Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
Math learning difficulties are common, significant and worthy of serious instructional
attention in both primary and secondary education. Many students struggle learning about Math,
its concepts, equations, and formula. Students may response to repeated failure with withdrawal
of effort, lowered self-esteem, and avoidance between behaviors. In addition, significant Math
deficits can have serious consequences on the management of everyday life as well as on job
There are many ways on how to cope up with students’ difficulties in learning Mathematics
in order for the teachers and schools to help students with learning difficulties to improve their
achievement in Mathematics. One way would be, cooperative group learning whereas pupils can
work in a small group (4-6 members) and the teacher would encourage them to discuss and solve
problems, then the teacher would move from one group to another, giving assistance and
encouragement, ask thoughts provoking questions as the need arise. In that way, students would
also learn to work together as a team fostering cooperation rather than competition and this will
develop students’ social interaction and their problem solving abilities. Another way would be
laboratory approach or this can be defined as “learning by doing”. This would often involve the
students to play and manipulate concrete objects in structured situations. In that way, students are
able to proceed at their own rate, build readiness for the development of more abstract concepts
and the use of this concrete objects or manipulatives are useful for younger children. Educational
research indicated that the most valuable learning occurs when students actively construct their
own mathematical understanding, which is often accomplished through the use of manipulatives.
1
In support, Seedfelt and Wasik, (2006) added that “In order to have opportunities to learn math,
children need firsthand experiences related to math, interaction with other children and adults
concerning these experiences and time to reflect on the experiences.” Another study by Sutton and
Krueger (2002) had been found that the use of manipulatives in teaching Mathematics do not only
allow students to construct their own cognitive models for abstract Mathematical ideas and
processes, they also provide a common language with which to communicate these models to the
teachers and other students. And also, manipulatives have the additional advantage of engaging
students and increasing both interest in and enjoyment of Mathematics. Students who are presented
with the opportunity to use manipulatives report that they are more interested in Mathematics.
According to Schweinle, Meyer, and Turner (2006) the experiences that students have in
the classrooms, motivationally and emotionally, are crucial factors that affect their attitudes,
behaviors, and achievement. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the use of
manipulatives has an effect in the academic performance of Grade V sections II and III in the
lesson of fractions. This paper aims to promote the use of manipulatives in teaching Mathematics
in public schools due to the reason that public schools were given less the chance to use
manipulatives, after the intervention of manipulatives, the researchers will conduct an interview
to the experimental group of students about their experiences when taught using the manipulatives.
The researchers will equip the students and the teachers the specific manipulatives to be used in
teaching Math specifically in the lesson about Addition of Similar and Dissimilar Fractions.
2
This study aims to determine the effects of using manipulatives in the academic
2. What is the mean of the academic performance of the pupils on fractions under the
a. Sex
b. Age
3. What is the mean of the academic performance of the experimental group pupils on
a. Sex
b. Age
4. Is there a significant difference in the scores between the pre-test of traditional and the
experimental group?
5. Is there a significant difference in the scores between the post test of traditional and the
experimental group?
6. Is there a significance difference between the pre test and post test of each group?
7. What are the experiences of the pupils whose been taught using the manipulatives?
3
Hypothesis
1. There is no significant difference between the pre-test scores of pupils under the
2. There is no significant difference between the post-test scores of pupils under the
The study generally focused on the effects of using manipulatives in the academic
performance of pupils on fractions of Grade 5 section sections 2 and 3 at Alfredo Montelibano Sr.
Elementary School presently enrolled during the conduct of the study. A pre-test and post test were
used in gathering the information to answer our research questions. The topic is limited to Adding
Similar and Dissimilar Fractions for Grade 5 pupils only. Hence, there is no assurance that the
result may also be applicable to other topics in fractions and grade levels. The manipulative used
This study aims to determine the effects of the use of manipulatives in the academic
performance of the operations in teaching fractions. Specifically, the study will be proved
Department of Education. The findings of the study done positive results, the Department
4
improve the academic performance of the students, specifically the grade 5 pupils in elementary
school.
Administrators. The result will shed light and provide additional manipulatives not only in
Curriculum Planner. The findings will be use as a proof and a way that curriculum planner
must include the use of manipulatives in the curriculum in the field of Mathematics in elementary
schools.
Math Teachers. The result will help them on the effective way of teaching concepts and
Students. The result of this study will provide the students meaningful experiences and
reinforce the learning with the use of manipulative in teaching fractions. The findings of the study
would let them understand and appreciate how manipulatives can be a great help to improve their
Future Researchers. The result will serve as a basis for more comprehensive study for the
future researches. The study will serve as a reference for future researchers who wants to further
examine the use of manipulatives in teaching fractions and as well as in other areas of mathematics
such as in problem solving, numbers and integers, place values system and whole numbers
operations.
Theoretical Framework
5
The study was anchored from two influential educational theories of John Dewey and Jean
Piaget. The following theories will be used as basis of our study that will either comprehend or not
to the findings. The proponents recommended the use of concrete objects that enables students’ to
Doing. Dewey believes, “there is an intimate and necessary relation between the processes of
actual experience and education.” Dewey argued that children need assistance from teachers in
developing a concrete understanding of the world. With that, students need educational
experiences which enable them to become valued, equal, and responsible members of society that
suggests the use of hands on materials to develop experiential education. Experience is at the heart
of the educational process, indeed education is defined exclusively in terms of the extent to which
it develops.
In addition, Jean Piaget’s cognitive developmental learning theory states that active
learners who master the concepts by progressing through the three levels of knowledge: concrete,
pictorial, and abstract. At the concrete level, tangible objects, such as manipulatives, are used to
approach and solve problems. Almost anything students can touch and manipulate to help
approach and solve a problem is used at the concrete level. At the pictorial level, representations
are used to approach and solve problems. These can include drawings (e.g., circles to represent
coins, pictures of objects, tally marks, number lines), diagrams, charts, and graphs. These
pictures are visual representations of the concrete manipulatives. It is important for the teacher to
explain this connection. At the abstract level, symbolic representations are used to approach and
6
In summary, the use of manipulatives enables students to explore concepts at first or concrete
level of understanding. When students manipulate objects, they are taking the necessary first steps
toward building understanding and internalizing math problems, processes and procedures.
Therefore these theories in education highly influenced to provide experiential learning to students
with the use of manipulatives. Thus, such manipulatives were used in the study.
