LRFD Design of Precast

Concrete Pipe

Josh Beakley – ACPA Director of Technical Services

September 16th, 2010

www.concrete-pipe.org
 2

Design Options
12 10 Reinforced Concrete Pipe
12.10
• 12.10.1
• “The structural design of the type of
pipes
p p indicated above may yp
proceed
by either of two methods.”

www.concrete-pipe.org
 3

12 10 Reinforced Concrete Pipe

12.10
• “The direct design
g method at the
strength limit state as specified in
Article 12.10.4.2 or
• The indirect design method at the
service limit state as specified in
Article 12.10.4.3”

www.concrete-pipe.org
 4

Indirect Design Method

 5

Direct Design per AASHTO

Section 12
 6

Load Factors
Load Load Factor
Standard LRFD
Minimum Maximum
Dead 1.3 0.90 1.25
Water 1.3 1.0 1.0
E th – Vertical
Earth V ti l 13
1.3 0 90
0.90 1 30
1.30
Earth - 1.3 0.90 1.35
Horizontal
Live 1.3 x 1.67 = 2.17 0.0 1.75*

* A multiple presence factor is included in the total load

 7

www.concrete-pipe.org
 8
Per AASHTO LRFD

www.concrete-pipe.org
 9

Per AASHTO Standard Specifications

www.concrete-pipe.org
 10
Reason for Differences Between
LRFD and Standard Specification
Allowable Fill Heights
• Increase in live load concentration
 1.15H versus 1.75H distribution
• Increase in impact factor
 0.33 to 0 at 8 feet versus 0.30 to 0 at 3
feet
• C-wall used in the LRFD tables
versus B-wall in the Standard tables

www.concrete-pipe.org
LRFD Fill Height
Example

www.concrete-pipe.org
 12

Gi en
Given:
• Di = 48 in.
• t = D/12 + 1.75
= 5 75 in
5.75 in.
• Do = Di + 2t
= 59 5 in
59.5 in.
• H = 5 ft.
• w = 120 pcff
• Type 2 Installation
Soil Load

www.concrete-pipe.org
14
 15

AASHTO LRFD 12
12.10.2.1
10 2 1
• WE = Fe w Bc H
 Fe = Soil-structure Interaction Factor
 w=u unitt weight
eg to of so
soil (pc
(pcf))
 Bc = outside diameter of pipe (ft)
 H = height of fill over the pipe (ft)

www.concrete-pipe.org
 16

AASHTO LRFD 12
12.10.2.1
10 2 1
• “Standard installations for both
embankments and trenches shall be
designed for positive projection,
embankment loading conditions
where Fe shall be taken as the
vertical arching factor
factor, VAF
VAF, specified
in Table 12.10.2.1-3 for each type of
standard installation
installation.”
www.concrete-pipe.org
 17

AASHTO LRFD 12.10.2.1

 18

Embankment Installation

Soil Frictional
Prism
Forces

N t lG
Natural Ground
d
 19

Calculate soil load on the pipe:

• Prism load
 PL = w[H + (Do(4 –π))/96] Do/12
 PL = 3292 lbs/ft
• Vertical Arching Factor
 Fe = 14
1.4
• Soil load
 WE = Fe * PL
F
 WE = 4608 lbs/ft
Fluid Load

www.concrete-pipe.org
 21

AASHTO LRFD 12.10.2.2 – Pipe

Fluid Weight
• “The unfactored weight
g of fluid,, WF, in
the pipe shall be considered in design
based on a fluid weight of 62.4 lb./ft3,
unless otherwise specified.”

www.concrete-pipe.org
 22

Calculate fluid load in the pipe:

• Unit
U it weight
i ht off water
t
 γw = 62.4 pcf
• Volume of water
V = π[Di/(2*12)] 2 * 1
V = 12.56
• Fluid load
 WF = γw * V
 WF = 784.1 lbs/ft
Live Load

www.concrete-pipe.org
 24

AASHTO HL-93 Load

• Per Article 3.6.1.2.1,, vehicular live

loading on roadways or bridges shall
consist of a combination of the:
 Design truck or design tandem
 Design lane load

• Per article 3.6.1.2.2, Design truck = 32 kip

axles
• Per article 3.6.1.2.2, Design tandem = 25
kip axles
 25

AASHTO LRFD 3.6.1.2.5 – Tire

Contact Area
• “The tire contact area of a wheel
consisting of one or two tires shall be
assumed to be a single rectangle,
whose width is 20.0 in. and whose
length is 10.0 in.”

