CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

1
INTRODUCTION

The Parliament of Somalia (Somali: Golaha Shacabka Soomaaliya; often Baarlamaanka

Soomaaliya; ; Italian: Il parlamento federale della Somalia) is the
national parliament of Somalia. Formed in August 2012, it is based in the
capital Mogadishu and is bicameral, consisting of an Upper House (Senate) and a Lower
House (House of the People). The tenth Parliament of Somalia was inaugurated on 27
December 2016.[

Post-transition Roadmap

As part of the official "Roadmap for the End of Transition", a political process devised by
former Prime Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali Gaas which provides clear benchmarks
leading toward the establishment of permanent democratic institutions in Somalia by late
August 2012,[2] members of Somalia's then ruling Transitional Federal Government (TFG)
and other administrative officials met in the northeastern town of Garowe in February 2012 to
discuss post-transition arrangements. After extensive deliberations attended by regional
actors and international observers, the conference ended in a signed agreement between TFG
President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, Prime Minister Ali, Speaker of Parliament Sharif Hassan
Sheikh Aden, Puntland President Abdirahman Mohamed Farole, Galmudug President
Mohamed Ahmed Alim and Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a representative Khalif Abdulkadir Noor
stipulating that: a new 225 member bicameral parliament would be formed, consisting of an
upper house seating 54 Senators as well as a lower house; 30% of the National Constituent
Assembly (NCA) is earmarked for women; the President is to be appointed via a
constitutional election; and the Prime Minister is selected by the president, who would then
name a council of ministers.

On 23 June, TFG and regional leaders approved a draft constitution after several days of
deliberation.[5] The National Constituent Assembly, which consists of 30 elders drawn from
each of the country's four major Somali clans (Darod, Dir, Hawiye, Rahanweyn) and 15 from
a coalition of minority groups based on the 4.5 power-sharing formula,[6] overwhelmingly
passed the new constitution on 1 August. 96% of the 645 delegates present voted for it, 2%
against it and 2% abstained.[7][8] To come into effect, it must be ratified by the new
parliament.

2
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. To know the important of parliament.
2. To access the need of parliament.
3. To analyzed the role representatives.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The product of two years of international mediation led by the Intergovernmental

Authority on Development, the TFG is the fourteenth attempt to create a functioning
government in Somalia since the end of Muhammad Siad Barre’s dictatorial rule in 1991.
Formed in late 2004, the TFG governed from neighboring Kenya until June 2005.
Parliament did not convene on Somali soil until February 2006, when it met in a
converted grain warehouse in the western city of Baidoa because security concerns kept
the legislature from entering Mogadishu. Even when it did convene, the TFG lacked
cohesion, which undermined its power. In July 2007, after months of delay, the TFG
convened a reconciliation conference. Key parties, including moderate Islamists, were
invited to the conference but chose to boycott instead. As a result, most experts deemed
the conference a failure. The TFG currently governs from southern Mogadishu, where
the security situation remains dire.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY:

The study is both descriptive and analytical in nature. It is a blend of primary data and
secondary data.The primary data has been collected personally by approaching the online
share traders who are engaged in share market. The data are collected with a carefully
prepared questionnaire. The secondary data has been collected from the books, journals and
websites which deal with online share trading.

3
Source of data

Primary Sources: The primary data was collected through structured unbiased questionnaire
and personal interviews of investors. For this purpose questionnaire included were both open
ended & close ended & multiple-choice questions.

Secondary method: The secondary data collection method includes:

 Websites
 Journals
 Text books
Method Used For Analysis of Study

The methodology used for this purpose is Survey and Questionnaire Method. It is a time
consuming and expensive method and requires more administrative planning and supervision.
It is also subjective to interviewer bias or distortion.

Sample Size: 100 respondents

Sampling Unit: Businessmen, Government Servant, Retired Individuals

Statistical Tools: MS-excel and pie and bar diagrams are used to analyze the data.

Influential Somalis

In the chaos of the last sixteen years, experts say Somali power brokers
traditionally acted in their own best interests, lording over their fiefdoms with little
regard for the welfare of the nation. Cooperation, when it occurred, often served the
needs of the individual warlords, not the country. Dagne, of the Congressional Research
Service, doubts this dynamic has changed much. “The warlords are still there,” he says.
“Whether they will remain loyal to themselves or the TFG is unclear.” Most analysts
suggest these individuals have a vested interest in maintaining instability within Somalia.
Such leaders are “comfortable” with perpetuating war, the UN special envoy to Somalia,
Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, told Reuters in April 2008. Hussein, the prime minister, is
viewed positively by international diplomats and many Somalis, but his faction is the
weakest one within the TFG.