Operational Framework
Pre-test
Use of
Traditional
Manipulatives
Approach
7
Post-test
Interview
The diagram above shows the flow of the procedure on how to conduct the study and answer
Montelibano Sr. Elementary School wherein a pre-test will be answered by both groups. A lesson
will be conducted afterwards about adding similar fractions and dissimilar fractions with the
intervention of manipulatives in one group and a traditional classroom instruction with the same
topic on the other. A post-test will be given then after the lesson and this time one group of the
students will be answering the post-test using a manipulative and the other without. To determine
if there is a significant difference between the pre and post-test. An interview with 10 chosen
students in the experimental group who had two extreme scores in post-test to identify their
Definition of terms
The following terms are used in this study. Hence, they are defined conceptually and/or
operationally.
Academic Performance. Refers to how well a student is accomplishing his or her tasks
and studies (http://www.studymode.com, 2015). This refers as a basis in the increase or decrease
8
Effect. This refers to the ability to cause a change in thought, action or behavior through
non-coercive and transparent means. Wu, M.,(2012). Operationally, effect refers on how
Fractions. This refers to a part of a whole in which the denominator represents the total
number of parts in a whole unit, and the numerator represents the number of parts shaded or
counted and a particular representation of a rational number, a rational number being any number
that can be expressed as a quotient of two integers a/b. Park, J., (2012). Operationally, fraction
Manipulatives. This refers to the materials that represent explicitly and concretely
mathematical ideas that are abstract. They have visual and tactile appeal and can be manipulated
specifically fraction circles are tangible objects used as an instrument or material in teaching
fractions.
Traditional Approach. This refers to as ancient formal teaching approach which involves
the directed flow of information from teacher as sage to student as receptacle Raine, D.,Collett, J.,
schema is not considered. Lyons, L.,(n.d). Operationally, it is a lecture and discussion method to
CHAPTER II
9
This chapter presents both related literature and studies that support the problem of the
study.
Academic Performance
stated that good academic performance is very important not only not only to students and their
parents, but also to institutions of learning, educationists and any progressive. The quality of
simply teacher factors and psychological factors within the learners such as motivation and the
self, rather than simply by ability. Students' academic performance consists of his scores at any
Fractions
One of the building blocks in mathematics is fraction. Students who understand fractions
find it easy for them to apply it in other field in mathematics. Fractions are one of the most
important topics students need to understand in order to be successful in algebra and beyond, yet
it is an area in which U.S. students struggle. National Assessment for Educational Progress
(NAEP) test results has consistently shown that students have a weak understanding of fraction
Moreover, in order to be able to develop the understanding about fractions, students need
to know how it come up with that solution and how the process done. Teachers do discussion and
let the students do some exercises to be able to fully understand the lesson in fractions. Fractions
teaching have embraced attention of mathematics teachers and educators worldwide due to the fact
10
that many learners seem to have problems in understanding the concept of fractions. Jamilah
Yusof (2013)
Another study states that report on students’ understanding of the concepts of fractions,
such as, finding equivalent fractions, identifying fractions, and the importance of using equal parts
also take account of the research on students understanding of the operations on fractions, in
particular multiplying and dividing and the use of manipulatives to teach and learn before
Difficulties in Fraction
McNamara and Shughnessy (2010) stated that fractions are difficult because it was written
in a unique way and students over generalize their whole-number knowledge. The concept of
fractions is a complex one and it takes time, combined with a rich range of experiences and
appropriate mathematical models, for children to develop a deep and rigorous understanding
It is important for a teacher to help students see how fractions are alike and different from
to a misconception on how fractions concepts should be understand. First, students think that the
numerator and denominator are separate values and have difficulty seeing them as a single value
3
(Cramer & Whitney, 2010). It is hard for them to see that 4 is one number. . Second, students think
1 1
that a fraction such as 5 is smaller than a fraction such as 10 because 5 is less than 10. Conversely,
students may be told the reverse—the bigger the denominator, the smaller the fraction. Teaching
1 7
such rules without providing the reason may lead students to over generalize that 5 is more than10.
11
Lastly, Students mistakenly use the operation “rules” for whole numbers to compute with
1 1 2
fractions—for example, 2
+ 2
= 4
. Students who make these errors do not understand fractions.
Until they understand fractions meaningfully, they will continue to make errors by over applying
school should acquire a deep understanding for fractions and be able to use them competently in
problem solving (Naiser et. al, 2004). In order for this deep understanding to occur and for the
students’ learning to be lasting, multiplying and dividing fractions need to be taught at the concrete
level
A study found that there were differences in the way mathematics is taught in the United
States versus the higher achieving countries. Teachers in the United States teach most of their
lessons using a procedurally based method while teachers in the higher performing countries teach
The most effective way to help students reach higher levels of understanding is to use
multiple representations, multiple approaches, and explanation and justification (Harvey, 2012;
According to Georgiou, Zahn and Meria (as cited in the study of Rizk, 2011), “the heart of
experiential learning lies in reflectively observing concrete experience and actively experimenting
with abstract conceptualizations”. Students learned through experiences by feeling the objects and
12
Another way would be, laboratory approach or this can be defined as “learning by doing”.
This would often involve the students to play and manipulate concrete objects in structured
situations. In that way, students are able to proceed at their own rate, build readiness for the
development of more abstract concepts and the use of this concrete objects or manipulatives are
useful for younger children. A study had been found that the use of manipulatives in teaching
Mathematics do not only allow students to construct their own cognitive models for abstract
Mathematical ideas and processes, they also provide a common language with which to
communicate these models to the teachers and other students. And also, manipulatives have the
additional advantage of engaging students and increasing both interest in and enjoyment of
Mathematics. Students who are presented with the opportunity to use manipulatives report that
they are more interested in Mathematics. Long-term interest in Mathematics translates to increased
Manipulatives
John van de Walle and his colleagues (2013) define a mathematical tool as, “any object,
picture, or drawing that represents a concept or onto which the relationship for that concept can be
imposed. Manipulatives are physical objects that students and teachers can use to illustrate and
discover mathematical concepts, whether made specifically for mathematics (e.g., connecting
Bruner’s (1966) work, students first use concrete materials to solve problems and look for patterns
and generalizations. As students need to record their work, they do so first by sketching pictures
13
(representations) of the manipulative models and then finally move to using abstract (and more
Moreover, in order to develop every student’s mathematical proficiency, leaders and teachers must
systematically integrate the use of concrete and virtual manipulatives into classroom instruction at
According to the theory of experiential education revolves around the idea that learning is
enhanced when students acquire knowledge through active processes that engage them (Hartshorn
and Boren, 1990). Manipulatives can be key in providing effective, active, engaging lessons in the
teaching of mathematics.