www.concrete-pipe.org
26
 27
Calculate the Live Load
Distribution through Pipe and
Soil
 28

www.concrete-pipe.org
 29

www.concrete-pipe.org
 30

Critical Live Load Parameters

www.concrete-pipe.org
 31

Live Load Spread

www.concrete-pipe.org
 32
Live Load Distribution for Select Granular
Fill
• For a vehicle traveling perpendicular:
 2
2.05
05 – 1.15D
1 15Do < H < 5
5.5
5
 From calculation above
• P = 32,000
32 000 lbs
lb
• Spread a = a + 4 + 1.15H
• Spread a = 20/12 + 4 + 1
1.15(5.0
15(5 0 ft
ft.)) = 11
11.42
42 ft
• Spread b = b + 1.15 H
• Spread b = 10/12 + 1.15(5.0 ft.) = 6.58 ft.
 Spread wheel load area at outside top of pipe
• A = Spread a * Spread b =11.42 ft * 6.58 ft
• A = 75.18 ft2
 33

Pressure at Top of Pipe

www.concrete-pipe.org
 34

Calculate Average Pressure

Intensity
• Impact
p Factor
 IM = [33 (1 - .125(5 ft.)] / 100 = .124

• Average pressure intensity

 w = [P (1 + IM)] / A
 w = [32,000 lbs( 1+ .124)] / 75.18 ft2
 w = 478
478.44 lbs/ ft2
 35

www.concrete-pipe.org
 36

Live Load Above the Pipe

www.concrete-pipe.org
 37

Total Live Load Calculation

• Dimension of area parallel to longitudinal axis of
pipe
 L = Spread a = 11.42
11 42 ft.
ft
• Lesser of the outside horizontal span, Do, or
spread wheel load perpendicular to longitudinal
axis of pipe
 SL = Do = 4.96 ft.
• Total Live Load
 WT = wLSL = 478.4 lbs/ft * 11.42 ft. * 4.96 ft.
 WT = 27,089 lbs.
 38

Distribution
st but o ofo Live
e Load
oad Through
oug the
t e Pipe
pe

www.concrete-pipe.org
 39

Total
ota Livee Load
oad per
pe Linear
ea Foot
oot
Calculation
• Effective
Eff ti supporting
ti llength
th off pipe
i
 Le = L + 1.75(.75*Ro)
 Le = 11.42 ft. + 1.75(.75 * 4.96 ft.) =
17.93 ft.

• Total live load in pounds per feet

 WL = WT / Le = 27089 lbs. / 17.93 ft.
 WL = 1,511 lbs./ft.
 40

D-Load Equation

www.concrete-pipe.org
 41

Extra Safety Factor for Type 1 Installations

www.concrete-pipe.org
 42

Extra Safety Factor for Type 1 Installations

www.concrete-pipe.org
 43

E th Load
Earth L d Bedding
B ddi Factor
F t

Interpolate for 48 in pipe BFE = 2.867

 44

Live Load Bedding Factor

For 48 in pipe @ 5.0 ft of cover BFLL = 2.2

 45

Calculate the D-load per Equation

12 10 4 3 1 1
12.10.4.3.1-1
• D0.01 = ((12/D)*{[(W
) { ( E + WF) / BFE] + [WL /
BFLL]}

• D0.01 = (12/48)*{[( 4,608 + 784.14) / 2.867] +

[1,511 /2.2]}

• D0.01 = 641.9 lbs./ft./ft.

 46
Per AASHTO LRFD

www.concrete-pipe.org
Direct Design of
Concrete Pipe Using
PIPECAR

www.concrete-pipe.org
 48

www.concrete-pipe.org
 49

www.concrete-pipe.org
 50

12.4.2.7 – Yield stress limited to 65 ksi for smooth wire and 70 ksi for
deformed welded wire fabric
5.4.2.1 – concrete strength limited to 10 ksi

www.concrete-pipe.org
 51

www.concrete-pipe.org
 52

www.concrete-pipe.org
 53

www.concrete-pipe.org
 54

www.concrete-pipe.org
 55

Indirect Design Method

WE = 4608 lbs/ft
WF = 784.1 lbs/ft
WL = 1 511 lb
1,511 lbs./ft.
/ft
www.concrete-pipe.org
 56

48 Inch Class II ((1000 lbs/ft/ft)) Pipe

p – C-wall

Asi = 0.14 SQ. IN./FT

Aso = 0.08 SQ. IN./FT

www.concrete-pipe.org
 The End

Transfer Site - http://xfer.concrete

http://xfer.concrete-pipe.org/
pipe.org/
Password – “LRFDPipe”

www.concrete-pipe.org