4
TFG?

TFG. Transitional Federal Government.

Experts say Somalis have mixed feelings about the transitional government. Many had
hoped it would bring stability to the country, but after over a year during which the
Islamist insurgency has grown stronger, not weaker, the population has grown
disillusioned with the TFG. They also fear the TFG’s military and police, which human
rights groups accuse of attacking civilians. According to a May 2008 Amnesty
International Report, until mid to late 2007 civilians rated the TFG forces as more
aggressive (PDF) than any other parties to the conflict, including the Islamists and the
Ethiopian military. The TFG forces are alleged by Amnesty International and Human
Rights Watch to have raped women and children, killed civilians unlawfully, and
engaged in looting and theft. News reports suggest the forces have not been paid in
months, and as a result turn to theft for survival. No response from the government was
immediately available.

Many international observers say that different factions of the TFG have used their
power to crack down on clans and communities they believe were sympathetic to the
Islamic militias. In particular, the Ayr clan, a Mogadishu-based faction of the Hawiye
clan, has been targeted.

What can the TFG do to bring stability to Somalia?

Experts agree a political reconciliation process is necessary to stabilize the country. Such
talks would need to include clans that are not represented in the TFG, the moderate
leadership of the courts that has reformed in neighboring Eritrea, and the hard -line
Islamic radicals of the al-Shabaab militia. “For Somalia to really come out of this crisis,”
Dagne says, “The TFG needs to sit down and have a dialogue and include those who
have been on the sidelines.” Shinn, the former U.S. envoy in Ethiopia, agrees: “They

5
either have to co-opt groups that were in opposition or widen their umbrella and
welcome other groups into the government.”

But experts say a political solution alone cannot solve the looming security problem. At
the moment, the Ethiopian army is the only organization on the ground with the ability to
impose law and order in Somalia. But Somalis chafe at the Ethiopian presence (VOA),
and the TFG wants to avoid being perceived as a puppet of Addis Ababa. The TFG’s
small national militia is not able to effectively police the country, and militias loyal to
warlords in the TFG are predatory and unreliable. Meanwhile, the Islamic insurgency
seems to be gaining ground throughout the country. Some experts and policymakers
suggest that the pursuit of U.S. counterterrorism objectives in Somalia, including several
air strikes since January 2007 and the addition of the al-Shabaab group to the State
Department’s list of terrorist organizations in March 2008, has actually been
counterproductive. The U.S. strategy toward Somalia is three-pronged: to eliminate the
terrorist threat, to promote political stability, and to address the humanitarian crisis.
Testifying before a Senate subcommittee in March, Assistant Secretary of State Jendayi
Frazer said: “As we encourage political dialogue, we will continue to seek to isolate
those who, out of extremism, refuse that dialogue and insist on violence.”

6
 CHAPTER-II
TECHNICAL SELECTION COMMITTEE

7
About of politics

The politics of Somalia takes place in a framework of federal parliamentary representative

democratic republic. According to the Constitution of Somalia, the President of
Somalia is head of state, and Prime Minister as head of government who is appointed by the
President with the parliament's approval.

The country has a bicameral legislature, which consists of the Senate (upper house) and the
National Assembly of Somalia (lower house). Together, they make up the Federal Parliament
of Somalia.[2] in 2012 The Federal Parliament of Somalia was concurrently inaugurated,
ushering in the Federal Government of Somalia, the first permanent central government in the
country since the start of the civil war.[3]

With a new constitution and a new parliament representing diverse parties and factions,
Somalia's political structure subsequently showed signs of stabilization.

Following the outbreak of the civil war and the ensuing collapse of the Siad Barre regime in
the early 1990s, Somalia's residents reverted to local forms of conflict resolution, consisting
of civil law, religious law and customary law.

A few autonomous regions, including

the Somaliland, Puntland and Galmudug administrations, emerged in the north in the ensuing
process of decentralization. The early 2000s saw the creation of fledgling interim federal
administrations. The Transitional National Government (TNG) was established in 2000
followed by the formation of its successor the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in
2004, which reestablished national institutions such as the Military of Somalia.[6][7][8] In 2006,
the TFG, assisted by Ethiopian troops, assumed control of most of the nation's southern
conflict zones from the newly formed Islamic Courts Union (ICU). The ICU subsequently
splintered into more radical groups such as Al-Shabaab, which battled the TFG and
its AMISOM allies for control of the region,[6] with the insurgents losing most of the territory
that they had seized by mid-2012.

