SPTOPICS

SPTOPICS
MODULE 8

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

B. CONCEPTS OF PROBABILITY
C. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
D. STATISTICS

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

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A. PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

If a thing can be done in any of m in different ways and if a second thing can be done in
any of n different ways, then it follows that the number of ways in which the first and the
second can be done is m x n.

PERMUTATION:
-an arrangement of objects in a definite order

Theorem 1: The number of permutations on n different objects taken r at a time is

𝑛!
P (n,r) =nPr = (𝑛−𝑟 )!

Theorem 2: The number of permutations of n objects taken all at a time in which n1 of the
objects are alike is

P = n!/n1!
If 2,3 or more objects are alike,

P = n!/(n1!*n2!*n3!)
Theorem 3: The number of ways of partitioning a set of n objects into r cells with n1 elements
in the first cell, n2 elements in the second cell, and soon is,

P = n!/(n1!*n2!*n3!...)

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

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COMBINATION
-differs from permutation in that it does not involve the arrangement of objects nor the
selection

Theorem 1: The number of combinations of n objects taken r at a time is

𝑛!
C (n,r) =nCr = 𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟 )!
Theorem 2: The number of combinations of n objects taken 1 at a time, 2 at a time, 3 at a
time, and so on until n at a time is

2n – 1
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

1. In the 1500-m race in Olympics, fourteen top tier athletes compete. How many ways can
the gold, silver and bronze medals be awarded? 2184 ways

2. How many ways can 8 cadets stand in a row? 40320 ways

3. If there are 4 Starks alive in the series of “Game of Thrones”, how many is the possible ways
of their respective “death”?

4. In how many ways can the letters of the word THANOS be arranged? 720 ways

5. In how many ways can the letters of the word MATHALINO be arranged? 181 440 ways

6. In how many ways can the letters of the word MATHALINO be arranged if the vowels are
to come together? 8640 ways

7. In how many ways can the letters of the word MATHEMATICS be arranged if the
consonants are to come together? 75 600 ways

8. How many diagonals can you form in a polygon of n sides?

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

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B. CONCEPTS OF PROBABILITY

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

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PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

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PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

1. A pair of fair dice is tossed. Find the probability that the maximum of the two numbers is
greater than 4. (5/9)

2. A class has 12 boys and 4 girls. If three students are selected at random from the class,
what is the probability that they are all boys? (11/28)

3. If 2 marbles are removed at random from a bag containing black and white marbles, the
chance that they are both white is 1/3. If 3 are removed at random, the chance that they all
are white is 1/6. How many black marbles are there? 4 black marbles

4. A stationery store has decided to accept a large shipment of ball-point pens if an

inspection of 20 randomly selected pens yields no more than two defective pens.

a. Find the probability that this shipment is accepted if 5% of the total shipment is defective.
92.45%

b. Find the probability that this shipment is not accepted if 15% of the total shipment is
defective. 59.51 %

5. A family with 5 children is selected at random, what is the probability that all are girls or all
are boys? (1/16)

6. A family with 5 children is selected at random, what is the probability that there are 3 boys
and 2 girls? 5/16

7. The probabilities that three men hit a target are 1/6, 1/4, and 1/3, respectively. Each shoot
once at the target. If only one of them hits the target, find the probability that it was the first
man. 6/31

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

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PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

1.If you will answer all of the ten questions in a multiple-choice examination purely by
guessing, what is the probability of:
a. getting 5 correct answers
b. getting 6 correct answers
c. getting at least 7 correct answers
2. A manufacturer estimates that 1.5% of his output of a small item is defective. Find the
probabilities that in a pack of 200 items,
a. none is defective
b. two are defective
c. three or more are defective

1. An auto parts seller finds that one in every 100 parts sold is defective. Find the probability
that:
a. the first defective part is the 10th part sold
b. the first defective part sold is first, or second or third part sold
c. none of the first 10 parts sold are defective

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. A washing machine in a laundry shop near San Fernando breaks down at an average of
three times a month. Using the Poisson probability distribution, find the probability that during
the next month, this machine will have:
a. exactly 2 breakdowns
b. exactly 3 breakdowns
c. at most one breakdown

2. There is an average of 2 accidents per 50,000 vehicles entering in a highway. In a highway

of 100,000 vehicles.
a. Find the probability that in a given day there is one accident. 0.0733
b. Find the probability that in a given year there are 2 or more accidents. 0.9084

3. Suppose 1% of the items made by a machine are defective. Find the probability that 3 or
more items are defective in a sample of 100 items. 0.08

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

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PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. Approximately 68% of the data values will lie within 1 standard deviation on each side of
the mean.
2. Approximately 95% of the data values will lie within 2 standard deviations on each side of
the mean.
3. Approximately 99% of the data values will lie within 3 standard deviations on each side of
the mean.
4. The life of a radio is normally distributed with a mean μ = 600 hours and standard deviation
δ = 100 hours. What is the probability that a radio selected at random will last from 600 to 700
hours?

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. The life span of a charger manufactured by GG Inc. has a normal distribution with a mean
of 54 months and a standard deviation of 8 months. The company guarantees that any
charger that starts malfunctioning within 36 months of the purchase will be replaced by a
new one. About what percentage of such chargers made by this company are to be
replaced?
2. The temperature T during June is normally distributed with mean 68 degrees and standard
deviation 6 degrees. Find the probability p that the temperature is between 70 degrees and
80 degrees. 0.3467

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D. STATISTICS

UNGROUPED DATA
Situation 1- the following measurements were recorded for the drying time, in hours, of a
certain brand of latex paint.
3.4 2.5 4.8 2.9 3.6 2.8 3.3 5.6
3.7 2.8 4.4 4.0 5.2 3.0 4.8 2.8
1. Mean for this data. 3.725
2. Median for this data. 3.5
3. Mode for this data. 2.8
4. Standard deviation. 0.97
5. Determine the P30 , D4 and Q1. 2.91; 3.24; 2.825

GROUPED DATA
SITUATION: Alex timed 21 people in the sprint race and tabulated it as shown below based
on the range of classes.
Seconds Frequency
51-55 2
56-60 7
61-65 8
66-70 4
1. Find the mean. 61.32
2. Find the median. 61.4375
3. Find the mode. 61.5

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

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∑ 𝑓𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘
Mean = ∑𝑓

𝑛
−𝐵
2
Median = L + w ( )
𝐺
𝑓𝑚 −𝑓𝑚−1
Mode = L + w[2𝑓 ]
𝑚 −𝑓𝑚−1 −𝑓𝑚+1

Where:
L = lower class boundary of the modal group
fm-1= the frequency of the group before the modal group
fm = the frequency of the modal group
fm+1= the frequency of the group after the modal group
w = group width

BASED ON PARTITIONING BASED ON CENTRAL

(GROUPED) TENDENCY (UNGROUPED)
QUARTILE Qi = in/4 Qi =i*(n+1)/4
DECILE Di = in/10 Di =i*(n+1)/10
PERCENTILE Pi = in/100 Pi =i*(n+1)/100

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS