Guidelines To Block Work Design

GUIDELINES
TO

DESIGN OF BLOCKWORK MASONRY II

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ASSOCIATION OF CONSULTING ENGINEERS MALAYSIA

t

ASSOCIATION OF CONSULTING ENGINEERS MALAYSIA

M. VIVEKANANDA

Baha8ian P"r,.u;/iJikan Kern. Perumahan Dan KerdjtIGn T empatan

~ 2 MAR 1989

GUIDELINES

TO DESIGN OF BLOCKWORK MASONRY l s ~f(Jle._~~~+~~. J:, s 5 r 6.2 8" )

, ii,

~\_' 1 'j--1-.__

FIRST EDITION 1988

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia (ACEM) gratefully acknowledges permission granted by the British Standards Institution for the reproduction of data based on tables 2(b), 2(c) and 3 from BS 5628 : Part 1 : 1978 (1985).

GUIDELINES DRAFTING SUB-COMMITTEE

1. Professor V. Navaratnarajah, B. Sc.Eng (Hons), M.Eng.Sc. Ph.D., M.I.C.E., C.Eng.,

.,,,rT1":'~,f D1":'

J.\'1. ••• ......,.J. ... .1..,.1. • ..I........tng.

2. Ir. Tang Kam Kok, B.E., F.I.C.E., F.lStruct.E., C.Eng., F.I.E.M., P.Eng., MACEM.

3. Ir. R. Thangaratnam, A.M.N., P.P.N., M.I.Struct.E., C.Eng., M.I.E.M., P.Eng.

4. Ir. Ng Kok Peng, B.E.(Hons)., M.lC.E., C.Eng., M.lE.M., P.Eng.

5. Mr. Wong Chong Leong, B.Eng.(S'pore)

Compliance with this guidelines does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.

© ACEM1988

CONTENTS

Y. VIVEKANANDA Bahagian PenjJelidik,an Kern. Perumahan Dan Kerajaan T empatan

l 2 ~iMR l~ti~

Foreword

Preface

GENERAL

Symbols

SECTION A:

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Introduction

Materials and Specifications Design Concepts

Design of Non-Reinforced Walls and Columns Application to Housing Construction References

SECTION B:

DESIGN EXAMPLES

SECTION C:

RECOMMENDED DETAILS

SECTION D:

SAMPLE SPECIFICATIONS

SECTION E:

TYPICAL LAYOUTS OF HOUSING PLANS

(iii)

Page

v

VII

1

2 2 3 8

12 19

20

43

66

71

As a follow-up of the seminar and on the request of the Housing Developers' Association, the Association formed a Sub-Committee under the chairmanship of Professor V. Navaratnarajah, with the object of drafting a set of guidelines for the design of load-bearing concrete masonry structures appropriate for local conditions. With that in mind, the committee members were drawn from all interested group in structural masonry.

FOREWORD

The Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia in collaboration with the University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, organised the Second International Seminar On Structural Masonry, in March 1987.

This is the first time that such a committee has been formed by the Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia and I must congratulate Professor Navaratnarajah and members of his committee for having produced such an informative document in a short time. I am sure that this would be of great assistance to engineers and designers of structural masonry. The production of this document is not an end in itself. I look forward to the users of this document to provide ACEM with valuable feedback as to its shortcomings so that this guideline could be improved and revised editions published from time to time to meet the needs of the local construction industry.

December 1988

IR. K. KUMARASIV AM, Chairman,

Organising Committee of Second International Seminar On Structural Masonry

© ACEM 1988

(v)

PREFACE

The Second International Seminar On Structural Masonry for Developing Countries held in March 1987 in Kuala Lumpur generated a great deal of interest in the use of structural masonry in load-bearing walls in buildings. The Government of Malaysia also supported the structural system for housing, through its Ministry of Housing and Local Government. It was felt that designers and builders of structural masonry would be encouraged to adopt the load-bearing wall systems if guidance was given in the design of such structures. This document is prepared with this objective.

Although there are standards and codes available for the design of structural masonry, it is sometimes difficult for designers to understand fully the design provisions in view of their unfamiliarity with these documents. Hence, the present document is prepared as a supplementary document for designers to use together with B.S. 5628 : Parts 1, 2 and 3, which deals with the design of structural masonry. The provisions in B.S. 5628 are further explained in the present document in order to facilitate the correct use of the British Standard. The masonry units are required to conform to B.S. 6073 : Part 1 : 1981 but the minimum compressive strength shall be not less than 7 N/mm2•

This document has been prepared by a sub-committee comprising academics, practising structural engineers and structural masonry suppliers under the aegis of the Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia. We wish to thank all the members of the sub-committee for their time and contribution in the drafting of this document.

The sub-committee was serviced by the Secretariat of the Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia to whom we are very grateful. We wish to record our deep appreciation to Sharon She for her secretarial services and coping with the typing of the technical jargon and design calculations.

Acknowledgement is due to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government Malaysia for allowing the use of their standard architectural plans on which the sample calculations and designs are based.

December 1988

PROF. V. NA V ARATNARAJAH Chairman

Drafting Sub-Committee

© ACEM 1988

(vii)

GENERAL

SYMBOLS
A cross-sectional area of primary reinforcing 1,' greater horizontal dimension of building
s
steel bending moment due to design load
M
B dimension of the building normal to the wind
Md design moment of resistance
b width of section
N design axial load
c lever arm factor
Q moment of resistance factor
Cf total force coefficient
Qk characteristic imposed load
CMU concrete masonry unit characteristic wind pressure
q
d effective depth
The depth from the compression face to the Sk characteristic strength
centroid of the longitudinal tensile reinforce-
ment in members in bending Sl topography factor
E nominal earth or water load S2 ground roughness, building size and
n
height above ground factor
e eccentricity at top of a wall
x
S3 a statistical factor
Fk characteristic load
overall thickness of a wall or column
fk characteristic compressive strength of effective thickness of a wall or column
masonry tef with suffix 'xx' in respect of the x-axis
fkx characteristic flexural strength (tension) of with suffix 'yy' in respect of the y-axis
masonry V basic wind speed
f characteristic shear strength of masonry
,
v V design wind speed
s
f characteristic tensile strength of reinforcing
y steel Wk characteristic wind load
Gk characteristic dead load Z section modulus
0<. bending moment coefficient for laterally
gA design vertical load per unit area loaded panels
H height above general level of terrain to top of f3 capacity reduction factor for walls allowing
structure or part of structure for effects of slenderness and eccentricity
h clear height of wall or column between lateral "Iff partial safety factor for load
supports
hef effective height or length of wall or column ~m partial safety factor for material
with suffix 'xx' in respect of the x-axis ~mm partial safety factor for compressive strength
with suffix 'yy' in respect of the y-axis of masonry
L length ~ms partial safety factor for strength of steel
1 effective span of lintel beam orthogonal ratio
A
© ACEM 1988 1 SECTION A: DESIGN PRINCIPLES

A. DESIGN PRINCIPLES

1. INTRODUCTION

BiS. 6073 and B.S. 5628 give comprehensive guidance on the material specification and design of concrete masonry. These standards are accepted by local authorities in the absence of a current Malaysian Standard. However, the sizes and strengths of the blocks manufactured locally at present are of a limited range and it was felt that the industry needed a simpler document for purposes of design of buildings with concrete masonry units (CMU) to encourage greater use of structural masonry in buildings. Although the designer is referred to the relevant provisions in the above mentioned British Standards leading towards the manufacture of CMU and their use in building design, attention has been drawn to the available local materials and local practice, whenever necessary. Some of the tables and figures in the British Standards have been further simplified or amplified to help the designer.

It must be emphasized that only precast concrete masonry units having a compressive strength of 7 N/mm2 (1,000 p.s.i.) are considered in the design of structural loadbearing units. In the event of designers using eMU having strengths and dimensions different from those provided in these guidelines, they should refer to the British Standards for guidance.

2. MATERIALS AND SPECIFICATIONS

The materials and specifications of eMU shall be in accordance with B.S. 6073 1981 : Precast Concrete Masonry Units, available in two parts as follows:

Part 1 :

Part 2 :

Specification for precast concrete masonry units. Method for specifying precast concrete masonry units.

Although various sizes of blocks are provided for in the above standards, under normal circumstances, the common block sizes used and currently available in the market are as follows:

TABLE 1: WORK SIZES OF BLOCKS

I I
Thickness, mm 90 140 I 190
gth Height \ --
m mm
I
-- ~J~x ___ J
0 190 I X
_l __ t Len m

39

Theminimum compressive strength of eMU given in B.S. 6073: Part 1 is 2.8 N/mm2• However, the blocks that would be used, using these guidelines shall have a minimum

compressive stren~h_~f 7 N/mm2• -- -

© ACEM 1988

2

\

3. DESIGN CONCEPTS

3.1 Basis of design: Limit state design

Designers are familiar with the concept of limit state approach introduced in the design of concrete structures through c.P. 110 and in the revised B.S. 8110. The limit state concept is also applied in the design of masonry structures according to B.S. 5628.

The basis of limit state design is that the designer considers all the likely ways in which a structure or element could fail to perform its required function and this ensures that there is an acceptable probability that failure will not occur.

The limit states considered are:

(1) Ultimate limit state: strength, stability.

(2) Serviceable limit state: cracking, deflection, displacement.