Main articles: Transitional Federal Institutions, Transitional Federal Government,

and Transitional Federal Parliament

The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was the internationally recognised government
of Somalia until 20 August 2012, when its tenure officially ended.[3] It was established as one
of the Transitional Federal Institutions (TFIs) of government as defined in the Transitional

8
Federal Charter (TFC) adopted in November 2004 by the Transitional Federal
Parliament (TFP).

The Transitional Federal Government officially comprised the executive branch of

government, with the TFP serving as the legislative branch. The government was headed by
the President of Somalia, to whom the cabinet reported through the Prime Minister. However,
it was also used as a general term to refer to all three branches collectively.

Islamic Courts Union and Ethiopian intervention

See also: Battle of Mogadishu (2006), Rise of the Islamic Courts Union (2006), and War in
Somalia (2006–2009)

Puntland strongman Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, who eventually became a founder of

the Transitional Federal Government.

In 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), an Islamic movement, assumed control of much of
the southern part of the country and imposed Shari'a law. The Transitional Federal
Government sought to re-establish its authority, and, with the assistance of Ethiopian
troops, African Union peacekeepers and air support by the United States, managed to drive
out the rival ICU and solidify its rule.

On 8 January 2007, as the Battle of Ras Kamboni raged, TFG President

and Harti strongman Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, entered Mogadishu for the first time since
being elected to office. The government then relocated to Villa Somalia in the capital from its

9
interim location in Baidoa. This marked the first time since the fall of the Siad Barre regime
in 1991 that the federal government controlled most of the country.

Following this defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions.
Some of the more radical elements, including Al-Shabaab, regrouped to continue their
insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian military's presence in Somalia.
Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key
towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. At the end of 2008, the group had
captured Baidoa but not Mogadishu. By January 2009, Al-Shabaab and other militias had
managed to force the Ethiopian troops to retreat, leaving behind an under-equipped African
Union peacekeeping force to assist the Transitional Federal Government's troops.

To shore up his rule in Mogadishu, Yusuf deployed thousands of his own troops from
Puntland to Mogadishu. Financial support for this effort was provided by the autonomous
region's government. This left little revenue for Puntland's own security forces and civil
service employees, leaving the territory vulnerable to piracy and terrorist attacks.

On 29 December 2008, Yusuf announced before a united parliament in Baidoa his resignation
as President of Somalia. In his speech, which was broadcast on national radio, Yusuf
expressed regret at failing to end the country's seventeen-year conflict as his government had
mandated to do.[14] He also blamed the international community for its failure to support the
government, and said that the speaker of parliament would succeed him in office per
the Charter of the Transitional Federal Government.

Coalition government
See also: Al-Shabaab (militant group), Hizbul Islam, Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, Alliance for the
Re-liberation of Somalia, War in Somalia (2009–), and 2009 timeline of the War in Somalia

The battle flag of Al-Shabaab, an Islamist group waging war against the federal government.

Between 31 May and 9 June 2008, representatives of Somalia's federal government and the
moderate Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) participated in peace talks

10
in Djiboutibrokered by the former United Nations Special Envoy to Somalia, Ahmedou Ould-
Abdallah. The conference ended with a signed agreement calling for the withdrawal of
Ethiopian troops in exchange for the cessation of armed confrontation. Parliament was
subsequently expanded to 550 seats to accommodate ARS members, which then
elected Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, the former ARS chairman, to office. President Sharif
shortly afterwards appointed Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, the son of slain former
President Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, as the nation's new Prime Minister.

Embassy of Somalia in Paris, France.

With the help of the growing African Union regional intervention force AMISOM, the
coalition government also began a counteroffensive in February 2009 to seize more control of
the southern half of the country. The TFG formed an alliance with the Islamic Courts Union,
other members of the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, and Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, a
moderate Sufi militia.[16] Furthermore, Al-Shabaab and Hizbul Islam, the two main Islamist
groups in opposition, began to fight amongst themselves in mid-2009.