Stein and Bovalino (2001) reported that manipulatives can be important tools in helping
students to think and reason in more meaningful ways. By giving students concrete ways to
compare and operate on quantities, such manipulatives as pattern blocks, tiles, and cubes can
ideas.
Advantages of Manipulatives
14
The order of manipulative use appears to impact the development of conceptual
understanding and the students’ ability to transition to abstract algorithms (Hunt, 2011). In order
to fully understand one must know the concepts and how it is transfer in abstract.
In 2007, Allen found that it has been claimed that the usage of a manipulative not only
increases student achievement, but also allows them to improve their conceptual understanding
and problem solving skills. It is easy for them to solve any equations or problem solving with the
aid of manipulatives.
According to Resnick and Omanson (1988) as cited in the study of Uttal (2003)
manipulative use can facilitate children's acquisition and fluid use of mathematics concepts. For
example, children who regularly used Dienes Blocks acquired flexibility in subtraction skills such
as borrowing. Many children who began the year with little or no knowledge of subtraction were
able to perform well with the Dienes Blocks by the end of the year. In particular, many children's
constructions, increased substantially throughout the year. It proves that the use of manipulatives
in teaching increases the understanding of students thus enable them to outgrown others who
Raphael &Walstrom (1989) states that it is found, for the most part, that when
manipulatives are used properly to teach the concepts of multiplying and dividing fractions,
students outperform those students who do not use manipulatives (p.173). In addition,
manipulative use also gets the students more engaged in the lesson and provides a way for students
15
According to Naiser et al., (2004) teachers must find a variety of strategies, including the
use of manipulatives, to use in the classroom for teaching multiplying and dividing fractions. To
add up, “Manipulatives can be used to induce understanding of concepts in the middle school
curriculum when they are used properly” (Moyer & Jones, 2004, p. 32).
Glidden (2002) also believes when used properly, manipulatives are valuable tools for
helping students understand mathematical concepts and operations, and their use should be part of
every teacher’s practice. Naiser, Wright &Capraro (2004) found out that manipulatives also
provide a good method for teachers to understand what their students are thinking. Naiser et al.
reported that by watching what the students are doing with the manipulatives and how they
construct meaning, a teacher can tell if a student has conceptual understanding or not.
Kieren (1988) recommends that instruction on multiplying and dividing fractions build on
children’s intuitive understanding of the concepts of fractions and on interaction with objects rather
than merely following procedures. “Teachers should help students generalize symbolic algorithms
from their experiences with real world problem contexts, manipulatives and pictures” (Bezuk&
Armstrong, 1992, p. 729). This will allow students to construct their own mathematical
understanding, which is vital to a satisfactory foundation for future understanding (NCTM, 1989).
Similar to what Raphael and Wahlstrom found, Clements (1999) found that when teachers,
who are knowledgeable about manipulative use, teach mathematics using manipulatives the
students usually outperform students who do not use manipulatives. Clements reports that these
benefits hold true no matter what the grade level, ability or topic. He also writes that students’
attitudes toward mathematics improved when knowledgeable teachers taught them with concrete
materials.
16
May (1994) states that the best way for students to learn multiplication and division
fractions is to have them create a model that gives meaning to the operation. She believes that the
best way to do that is to provide them with good activities and the right kind of manipulative.
for teaching mathematics to students with learning disabilities (Witzel, 2001). Witzel has
developed a workshop to implement the CRA model in any mathematics classroom. This sequence
of instruction, starting with concrete, then moving to pictorial representation and then on to
abstract symbols, has many benefits for students (Witzel, 2006). Witzel states “Three of the
benefits of the CRA model are students develop mathematical concepts, a greater procedural
Disadvantages of Manipulatives
According to Resnick and Omanson (1988) as cited in the study of Uttal (2003) stated that
the acquisition of mathematical concepts from manipulatives and children's transfer (or lack of
transfer) to written representations. Their study included a wide array of methods, ranging from
numerical information.
In 2003, Uttal stated that it is often assumed that manipulatives should be interesting and
productive; they may cause children to focus on the superficial properties of the manipulatives as
objects rather than on their relation to written representations (p.111). Students can be attractive
17
with the manipulatives but it may not help them to understand the concept or they may be amazed
Teachers’ attitudes often undercut potential benefits. A number of teachers use hands-on
activities solely to pique students’ interest and add variety and fun to a lesson, failing to leverage
manipulatives to enhance mathematical understanding (McNeil and Jarvin, 2007). Students may
There are many articles, books, videos and workshops that train educators how to use
organization is an exceptional resource for finding articles and workshops on using manipulatives
as well as multiplying and dividing fractions. Even if the activity or lesson found is not focused
on fractions, or even mathematics for that matter, most of the hands-on activities can be modified
to use with whatever concept we are teaching. There is a plethora of resources out there in the form
of articles written by teachers for teachers that give detailed descriptions of activities that can be
used and adapted. For example, there is an article called “Putting the pieces together”, in which
the author details five different activities from grades k-8 (Naylor, 2003).
Another article gives hands-on ideas and discusses the importance of students verbally
sharing what they have learned (Krech, 2000). There is a website that has several virtual
manipulatives the students can use online to learn the concepts of multiplying and dividing
time to teach fractions, teachers feel a level of frustration not unlike that of the students. Some
teachers lack the understanding of the concepts of fractions, so it is difficult to show students how
18
to use the manipulatives. Some teachers find it hard to admit they do not know something that
relates to their field, so they are not even asking co-workers for help.
NCTM also states “effective teaching requires understanding of what students know”
(2000, p.11). Since some teachers do not feel competent using fractions in the classroom, students
miss out on this exceptional teaching tool. Most teachers are willing to make the necessary changes
to their teaching methods but they need the necessary professional development experiences. In
addition, through these experiences teacher are willing and able to make changes to their practices
RELATED STUDIES
Fractions
Fractions are among the most complex mathematical concepts that children encounter in
their years in primary education. One of the main factors contributing to this complexity is that
fractions comprise a multifaceted notion encompassing five interrelated sub constructs (part-
whole, ratio, operator, quotient and measure). During the early 1980s a theoretical model linking
the five interpretations of fractions to the operations of fractions and problem solving was
proposed. Since then no systematic attempt has been undertaken to provide empirical validity to
this model.
fractions: Implications for teaching and research provides support to the assumption that
mastering the five interpretations of fractions contributes towards acquiring proficiency in the
19
operations in fractions. In teaching fractions, teachers need to scaffold students to develop
uplift students’ performance in task related to the operations of fractions. Thereby, instead of
rushing to give students with different algorithms to execute operations in fractions, lend them to
support that teachers should emphasize more on the conceptual understanding of fractions. The
study also suggests that teaching the different operations in fractions should be directly linked to
specific interpretations of fractions. In particular, the findings of study indicate that teaching of
equivalent fractions could be reinforced by learning ratios whereas the operator and the quotient
sub constructs could support developing conceptual understanding of the multiplicative operations
on fractions.
