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Epidemiology of PD
Age
Primary symptoms
• History of encephalitis
Risk factors implicated in PD
Immune
agents
Genetic
Stress
PD
factors
Heavy
Pesticides
Metals
Etiology of Parkinson s disease
• Multi-hit hypothesis
MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)
induced loss of TH+ SNc neurons
MPTP
• No Lewy bodies
• No tremors
6-OHDA
• Medial forebrain bundle (MFB) or the substantia nigra (SN) injections cause
DA nigral neurons to die after a few hours, and striatal DA
depletion is complete within 2-3 days.
• Vulnerable SNc DA neurons differ in many ways from less vulnerable VTA
DA neurons