As a truce, in March 2009, Somalia's coalition government announced that it would re-
implement Shari'a as the nation's official judicial system.[18] However, conflict continued in
the southern and central parts of the country. Within months, the coalition government had
gone from holding about 70% of south-central Somalia's conflict zones, territory which it had
inherited from the previous Yusuf administration, to losing control of over 80% of the
disputed territory to the Islamist insurgents.

During the coalition government's brief tenure, Somalia topped the Fund For Peace's Failed
States Index for three consecutive years. In 2009, Transparency International ranked the
nation in last place on its annual Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI),[19] a metric that
purports to show the prevalence of corruption in a country's public sector. In mid-2010,
the Institute for Economics and Peace also ranked Somalia in the next-to-last position, in
between war-afflicted Iraq and Afghanistan, on its Global Peace Index. During the same

11
period, the UN International Monitoring Group (IMG) published a report claiming that the
Somali government's security forces were ineffective and corrupt, and that up to half of the
food aid that was destined for the conflict-stricken parts of the country was being
misdirected. It also accused Somali officials of collaborating with pirates, UN contractors of
helping insurgents, and the Eritrean government of still supporting rebel groups in southern
Somalia despite earlier sanctions imposed on the former. Somalia's government and local
businessmen, as well as United Nations officials and the Eritrean government all
emphatically rejected the report's claims.

Flag of Somaliland, an unrecognised self-declared sovereign state that is internationally

recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia.

In 2010, reports surfaced linking the secessionist government of the northwestern Somaliland
region with the Islamist extremists that are currently waging war against the Transitional
Federal Government and its African Union allies. Garowe Online reported in October that
Mohamed Said Atom, an arms-smuggler believed to be allied with Al-Shabaab and who is on
U.S. and U.N. security watch-lists, was hiding out in Somaliland after being pursued by the
neighboring Puntland region's authorities for his role in targeted assassination attempts
against Puntland officials as well as bomb plots.[22][23] Several of Atom's followers were also
reportedly receiving medical attention in the region, after having been wounded in a counter-
terrorism raid in the Galgala hills by Puntland security personnel.

According to Puntland government documents, the Somaliland region's Riyale government in

2006 both financed and offered military assistance to Atom's men as part of a campaign to
destabilize the autonomous territory via proxy agents and to distract attention away from the
Somaliland government's own attempts at occupying the disputed Sool province. The
Puntland Intelligence Agency (PIA), a covert organization supported and trained by U.S.
counter-terrorism agencies based in Djibouti, also indicated that over 70 salaried Somaliland
soldiers had fought alongside Atom's militiamen during the Galgala operation, including one
known Somaliland intelligence official who died in the ensuing battle.[23][24] The following
month, the Puntland government issued a press release accusing the incumbent Somaliland

12
administration of providing a safe haven for Atom and of attempting to revive remnants of
his militia.[25] Several top commanders in the Al-Shabaab group, including former
leader Ahmed Abdi Godane ("Moktar Ali Zubeyr"), are also reported to hail from the
Somaliland region, with Godane quoted as saying that Al Shabaab insurgents "should not
interfere in Somaliland until Puntland is destabilized first.

Technical Selection Committee

Mohamed Osman Jawari, Speaker of the Federal Parliament.

On 18 August 2012, a list of 202 new parliamentarians was released,[10] with a total of 215
legislators eventually sworn in on 20 August. A further 15 nominated lawmakers were
approved by the Technical Selection Committee (TSC),[6] an independent body officially
tasked with vetting the applicants.[10] However, verification of their paperwork was still
pending before they could be officially sworn into parliament.[6]

The remaining candidates that were submitted by the National Constituent Assembly's elders
to the TSC were rejected for failing to meet specific criteria agreed upon by stakeholders that
partook in earlier agreements, including the Galkayo and Garowe Principles accords. The
minimal selection criteria required potential MPs to be Somali nationals possessing a "sound
mind", to have at least a high school diploma,[10] to be capable of carrying out parliamentary
duties, and to have no reported links with warlords, rebels, armed groups and other potential
spoiler elements.[11] The TSC also based its screening procedure on detailed background
information on the parliamentary candidates that was forwarded to it by the United
Nations and African Union.

Inauguration

The inaugural session of parliament was held on 20 August 2012, at the Mogadishu
airport since the main parliament building was undergoing renovations. The outgoing

13
President, Prime Minister and Speaker of Parliament all attended the ceremony in the capital,
which witnessed the swearing in of most of the MPs and the selection of a new interim
Speaker.

