Deterioration OF cellulous insulation is based on 2 factors

A) Thermal degradation
B) Moisture impregnation
THERMAL DEGRADATION

Thermal degradation / thermal ageing

This approach of loss of assessment was of life assessment was present in transformers loading
guide by IEEE C.571995
Only thermal life of an insulation only thermal life of a insulation is been taken into consideration
while calculation loss of life for a transformer. Other Deterioration caused by ageing such as
mechanical and dielectric strength has been limited while assessing the overhaul loss of life.
Power transformers operating under these standard conditions of loading guides usually have
calculated loss of life is not same as actual loss of life. The reason for these following
 Only some power transformers operate continuously at an average ambient temp, winding
temperature, and oil temperature at a rated stock constant load.
 Normally transformers operate at full cyclic loadings with loading peaks which causes
temperature to reach its limits according to the mentioned ratings
 The loading guides don’t take consideration to load losses and current losses. The current losses
also generate energy contribution to the raise in temperature. Loss in windings or also limited
in the standards.
 During the overloading the temperature raise is exponentially according to thermal constant of
transformers while in loading guides consider that maximum temperature is reached
instantaneously during loading.
As per IEEE C57 .91.1995 hotspot temperature should not exit the bubbling temperature 110°C

ƟH = ƟA + ∆ƟTO + ∆ƟT = 85°C

The P.U Transformer insulation life can be used in calculating ageing acceleration factor (FAA) for given load
and temperature

FAA =ϱ 15000 _ 15000

383 358

FAA = 0.065
Thermal loss of life in insulation = 11,700 Hrs
Recommended life of insulation =168300 Hrs (19 Years and 2 months)
A normal life time of a transformer is considered to 180000 has at the operating temperature of 110°C.
Further raise of 6°C in hottest spot temperature reduces the insulation life to half.
SERIAL NO : 6005470

Moisture – 1
MOISTURE IMPREGNATION
% Moisture in paper
Aging calculation @ 100% operational Condition =
% Ageing factor

@ Ambient temperature
1%
=
1%

=1

% Moisture in paper
Aging calculation @ 100% operational Condition =
% Ageing factor

@ More than 50% of ambient temperature

1%
= 1.5 %

= 0.66667
Therefore the life of transformer after accounting for degradation due to moisture in paper

Life = 180,000/1 Ω 180,000 Hrs.

Life = 180,000/0.66667 Ω 270,000 Hrs.

Residual life of transformer shall be operate at the temperature of near ambient temp condition

(180,000) = 180,000 Ω 20 Years

Residual life of transformer shall be operate at the temperature of 1.5 times of ambient temp

(180,000) = 62,609 Ω 7 Years and 1 Months

SERIAL NO : 6005472

Moisture – 3.3
MOISTURE IMPREGNATION
% Moisture in paper
Aging calculation @ 100% operational Condition = % Ageing factor

@ Ambient temperature
3.3 %
= 1%

= 3.3

% Moisture in paper
Aging calculation @ 100% operational Condition = % Ageing factor

@ More than 50% of ambient temperature

3.3 %
=
1.5 %

= 2.2
Therefore the life of transformer after accounting for degradation due to moisture in paper

Life = 180,000/3.3 Ω 54,545 Hrs.

Life = 180,000/2.2 Ω 81,818 Hrs.

Residual life of transformer shall be operate at the temperature of near ambient temp condition

(180,000-54,545) = 125455 Ω 14 Years and 3 Months

Residual life of transformer shall be operate at the temperature of 1.5 times of ambient temp

(180,000-81,818) = 98,182 Ω 11 Years and 2 Months

SERIAL NO : 6005474

Moisture – 2.5
MOISTURE IMPREGNATION
% Moisture in paper
Aging calculation @ 100% operational Condition =
% Ageing factor

@ Ambient temperature
2.5 %
= 1%

= 2.5

% Moisture in paper
Aging calculation @ 100% operational Condition = % Ageing factor

@ More than 50% of ambient temperature

2.5 %
= 1.5 %

= 1.666667

Therefore the life of transformer after accounting for degradation due to moisture in paper

Life = 180,000/2.5 Ω 72,000 Hrs.

Life = 180,000/1.666667 Ω 108,000 Hrs.

Residual life of transformer shall be operate at the temperature of near ambient temp condition

(180,000-72,000) = 108,000 Ω 12 Years and 3 Months

Residual life of transformer shall be operate at the temperature of 1.5 times of ambient temp

(180,000-108,000) = 72,000 Ω 8 Years and 2 Months

SERIAL NO : 6005476

Moisture – 0.2
MOISTURE IMPREGNATION
% Moisture in paper
Aging calculation @ 100% operational Condition = % Ageing factor

@ Ambient temperature
0.2 %
= 1%

= 0.2

% Moisture in paper
Aging calculation @ 100% operational Condition = % Ageing factor

@ More than 50% of ambient temperature

0.2 %
=
1.5 %

= 0.13333

Therefore the life of transformer after accounting for degradation due to moisture in paper

Life = 180,000/0.2 Ω 900,000 Hrs.

Life = 180,000/0.13333 Ω 1,350,000 Hrs.

Residual life of transformer shall be operate at the temperature of near ambient temp condition

(180,000-900,000) = 180,000 Ω More than 20 Years

Residual life of transformer shall be operate at the temperature of 1.5 times of ambient temp

(180,000-1,350,000) = 180,000 Ω More than 20 Years