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Asst.Prof. A. Ahmed
(awais.ahmed@uetpeshawar.edu.pk)
Plate girder
A girder is a flexural member which is required to carry heavy
loads on relatively long spans
Plate girder
Plate girders are at their most impressive in modern bridge
construction where main spans of well over 200m are feasible,
with corresponding cross-section depths, haunched over the
supports, in the range of 5-10m
Plate girder
Any cross-section of a plate girder is normally subjected to a
combination of shear force and bending moment
The primary function of the top and bottom flange plates of the
girder is to resist the axial compressive and tensile forces arising
from the applied bending moment
Plate girder
Plate girders are built-up beam members, therefore each
element may be designed individually to resist the applied
actions using proportions that ensure low self-weight and high
load resistance
◮ To produce the lowest axial flange force for a given bending
moment, the web depth must be made as large as possible
◮ To reduce self weight, the web thickness must be reduced to a
minimum
Plate girder
Criteria for design of plate girder may be based on
◮ Elastic bend-buckling strength
◮ Elastic shear-buckling strength
◮ Post-bend-buckling strength
◮ Post-shear-buckling(Tension field) strength
kπ 2 E
Fcr =
12(1 − ν 2 )(h/t)2
◮ k varies with the aspect ratio (a/h) and with support conditions
The critical stress may be said to lie between
627, 000
Fcr = ksi for k = 23.9 (simple support at flanges)
(h/t)2
and
1038, 000
Fcr = ksi for k = 39.6 (full fixity at flanges)
(h/t)2
AASHTO specifies Is as
a 2
Is = ht3 2.4 − 0.13
h
in which
Sxt = tension-flange modulus
Sxc = compression-flange modulus
Re = reduction factor for hybrid girders
Fyf = yield strength of flange
Fcr = smaller of critical stresses for LTB and flange local
buckling
Aw h 970
Rpg = 1 − 0.0005 −√
Af t Fcr
h 14, 000
≤p for a/h > 1.5
t Fy (Fy + 16.5)
Is = at3w J
where 2
h
J = 2.5 − 2 ≥ 0.5
a
Therefore
h a
Is = 2.5ht3w − 0.8 ≥ 0.5at3w
a h
Tension-field action
Once a web panel has buckled in shear, it loses its resistance to
carry additional compressive stresses
This tension field anchors against the top and bottom flanges
and against the transverse stiffeners on either side of the web
panel
Tension-field action
For these excess forces the girder will behave much like a Pratt
truss
Vn = 0.6Fy Aw Cv
Tension-field action
in which
s s s
187 k k h k
for 187 < < 234
h/t F
Fy t Fy
y
Cv = s
44000k h k
for > 234
F (h/t)2
t Fy
y
Web stiffeners
Longitudinal stiffeners
Stiffeners to prevent bend buckling of webs usually consists of
rectangular bars welded to webs
Web stiffeners
In figure 2 the stiffener has failed and has been unable to limit
the buckling to the adjacent sub-panels of the girder; instead,
the buckle has run through the stiffener position extending over
both panels. Consequently, significant reduction in the failure
load of the girder occurred
Bearing stiffeners
Bearing stiffeners are required at locations of concentrated
loads
◮ for example at locations of end reactions and at the point of
concentrated loads
They are placed in pairs
The stiffener must fit tightly against the loaded flange
A bearing stiffener is a column which support the load in
conjunction with the web. The amount of support provided by
these two elements is difficult to estimate.
According to AISC, a strip of web of width not more than 25tw
at interior and 12tw at exterior concentrated loads is considered
to be part of the cross-section, respectively.
Web proportioning
General guidelines
E. Design stiffener
◮ Design intermediate stiffener
◮ Design bearing stiffener
(A-G2-5) Since λp ≤ λ ≤ λr ,
1 λ − λp
Fcr = Cb Fyf 1 − ≤ Fyf
2 λ r − λp
Fc r = Fyf = 50ksi
3. Moment capacity
(A-G2-3) Rpg = 0.927 (as for the 14-ft panel)
With Fcr = 50ksi, use equation A-G2-1 or A-G2-2
as applicable
Mn = 5284k − f t
φMn = 4756k − f t > 4395k − f t o.k
φ v Vn
(A-G3-3) = 2.4ksi
Aw
Vu 49
= = 2.2ksi <2.4 ksi o.k
Aw 21.9
Vu Mu
Since 0.6 ≤ ≤ 1.0 and 0.75 ≤ ≤ 1.0
φVn φMn
do not occur simultaneously at 2.5, 9.75 and 17ft
Interaction equation A-G5-1 need not be checked
Space stiffener as shown in figure
1. Intermediate stiffeners
a. Area required (Single plate stiffener)
Vu
For single plate stiffener or when <1
φVn
use equation
A-G4-2
Fyw Vu 2
A-G4-1 Ast = 0.15Dhtw (1 − Cv ) − 18tw ≥ 0
Fyst φVn
h=70in
tw = 0.3125in
D = 2.4
Cv = 0.14
Vu = 250k
φVn = 361k
Ast = 4.07in2
a. Check width-thickness
p ratio (local buckling check)
Table B5.1 8/0.625 = 12.8 < 95/ Fy = 15.8 o.k