10th Parliament (2016)

The tenth Parliament of Somalia was inaugurated on 27 December 2016. In a statement to

the United Nations Security Council, Michael Keating, Special Representative and Head of
the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM), noted that the Upper House of
Parliament had come into existence, comprising 54 members chosen on the basis of federal
member state rather than clan; the electorate had expanded from 135 male elders in 2012, to
more than 13,000, 30 per cent of whom were women; and voting had taken place in six
locations around the country, reflecting emerging State structures.

Speaker of Parliament

On 20 August 2012, former Somali National Army (SNA) General Muse Hassan Sheikh
Sayid Abdulle was appointed Interim Speaker and Acting President.[14] Voting for a new
Speaker of Parliament was held on 28 August 2012, with former Minister of Transportation
and Minister of Labor and Sports Mohamed Osman Jawari elected the permanent
Speaker.[15] Jaylaani Nur Ikar and Mahad Abdalle Awad are serving as his First Deputy
Speaker and Second Deputy Speaker, respectively.

Duties

The Federal Parliament of Somalia constitutes the legislative branch of government, with
the Federal Government of Somalia representing the executive division.

The parliament elects the President, Speaker of Parliament and Deputy Speakers. It also has
the authority to pass and veto laws.

In addition, the national parliament is tasked with selecting the ultimate number and
boundaries of the autonomous regional states (officially, Federal Member States) within the
Federal Republic of Somalia.

On 2 April 2014, the parliamentary committee of interior and security announced that it
would soon establish a committee to oversee the federalism process in Somalia's constituent
provinces.

14
 CHAPTER-III

ROLE & FUNCTIONING OF PARLIAMENT

15
The UNDP Parliamentary Support Project started in 2013 supporting the capacity
development of inclusive and effective parliamentary institutions on federal level, in
Puntland and in Somaliland. Since the second half of 2015 the parliament project has
extended its advisory and technical support to the newly formed parliaments
(Jubaland State Assembly / JSA, Shout-West State Assembly / SWSA, Galmudug
State Assembly / GSA).

The Project has three key outputs: (i) supporting MPs to develop their law -making,
oversight and representation skills; (ii) building functioning parliamentary
administrations and infrastructures; (iii) facilitating parliamentary outreach and civic
engagement, in particular with women and young people.

With support from key donors, namely, Sweden, the European Union, DFID, and
Norway, the Project has also been integral in facilitating implementat ion of the
Somalia New Deal Compact in relation to Peacebuilding and State building Goal 1
(PSG1) on Inclusive Politics, in particular, by supporting parliaments of all regions
in their representative, legislative and oversight mandate

Expected Outputs

OUTCOME 1: NFP and Parliaments of Somaliland and Puntland capacitated to

operate as inclusive, transparent and effective law-making, oversight and
representative bodies contributing to national peacebuilding and nation -building
goals :-

Output 1 (Parliament Strategic Plan Objective 1): NFP and Parliaments of

Somaliland and Puntland supported to enact quality legislation and to maintain
effective oversight over the other branches of government according to the interests
of all people and in support of peace-building and nation-building

Output 2 (Parliament Strategic Plan Objective 3): NFP and Parliaments of

Somaliland and Puntland established as an effective institution, with a functioning
administration and infrastructure and leadership supported to discharg e their

16
constitutional mandates to fairly, inclusively and transparently manage the business
of Parliament and lead the Parliamentary Administration.

Output 3 (Parliament Strategic Plan Objective 2): MPs are empowered to represent
and remain accountable to the people and to provide leadership in a way that
promotes national unity for Somalis, including young people and women,
participative & representative democracy and more effective contribution to political
decision-making
What have we accomplished so far?

Strengthening state structures and supporting stable and peaceful political processes
is one of the core priorities of UNDP in Somalia. Building democratic institutions –
including a representative Parliament is crucial for Somalia’s transformation to a
peaceful and prosperous nation.

Since 2013 the project has been consistently providing support to the National
Federal Parliament, Puntland HoR and Somaliland House of Representatives. 2015
marked the extension of the scope of work by providing technic al assistance to two
newly formed parliaments of (Jubaland State Assembly / JSA, Shout -West State
Assembly / SWSA, Galmudug State Assembly / GSA). This support is embedded
into UNDP’s wider concept of assistance to the Interim Regional Administrations
(IRA) and the support to the ongoing state formation process.