The limit state design concept gives the designer the opportunity to take advantage of the various degrees of variability of strength of building materials, construction processes and applied loads by adopting a partial safety factor format for the strength of the materials and applied loads based on statistical data. The format uses characteristic values of the parameters which are based ideally on statistical data and represent a certain probability of the particular value being achieved. These characteristic values are then modified by partial safety factors which provide for a measure of further uncertainties existing in a real structure. The factored characteristic values are called design values. The objectives of design are then achieved usually by ensuring that the design strength of a member is not less than its design load.

For example, if (5 f represents a partial safety factor expressing uncertainty in the value of the characteristic load F k and ~ 01 represents a partial safety factor expressing uncertainty in the value of the characteristic strength Sk' then the designer has to ensure that,

i.e,

The expression ( ~ f. ~ 01) is equivalent to the single factor used in the permissible stress approach used earlier.

© ACEM 1988

3

3.2 Design loads: Partial safety factor, ~ r

3.2.1 Characteristics loads

The characteristic dead and imposed loads, Gk and Qk' are given in B.S. 6399 : Part 1 and the characteristic wind load, W k ' in CP 3 : Chapter V : Part 2.

The nominal earth loads, En' should be obtained in accordance with current practice.

3.2.2 Combinations of loading

Clause 22 of B.S. 5628 : Part 1 gives the combinations of loading which should be considered by the designer. The loads given are design loads and comprise a number, the partial safety factor, 0 f ' multiplied by the characteristic load. In some cases there are alternative values for the design load or partial safety factor depending on which value gives the more serious consideration in design, as shown in Figure 1. The values of IS' r for normal loads are shown in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2: PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR. x f' FOR NORMAL LOADS

Load Combination ~ f' Partial factor to be applied to load
---- --
Gk Qk Wk
, (
Dead + Imposed 0.9 or 1.4 1.6 -
Dead + Wind 0.9 or 1.4 - 1.4*#
Dead + Imposed
+ Wind 1.2 1.2 1.2*
I J _____ *

If 0.015 G, is greater than the design wind load, then 0.015 Gk should be used.

#

If the wall may be removed without affecting the stability of the structure in any way, ~ f may be taken as 1.2.

NOTE

The above load combinations shall be modified to include for earth and water loads, wherever necessary, according to the provisions in B.S. 5628 : Part 1.

I _ !

© ACEM 1988

4

L_j'4 Gk+l·6a.~J .- from above t

1'4 Gk+ 1-6 a.k

Maximum total loads on wa s

(a) Dead and Live loads for maximum axial load in walls

Maximum eccentricit in walls

(b) Dead and Live loads for maximum eccentricity in walls.

r---lI-'--O'9Gk for the design of wall A

11-r--1r---1---r ........ -..-......-41 (in tension)

1'4 Gk for the design of wall B (in compression)

Wall A Wall B

(e) Dead and Wind loads.

Figure l: Load Combinations

3.3 Design strength: Partial safety factor for material strength, 't m

3.3.1 Characteristic compressive strength of masonry, fk

Characteristic compressive strength of masonry, fk, is defined in Clause 23 of B.S. 5628 : Part 1. Table 2 and Figure 1 in B.S. 5628 : Part 1 give the characteristic compressive strength for various strengths of blocks with varying aspect ratios and different mortar designations.

In this document, the mortar that would be used in design and construction of structural masonry shall be corresponding to the Type (ii) mortar given in Table 1 of

B.S. 5628: Part 1 and detailed as follows: -

Masonry Cement : Sand

1 : 2 1/2 to 3 1/2

Cement : sand with plasticizer

1 : 3 to 4

Table 3 and Figure 2 present the values for the designated mortar and hollow CMU with various aspect ratios and compressive strengths of 5 N/mm2 and 7 N/mm2•

© ACEM 1988

5

""'
c
0
-~
Ul
C
aJ 3
s
-~
"d
M
(\l
._;
c
0
N
o -~
-~ ~
W..c:
~._;
._; Ul
U n:l
aJ aJ 2
o.M
~ 0
W
._;
..c:
be
-~
aJ
..c:
~
0
0
-~
._;
a 1
'-' 4

- --- - ---- --- ---- - -- -- ---- ------------- - -- -r --1

Unit Strength = 5 N/mm2 > 1<:-- Unit Strength

- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - . - _ . _ - - - - - - - - - - _ . - - - )f . -_- ~ ~ t

- - ---- - - - - -- -- - - - - -- --- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - j_ 7i

/l

----------------------- -~--- ----1-----/ /:/:

- -- ----.-- -- ---- - ----- - - - --- - ---L -7 --.~ :

L; :

• I

--------------------------.. y:

o

1

4

5

6

2

3

?

Figure 2 : Characteristic Compressive Strength of Masonry, fk, ill N /mm~_

© ACEM 1988

6

TABLE 3: CHARAcrERlSnC COMPRESSWE STRENGTH OF MASONRY, fkJ

IN N/mm2 WITH TYPE (ii) MORTAR FOR CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS (INTERPOLATED BETWEEN TABLES 2(b) & 2(e) OF B.S. 5628: PART 1)

--
(Compressive strength
of Unit N/mm2)
Block Block Aspect
Height Thickness Ratio 5.0 7.0
190 90 2.11 5.0 5.5
- - 2.00* 5.0 5.5
1----
190 I 140 1.36 3.86 4.45
I
l:J 190 ~ 3.21 3.86
- 2.5 3.2
* __j * These are reference values from B.S. 5628 Part 1 1978.

3.3.2 Characteristic flexural strength, fkx

This is defined in Clause 24 of B.S. 5628 : Part 1. The characteristic flexural strength values for the designated mortar given in 3.3.1 and CMU of various aspect ratios and compressive strengths of 5 N/mm2 and 7 N/mm2 are given in Table 4 below.

TABLE 4:

CHARAcrERIsnc FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF MASONRY, fk ' IN N/mm2 WITH TYPE (ii) MORTAR FOR CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS (EXTRAcrED FROM TABLE 3 OF B.S. 5628: PART 1)

I Plane of failure Plane of failure
parallel to perpendicular
bed joints to bed joints
--
Mortar Designation (ii) (ii)
Concrete blocks
(solid or hollow) of
compressive strength in Nj'mm":
5.0 used in walls I
of thickness 0.25* 0.50*
7.0 up to 100 mm 0.25 0.60
- _ .. -
------_._--- © ACEM 1988

7

Plane of failure Plane of failure
parallel to perpendicular
bed joints to bed joints
Mortar Designation (ii) (ii)
5.0 used in walls
7.0 140mm 0.22* 0.53*
5.0 used in walls
7.0 190mm 0.19* 0.45*
5.0 used in walls
7.0 250mm 0.15 0.35
-- NOTE:

*

These values have been linearly interpolated between values given for strengths 28 N/mm2 and 7 N/mm2 given in B.S. 5628: Part 1.

3.3.3 Characteristic shear strength of masonry, fv

The characteristic shear strength, fv' of masonry may be taken as 0.35 + 0.6 gA N /mm2 with a maximum of 1.75 N/mm2 for walls built with mortar designation prescribed, where

gA is the design vertical load per unit area of wall cross section due to the vertical dead load and imposed loads calculated from the appropriate loading condition specified in Clause 22 (B.S. 5628 : Part 1).

4. DESIGN OF NON-REINFORCED WALLS AND COLUMNS

Walls and columns are subjected to vertical and lateral loads. The load carrying capacity of walls and columns is affected by eccentricity of such loads and the support conditions of the structural elements. The degree of restraint and resistance which may be provided by various other structural elements connected to the masonry element would affect the load capacity of the masonry element.

© ACEM 1988

8

4.1 Slenderness ratio

As the slenderness of an axially loaded member increases, its load carrying capacity decreases as its tendency towards buckling failure increases. In order to avoid the possibility of sudden buckling failure, without warning, a limiting slenderness ratio of 27 is adopted. This value is reduced to 20 for buildings higher than 2 storeys, if the wall thickness is less than 90 mm (Clause 28 B.S. 5628 : Part 1).

Slenderness ratio is defined in Clause 3 of B.S.5628 : Part 1 and is based on effective height, length and thickness of walls. It should be noted that the slenderness ratio used in the design is based on whichever is the lesser of the effective height and effective length. The effective height and effective length of walls would depend on the lateral support provided by horizontal or vertical lateral supports.

4.2 Lateral support

Lateral supports provide resistance to buckling and these may act either in a horizontal or vertical plane. In general terms, the greater the restraint applied to the edges of a masonry wall or column, the greater the load it can carry. Restraint may be either resistance to movement laterally i.e. normal to the plane of the wall, or resistance to rotation of the edges of the wall. Similar considerations apply to the ends of a column, but along both its horizontal axes of symmetry.

4.3 Effective height or length

The effective height or length of a load bearing element is based on theoretical and experimental studies. These have shown that the actual effective height of a wall may be strongly influenced by the level and position at which it occurs in a building, particularly one having two or three storeys, and by the pattern of the loading. For example, some internal walls of a high building wall have significantly higher end restraint at the base due to the substantial precompression. Typical examples are

shown in Figure 3. .

// /// //

/ ~imple resistance

enhanced resistance

simple resistance

h

simple resistance

Figure 3 : Effective heights for typical sections

© ACEM 1988

9

si mple resistance.

