completion rate, repetition rate, and survival rate of the school. Similarly,

administrators’ and teachers’ performances had a bearing on student’s academic performance.Cadiz

(2010), found out that the faculty respondents in selected universities and colleges in Cordillera

Administrative Region manifest an outstanding level of professionalism showcasing their rationality,

responsibility, ethics, commitment, accountability and creativity.Professionalism of faculty respondents,

according to Cadiz, is significantly associated with age, educational, attainment, trainings attended, and

academic rank. Their sex, civil status, number of units taught, number of preparations, length of service

and status of appointment were found to be not associated with their professionalism.There is a

significant relationship between performance in instruction with age, civil status, educational

attainment, trainings attended, and academic rank, number of preparations and length of service. There
is significant relationship to the performance in instruction, with sex, number of units, and status of

appointment.Since the faculty plays a pivotal role in the transformation of the students, educational

enhancement should be a periodic activity in higher education institutions to keep them abreast of

knowledge content, teaching methodology and strategy, and evaluation of learning gains. The in-service

trainings which are to be done school-based should focus on capability building for research, article and

module writing and publication and the faculty should be guided on the crafting of extension programs

for income generation concerns.

Hypothesis

A null hypothesis was formulated to test the problem .

Scope and Limitations

The major of this research is to find out and be able to Analysis result of the Licensure

exam for the teachers at cup in year 2015, 2016, 2017 However,the concentration of this

study shall bound to the students from first year of the City University of Pasay.

Methodology
The study included all of the LET takers from April 2013 to August 2015 comprising of six

batches. The study made use of the analytical method of research, documentary analysis of data

taken from the official results of LET released by the Professional Regulatory

Commission(PRC). The results of the study were analyzed using the following statistical tools:

1. Descriptive statistics such as frequency counts and percentages were used to describe the

profile of the LET takers; percentage was utilized in reporting the average LET performances;

2. One-Way ANOVA was used to examine the significant differences in the LET performance in

terms of specialization; Tukey’s HSD was used for multiple comparison in LET performance in

different major subjects;

3. T-Test was used to examine the significant difference in the LET performance between the

first takers and repeaters; and

4. Multiple Regression was used to analyze the relationship existing between LET and

examinees profile.

SPSS was used in the investigation of data for ANOVA, t-test, and multiple regression.

The following hypotheses were tested in this investigation: 1) there is no significant difference in

the performance of LET takers in terms of specialization and category; and 2) there is no

significant relationship between LET performance and the predictor variables such as course,

specialization, and category and batch factor.