The impact of the project in terms of capacity development of Parliaments of

Somalia has produced significant positive results and staff members who were
capacitated by the UNDP project are now transferring knowledge and experience to
new parliaments. This will contribute to UNDP’s efforts of ensuring sustainability of
results and interventions.

As a result of the project’s work the three parliaments (NFP, SL HoR, PL HoR)
have a much improved internal regulatory framework and secretariat staff are trained

17
on newly introduced administrative and financial procedures. Substantive support
has been given to the preparation of key legislation e.g the procurement law and the
anti-money laundering law. An important milestone during 2015 was the
strengthening of activities of oversight and constituency visits across all
Parliaments. Another milestone to note is the improvement of the security perimeter
of three Parliaments (National, Puntland and Somaliland). Also the project has
contributed to the establishment of National Federal Parliament, Somaliland and
Puntland House of Representative’s websites in line with IPU guidelines for
Parliamentary websites.

Progress towards Gender Equality and Gender Mainstr eaming

As part of UNDP's continued support to gender equality and gender mainstreaming,

and as an integral support of the Project to the Parliaments in Somalia, a number of
were dedicated to gender issues.

These include capacity building activities for gender sensitive budgeting and gender
sensitive legislation and how to effectively influence the legislative process. The
target groups include female as well as male MPs and civil society organizations.
Also the project supported female MPs to participate an international conference on
gender issues in order to enhance their understanding of electoral systems and
processes from a gender perspective.

At the National Federal Parliament level support is provided to the Women's

Parliamentary Forum (WPF) by discussing on ways it can participate in the review
of the Provisional Constitution and ensure that the review process focuses on
women's rights, gender issues, and quotas for female MPs.

The work of female Young Graduates of the National Federal Parliament who are
now an integral part of the secretariat staff is highly appreciated by their supervisor
and peers. Amongst female graduates there is also a sense of achievement and
reward of the work and experience in such an important Somali institution. Their

18
 work is considered as significant as they support various parliamentary committees.

In 2015 alone, a total of 131 female MPs and staff from parliaments in all regions
were capacitated with trainings including gender sensitive budgeting, legislative
analysis, research, and drafting of amendments

Donor Resources
Regular(UNPD-Trac) 2,318,619

BCPR 695,938

Others

DFID 3,479,495

MPTF 2,728,144

Norway 1,860,697

EU 1,155,332

SIDA 550,000

UNSOM-DPA 483,501

Total - USD 13,271,726

Expenditure
2013 1,464,655

2014 2,784,648

2015 4,918,828

19
 CHAPTER-IV

DATA ANALYSIS

20
Composition
Main article: List of Members of the Federal Parliament of Somalia

Parliamentary consultant Hodan Ahmed.

The Federal Parliament of Somalia is bicameral, consisting of an Upper House and a Lower
House (House of the People).[6] It includes many professionals, university graduates and
women.[12] At least 30% of seats are legally reserved for women, a quota secured by Somali
parliamentary consultant Hodan Ahmed and women political leaders. Ahmed had also helped
form the Somali Women Parliamentary Association in 2009 in the preceding Transitional
Federal Parliament.

An official list of Members of the Federal Parliament was first published on 17 August 2012
by the Office of the Somali Parliament.

Senate

The Senate, or Upper house, was elected during Somali parliamentary election held on
2016 and it contains 54 senators.

House of the People

The House of the People, or lower house, is eventually expected to comprise 275 MPs.[6]

Youth Parliament

In December 2014, the first Somali Youth Parliament was established. It comprises 275
youngsters between the ages of 16 and 30, who were selected from local universities.
Members are tasked with spearheading national development initiatives.

21
 Committees

Somalia

This article is part of a series on

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politics and government of
Somalia
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The Federal Parliament has a number of committees, which are tasked with carrying out its
duties. They include:

22
 Oversight, Review and Implementation Committee
 Rules of Procedure, Ethics, Discipline and Immunity Committee
 Judiciary, Religious Sites and Religious Affairs Committee
 Internal Affairs, Regional Administration and Security Committee
 Truth, Reconciliation and Restitution Committee
 Committee on Budget, Finance, Planning, International Cooperation and Financial
Oversight of Public Institutions
 Foreign Affairs Committee
 Defence Committee
 Human Rights, Women and Humanitarian Affairs Committee
 Social Services Development Committee
 National Resource Committee
 Information & Media, Public Awareness, Culture Post and Telecommunication
Committee
 Committee for Roads, Ports, Airports, Energy and Transport
 Committee for Economy, Trade and Industry

In March 2015, the Federal Cabinet agreed to establish a new commission tasked with
overseeing the nationalization and integration of security forces in the country.