Hurrell (2013) on his study, Effectiveness of teacher professional learning: Enhancing the
teaching of fractions in primary schools cited the importance of teaching and learning fractions.
Fractions: are core component of being numerate; are an integral part of understanding division;
provide an insight into children’s understanding of numbers and number operations; impact upon
the strands of measurement and space; and are necessary for achieving success in algebra. Teachers
and schools should ensure that fractions receive the attention they deserve. The study also
mentioned the teacher’s perception of the importance of fractions and teacher’s perception of the
status of fractions in the schools and the curriculum and results concluded that fractions are
important for it is used to learn other mathematical concept and the other one with the assertion
that teachers hold the teaching and learning of fractions as being important but this status can be
further raised through attendance at well-structured They perceive that the importance of fractions
has not been made explicit by their schools). This perception further extends to the education
20
system in which they teach, through the lack of explicit guidance in the curriculum documents
respectively.
Academic Performance
vary in academic performance across the different subjects and even elective courses from
elementary, secondary and tertiary level. Academic performance may be in a form of a written
output or performance based activity. Most students have difficulty in excelling in their academics
Ross (2008) on her study, The effect of mathematical manipulatives materials on third
grade students’ participation, engagement and academic performance found positive relationship
between student work samples and student participation and engagement. The teacher used
and subtraction. A pre-test and post test and student samples were used by the researcher to
determine effects on academic performance. Data showed that student’s academic performance
increased however the relationship between academic performance and manipulatives was found
Luke (2012) on her study, The impact of manipulatives on students’ performance on money
word problems recommended the use of physical objects as a representation and problem solving
as a teaching method in mathematics. Three populations were included in the study namely adults
who struggle with numeracy, children with learning disability, and children who are typically
developing. Results indicate that none of the participants performed better with manipulatives than
they performed without manipulatives. Researcher suggested for more research to understand the
21
impact of manipulative use in mathematics instruction for adults who struggle with numeracy,
children with a learning disability, and children who are typically developing.
Indeed academic performance does not measure the intelligence of the student to a
particular topic of a subject but shows that maybe there are factors that lead to the misconceptions
thus giving poor performance and factors like if it was encountered before by students thus prior
Difficulties in Fraction
However clear the objectives for learning fractions, the mathematics education literature is
resounding in its findings that understanding fractions is a challenging area of mathematics for
North American students to grasp (National Assessment of Educational Progress, 2005). Students
also seem to have difficulty retaining fractions concepts (Groff, 1996). Educators and researchers
agree that most students encounter significant problems and misconceptions when learning
fractions (Behr, Lesh, Post & Silver, 1983; Carraher & Schliemann, 1991; Hiebert 1988 to name
just a few). Hasemann (1981) provided four possible explanations about why children find
fractions so challenging: 1) fractions are not used in daily life regularly; 2) the written notation of
and, 4) there are many rules associated with the procedures of fractions, and these rules are more
Other researchers have taken up further study of some of these explanations. Moss and
Case (1999) agreed that notation is one factor that could be linked to children‟s difficulties with
fractions but they also pointed to several other complications: 1) Too much time is devoted to
teaching the procedures of manipulating rational numbers and too little time is spent teaching their
22
conceptual meaning; 2) Teachers do not acknowledge or encourage spontaneous or invented
strategies, thereby discouraging children from attempting to understand these numbers on their
own (Confrey, 1994; Kieren, 1992; Mack, 1993; Sophian & Wood, 1997) and, 3) When
introduced, rational numbers are not sufficiently differentiated from whole numbers (e.g., the use
Students are challenged when learning fractions and problems often persist into adulthood.
Teachers may find it difficult to remediate student misconceptions in the busy classroom,
particularly when the concept is as challenging as fractions has proven to be. Although teaching
and learning initial fractions is a multifaceted process, leaders in both education and government
are becoming increasingly concerned with these immutable results and might welcome suggestions
Fractions to Second Graders incorporated music and movement to see if second grade students
could learn to transform visual, aural, and kinesthetic rhythm experiences into mathematical
symbols in order to equate and add fractions with unlike denominators. Results showed that the
experimental group as a whole achieved gain scores that were significant thus providing evidence
that the incorporation of music and movement was successful in a way. An important detail is that
neither any of the group of students had been exposed to fractions containing traditional notion
According to Bruce & Ross (2009) on their study, Conditions for effective use of interactive
on-line learning objects: The case of a fractions computer-based learning sequence, used
23
technology-assisted learning is exploring additional ways of enhancing student understanding with
challenging math concepts such as fractions. Results showed that students controlled pacing of the
learning object tasks led to more effective learning. Students who performed fractions through
learning the sequence methodologically without skipping task benefited better over-all both in
terms of student achievement measure and self-reported feelings of success than students who did
not do the fractions. Introductory task are directly connected with learning goals to helped students
become mentally prepare for the learning object task. When introductory tasks were unrelated,
students fail to see the relevance and connection thus becoming derailed and struggling to associate
to the learning activities. Technology-oriented learners were confident in using the intervention
even they began with very low understanding of fractions concepts. An assumption was made that
students who struggle with math concepts but have high technology facility might benefit more
Advantages of Manipulatives
Manipulatives provide genuine and authentic experience for students. Their use is
highly encourage for all children in all levels, not just only for preschoolers but also for the
gifted and those with special needs. Manipulatives are constructed to allow children to learn
Ojose & Sexton (2009), on their study, The Effect of Manipulative Materials on
Mathematics Achievement of First Grade Students pointed out the need for teachers to recognize
the importance and impact of hands-on activities and manipulatives for students in all grades.
Ruzic & O’Connell (2001) found that long-term use of manipulatives has a positive effect
24
on student achievement by allowing students to use concrete objects to observe, model, and
Mathematics Achievement mentioned that, for the most part, when manipulatives are used properly
to teach concepts of multiplying and dividing fractions, students outperform those students who
Similar to the findings of Raphael and Wahlstrom, Clements (1999) found that when
teachers who are knowledgeable about manipulative use, teach mathematics using manipulatives
the students usually outperform students who do not use manipulatives. Clements reports that these
benefits hold true no matter what the grade level, ability or topic. He also writes that students’
attitudes toward mathematics improved when knowledgeable teachers taught them with concrete
materials.