For a given height, experiments have shown columns to have a lower strength than walls, mainly due to lower in-plane restraint. The effect of slenderness on the strength of a column is greater than for a comparable wall and an allowance for this is made by increasing the effective height equal to the clear height (Clause 28.3.1.2, B.S. 5628 : Part 1). It is assumed that columns will be provided at both ends with only translational restraint.

The method of treating columns formed between openings in walls is described in Clause 28.3.1.3, B.S. 5628 : Part 1 and the meaning is demonstrated in Figure 4. If the effective height of the wall equals its height i.e. simple lateral support, any blockwork above or below the openings adjacent to the column should be ignored as its restraining effect is small. If enhanced lateral support is provided to the wall, some measure of restraint is afforded by the adjacent blockwork. The effective height in such cases is obtained by interpolation between 0.75 and 1.0 of

the full height, by reference to the height of the taller opening. , .

enhanced resistance.

enhanced ~ bEUef.

I~ hef= h

h

simple resistance I

~

bEl.tef.

Figure 4 : Effective height of a column between openings.

Guidance to obtain the effective height of piers is given in Clause 28.3.1.4, B.S. 5628 : Part 1 and the meaning is demonstrated in Figure 5.

Width of pier b (t eat as wall of thickness tp) Width of pier b (treat as column M ignOring, the wall) , .'

..

101 tp E l·St.

~Utthi'kn

Figure 5 : Effective height of a pier

© ACEM 1988

10

tp,.. l·St.

(b) tp ,.. 1-5t.

4.4 Effective thickness

This is essentially to provide for increase in stiffness of walls due to the presence of piers or intersecting walls. For single leaf walls and columns, the effective thickness is the actual thickness of the wall. When walls are stiffened by piers or intersecting walls, the thickness is modified by an appropriate stiffness coefficient depending on the spacing of such piers or intersecting walls as detailed in Clause 28.4.2, B.S. 5628 :

Part 1.

4.5 Eccentricity in loading

In order to determine the compressive strength of a wall required to resist a specific load or to determine the vertical load bearing capacity of a given wall, it is necessary to determine the distribution of load on the wall i.e. the effective eccentricity of the resultant vertical force. Along the length of the wall, the distribution will often be uniform unless the wall acts as a shear wall to resist lateral forces such as wind forces.

Eccentricities of load are also caused by the type of support conditions of floors or roofs on walls. In general, eccentricities may be expected at both top and bottom of a wall. That at the top is due to the combined effects of load from the structure above, from the effects of horizontal forces, and from floor loads applied directly to the top of the wall. The eccentricity at the bottom is determined by the total load from above, and the degree ofrestraint afforded by the lateral support at that level. In all cases of vertical loading (direct or induced by lateral loads), it is necessary to determine the effects of these eccentricities on the ultimate strength of a wall. The method of allowing for these effects is given in Clause 32, B.S. 5628 : Part 1.

4.6 Design vertical resistance of walls

This is obtained based on a capacity reduction factor ~ (Table 5)* allowing for the effects of slenderness and eccentricity, the characteristic strength of the masonry, f", the partial factor for material strength ($' m ' and the thickness of wall, t , as given in Clause 32.2.1, B.S. 5628 : Part 1. Similar provisions are given for columns in Clause 32.2.2, B.S. 5628 : Part 1.

* Note

Table 5 (on pages 13 to 18) is derived from the method given in Appendix B of B.S. 5628: Part 1 and is an amplification of Table 7 in the British Standard.

© ACEM 1988

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4.7 Walls subjected to lateral loads

Guidance on design of walls subjected to lateral loads is given in Clause 36 of B.S. 5628 : Part 1. The walls shall be designed to satisfy two independent criteria, namely:

(a) Limiting dimensions as provided in Clause 36.3, B.S.5628 : Part 1.

(b) Strength design according to Clauses 36.4 to 36.8, B.S. 5628 : Part 1.

According to Clause 36.4.1, B.S.5628 : Part 1, two approximate methods are given for the benefit of designers to assess the strengths of walls subjected to mainly lateral loads, as follows:

(i) as a panel supported on a number of sides;

(ii) as an arch spanning between suitable supports.

Method (i) lends itself easier to designers and is recommended for walls of this nature.

5. APPLICATION TO HOUSING CONSTRUCTION

The structural layout sample calculations for two typical types of houses, a single storey link house and a two storey link house are given in Section B.

Details that are normally used in concrete masonry construction are provided in Section C. These are recommended details and subject to variations according to requirements by architects and structural engineers.

A sample specification is included in Section D for the benefit of consumers, architects, engineers and builders using concrete masonry construction.

Architectural plans and layouts of the Ministry of Housing and Local Government, appearing in Section E are extracted from the document "Rekabentuk-Rekabentuk Rancangan Perumahan Awam Kos Rendah Untuk Rancangan Malaysia Kelima Jabatan Peru mahan Negara".

© ACEM 1988

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TABLE 5: CAPACI1Y REDUcnON FACTOR, ~

Slenderness Eccentricity at top of wall, ex
Ratio
he/tec 0.05t O.lOt 0.15t 0.20t 0.25t 0.30t
0.0 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
1.0 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
2.0 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
3.0 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
4.0 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
5.0 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
6.0 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
6.1 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
6.2 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
6.3 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
6.4 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
6.5 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
6.6 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
6.7 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
6.8 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
6.9 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
7.0 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
7.1 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
7.2 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
7.3 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
7.4 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
7.5 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
7.6 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
7.7 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
7.8 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
7.9 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
8.0 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
8.1 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
8.2 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
8.3 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
8.4 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
8.5 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
8.6 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
8.7 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
8.8 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
8.9 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
9.0 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44 © ACEM1988

13

TABLE 5 contd: CAPACl1Y REDUCI10N FACTOR, f3

Slenderness Eccentricity at top of wall, e
x
Ratio
he/tef 0.05t O.lOt 0.15t 0.20t 0.25t 0.30t
9.1 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
9.2 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
9.3 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
9.4 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
9.5 0.98 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
9.6 0.98 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
9.7 0.98 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
9.8 0.98 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
9.9 0.98 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
10.0 0.98 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
10.1 0.97 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
10.2 0.97 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
10.3 0.97 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
10.4 0.97 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
10.5 0.97 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
10.6 0.96 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
10.7 0.96 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
10.8 0.96 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
10.9 0.96 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
11.0 0.96 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
11.1 0.95 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
11.2 0.95 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
11.3 0.95 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
11.4 0.95 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
11.5 0.95 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
11.6 0.94 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
11.7 0.94 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
11.8 0.94 0.87 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
11.9 0.94 0.87 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
12.0 0.94 0.87 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
12.1 0.93 0.87 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
12.2 0.93 0.86 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
12.3 0.93 0.86 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
12.4 0.93 0.86 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
12.5 0.92 0.86 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
12.6 0.92 0.86 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
12.7 0.92 0.85 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44 © ACEM 1988

14

TABLE 5 contd: CAPACITY REDUcnON FACTOR, f3

Ratio
hc/tce 0.05t O.lOt 0.15t 0.20t 0.25t 0.30t
12.8 0.92 0.85 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
12.9 0.91 0.85 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
13.0 0.91 0.85 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
13.1 0.91 0.84 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
13.2 0.91 0.84 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
13.3 0.90 0.84 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
13.4 0.90 0.84 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
13.5 0.90 0.83 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
13.6 0.90 0.83 0.77 0.66 0.55 0.44
13.7 0.89 0.83 0.76 0.66 0.55 0.44
13.8 0.89 0.83 0.76 0.66 0.55 0.44
13.9 0.89 0.82 0.76 0.66 0.55 0.44
14.0 0.89 0.82 0.76 0.66 0.55 0.44
14.1 0.88 0.82 0.75 0.66 0.55 0.44
14.2 0.88 0.82 0.75 0.66 0.55 0.44
14.3 0.88 0.81 0.75 0.66 0.55 0.44
14.4 0.88 0.81 0.74 0.66 0.55 0.44
14.5 0.87 0.81 0.74 0.66 0.55 0.44
14.6 0.87 0.81 0.74 0.66 0.55 0.44
14.7 0.87 0.80 0.74 0.66 0.55 0.44
14.8 0.87 0.80 0.73 0.66 0.55 0.44
14.9 0.86 0.80 0.73 0.66 0.55 0.44
15.0 0.86 0.79 0.73 0.66 0.55 0.44
15.1 0.86 0.79 0.73 0.66 0.55 0.44
15.2 0.86 0.79 0.72 0.66 0.55 0.44
15.3 0.85 0.79 0.72 0.65 0.55 0.44
15.4 0.85 0.78 0.72 0.65 0.55 0.44
15.5 0.85 0.78 0.71 0.65 0.55 0.44
15.6 0.84 0.78 0.71 0.65 0.55 0.44
15.7 0.84 0.78 0.71 0.64 0.55 0.44
15.8 0.84 0.77 0.71 0.64 0.55 0.44
15.9 0.84 0.77 0.70 0.64 0.55 0.44
16.0 0.83 0.77 0.70 0.63 0.55 0.44
16.1 0.83 0.76 0.70 0.63 0.55 0.44
16.2 0.83 0.76 0.69 0.63 0.55 0.44
16.3 0.82 0.76 0.69 0.63 0.55 0.44 © ACEM 1988

