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• interconversion of energy
from one form to another.
Fireflies convert
chemical energy to
light energy
ENERGY CHANGES DURING
REACTIONS
An endothermic
process absorbs
heat and cools the An exothermic reaction is
a chemical reaction that
surroundings. releases energy by light or
heat.
Endothermic and exothermic
processes
Endothermic vs Exothermic
Can you site an example wherein there is an
endothermic and exothermic process?
endothermic (from the sun)
exothermic - respiration
Is a branch of physical
science that deals with
the relationship between
heat work and other
forms of energy.
Energy = capacity to
do work
Is a branch chemistry
which focuses mainly
on the study of heat
released or absorbed in
a chemical reaction.
The law of conservation of energy
states that “ energy cannot be created nor destroyed , it is
only changed from one form to another.”
- is a measure of energy in
a thermodynamic system.
- includes the energy
required to create a
system; internal energy.
UNITS OF ENERGY
Surroundings
-is the rest of the universe outside the system.
SYSTEM VS SURROUNDINGS
Closed system – is an isolated system that
does not exchange any matter and energy
with its surroundings.
Allows transfer of energy (heat)but not mass.
Open System – can exchange mass and
energy. usually in the form of heat, with its
surroundings.
Isolated system – which does not allow the
transfer of either mass or energy.
The first law of thermodynamics can be
expressed as the “ total energy of a system is
equal to zero”
∆Usystem = -∆U surroundings
∆U - energy
• * the system absorbs heat , q>0 = ( +q)
• ∆U = q + W
• ∆U = is the total change in internal energy of
the system
• q = is the heat exchanged between the system
and its surroundings.
• W = is the work done by or on the system
Law of Thermodynamics Equation
1. ∆U = q + W
• W = -p∆V ( specially known as pressure-volume work)
2. ∆U = q + (-p∆V ) or
∆U = q - p∆V
2. ∆U = q + (-p∆V)
OR
• ∆U = q -p∆V
Sample problem 1
• A gas system has constant pressure. The surroundings
around the system lose 62 joules (J) of heat and does 474
joules of work on the system. What is the internal energy
of the system in calories?
Given:
q= 62J ( + because system gains heat)
w = 474 J ( + because w done on the sytem)
∆U = ?
Sample problem 1
Given:
q= 62J ( + because system gains heat)
w = 474 J ( + because w done on the sytem
∆U = ?
Solution: 1 cal = 4.184 J
∆U =q + W 128.11
= 62J + 474 J 536J x 1 cal
= 536 J ----> calorie 4.184 J cal
example problem 2
• A system has constant volume (∆V=0) and heat of the
surroundings increases by 188 calories.