I.

1. Shear wave velocity- is a soil mechanical property that can be advantageously measured in
both the field and laboratory under real and controlled conditions.
2. Uplift- Any force that tends to raise an engineering structure and its foundation relative to its
surroundings. It may be caused by pressure of subjacent ground, surface water, expansive soil
under the base of the structure, or lateral forces such as wind.
3. Overburden pressure- is the pressure or stress imposed on a layer of soil or rock by the
weight of overlying material.
4. Faults- is a discontinuity in a volume of rock which there has been great displacement.
5. Earthquake intensity- is a measure of an earthquake determined from the observed effects,
especially damage.
6. Earthquake Magnitude- Magnitude measures the energy released at the source of
the earthquake
7. Pore pressure- is a pressure bought by the presence of water in soil
8. Liquefaction- occurs when vibrations or water pressure within a mass of soil cause the soil
particles to lose contact with one another.
9. Seismic waves- are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers
10. Lateral pressure- is the pressure that soil exerts in the horizontal direction.
II.
1. Saturated soil- in response to soil compression, the water pressure increases and the
water attempts to flow out from the soil to zones of low pressure
Loose has a tendency to compress when a load is applied.
Sandy soils tend to expand in volume.
2. Standard Penetration Test Procedure:
1. Erect the tripod over the test hole and assemble the unit.
2. Allow the spoon to rest on the bottom of the hole.
3. Drive the spoon with blows from the hammer falling 75 cm (30 inches), until either 45
cm (18 inches) have been penetrated or 100 blows have been applied.
4. Record the number of blows required to effect each 15 cm (6 inches) of penetration.
The first 6 inches is considered as seating drive.
5. The number of blows required for the second and third 15 cm (6 inches) of drive
added is recorded as the penetration resistance value N of the soil.
3. One of the oldest methods is replacing the loose soil with denser soil and material. Often,
builders set the footings of the foundation deeper than the layer of unstable soil. A newer
method is vibroflotation, in which technicians insert vibrating probes into the soil at deep levels,
and the trembling shakes the loose soil. Another new method includes injecting the soil with
stabilizing materials.
4. Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault.
Earthquake-like seismic waves can also be caused by explosions underground.
5. Ground shaking, Ground rupture, Landslides, Tsunamis, Liquefaction, Subsidence, and
Related Effects, Fires,
6. Plate tectonics is the theory that the outer rigid layer of the earth (the lithosphere) is divided
into a couple of dozen "plates" that move around across the earth's surface relative to each
other, like slabs of ice on a lake.
III.

a. b.

c. d.

e.