15

I

I

I I

I

j

I

I

I

TABLE 5 contd: CAPACI1Y REDUCTION FACTOR, ~

Ratio
he/tee 0.05t O.lOt 0.15t 0.20t 0.25t 0.30t
16.4 0.82 0.75 0.69 0.62 0.55 0.44
16.5 0.82 0.75 0.69 0.62 0.55 0.44
16.6 0.81 0.75 0.68 0.62 0.55 0.44
16.7 0.81 0.75 0.68 0.61 0.55 0.44
16.8 0.81 0.74 0.68 0.61 0.54 0.44
16.9 0.81 0.74 0.67 0.61 0.54 0.44
17.0 0.80 0.74 0.67 0.60 0.54 0.44
17.1 0.80 0.73 0.67 0.60 0.53 0.44
17.2 0.80 0.73 0.66 0.60 0.53 0.44
17.3 0.79 0.73 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.44
17.4 0.79 0.72 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.44
17.5 0.79 0.72 0.65 0.59 0.52 0.44
17.6 0.78 0.72 0.65 0.59 0.52 0.44
17.7 0.78 0.71 0.65 0.58 0.52 0.44
17.8 0.78 0.71 0.64 0.58 0.51 0.44
17.9 0.77 0.71 0.64 0.58 0.51 0.44
18.0 0.77 0.70 0.64 0.57 0.51 0.44
18.1 0.77 0.70 0.63 0.57 0.50 0.44
18.2 0.76 0.70 0.63 0.57 0.50 0.43
18.3 0.76 0.69 0.63 0.56 0.50 0.43
18.4 0.76 0.69 0.62 0.56 0.49 0.43
18.5 0.75 0.69 0.62 0.56 0.49 0.42
18.6 0.75 0.68 0.62 0.55 0.49 0.42
18.7 0.75 0.68 0.61 0.55 0.48 0.42
18.8 0.74 0.68 0.61 0.55 0.48 0.41
18.9 0.74 0.67 0.61 0.54 0.48 0.41
19.0 0.74 0.67 0.60 0.54 0.47 0.41
19.1 0.73 0.67 0.60 0.53 0.47 0.40
19.2 0.73 0.66 0.60 0.53 0.47 0.40
19.3 0.73 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.46 0.40
19.4 0.72 0.66 0.59 0.52 0.46 0.39
19.5 0.72 0.65 0.59 0.52 0.45 0.39
19.6 0.71 0.65 0.58 0.52 0.45 0.38
19.7 0.71 0.65 0.58 0.51 0.45 0.38
19.8 0.71 0.64 0.58 0.51 0.44 0.38
19.9 0.70 0.64 0.57 0.51 0.44 0.37
20.0 0.70 0.63 0.57 0.50 0.44 0.37 © ACEM 1988

16

TABLE 5 contd: CAPACl7YREDUCTION FACTOR, ~

Ratio
hcr/tef 0.05t O.lOt 0.15t 0.20t 0.25t 0.30t
20.1 0.70 0.63 0.56 0.50 0.43 0.37
20.2 0.69 0.63 0.56 0.49 0.43 0.36
20.3 0.69 0.62 0.56 0.49 0.43 0.36
20.4 0.69 0.62 0.55 0.49 0.42 0.36
20.5 0.68 0.62 0.55 0.48 0.42 0.35
20.6 0.68 0.61 0.55 0.48 0.41 0.35
20.7 0.67 0.61 0.54 0.48 0.41 0.34
20.8 0.67 0.60 0.54 0.47 0.41 0.34
20.9 0.67 0.60 0.53 0.47 0.40 0.34
21.0 0.66 0.60 0.53 0.46 0.40 0.33
21.1 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.46 0.39 0.33
21.2 0.66 0.59 0.52 0.46 0.39 0.33
21.3 0.65 0.59 0.52 0.45 0.39 0.32
21.4 0.65 0.58 0.52 0.45 0.38 0.32
21.5 0.64 0.58 0.51 0.45 0.38 0.31
21.6 0.64 0.57 0.51 0.44 0.38 0.31
21.7 0.64 0.57 0.50 0.44 0.37 0.31
21.8 0.63 0.57 0.50 0.43 0.37 0.30
21.9 0.63 0.56 0.50 0.43 0.36 0.30
22.0 0.62 0.56 0.49 0.43 0.36 0.29
22.1 0.62 0.55 0.49 0.42 0.36 0.29
22.2 0.62 0.55 0.48 0.42 0.35 0.29
22.3 0.61 0.55 0.48 0.41 0.35 0.28
22.4 0.61 0.54 0.48 0.41 0.34 0.28
22.5 0.60 0.54 0.47 0.40 0.34 0.27
22.6 0.60 0.53 0.47 0.40 0.33 0.27
22.7 0.59 0.53 0.46 0.40 0.33 0.26
22.8 0.59 0.52 0.46 0.39 0.33 0.26
22.9 0.59 0.52 0.45 0.39 0.32 0.26
23.0 0.58 0.52 0.45 0.38 0.32 0.25
23.1 0.58 0.51 0.45 0.38 0.31 0.25
23.2 0.57 0.51 0.44 0.38 0.31 0.24
I 23.3 0.57 0.50 0.44 0.37 0.31 0.24
23.4 0.57 0.50 0.43 0.37 0.30 0.24
23.5 0.56 0.49 0.43 0.36 0.30 0.23
23.6 0.56 0.49 0.42 0.36 0.29 0.23 © ACEM 1988

17

TABLE 5 comd: CAPACl1Y REDUcnON FACTOR, f>

Ratio
he/tee 0.05t 0.10t 0.15t 0.20t 0.25t 0.30t
23.7 0.55 0.49 0.42 0.35 0.29 0.22
23.8 0.55 0.48 0.42 0.35 0.28 0.22
23.9 0.54 0.48 0.41 0.35 0.28 0.21
24.0 0.54 0.47 0.41 0.34 0.28 0.21
24.1 0.53 0.47 0.40 0.34 0.27 0.20
24.2 0.53 0.46 0.40 0.33 0.27 0.20
24.3 0.53 0.46 0.39 0.33 0.26 0.20
24.4 0.52 0.46 0.39 0.32 0.26 0.19
24.5 0.52 0.45 0.38 0.32 0.25 0.19
24.6 0.51 0.45 0.38 0.31 0.25 0.18
24.7 0.51 0.44 0.38 0.31 0.24 0.18
24.8 0.50 0.44 0.37 0.31 0.24 0.17
24.9 0.50 0.43 0.37 0.30 0.23 0.17
25.0 0.49 0.43 0.36 0.30 0.23 0.16
25.1 0.49 0.42 0.36 0.29 0.23 0.16
25.2 0.48 0.42 0.35 0.29 0.22 0.15
25.3 0.48 0.41 0.35 0.28 0.22 0.15
25.4 0.48 0.41 0.34 0.28 0.21 0.15
25.5 0.47 0.40 0.34 0.27 0.21 0.14
25.6 0.47 0.40 0.33 0.27 0.20 0.14
25.7 0.46 0.40 0.33 0.26 0.20 0.13
25.8 0.46 0.39 0.32 0.26 0.19 0.13
25.9 0.45 0.39 0.32 0.25 0.19 0.12
26.0 0.45 0.38 0.32 0.25 0.18 0.12
26.1 0.44 0.38 0.31 0.24 0.18 0.11
26.2 0.44 0.37 0.31 0.24 0.17 0.11
26.3 0.43 0.37 0.30 0.23 0.17 0.10
26.4 0.43 0.36 0.30 0.23 0.16 0.10
26.5 0.42 0.36 0.29 0.23 0.16 0.09
26.6 0.42 0.35 0.29 0.22 0.15 0.09
26.7 0.41 0.35 0.28 0.22 0.15 0.08
26.8 0.41 0.34 0.28 0.21 0.14 0.08
26.9 0.40 0.34 0.27 0.21 0.14 0.07
27.0 0.40 0.33 0.27 0.20 0.13 0.07 © ACEM1988

18

© ACEM 1988

19

REFERENCES

1. "B.S. 5628,' Part 1 " 1978, Unreinforced Masonry", British Standards Institution.

2. "B.S. 5628,' Part 2,' 1985, Structural Use of Reinforced and Prestressed Masonry", British Standards Institution.

3. "B.S. 5628,' Part 3,' 1985, Materials and Components, Design and Workmanship", British Standards Institution.

4. "B.S. 6399,' Part 1 " 1984, Dead and Imposed Load", British Standards Institution.

5. "CP. 3,' Chapter V,' Part 2 " 1972, Wind Loads, British Standards Institution.

Copies of the British Standards can be obtained from the Standards & Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM), Lot 10810, Phase 3 Federal Highway, POBox 35, 40700 Shah Alam, SeIangor.