The following is a list of Speakers of the Parliament of Somalia. There have been 10
official Speakers of the Parliament since the office was created in 1956 .[1] The first Speaker
of the Parliament was Aden Abdulle Osman, who served prior to independence in the Trust
Territory of Somalia, Succeeded by Hagi Bashir Ismail Yusuf on July 1, 1960 Somali
National Assembly. The incumbent Speaker of the Federal Parliament of
Somalia is Mohamed Osman Jawari.

Acting President[edit]

In the event of a temporary absence of the President of Somalia on account of illness, travel
abroad or similar circumstances, the speaker of the parliament serves as acting president, and
exercises the powers of the state president until the president resumes his functions, and in
the event that the presidency falls vacant as a result of death or resignation or for any other
reason, until the election of a new president.

23
List of Speakers

Name Political
No. Portrait Term of Office
(Birth–Death) Party

National Assembly

Aden Abdullah Osman 29

1 July Somali Youth
1 Daar February
1960 League
(1908–2007) 1956

Haji Bashir Ismail

Yusuf 1 July 26 July Somali Youth
—
Acting Speaker 1960 1960 League
(1912–1984)

Jama Abdullahi Qalib 26 July 26 May Somali Youth

2
(1915–1993) 1960 1964 League

Ahmed Mohamed
26 May 1 March Somali Youth
3 Obsiye
1964 1967 League
(1914–1984)

Sheikh Mukhtar 21
1 March Somali Youth
4 M.Husein October
1967 League
(1912–2012) 1969

24
People's Assembly

26 Supreme
Ismail Ali Abokor 5 August
5 January Revolutionary
(1937–) 1979
1982 Council

Mohamed Ibrahim 26 1 Supreme

6 Liqliiqato January November Revolutionary
(1932–1989) 1982 1989 Council

1 22 Supreme
Hussein Kulmiye Afrah
7 November January Revolutionary
(1920–2007)
1989 1991 Council

14
Abdallah Isaaq Deerow 9 August
8 September Independent
(1950–2006) 2000
2004

Sharif Hassan Sheikh 14 17

9 Aden September January Independent
(1946–) 2004 2007

17
Adan Mohamed Nuur 25 May
10 January Independent
(1957–) 2010
2007

25
 Sharif Hassan Sheikh
25 May 20 August
(9) Aden Independent
2010 2012
(1946–)

People's House

Muse Hassan Abdulle 20 August 28 August

— Independent
Acting Speaker(1939–) 2012 2012

Incumbent
(mandate
Mohamed Osman
28 August expires on
10 Jawari Independent
2012 11
(1946–)
January
2021)

They are asking me to resign, but I am not going to resign, I do not work for them,” the
words of a defiant Mohamed Osman Jawari, Somalia’s Speaker of Parliament.

Confusion has rocked the lower legislative chamber for the past weeks. The crisis has seen
the house divided between supporters of the speaker on one hand and those of the Prime
Minister, Ali Hassan Khaire.

Speaker Jawari has been accused by elected officials of abuse of power and obstruction of
constitutional reform. He has, however, survived a motion of no-confidence.

26
 CHAPTER-V

CONCLUSION, FINDINGS & SUGGESTIONS

27
 CONCLUSIONS

• There is an urgent need for action by the world’s parliaments to address the
underrepresentation of young people in their membership. IPU has led the way in viewing the
issue of youth participation in politics through the lens of youth representation in parliament.
While there are some encouraging signs among MPs in their 40s, the number of young MPs
under 30 remains stubbornly and persistently low, at 2.1 per cent of the world total.

• This is not a self-correcting problem. Indeed, the evidence of this report indicates that in
countries with the largest youth populations, the problem persists and may even be
worsening. Making progress requires proactive solutions, ranging from relatively simple
changes in practice, to more radical solutions like youth quotas, which have been proven to
be effective.