Fractions to Middle Grade students mentioned on their research that using manipulatives to teach
multiplying and dividing fractions made the lessons more active and provided an effective way for
the students to represent their thinking. They also found that teachers were able to understand
student thinking by observing them use manipulatives where as with paper and pencil the students
“genuine thinking” is not insured. Students who were exposed to a procedural lesson prior to a
conceptual lesson scored significantly lower on an assessment than students who were only taught
Allen (2007) on her study, Action based research study on how using manipulatives will
increase students’ achievement in Mathematics stated that students increased their skills and
25
showed more interest and enjoyment when learning was done through the use of manipulatives.
They were active and confident with their math skills. Manipulatives provide a concrete way for
students to link new, often abstract information to already solidified and personally meaningful
networks of knowledge, thereby allowing students to take in the new information and give it
meaning.
Boggan, Harper & Whitmire (n.d.) on their study, Using manipulatives on Teaching
Mathematics concluded that elementary teachers who use manipulatives to help teach math can
positively affect student learning. Students at all levels and of all abilities can benefit from
manipulatives. They also agreed as to what Mathematician Seymour Papert think of manipulatives
Disadvantages of Manipulatives
Uttal (2003) on his study ON THE RELATION BETWEEN PLAY AND SYMBOLIC
THOUGHT: The Case of Mathematics Manipulatives concluded four important points on the use
can facilitate some particular types of mathematical reasoning. The common problem is that this
can be part of a specific integrated system of instruction. The problem is not that manipulatives do
not work; the problem is that they sometimes have been presumed to have instant magic effect on
learning. Like all instructional techniques, rnanipulatives have their advantages and disadvantages.
Second point is manipulatives do not obviate teachers. Manipulatives is no better substitute than a
teacher but what Uttal is driving out is that students should be guided accordingly to make
discovery with the manipulative. Without such guidance, manipulatives may do much harm as
26
good. The challenge for the teacher is to figure out when, and how, to introduce and reinforce
corresponding written representation. Third point is effective manipulative use takes time.
Children need to learn as to as to how each manipulative works. There were also researches on
symbolic development that pointed out that children lose interest in using manipulatives as objects
in themselves. Manipulatives are interesting objects in themselves at first and therefore potential
relation to written representations may be difficult for the children to perceive. However extensive
practice of the use of manipulatives may be a part of the daily routine so that the students may be
able to focus on what the manipulatives are intended to represent. Fourth point is that attractive or
interesting manipulatives may not always be the best. A review on symbolic development suggests
that attractive manipulatives sometimes becomes counterproductive: students pay attention on the
aesthetic appeal rather than its relation to written representations. A limited set of manipulatives
used consistently throughout elementary years by Japanese teachers. On the other hand, American
teachers’ uses variety of manipulatives thus having variety of representational materials causes’
confusion and it makes more difficult for students to use the objects for representational solution
Synthesis
Literature and studies revealed that there are factors that greatly affect a child’s capacity
upon understanding mathematical concepts and performing the operations specifically in adding
fractions. Factors that affect academic performance of a child on fractions whether the manner of
teaching was taught procedurally or conceptually. Though it is seen as a problem, the researchers
believe that these problems can be still addressed through the conception of using manipulatives.
It aims to improve academic performance of a child in mathematics for it is believe that learning
27
fraction is the foundation of other mathematical skills with the concept of having an interactive
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter presents the research methods and procedures used in the study. This part
of the study describes the research design, area, participants and variables. The instrument used to
collect the data including methods implemented to maintain validity and reliability of the
instruments and how the data will be gathered and interpreted are also included in this part of the
study.
Research Design
pupils on fraction used a mixed method design for it involves both quantitative and qualitative in
gathering data. The study used a Quasi-Experimental Design to obtain the quantitative data and a
Narrative Design for the qualitative data. Quasi-experimental design involves selecting groups,
28
(https://explorable.com/research-designs, 2008). Narrative Design research is a term that
subsumes a group of approaches that in turn rely on the written or spoken words or visual
representation of individuals. These approaches typically focus on the lives of individuals as told
through their own stories. The emphasis in such approaches is on the story, typically both what
and how narrated (https://explorable.com/research-designs, 2012) is. Lastly, a Pretest and Posttest
design was utilized in the study in order to determine whether there are changes before and after
The respondents of the study will include the whole population of Grade V sections 2 and
3 of Alfredo Montelibano Elementary School presently enrolled during the conduct of the study.
The Grade V section 2 pupils will serve as the experimental group wherein they will be taught
using manipulatives and this section has a total of 23 students which is composed of 12 boys’ ages
10-15 and 11 girls’ ages 9-12. The Grade V section 3 pupils will serve as the controlled group
wherein they will be taught traditionally and this section has a total of 27 students which is
composed of 16 boys’ ages 9-15 and 11 girls’ ages 9-12. Both group are already grouped
heterogeneously.
The researchers design self-made test questionnaires for the data gathering process to get
the quantitative data. The primary aim of the questionnaire is to determine whether there is a
significant difference between the tests given. A pre-test (Appendix C) will be given before the
intervention of manipulatives. The pre-test is validated by three (3) Math experts and it is
29
composed of 10 items multiple choice test consisting of a mixture of addition of similar and
dissimilar fractions and one word problem for 5 points. Then, a lesson will be conducted to the
controlled group (Grade V section III) and to the experimental group (Grade V section II) with the
help of a lesson plan (Appendix D and E) as a guide to conduct the lesson. This lesson plan is a
detailed lesson plan following a 4A’s format wherein it shows the flow of the lesson, starting off
with a motivational activity, then moving on with the lesson proper and/ with the intervention of
manipulatives specifically fraction circle (Appendix I) and values integration will also be
processed, and lastly, an assessment will be given afterwards to test whether the groups of students
have understood the lesson. Another set of assessment will be given and this will serve as the post-
test (Appendix F) which will be given afterwards. The post-test is a self-made test which is
composed of 10 items multiple choice tests consisting of a mixture of addition of similar and
dissimilar fractions and one word problem for 5 points. Both pre-test and post-test will have the
Afterwards, a narrative interview will be conducted to the pupils under the experimental
group. This is to determine their experiences when they are taught using the manipulatives.