SECTION B: DESIGN EXAMPLES

B. DESIGN EXAMPLES

r, SINGLE STOREY LINK HOUSE

TYPE 1WO: STRATUM PROCESS HOUSING (ST/4/t)

MEMBER
REFERENCE CALCULA nONS OUTPUT
General 1) All references are made to the ACEM CMU, mortar &
Guidelines (1988) wherever possible. concrete infill
details.
2) Compressive strength of CMU = 7 N/mm2•
3) Mortar for joints:
Use mix of masonry cement: sand = 1 : 3
This is designated as Type (ii) mortar
in ACEM Guidelines.
4) Concrete infill to cavities with
reinforcement:
Use mix of cement: sand: 10 mm max.
size aggregate = 1 : 3 : 2.
,
Slump: between 75 mm and 175 mm for
unplasticized mixes.
Loadings 1) Dead Loads: Data for design.
140 mm thick CMU wall = 1.8 kN/m2
Assume tiled roof, timber roof truss
and ceiling'; 1.5 kN/m2•
2) Imposed Load:
Roof = 0.75 kN/m2
I 3) Wind Loads:
Wind loads are estimated in accordance
with CP 3: Chapter V: Part 2: 1972.
The winds loads obtained in this
example are as follows:-
a) Characteristic wind pressure on wall
I = 110 N 1m], (pressure). I
I @ ACEM1988

20

SINGLE STOREY LINK HOUSE (contd.)

r-----------T------------------------------------,----------,

II MEMBER I'

REFERENCE

I

Loadings (contd.)

CALCULATIONS

OUTPUT

-----------------------~------~

b) Characteristic wind pressure on roof (resolved vertically based on plan area of roof)

= -137 N/m2 (up.lift)

I

1

Iw;--~ t:~ these walls are axially loaded. By inspection

I 1&5/A-B-C I the most heavily loaded wall is wall C/2-3. The

5/C-E-F full calculations for wall C/2-3 are as shown

I

C/2-3 I below:

C/4-5 I

Walls 3/A-B-C-D 4/C-E B/1-3 D/2-3

Internal non-structural walls.

Use 140 mm thick walls on strip footing.

3.200 mm

© ACEM 1988

___ L_-------------- ___!L ---'

Try 140 mm thick wall on strip footing.

Vertical loadings:

Gk = 3.2 x 1.8 + 5.875 x 1.5 kN/m = 14.57 kN/m

Ok = 5.875 x 0.75 kN/m = 4.41 kN/m

Wk = - 5.875 x 0.137 kN/m = - 0.80 kN/m (uplift)

I Using Table 2, ACEM Guidelines (Clause 22, I BS 5628 : Part 1 : 1978) to obtain the most

I severe condition for design load:

a) Dead and imposed load 1.4 o, + 1.6 o,

= 1.4 x 14.57 + 1.6 x 4.41 kN/m

I = 27.45 kN/m

21

1.740mm

Wall C/2-3


MEMBER REFERENCE

CALCULATIONS

OUTPUT

Walls 1&5/A-B-C 5/C-E-F C/2-3 C/4-5 (contd.)

b) Dead and wind load 1.4 Gk + 0.015 Gk

= (1.4 + 0.015) x 14.57 kN/m = 20.62 kN/m

c) Dead, imposed and wind load 1.2 Gk + 1.2 o, + 0.015 Gk

= (1.2 + 0.015) x 14.57 + 1.2 x 4.41 kN/m = 22.99 kN/m

Hence, design vertical load = 27.45 kN/m

For Type (ii) mortar, block dimensions 140 x

190 x 390 mm and unit compressive strength of 7 N/mm2, Table 3, ACEM Guidelines gives:

Characteristic compressive strength, fk = 4.45 N/mm2

her = 1,740 mm (smaller panel dimension)

ter = 140 mm

From Clause 4.1, ACEM Guidelines:

1,740 = 12.43 < 27 140

Design load

= 27.45 kN/m.

her = 1,740 mm (smaller panel dimension)

ter = 140 mm

. --.--.---- .. -.--.--.---~---------.-------_!____-------__j

@ ACEM 1988

Slenderness ratio

Assuming eccentricity of vertical load at top of wall is negligible,

Use eccentricity, ex = 0.05 t

From Table 5, ACEM Guidelines:

Capacity reduction factor, ft = 0.92

Assuming normal control for both manufacturing and construction of CMU, from Table 4, B.S. 5628 : Part 1 : 1978, partial safety factor for material, '0 m = 3.5 .

22


I---------------T-----~----------------r---~--------

I R]~~:i:~~J CALCULATIONS~~~~~_+~ OUTPU~

I I I

Walls I From Clause 4.6, ACEM Guidelines:

1&5/A-B-C I

5/C-E-F

C/2-3

C/4-5

(contd.)

-+-------------------------------+----- - ------------j

R.C. Lintel over opening at grid line C.

© ACEM 1988

Allowable vertical load resistance

1Sm

= 0.92 x i~O x 4.45 kN/m

= 163.76 kN/m > 27.45 kN/m

Hence, wall thickness is satisfactory.

Structural design of R.c. lintel shall be in accordance with BS 8110.

A check for bearing at the supports in accordance with BS 5628 is as shown below:

Loadings:

Gk = 0.4 x 0.14 x 23.6 + 5.875 x 1.5 kN/m = 10.13 kN/m

Ok = 4.41 kN/m (refer to vertical

loading for wall C/2-3).

Wk = - 0.80 kN/m (refer to vertical

loading for wall C/2-3).

I I I a) I

I

I

I

i

1 _

Using Table 2, ACEM Guidelines (Clause 22, BS 5628 : Part 1 : 1978) to obtain the most severe condition for design load:

Dead and imposed load 1.4 Gk + 1.6 Ok

= 1.4 x 10.13 + 1.6 x 4.41 = 21.24 kN/m

kN/m

Use 140 mm thick wall on strip footing.

23


MEMBER

REFERENCE

r' ---------- - --- --- -_ ~

I

RC. Lint~l II' b)

over opemng

at grid line C. (contd.)

I

I ~

I From Figure 4, BS 5628 : Part 1 : 1978, for I bearing Type 2:

III

1.5 fk

I Local design strength =

I

II ~ 1.5 ;;.45 N/mm'

= 1.91 N/mm2 > 0.55 N/mm2

I

I Hence safe.

• I

----- ,, , __ ._ " _l .. _

-----~--~ ------------

r--

© ACEM 1988

CALCULATIONS

Dead and wind load 1.4 Gk + 0.015 Gk

= (1.4 + 0.015) x 10.13 kN/m = 14.33 kN/m

c) Dead, imposed and wind load 1.2 Gk + 1.2 Qk + 0.015 Gk

= (1.2 + 0.015) x 10.13 + 1.2 x 4.41 kN/m = 17.60 kN/m

Hence, design load on lintel = 21.24 kN/m

Reaction @ support

=

21.24 x ( 0.9 + 0.35 + 0.2) kN 2

15,399 N

=

Due to smaller bearing area, pressure at support B will be higher.

Therefore, bearing pressure @ support B,

15,399 N/ 2 - 0 55 N/ 2

200 x 140 mm -. mm

~m

Design load on lintel

= 21.24 kN/m

Bearing satisfactory .

24

.----~--_.----.-------------------------


~--~~-~---.-~,--.---.---

I

MEMBER Ii

REFERENCE CALCULATIONS

--~----~---------I

OUTPUT

All these walls are subjected to both vertical and lateral loads. By inspection, the most severely

loaded wall is wall 2/D-F. The full calculations 4.400mm 3.400mm

for wall 2/D-F are as shown below:

Walls A/1-3-5 C/1-2 E/4-5 F/2-4 2/C-D-F

I

I

I

,

i

I

I I

\

I I

I

1__ _

© ACEM 1988

Try 140 mm thick wall on strip footing

tcf = 140 mm

From clause 36.3, BS 5628 : Part 1 : 1978 on limiting dimensions:

50 tef = 7,000 mm > 4,400 mm

3.200mm

1,350 te/ = 26.46 X 106 mrrr' > 4,400 x 3,200 mrrr' Wall dimensions

Hence wall dimensions are satisfactory.

From Table 4, ACEM Guidelines, the characteristic flexural strengths are:

fkx = 0.22 N/mm2 (parallel to bed joint)

flv: = 0.53 N/mm2

(perpendicular to bed joint)

The panel is supported at the bottom and two sides; hence the critical stress (refer to failure pattern shown) will occur at the top of the panel where there is no vertical load. Therefore,

the self-weight of the panel cannot be utilised to enhance its lateral resistance.

Orthogonal ratio, p.. = 0.22 = 0.53

0.42

are satisfactory.

_ l ~ _

25

SINGLE STOREY LINI( HOUSE (contd.)

----·-~----~·--·-----T-----------------~"~~-

MEMBER REFERENCE

CALCULATIONS

----- --------- +---

Walls A/1-3-5 C/1-2 E/4-5 F/2-4 2/C-D-F ( contd.)

© ACEM 1988

Average height of panel,

= 3,400 + 4,400 mm = 3,900 mm 2

h _ 3,900 _

L - 3,200 - 1.22

From Table 9, BS 5628 : Part 1 : 1978, case A gives:

0(= 0.092

From Clause 36.4.2, BS 5628 : Part 1 : 1978, Design horizontal moment:

M=cxW'IS'U k r

= 0.092 x 110 x 10-3 x 1.4 X (3.2)2 kNm/m ht = 0.145 kNm/m ht

Section Modulus, Z

= 1,000 X 1402 mm3/m 6

= 3.27 X 106 mm3/m

From Clause 36.4.3, BS 5628 : Part 1 : 1978, the horizontal design moment of resistance is:

fkx

Md == - '6' m Z

== 0.553 x 3.27 x 106 x 10-6 kNm/m ht 3.

