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The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine. Francis turbines are the most common
water turbine in use today. They operate in a water head from 40 to 600 m and are
primarily used for electrical power production. Francis turbines are almost always mounted
with the shaft vertical to isolate water from the generator. This also facilitates installation
and maintenance.
Aplicacion
Francis turbines may be designed for a wide range of heads and flows. This, along with
their high efficiency, has made them the most widely used turbine in the world. Francis
type units cover a head range from 40 to 600 m, and their connected generator output
power varies from just a few kilowatts up to 800 MW.[2] Large Francis turbines are
individually designed for each site to operate with the given water supply and water head at
the highest possible efficiency, typically over 90%.
In contrast to the Pelton turbine, the Francis turbine operates at its best completely filled
with water at all times. The turbine and the outlet channel may be placed lower than the
lake or sea level outside, reducing the tendency for cavitation.
In addition to electrical production, they may also be used for pumped storage, where a
reservoir is filled by the turbine (acting as a pump) driven by the generator acting as a large
electrical motor during periods of low power demand, and then reversed and used to
generate power during peak demand. These pump storage reservoirs act as large energy
storage sources to store "excess" electrical energy in the form of water in elevated
reservoirs. This is one of a few methods that allow temporary excess electrical capacity
Partes
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Ventajas y desventajas
ventajas
Origins
Water wheels of different types have been used historically for more than 1,000 years to
power mills of all types, but they were relatively inefficient. Nineteenth-century efficiency
improvements of water turbines allowed them to replace nearly all water wheel applications
and compete with steam engines wherever water power was available. After
electric generators were developed in the late 1800s turbines were a natural source of
generator power where potential hydro-power sources existed.
In 1826 Benoit Fourneyron developed a high efficiency (80%) outward-flow water turbine.
Water was directed tangentially through the turbine runner, causing it to spin. Jean-Victor
Poncelet designed an inward-flow turbine in about 1820 that used the same principles. S. B.
Howd obtained a US patent in 1838 for a similar design.
In 1848 James B. Francis, while working as head engineer of the Locks and Canals
company in the water wheel-powered textile factory city of Lowell, Massachusetts,
improved on these designs to create more efficient turbines. He applied scientific principles
and testing methods to produce a very efficient turbine design. More importantly, his
mathematical and graphical calculation methods improved turbine design and engineering.
His analytical methods allowed confident design of high efficiency turbines to precisely
match a site's water flow and pressure (water head).
https://www.ntnu.no/documents/381182060/1267681377/HYDRAULIC+TURBINES_Her
mod+Brekke+-+2015.pdf/656e691a-f52f-4c0d-a6b1-eaf069c08ef5
https://www.gerenewableenergy.com/hydro-power/large-hydropower-solutions/hydro-
turbines/francis-turbine