Research Validity
This study aimed to determine the effects of the use of manipulatives in the pupils’
academic performance in fractions. To determine the effect of the manipulatives, a test was
constructed which contain a 10 item questions and one word problem. The lesson plans (controlled
and Experimental lesson plan) made by the researchers were also validated by three Math teachers
30
The researchers controlled the possible threats of the validity of the results by ensuring that
all the research instruments used in the study were validated by at least three persons who were
experts in the subject matter and in making questionnaires. The researchers used the Good and
The researchers undertook the following steps in conducting the data gathering:
3. After the letter was approved, the researchers gathered the profile of the two sections in
Grade five. Profiling included gathering of information such as the age, number of pupils
4. The researchers used the BEC Curriculum guide for Mathematics subject for the Math
subject and used the competencies as guide in the construction of the test questionnaires to
5. The pretest was validated by three validators who are experts in the field of math.
31
6. The researchers constructed the lesson plans to be used in the traditional approach and in
the intervention (manipulatives) to the experimental group. The researchers aligned the
construction of the lesson plan in the BEC curriculum guide for Math.
7. The lesson plans (both traditional and experimental) was validated by same validators of
8. The researchers conducted the pre test to the controlled and experimental group.
9. The next day, one of the researchers conducted a lesson on the controlled group using a
10. After every lesson, the researchers conducted the post test to the controlled and
experimental group.
11. The researchers interviewed 10 pupils who were from the experimental group, five with
high extremes and five with low extremes about their own experiences in the use of
manipulatives.
12. For this study, threats to internal and external validity were few. Threats to internal validity
with regard to maturation, students may develop or change during the experiment, and
these changes may affect their scores between the administering the pre test and post test.
Participants in the study were grade V students, same grade and same age bracket.
Mortality threat, individual may drop out of a study or experiment due to any number of
reasons. Students who did not attend the classes anymore or who transferred to other
32
Data Analysis
The gathered data were tabulated, grouped and presented in tables and graphs in the next
chapter. The following statistical measures were used to analyze the data.
Quantitative
1. Mean
This is used to measure the pre-test and post-test by adding up the scores and divide it
3. Frequency
This is used to determine the number of responses to the survey with regards to the
questionnaires.
4. Percentage
Where:
P – percentage
n – number of respondents
33
N – total number of respondent
100 – constant
5. Median
This is used to rank the ages and scores of the respondents from lowest to highest
in terms of scores while in ranking the age it is from youngest to oldest to get the
6. Standard Deviation
This is a statistic that tells how tightly all the various examples are clustered around the
7. T-test
This is a statistical significance indicates whether or not the difference between two
groups’ averages most likely reflects a “real” difference in the population from which
the groups were sampled (statwing.com). This will be performed to compare the two
Also, narrative inquiry will be used to identify the responses of the students about their
Reliability
The Kuder and Richardson Formula 20 will be used to check the internal consistency of
all combinations of questions and is applicable when each question is either right or wrong. A
34
correct questions scores 1 and an incorrect question scores 0 (Zaiontz, 2014). The reliability test
will be conducted to 50 pupils of Alfredo Montelibano Sr. Elementary School presently enrolled
during the conduct of the study. The reliability result of the study was 0.7.
Chapter 4
This chapter presents, analyzes and interprets the gathered data of the study. It is divided
into three parts: (1) Profile of the Respondents, (2) Descriptive Data Analysis, and (3) Inferential
Data Analysis.
Part One, Profile of the Respondents, presents the percentage of respondents surveyed
Part Two, Descriptive Data Analysis, shows the results and discussion of quantitative data
Part Three, Inferential Data Analysis, presents the results and discussion from the statistical
tests performed to test the hypotheses presented at the beginning of the study.
35
Profile of Participants
In this study, pupils who were included came from the Grade V sections 2 and 3 of Alfredo
Montelibano Sr. Elementary School and all of them are enrolled when this study was conducted.
Table 1 shows the distribution of the sex and age of the participants of this study by group
– experimental and control group. In both groups, majority of the respondents are boys having
59.3% and as to age, both groups had 9 years old as the youngest participant, while the oldest age
in the control group was 15 years old while that of the experimental group was 14 years old but
Table 1
Experimental
Variable Category f % f % F %
36
12 5 18.5 4 17.4 9 18.0
Median 11 10 11
Descriptive Analysis
The data gathered as well as those analyzed through descriptive statistics are presented in
the following paragraphs in answer to the different specific problems enumerated in the study.
On the level of Academic Performance of pupils under the traditional approach when grouped
37
Table 2 shows the distribution of the pre-test scores of the control group by sex. With a
total score of 15, pupils mean score result was (8.7) as a whole. The performance of the boys and
girls seemed the same. Where boys having a mean score of (8.6) level as well as the girls with
(8.7).
Table2
Pre-test F % f % F %
38
The post-test scores of the control group by sex are shown in Table 3. The girls were higher by
one point as far as the mean and median post-test scores. With girls leveled average for having
(11.0) mean score and boys leveled having (9.9) mean score.
Table 3
Post-test f % f % F %
39
7 1 6.3 1 9.1 2 7.4
(Table 4) The pre-test scores of the control group shown in the when they were grouped by
median age (11 years old), showed almost the same means and equal medians. The pupils with
ages 11 and below got a mean score of (8.6) while pupils with ages 12 and above got (8.9).
Table 4
40
Pre-test f % f % F %
The post-test scores of the control group by age had the exactly the same medians and
almost the same means (Table 5). Ages 11 and below pupils with the (10.2) mean score and a mean
Table 5
41
Post-test F % F % f %
The data gathered as well as those analyzed through descriptive statistics are presented in
the following paragraphs in answer to the different specific problems enumerated in the study.
42
On the level of Academic Performance of pupils under the experimental approach when grouped
Table 6 shows the pretest scores of the experimental group by sex. The girls seemed to
have higher scores than the boys. Specifically, the girls had a higher mean score of (5.7) as
contrasted with the boys with (4.3) and with a mean score of (5.0) as a whole.
Table 6
Pre-test f % f % F %
43
Mean 4.3 5.7 5.0
SD 2 1.0 1.7
Table 7 shows the distribution of post-test scores of the experimental group. The
performance of both the girls and boys seemed to be the same for the boys have a total mean score
of (7.4) leveled as well as the girls for having a total mean score of (7.9) and (7.7) as for the whole.
Table 7
Post-test F % f % f %
44
10 2 16.7 2 18.2 4 17.4
Table 8 shows the distribution of the scores of the experimental group by age. The basis
for grouping the participants was the median age (11 years old). The mean mathematical
performance of the two age groups seemed the same leveled both with a mean score of (7.8) for
ages 11 and below and (7.4) for pupils whose ages are 12 and above.