== 0.495 kNm/m ht > 0.145 kNm/m ht

Since the orthogonal effect has been taken into account in the evaluation of the horizontal resistance, there IS no need to check the vertical resistance of the panel.

"--1-------- -- -------

I OUTPUT

1·_-_··_--

Design horizontal moment

= 0.145 kNm/m ht

Hence wall is safe in horizontal bending.

Use 140 mm thick wall on strip footing.

--"- - ---"---- -"- -"- -----"- -------- "--- "--- --"~

26


r-----~-------T--~-----

MEMBER

I REFERENCE CALCULATIONS II OUTPUT

f----------- --------------------------t----------j

!

Masonry Comparing the spans and the loading conditions, ~~~_]_A?~~"'J:'~"-

lintels over the most critical lintel is that over window W2. 1 - ~ --~-~--- CI

all doors and Hence the design is for lintel over window W2

windows and the same reinforcement is used for all other lintels.

Design as simply supported beam with 200 mm minimum bearing on either end.

Design ultimate load = 13.14 kN/m

© ACEM 1988

-------_._-_-- -- --.-.-.----------_--------------~~------~---~~~

Therefore, effective span = 1.8 + 0.2 = 2 m

Vertical loadings:

Gk = 1.8 x 0.4 + 1.5 x 3.675 kN/m = 6.23 kN/m

Ok = 0.75 x 3.675 kN/m = 2.76 kN/m

From Table 2, ACEM Guidelines, the most severe loading condition gives:

Design ultimate load

= 1.4 x 6.23 + 1.6 x 2.76 kN/m

= 13.14 kN/m

Design moment, M

= 13.14 x (2)2/8 kNm

= 6.57 kNm

Assuming steel bar 20 mm diameter,

Effective depth, d = 400 - 100 - 10 mm =290 mm

Width of section, b = 140 mm

27


I __ ~:~~C_E~ C_A_L_C_U_LA __ TI __ O_N_S ~ O_U __ T_P_U_T __ ~

I-~~~~sn:er

I all doors and windows ( contd.)

l J

From Clause 22.4.2.2, BS 5628: Part 2: 1985,

M = Qbd2

d

6.57 X 106

Therefore, Q = = 0.56 N /mm2

140 x 2902

The block is of unit strength of 7 N/mm2 and is approximately 55% solid.

Therefore net strength = 7/0.55 = 12.73 N/mm2 (Refer to Clause 19.1.1.3 (g), BS 5628 : Part 2 : 1985).

Aspect ratio of block = i:~ = 1.36

For Type (ii) mortar and unit compressive strength of 12.73 N/mm2, by interpolation from Figure 1, BS 5628 : Part 2: 1985,

From Table 6, BS 5628 : Part 2: 1985, partial safety factor for strength of masonry assuming normal manufacturing control:

1< = 2.3

mm

= 7.4 N/ 2

2.3 mm

= 3.22 N/mm2

From Figure 3, BS 5628 : Part 2 : 1985,

c = 0.89

© ACEM 1988 28


--
MEMBER
REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
Masonry From Clause 22.4.2, BS 5628 : Part 2 : 1985,
lintels over
all doors and Md ~ms
windows A =
s f cd
(contd.) y
I From Table 7, BS 5628 : Part 2 : 1985, partial
safety factor for strength of steel, '6 ms = 1.15
I
I
I Using mild steel, f = 250 N/mm2
y
A 6.57 X 106 x 1.15 mm?
=
s 250 x 0.89 x 290
= 117 mrrr'
Provide 2RI0
Note: It is recommended that minimum size (157 mrrr')
of 10 mm diameter bars be used.
-~----~-~-

Masonry By inspection, the masonry column between main
column door Dl and window WI is the most critical.
between I Hence, a check on its adequacy is made. From
Dl&WI previous design of lintel, loading at window sill
level is:
Vertical load = 13.14 x 1.41 + 1.8 x 0.2 x 1.2 kN Vertical load
= 18.96 kN = 18.96 kN
Try a column with the cavities filled.
I Net strength of block = 12.73 N/mm2
Aspect ratio of block = ~~~ = 1.36
I From Figure 1, BS 5628: Part 2: 1985, as
before, characteristic compressive strength,
fk = 7.4 N/mm2.
I © ACEM1988

29


MEMBER REFERENCE

Masonry column between Dl&Wl ( contd.)

