Equivalent circuit of transformer

from circuit point of view

Tapas Kumar Bhattacharya

Department of Electrical Engineering

S
I.I.T Kharagpur
PA
January 25, 2019
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Tapas K Bhattacharya Coupled coils & transformer 2

Contents
1 Transformer equivalent circuit 3

S
PA
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Tapas K Bhattacharya Coupled coils & transformer 3

1 Transformer equivalent circuit

Transformer is nothing but collection of two mutually coupled coils with self inductances L1 & L2
and mutual inductance M as shown in figure 1
_ i (t)
2
i1(t) M
+ +
i (t)
2
v (t) L v (t)
1 L
2 2

_ _

Figure 1: Transformer as coupled coils.

Keeping with the convention of current direction in a transformer, the direction of the secondary
current i2 is shown to be flowing to the load - which means −i2 is flowing towards dot of the second
S
coil.
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Our goal here will be to obtain the equivalent circuits referred to either side purely from circuit
point of view. Let us assume the turns ratio between the first and the second coil be a = N 1
N2
. The
instantaneous KVL equations in the two coils will be:
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di1 di2
v1 = r1 i1 + L1 −M
dt dt
di2 di1
v2 = −r2 i2 − L2 +M
dt dt
av2
In the above two equation replace v2 by a
and i2 by a ia2

di1 d( ia2 )
v1 = r1 i1 + L1 − aM
dt dt
i2
av2 i2 d( ) di1
= −r2 a − aL2 a + M
a a dt dt
i2
i2 d( ) di1
or, av2 = −a2 r2 ( ) − a2 L2 a + aM
a dt dt

Now we know that,

L1 = (Ll1 + aM)
M
L2 = (Ll2 + )
a
Tapas K Bhattacharya Coupled coils & transformer 4

Put L1 and L2 in the KVL equations to get:

di1 d( i2 )
v1 = r1 i1 + (Ll1 + aM) − aM a
dt dt
di1 di1 d( ia2 )
or, v1 = r1 i1 + Ll1 + aM − aM
dt dt dt
i2
i2 M d( ) di1
and, av2 = −a2 r2 ( ) − a2 (Ll2 + ) a + aM
a a dt dt
i2 i2
i2 d( ) d( ) di1
or, av2 = −a2 r2 ( ) − a2 Ll2 a − aM a + aM
a dt dt dt

From the expressions of v1 and av2 , the following equivalent circuit can easily be drawn which is
shown in figure 2(a).

r jwl1 2
−
I1 1 ja wl2 −I /a a2 r
2 2
+
+
−
V
− −
I − I /a jwaM
−
aV
1 S 1 2 2
−
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−
Figure 2: Equivalent circuit referred to coil-1.
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If the supply voltages are sinusoidal with frequency ω, then steady state KVL equations of
the coils in terms of phasors will be obtained by replacing the operator dtd with jω in the above
equations.

V̄1 = r1 I¯1 + jωL1 I¯1 − jωM I¯2

V̄2 = −r2 I¯2 − jωL2 I¯2 + jωM I¯1

Now let us manipulate the KVL equation for the first coil:

V̄1 = r1 I¯1 + jωL1 I¯1 − jωM I¯2

I¯2
= r1 I¯1 + jω(Ll1 + aM)I¯1 − jωaM
a
¯2
I
By rearranging, V¯1 = (r1 + jωLl1 )I¯1 + jωaM(I¯1 − )
a
Tapas K Bhattacharya Coupled coils & transformer 5

We now manipulate the KVL equation of the second coil as follows:

V̄2 = −r2 I¯2 − jωL2 I¯2 + jωM I¯1

M
= −r2 I¯2 − jω(Ll2 + )I¯2 + jωM I¯1
a
M
= −(r2 + jωLl2 )I¯2 − jω I¯2 + jωM I¯1
a
I¯2 I¯2
or, V̄2 = −(r2 + jωLl2 )a − jωM + jωM I¯1
a a
Now multiplying both sides by a, we get
I¯2 I¯2
aV̄2 = −a2 (r2 + jωLl2 ) − jωaM + jωaM I¯1
a a
I¯2 I¯2
aV̄2 = −a2 (r2 + jωLl2 ) + jωaM(I¯1 − )
a a
Let us rewrite the manipulated KVL equations of the two coils below:

I¯2
V¯1 = (r1 + jωLl1 )I¯1 + jωaM(I¯1 − )
a
S I¯2 I¯2
aV̄2 = −a2 (r2 + jωl2) + jωaM(I¯1 − )
a a
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From the above two KVL equation it is quite simple to draw the equivalent circuit of the
mutually coupled coils referred to the first coil as shown in figure 2(b).
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