Table 8
Pre-test f % F % F %
45
4 4 33.3 0 0.0 4 17.4
The post-test scores of the control group were relatively the same as well as they are both
been labeled based on their mean scores where 11 and below got (7.8) and (7.4) for the pupils ages
12 and above.
Table 9
Post-test f % F % F %
46
6 1 6.3 1 14.3 2 8.7
The data gathered as well as those analyzed through inferential statistics are presented in
the following paragraphs in answer to the different specific problems enumerated in the study.
On significant difference of the pre-test scores of pupils under the traditional and the
experimental group.
47
Table 10 shows the distribution of the pre-test scores of the experimental and the control
group. To determine whether there was a significant different in the means of the two groups, t-
test for independent samples was employed. The test showed a p value less than 0.001, indicating
that the means of the two groups (8.7) vs. (5.0) were statistically significantly different. In fact,
Table 10
Experimental
Pre-test F % f % F %
48
9 7 25.9 0.0 0.0 7 14.0
Experimental
Control
Experimental
Control
Fig. 1. Boxplots Showing the Pre-test Scores of Experimental and Control Groups
49
The data gathered as well as those analyzed through inferential statistics are presented in
the following paragraphs in answer to the different specific problems enumerated in the study.
On significant difference of the post-test scores of pupils under the traditional and the
experimental group.
Table 11 shows the distribution of post-test scores of the experimental and control groups.
When a formal t-test was conducted to determine whether the mean post-test scores between the
two groups were significantly different, it generated a p-value less than 0.001, indicating that the
means were different. This result implied that the control group had post-test mean that were
significantly higher than the experimental group. In fact, this difference is confirmed in the
Table 11
Post-test F % F % f %
50
7 2 7.4 4 17.4 6 12.0
51
* t-test is h ighly significant, t = 4.615, df = 48, and p < 0.001
Fig.
Control 2. Boxplots Showing the Post-test Scores of Experimental and Control Groups
Experimental
The data gathered as well as those analyzed are presented in the following paragraphs in
Students Responses
Extreme High
52
Student 1 ● Nasadyahanko kay first time komakatilawgamit sang circle-circle na gin
mgapapel
Extreme Low
53
paanomaggamitperosadyahanko
As seen on the table, pupils whose been taught using the manipulatives with high extreme
and low extreme scores results in their post-test was interviewed and it shows through their
responses that most of the pupils enjoyed the use of manipulatives as well as the strategies of the
teacher. They loved to have hands-on activities which only proves that manipulatives were not
yet introduced to them or maybe, was not often used especially that they are into public schools
where mostly lacked facilities and resources to be found. They find learning fractions fun using
manipulatives and they were able to understand more the concepts on fractions.
However, some students despite of the manipulatives used for them to stay active and
experience a different hands-on activity still doesn’t understand how to used it, they are more
confused with the usage of manipulatives and it confuses them much more in learning fractions.
Hence, despite of the different responses the researcher was able to find out that
Chapter 5
54
This chapter includes the summary of the study, its findings, the conclusions that were
Summary
The study’s main objective was to improve the pupil’s academic performance of fractions
The implementation lasted for 5 non-consecutive days, where the researchers tested the
effectiveness of manipulatives by applying the strategy to one section and using the Traditional
Approach in teaching the other section. The behavior and test results of the students were
recorded and observed by the researchers and were subjected to the appropriate statistical tools.
The presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data gathered were presented in Chapter 4 of
the study.
Based on the summary of data found in Chapter 4, the following were the findings of the
study:
(1) The researchers conducted a profiling in both sections and identified that in both groups,
there were more boys than girls. As to age, both groups had 9 years old as the youngest
participant, while the oldest age in the control group was 15 years old while that of the
55
(2) On the mean of Academic Performance of pupils under the traditional approach when
grouped according to sex, the result of scores for pre-test of the boys have a mean of 8.8
(3) On the mean of Academic Performance of pupils under the traditional approach when
grouped according to sex, the result of scores for post-test of the boys have a mean of 9.9
(4) On the mean of Academic Performance of pupils under the traditional approach when
grouped according to age, the result of scores for pre-test of pupils with ages 11 and
pupils have a mean of 8.6 while pupils with ages 12 and above have a mean of 8.9.
(5) On the mean of Academic Performance of pupils under the traditional approach when
grouped according to age, the result of scores for post-test of pupils with ages 11 and
below have a mean of 10.2 while pupils with ages 12 and above have a mean of 10.7.
(6) On the mean of Academic Performance of pupils under the experimental approach
when grouped according to sex, the result of scores for pre-test of the boys have a mean of
(7) On the mean of Academic Performance of pupils under the experimental approach
when grouped according to sex, the result of scores for post-test of the boys have a mean
(8) On the mean of Academic Performance of pupils under the experimental approach
when grouped according to age, the result of scores for pre-test of pupils with ages 11 and
below have a mean of 7.8 while pupils with ages 12 and above have a mean of 7.4.
56
(9) On the mean of Academic Performance of pupils under the experimental approach
when grouped according to age, the result of scores for post-test of pupils with ages 11 and
below have a mean of 7.8 while pupils with ages 12 and above have a mean of 7.4.
(10) The results of the scores between the pre-test of the control and the experimental
groups show that there is a highly significant difference in their scores based on the data
that was gathered. In the pre-test, the mean score of the control group is 8.7 while the
(11) The results of the scores between the post-test of the control and the experimental
groups show that there is a highly significant difference in their scores. The control group
gained 10.3 in their mean score while the experimental group gained 7.6 in their mean
score. To compare the post-test results from the pre-test results, the control group has a
difference of 1.6 and a difference of 2.6 for the experimental group. Therefore, the use of
(12) Based on the interview that the researchers conducted, some pupils’ who were under
the experimental group find the use of manipulatives as an enjoyable activity. They said
that the use of paper and fractions circles wherein they were able to divide it by themselves
was very interesting for it was their first time to use those things. They also find the teacher
nice. However, some of the students who got the lowest scores also find the use of
manipulatives as an interesting thing but, they still have a difficulty understanding the
lesson even though it was taught to them using manipulatives. Some are confused on how
to use the manipulatives at the same time; they were hesitant to ask the teacher.