• Levels of youth representation vary substantially across countries and age brackets. At the
regional level, countries in Europe, the Americas and Africa have the greatest number of
young parliamentarians in single and lower chambers, while countries in Asia, Oceania and
Africa perform the best among upper chambers. When viewed subregionally, however,
countries in east Africa elect the highest share of young parliamentarians nearly in all age
categories. Electoral systems, women’s representation, youth quotas and eligibility ages
explain some of these variations.

• National parliaments and IPU should continue to collect systematic data on the age of
parliamentarians, disaggregated by sex. This information can then be used to assess progress
– and the need for action – on getting more young people into national parliaments.
Subsequent data and reports, however, should take care to recognize diversity among youth.
In addition to the gender differences, other identities may also be relevant dividing lines, and
young parliamentarians should reflect this diversity.

• Parliaments and political parties should consider a host of strategies to facilitate the
inclusion of young people. The possibilities include legal reform to align the age of eligibility
to run for political office with the minimum voting age. There is a correlation between lower
eligibility ages and higher levels of youth representation, with lower legal thresholds
fostering a climate in which young people are more likely to come forward and be elected to
parliament at an earlier age.

28
 FINDINGS
The Delegation of the European Union to the Federal Republic of Somalia is pleased to
announce the signing of 2 contracts worth 5.3 Million Euros. The projects will among others
enhance the understanding, knowledge and capacity building of Somalia Federal Parliament
and to support specific parliamentary committees and parliamentarians on their legislative
and oversight mandate. The project is also expected to enhance the link between Somalia
Federal Parliament (Upper house and House of Assembly) and the State Assemblies to
strengthen their collaboration.
The Somalia Social Contract on civil society is also expected to contribute to state building
through inclusive politics in Somalia. The general objective is to contribute to ensuring men
and women of all ages, grouping and social classes participate in the evolving politics of
Somalia.

''These projects will not only inspire citizen led political dispensation but it will also lead to
the increase of women taking a decision making roles that will result into to a sustainable
gender equitable participation in all elections across the country.'' Remarked EU Chargé
d’Affaires Fulgencio Garrido Ruiz.

The project in support of Federal Parliament and state assemblies will be implemented
by Max Plank Foundation while the projects for Increased citizen and Civil Society
Organizations participation in politics shall be implemented by IIDA, in partnership with
Somali Women’s Agenda (SWA).,

These projects will be rolled out in Federal and member states (Mogadishu, Hirshebelle,
Galmudug, Jubbaland, South West State and Puntland)

29
 SUGGESTIONS

1. Parliaments, local governments and non-governmental organizations should invest in

youth parliaments and youth councils, enabling young people to voice their opinions,
learn how to influence policy-making and develop the skills to be politically effective
– as well as signalling that politics is open to their participation.
2. These bodies must focus on young people below the voting age, to avoid becoming an
alternative to youth representation in national parliaments.
3. Youth-initiated parliamentary transparency In recent years, the potential of online
technologies has been tapped in various ways to make parliaments more accessible to
young people – and to citizens at large.
4. Tapping into the “hacker ethics” of sharing information, crowdsourcing ideas and
finding new ways of building solutions, the success of the hackathon led to the
establishment of a “Hacker Lab”
5. within the lower house, bringing together programmers with politicians and civil
servants to explore new ways of communicating with the public.
6. Through a “Wikilegis” initiative, for example, citizens can comment on bills currently
being discussed in parliament.
7. Innovations in other countries include online tools to monitor the work of parliaments,
making them more accessible and transparent.

30
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. "Somalia swears in 283 members of parliament". UNSOM. 2016-12-27.

Retrieved 2017-01-30.
2. ^ Ahmed, Muddassar (8 August 2012). "Somalia rising after two decades of civil war
and unrest". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 2012-08-09. Retrieved 9
August 2012.
3. ^ Somalia Garowe conference comes to a close Archived June 12, 2012, at
the Wayback Machine
4. ^ Second Garowe Conference Concludes Archived 2014-12-27 at the Wayback
Machine
5. ^ "Somalia: Somali Leaders Adopt Draft Constitution". ANP/AFP. Retrieved 23
June 2012.[permanent dead link]
6. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f "Somalia swears in historic new parliament". Al Jazeera. 20
August 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
7. ^ "Somalia adopts a constitution, amidst insecurity". Garowe Online. 1 August 2012.
Archived from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
8. ^ "Somalia's newly-endorsed constitution widely hailed". Xinhua. Archived from the
original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
9. ^ "Somali leaders back new constitution". BBC. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 2
August 2012.

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