© ACEM 1988

~~~~----~~~~~~~-.--~-,--------- .. ~----~

CALCULATIONS

---------~-.---~~.----.-~~~~_~~~~~ _ _J__~ __ ~~ ______'

From Clause 28.3.1.3, BS 5628 : Part 1 : 1978,

Effective heights:

hefxx = 0.75 x 3200 + 0.25 x 2210 mm = 2,953 mm

hefyy = 3,200 mm

Effective thickness:

t = 190 mm

ef xx

tefyy = 140 mm Slenderness ratios:

2,953 In respect of the x-axis = 190

= 15.54 < 27

In respect of the y-axis = 3,200 140

= 22.86 < 27

Assuming eccentricity of vertical load at top of wall is negligible,

Use eccentricity, ex = 0.05 t

From Table 5, ACEM Guidelines, capacity reduction factor, j3 = 0.59.

From Clause 32.2.2, BS 5628: Part 1 : 1978,

Vertical load resistance of column tB bt fk

= --=-

2S'm

30

OUTPUT


MEMBER REFERENCE

CALCULA nONS

Provide R12

~ core and infilled

with concrete.

~--- ---~------t-------------1

I

Layout of the structure is stable due to the

presence of cross walls resisting any horizontal forces.

Masonry column between D1&W1 (contd.)

Stability & serviceability considerations

=

0.59 x 140 x 190 x 7.4 kN 3.5 x 103

=

33.18 kN > 18.96 kN

To ensure additional stability, the whole structure shall be tied together as provided for in Clause 37, BS 5628: Part 1 : 1978.

Exclusions

© ACEM1988

Calculations for R.C. beam and footing are not included here.

OUTPUT

Strength of column sufficient with concrete infill.

Follow BS 8110 for R.C. design.

31

DOUBLE STOREY LOW COST LINK HOUSE TYPE D2/4/2

MEMBER
General 1) All references are made to the ACEM CMU, mortar &
Guidelines (1988) wherever possible. concrete infill
details.
2) Compressive strength of CMU = 7 N/mm2•
3) Mortar for joints:
Use mix of masonry cement: sand = 1 : 3.
This is designated as Type (ii) mortar
in ACEM Guidelines.
4) Concrete infill to cavities with
reinforcement:
Use mix of cement: sand: 10 mm max.
size aggregate = 1: 3 : 2
Slump: between 75 mm and 175 mm for
unplasticized mix.
Loadings 1) Dead loads for CMU walls:
I 90 mm thick - 1.3 kN/m2
140 mm thick - 1.8 kN/m2
190 mm thick - 2.4 kN/m2
2) Corrugated AC roof loads:
I 0.75 kN/m2
I Dead load -
I Live load - 0.75 kN/m2
1---"
Wind load CP 3 Chapter V Part 2: 1972

Assume basic wind speed, V = 80 mph
= 35.8 m/s
I
Assume Sl = S3 = 1.0
Ground roughness = 3
H = 8 m, Class C
Referring to Table 3, S2 = 0.69 <9 ACEM 1988

32

DOUBLE STOREY LOW COST LINK HOUSE (contd.)

MEMBER REFERENCE

CALCULATIONS

OUTPUT

Wind load (contd.)

= 35.8 (0.69) = 24.7 m/s

Characteristic wind pressure, q = 0.613 Vs2

= 0.613 (24.7)2 =374 N/m2

l' = 60 m B = 7.2 m

H/B = 8/7.2 = 1.1 1 iB = 60/7.2 = 8.3

From Table 10, c, = 1.3

Therefore, characteristic wind pressure on wall,

I

r---------___J_--------------------I------------

Party Wall

Wk = Cfq

= (1.3) (374)

= 486.2 N/m2

A. Design of Axially Loaded Wall

By inspection, the most heavily loaded wall is the party wall.

I Assume 140 mm thick wall.

Loadings:

1st floor: self-weight

= 24(0.1) = 2.40 kN/m2 = 0.58 kN/m2

= 2.98 kN/m2

finishes Therefore, Dead load

I Live load = 1.50 kN/m2

I 1140 mm wall: Dead load ~ 1.8 kNjm'

-----------

(9 ACEM1988

33


CALCULA nONS

OUTPUT

Party Wall (contd.)

I MEMBER

I REFERENCE

= 1.4 Gk + 1.6Qk

= 1.4 (20.1) + 1.6 (4.5)

= 35.34 .kN/m n = 35.34 kN/m

Considering 1 m-run of wall:-

Gk = 2.98 (3.0) + 1.8 (6.2) = 20.1 kN/m O, = 1.50 (3.0) = 4.5 kN /m

Gk = 20.1 kN/m

Ok = 4.5 kN/m

Slenderness ratio is satisfactory.

140 mm wall is satisfactory under vertical load.

(9 ACEM 1988

Design ultimate load

For block of dimensions 140 x 190 x 390 mm, Type (ii) mortar and unit compressive strength of 7 N/mm2; Table 3, ACEM Guidelines, gives:

I Since, hoI =3.4 m (top of footing to slab) I

tee = 0.14 m

hee =.lA_ = 24.3 < 27

tee 0.14

Assuming eccentricity of vertical load at top of wall is negligible, i.e. ~ 0 . .o5t or 7 mm; from

BS 5628 : Part 1, Clause 32.2, s ' •

,5 tf Vertical load resistance, n = T

m

Where f3 = 0.53 (ACEM Table 5) t = 140mm

fk = 4.45 Nyrnnr'

IS'm = 3.5 (Normal category)

n = 0.53 (1~~§ (4.45) kN/m

= 94.34 kN/m > 35.34 kN/m

34


MEMBER
Column B/1 B. Design of masonry column at backwall to
(Corner Unit) support RC beam

Dead loads:
Roof 0.75 (3.0 x 3.1) = 6.98 kN
1st floor 2.98 (2.1 x 3.1) = 19.40 kN
Self-weight 1.8 (0.6 x 6.2) = 6.70 kN
Wall 1.8 (2.8 x 2.1) = 10.59 kN
RC Beam 21 (2.1 x 0.1 x 0.2) -r- 4.03 kN
Gk = 47.70 kN Gk = 47.70 kN
Live loads:
Roof 0.75 (3.0 x 3.1) = 6.98 kN
I 1st floor 1.5 (2.1 x 3.1) = 9.77 kN
Ok = 16.75 kN Ok = 16.75 kN
Design ultimate load = 1.4 Gk + 1.6 Ok
= 1.4(47.70) + 1.6(16.75)
=93.58 kN n = 93.58 kN
Assume masonry column is unreinforced:
Vertical load resistance of a rectangular column,
"b tfk
n = -v.;-
Where f3 = 0.53 (ACEM Table 5)
I
I
))m = 3.5 (Normal category)
t = 140mm
I b = 600mm
I fk = 4.45 N/mm2 (hollow)
0.53 (140 x 600} 4.45
Therefore, n =
3.5
I = 56.60 kN < 93.58 kN Section fails.
I @ ACEM 1988

35


MEMBER
REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT' ..
Column B/1 Since the unreinforced hollow column is
(Corner Unit) inadequate, try a column with infilled concrete
(contd.) i.e. making the blocks solid; which would
increase the value of fk and correspondingly, N.
Since the block is of unit strength 7.0 N/mm2
and 55% solid, (Referring to Clause 19.1.1.3(g),
BS 5628 : Part 2 : 1985)
Net strength = 7.0/0.55
::;: 12.73 N/mm2
Aspect ratio = 190/140 = 1.36
From BS 5628 : Part 1 : 1978, Table 2(b) for
Type (ii) mortar and unit strength of
12.73 N/mm2,
fk = 4.8 N/mm2
Similarly, from Table 2( d), for solid concrete
blocks of same unit strength and Type (ii) mortar,
fk = 9.6 N/mm2
Interpolating,
fk = 7.41 N/mm2 fk = 7.41 N/mm2
Therefore, N = f3 b tfk
)fm
= (0.53)" (140 x 600) 7.41
3.5 Provide R 12 in
each of the 3
= 94.26 kN > 93.58 kN cores and infilled
with concrete.
Hence, column with infilled concrete is
satisfactory. @ ACEM 1988

36


r---------------------------------------------r-------------~

MEMBER REFERENCE

CALCULA nONS

OUTPUT

Bearing of RC Dead Loads:
Beam Over
Column B/3 RCBeam 1 24 (2.1 x 0.4 x 0.2) = 4.03 kN
RCBeam2 24 (1.5 x 0.4 x 0.2) = 2.88 kN
1st Floor 2.98 (2.1 x 3.1) = 19.40 kN
1st Fir Wall 1.8 (2.1 + 1.5)(2.8) = 18.15 kN
Roof 0.75 (3.0 x 3.1) = 6.98 kN
r: .- 51.44 kN Gk = 51.44 kN
'-'k
Live loads:
Roof 0.75 (3.0 x 3.1) = 6.98 kN
1st Floor 1.5 (2.1 x 3.1) = 9.77 kN
o = 16.75 kN o, = 16.75 kN
k Design ultimate load = 1.4 (51.44) + 1.6 (16.75)

= 98.82 kN Design ultimate load = 98.82 kN

With reference to BS 5628: Part 1 : 1978, Figure 4(c), assume a bearing width of 200 mm i.e. ~ 2t or 280 mm, giving Type 2 bearing.

98.82 X 103 Bearing stress =

200 x 140

= 3.53 N/mm2

= 1.91 < 3.53 Failure in

I bearing.

_---- --------~-------~------------

<9 ACEM 1988

Local design bearing strength =

= 1.5(4.45) 3.5

37

:e ~N


1-------I MEMBER

I REFERENCE

Bearing of RC Beam Over Column B/3 (contd.)

Masonry Lintels

= 3.18 N/mm2 < 3.53 Bearing failure.

CALCULA nONS

If bearing area is infilled with concrete, fk = 7.41 N/mm2

H beari h _ 1.5(7.41) ence, eanng strengt - -..;......,,~

3.5

Try bearing width = 400 mm, i.e. ~ 3t or 420 mm, givmg Type 1 bearing.

With bearing area infilled with concrete:

98.82 X 103 Bearing stress =

400 x 140

---------l--- -----------------------+ _

----------------------------------------------~

= 1.77 N/mm2

Local bearing strength

= 1.25(7.41) 3.5

= 2.64 N/mm2 > 1.77

a) 400 mm deep lintel over 1.8 m window upstairs

Assume simply supported beam with minimum bearing of 200 mm on either end.

Therefore, effective span = 1.8 + 0.2 = 2.0 m

Dead Loads:

Self-weight Roof

24 (0.14 x 0.4) 3.0 (0.75)

= 1.34 kN = 2.25 kN

Gk = 3.59 kN/m Gk = 3.59 kN/m

Live Loads:

Roof

3.0 (0.75)

= 2.25 kN/m Ok = 2.25 kN/m

38

OUTPUT

Provide Type 1 bearing and place R 12 in each of the 2 cores infilled with concrete.

2.0

I

i -,-1 ~ _

@ ACEM 1988

T


MEMBER
Masonry Design ultimate load = 1.4 (3.59) + 1.6 (2.25)
Lintels = 8.63 kN/m Design ultimate
(contd.) load = 8.63 kN/m
Design moment, M = (8.63) 2.02/8
= 4.32 kNm
Effective depth, d = 400 - 100 - 10
= 290mm d = 290mm
I Width of section, b = 140mm
From BS 5628: Part 2: 1985, Clause 22.4.2.2,
M = Qbd2
d
Q 4.32 X 106
=
(140)(290)2
= 0.37 N/mm2
From Figure 3, assuming fk = 7.41 N/mm2
I (for block infilled with concrete),
fk = 7.41 3.22
_- =
! 'g mm 2.3
I Hence, c = 0.92
I
From Clause 22.4.2.1,
As = Md '\S ms
fed
I y
I
I
I
I
I I
I I @ ACEM 1988

39


--- ------ ----- ------ t ----~--~----------~----------~~--- .

MEMBER I REFERENCE I

"--------------_.----- -- ~----------

! Where

I

CALCULATIONS

•. _f OUlPU~T_---j

I

Masonry Lintels (contd.)

= 1.15

~ ms

f = 250 N/mm2 y

Therefore,

A

s

= (4.32)(1.15 X 106) (250)(0.92)(290)

Provide 2RlO (157 mrrr')

= 74.48 mrrr'

b) Lintel over 1.8 m window at kitchen

Assuming arching action for blockwork, maximum value of load per unit length = 1.4 (1.0 x 2.0) = 2.80 kN

= 1 (wi)1 6 2

= J. (2.8 x 2)2 6 2

= 0.94 kNm < 4.32 kNm (case (a» Provide 2RIO

Then, M

c) 400 mm lintel over door and window at front of the house

Dead loads:

Self-weight = 1.34 kN/m Roof 1.5 (0.75) = 1.13 kN/m

Ok = 2.47 kN/m

Live Loads:

Roof 1.5 (0.75) = 1.13 kN/m = Ok

Design load, .

= 1.4 (2.47) + 1.6 (1.13) = 5.27 kN/m

M = (5.27) 2.42/8 I

._ . ..... __~~3.7~~:7a»4.32 :m r~OVide:1O ._

@ ACEM 19S8

40

I I

~-.--------------4------------~----.---------_---.--+-------

Ii Upper floor ! This wall is laterally loaded.

gable end :

I wall. i Assume that the wall is simply supported

, ,

! on three sides.


f---- .. --------------- .. ----- ---1----·---------~---

I MEMBER

i_R~_~~_R_EN~=_l CALCULATIONS

d) Lintels for other openings

Masonry Lintels

( contd.)

Bending moments developed are less than those in the above cases.

Referring to BS 5628: Part 1 : 1978, Clause 36.3,

Check on limiting dimensions:

tce = 140 mm

50 tce = 50 (140) = 7,000 mm > 3,500 mm

1350(140)2

= 26.40 x 106 mrrr'

> 3,500 x 2,400 mrrr' = 8.4 x 106 mrrr'

1350 t 2 =

cf

Since the top of wall is unsupported, the critical stress would occur at the top of the panel. Hence, there will be no modification of the characteristic flexural strength of the wall.

Referring to Table 4, ACEM Guidelines,

for plane of failure parallel to bed joint, fkx = 0.22 N/mm2•

for plane of failure perpendicular to bed joint, fkx = 0.53 N/mm2•

Therefore, orth_OgOnal ~a_tio, fo : ~:~i_~0_._53 __ .I _

(9 ACEM 19M

41

Hence wall dimensions are satisfactory .

T

o.

are


MEMBER REFERENCE

CALCULA nONS

OUTPUT

Upper floor gable end wall. (contd.)

@ ACEM 1988

Referring to BS 5628: Part 1 : 1978, Table 9, Case A:

h/L = 0.5 (2.8 + 3.5)/2.4 = 1.31

For )J- = 0.50 and h/L = 1.31 ex = 0.0912

For )J- = 0.40 and h/L = 1.31 0<. = 0.0942

Hence, by interpolation, for }t = 0.415

and h/L = 1.31 ex. = 0.0938

Thus design moment per unit height,

= (0.0938)(0.49)(1.4)2.42

= 0.371 kNm

Section modulus, Z = bd2/6

_ 1000(140?

- 6

= 3.27 X 106 mm3/m

Design moment of resistance:

0.53 X 10-3 (3.27 x 106) 10-3 3.5

= 0.495 kNm/m > 0.371 kNm/m

42

M = 0.371 kNm/m

Hence wall is satisfactory.

SECTION C: RECOMMENDED DETAILS

=
:a - =
:z:.- . en
Z .~QZ
="'X:z:~
~~ ~~:; ::-
VI -J
CO:"" :::3 =
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= %QZc = ~_,- <l "" C>
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© ACEM 1988

43

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ez
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~~ © ACEM 1988

44

<>:>
CD
0;
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_. ""

= z

= a::>

a: c::> _,

!!:::z: !:~

_, ""

@ ACEM1988

45

C>
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SECTION D: SAMPLE SPECIFICATIONS

D. SAMPLE SPECIFICATIONS

1. GENERAL

The work required under this section comprises the supply and construction of structural masonry walls shown on the drawings and in accordance with the provisions of B.S. 5628 : Parts 1, 2 and 3.

2. MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES

2.1 Concrete Masonry Units

2.1.1 Codes and Standards

All concrete masonry units to be used shall comply with B.S. 6073 : Part 1 : 1981 and unless otherwise stated, be specified in accordance with B.S. 6073 : Part 2 : 1981. They shall be manufactured from raw materials which satisfy requirements of the respective British Standards, where appropriate. They shall be obtained from approved sources.

2.1.2 Unit Dimensions

The overall dimensions of each standard masonry unit shall be as shown in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1

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I Length

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~-----390-----+-' ----

390 390

Thickness Height
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190 190
140 190
90 190 I

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2.1.3 Compressive Strength

The minimum compressive strength shall not be less than 7 N/mm2 when determined in the manner described in B.S. 6073 : Part 1 : 1981.

2.1.4 Drying Shrinkage

The average drying shrinkage of a sample of masonry unit other than fixing units tested in accordance with B.S. 6073 : Part 1 : 1981 shall not exceed 0.06%.

© ACEM 1988

66

2.1.5 Fire Rating

Structural masonry walls shall be constructed to comply with the Uniform Building By-Laws commensurate with the occupancy.

2.1.6 Compliance and Testing

The manufacturer or supplier shall, on request, furnish the necessary test results or certificate of compliance with the above requirements from the relevant authorities.

2.2 Mortar for Joints

2.2.1 Cement

The cement used in the mortar shall be in accordance with B.S. 12 1978.

2.2.2 Lime

Lime used in mortars shall comply with B.S. 890 1972 Building Limes.

2.2.3 Sand

The sand shall be free from deleterious substances and comply with the requirements for quality and grading of sand for mortar given in B.S. 1200 : 1976.

2.2.4 Water

Water shall be free from impurities and from an approved source. Where the quality of supply is doubtful, the water shall be tested in accordance with B.S. 3148 : 1980.

2.2.5 Admixtures

Admixtures may be used subject to the Engineer's approval in writing.

2.2.6 Recommended mortar

Mortar shall be of Type (ii) specified in B.S. 5628: Part 1 proportions, by volume, set out below:

1978, mixed in the

Masonry cement : sand Cement : sand with plasticizer

1 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 1 3 to 4

The materials for the mortar shall be measured accurately to conform with the specified mix proportions. The mortar shall be mixed by machine.

© ACEM 1988

67

Mortars containing cements shall be used within two hours of mixing of the cement and water and any mortar not used within that period shall be discarded and not retempered.

2.3 Concrete for core filling

Specifications in respect of cement, water and admixtures, shall follow the requirements as stated in Clause 2.2, mortar for joints.

2.3.1 Fine and coarse aggregates

The coarse aggregate shall be of nominal size 10 mm and of approved quality complying with the requirements of B.S. 882 : 1983. The fine aggregate shall be of approved quality and grading complying with the requirements of B.S. 882 : 1983.

2.3.2 Preparation of concrete

Concrete for core filling shall be mixed in the proportions, by volume, set out below:

Cement: sand: aggregate (10 mm)

1:3:2

The concrete shall have a slump of 75 - 175 mm for unplasticized mixes.

Alternative concrete mixes may be used subject to the Engineer's approval in writing.

2.4 Reinforcement

The reinforcement shall comply with the requirements of the relevant B.S. for the reinforcing bars specified in the drawings.

2.5 Handling and storage of materials

2.5.1 Cement

Cement shall be stored in a manner so as to ensure that it is not affected by dampness prior to use.

2.5.2 Sand

Sand for mortar and concrete filling shall be stored separately where it will not be contaminated.

2.5.3 Metals

Reinforcing bars and the metal ties shall be protected free from contamination.

© ACEM 1988

68

2.5.4 Masonry units

All masonry units shall be carefully unloaded so as to avoid damage to the units. They shall be stacked on prepared levelled areas to ensure that the stack is stable. The units used for fairfaced work shall be protected to prevent the exposed faces from becoming stained or marked. Precautions shall be taken to ensure that the manufacturer's recommended moisture content is not exceeded at the time of laying.

2.6 Testing

Independent testing of masonry units shall be carried out in accordance with B.S. 6073 : Part 1 : 1981.

3. WORKMANSHIP

3.1 General

All blockwork masonry shall be set out and built to the respective dimensions, thickness and heights shown in the drawings.

All perpends, quoins, joints, etc, shall be kept strictly true and square; other angles shall be plumbed and the whole blockwork properly bonded or tied together and the bed joints levelled as the work proceeds.

The blockwork masonry shall be built to the type of bond indicated in the drawings. Where no bond type is indicated, the units shall be laid in stretcher bond.

Masonry units used for facing shall be cut with a masonry saw. Where it is necessary to cut the units wet they shall be dried to the manufacturer's recommended moisture content before use.

The positions and size of the chasings shall be as indicated on. the drawings and shall be carried out neatly using a chasing tool.

Concrete masonry units shall be used at a moisture content not exceeding the manufacturer's recommendation.

Each unit shall be laid and adjusted to its final position while the mortar is still plastic.

Generally, tolerances for erection of masonry walls shall comply with B.S. 5628.

3.2 Mortar joints

All units shall be laid on a shell or full mortar bed as shown in the drawings. Vertical joints shall be filled. All joints are to be nominally 10 mm thick.

All mortar which extrudes from the joint of fairfaced units shall be cut away and on no acount shall mortar be smeared on the face of the masonry unit.

© ACEM 1988

69

3.3 Control joints

Control joints shall be constructed as indicated on the drawings. Expansionjoints shall be cleaned out to ensure that mortar does not bridge the joint.

3.4 Lintels

Concrete masonry lintels shall be positioned and reinforced in accordance with the details shown on the drawings and shall have cavities filled with concrete as specified. The lintels are to be propped during construction to the satisfaction of the Engineer. All lintels shall have a minimum bearing length of 200 mm unless otherwise detailed.

3.5 Embedment and adjoining construction

The contractor is required to adhere to the correct sequence of construction so that all pipes and conduits including wiring and fittings are in their desired positions as indicate in the drawings. As far as is practicable, in order to eliminate unnecessary cutting away and making good, sleeves and chases shall be provided during the erection of the masonry for plumbing ducts, openings, electrical works, etc. Where chases have to be cut, diamond tipped power equipment or other suitable power tools which do not operate by heavy impact, ego rotary tools, shall be used.

Bolts and anchors where required, shall be embedded solidly into the concrete masonry units, mortar joints, infilled concrete or grout. Details of the embedment shall be in accordance with the recommendations of the suppliers of the appropriate fastening systems.

Wall junctions shall be constructed with the necessary reinforcing bars as detailed in the drawings. Where separation is required at control joints to accommodate building movements, it shall also be constructed to the details shown in the drawings.

3.6 Protection

Where necessary, basement and foundation walls shall be temporarily braced to prevent damage from backfilling operations.

The tops of constructed walls shall be protected from ram. Fairfaced work shall be protected against staining from construction activities.

3.7 Making good

At the completion of the work all temporary openings in mortar joints of fairfaced work shall be filled with mortar and suitably tooled. Any damaged blockwork shall be repaired with approved materials or replaced to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

© ACEM 1988

70

SECTION E: TYPICAL LAYOUTS OF HOUSING PLANS

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83

Guidelines To Block Work Design

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Guidelines To Block Work Design

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