Conclusion
57
Based on the findings of the study, the researchers present the concluding statements:
“I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand” (Confucius). School is
cool when learning is fun. Young children are naturally passionate about learning and they enjoy
it while manipulating objects. Sadly, most students especially in public schools were deprived of
using or experiencing hand-on activities. This is the reason why the researchers choose to study
about manipulatives which will really help the pupils in understanding math concepts. The
researchers conducted test both before and after the intervention in order to know the effect on the
The pre-test mean score results of the control group when grouped according to sex shows
that between the two sexes both seem to have the same performance while on the post test results
of the same group it show that this time, girls performed better. When the control group was
grouped according to age, their pre-test scores shows that pupils ages 11 and below and pupils
with ages 12 and above almost got the same mean scores with a difference of 0.3 while on the post
test, pupils with ages 12 and above differ a mean score of 0.5 to pupils ages 11 and below.
On the other hand, the pre-test mean score results of the experimental group when grouped
according to sex shows that between the two sexes girls had a higher mean score than the boys
while on the post test results of the same group it show that this time, girls only differ with a mean
score of 0.5 from the boys. When the experimental group was grouped according to age, their pre-
test scores shows that pupils ages 11 and below differ a mean score of 0.4 from pupils with ages
12 and above while on the post test, pupils with ages 11 and below still differ a mean score of 0.4
58
The result of the scores between the pre-test and the post-test of the pupils under the control
group and the experimental group has a significant difference based on the data collected therefore
rejected both hypotheses . The control group had higher mean scores from the pre-test to the post
test. However, both groups shows an increase in their mean scores but on the difference of the
increase of the two groups, the experimental group had an increase of 2.6 in their mean score while
a mean of 1.6 for the control group. Thus, the students under the control group and the experimental
Lastly, based on the interview that we had pupils learned how to use manipulatives thus
increased their understanding in the lesson about fractions. However, some pupils wasn’t able to
grasps the real intention of manipulatives for they are used in a traditional classroom approach.
Implications
Manipulatives can be key in providing effective, active, engaging lessons in the teaching
of mathematics (Hartshorn and Boren, 1990). Another way would be, laboratory approach or this
can be defined as “learning by doing”. This would often involve the students to play and
manipulate concrete objects in structured situations. (Sutton and Krueger, 2002). In 2013, the
National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics (NCSM) issued a position statement on the use
(2001) found that long-term use of manipulatives has a positive effect on student
achievement by allowing students to use concrete objects to observe, model, and internalize
abstract concepts.
This study adds to the existing mathematics education literature on the use of mathematical
manipulatives, it implies that both are good approach in teaching fractions. The students using the
59
manipulatives performed as well as the students in the controlled group based on the results of the
post test scores. The experimental group students did show an increased in achievement based on
posttest scores results. The researchers only focused on the gained of the two different
groupsTherefore, researchers implied that there was an effect in the use of manipulatives in
Recommendations
Based on the result of the study, the following recommendations are set forth:
1. The researchers also suggest that at the beginning of the class, teacher should review the
previous lesson and give diagnostic test to pupils. So that teacher can determine if pupils
had already absorb and comprehend the lesson given to them base on the score that they
will get and teacher can check the class standing of the pupils.
2. Teacher of mathematics are recommended to deepen the discussion and exercises in the
field of Mathematics. Therefore, teachers should have knowledge of the subject matter
3. Researcher found out that the strategies used by the teacher in conducting the lesson have
a great impact to pupils understanding. Therefore, teacher should ensure that the strategies
4. The researchers found out that the prior knowledge of the pupils towards fraction is not
fully comprehended and there are weakness observed. Therefore, teacher should focus on
giving continuous drills to pupils to enhance and strengthen the pupils foundation and
60
5. Manipulative (fraction circle) is found effective in teaching fraction concepts.
Furthermore, future researchers may use (other manipulative) aside from fraction circle
as a tool for their study and come up with other manipulative that can suit to the concept
in teaching fraction, not only in addition but also in subtraction, multiplication and
division. And to broaden the range of manipulative in Mathematics and not to limit the
manipulative in fraction but in the other building blocks of the field as well.
6. The researchers suggest the use of manipulative in teaching fraction because it does not
only enhance pupils’ attentiveness towards the duration of class but it help pupils in
7. The researchers suggest that school administrators could advice teachers to integrate the
61
Appendices
Appendix A
Caridad P Ellera
Principal
62
We are 4th year BEED General Education students from the University of Saint La Salle- Bacolod City and we are
currently working on our research entitled, “Manipulatives: Its Effect to the Conceptual Understanding of
pupils in Fraction”. In line with this, we would like to ask for your amiable authorization in allowing us to conduct
our research in your school specifically on your Grade 5 middle section pupils.
We believe that your school will be a great venue in providing us with the needed resources for our study. Thus, be
assured that we will strongly uphold confidentiality of sensitive matters. Your good office will be given immediate
feedback with regards to the result of our findings in this study
We would be glad to sit down with you and discuss details regarding the request. For more details you may contact
Joan Trisha I. Nabor at 09097749338.
Respectfully yours,
Baberlyn P. Picazo
EG Marie G. Rectra
Noted by:
Endorsed by:
Appendix B
Mathematics Department
63
Negros Occidental High School
Bacolod City
Baberlyn P. Picazo
EG Marie G. Rectra
Noted by:
Ms. Chrisalia S. Eriso
Research Adviser
Appendix C
64
Pre-test Questionnaire
Mathematics- Fractions
Pre-test
Test I
Instructions: Read and understand the following questions. Write the letter of the correct answer in the space
A. Mathematical Operation
B. Numerical Base
C. Part of a whole
_____ 2. What is the line that separates the numerator from the denominator?
A. Bar line
B. Fraction line
C. Horizontal Line
D. Vertical line
65
_____ 3. Given the fraction , what is 4?
A. Denominator
B. Numerator
C. Remainder
D. Whole Numbers
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
66
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
67
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
68
Test II
Instructions: Analyze and solve the problem. Show the process and box the final answer.
km km km km
km
Mike undergo for 5-day training for an upcoming marathon. Below is the table showing the distance he covered on
the course of his training. How many kilometers did Mike cover during the entire training?
a. What is asked?
d. Number sentence
e. Solution
69
Appendix D
At the end of the lesson, 75% of the students will be able to:
O
Define fraction;
W
I
Perform operations in fractions (addition of fractions);
L
70
A
I
Relate day to day activities that involves fractions.
T
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES:
PRE-ACTIVITY:
Prayer
Checking of attendance.
REVIEW:
A. What is a fraction?
A. Fraction is a part of a whole
B. What are the parts of fraction? Could you name the 3 parts? B. Numerator, Denominator
MOTIVATION:
71
So what are the kinds of fractions? What is Similar Fractions? What s
PRESENTATION:
In relation to the previous questions, the teacher will discuss how to add
similar fractions. Similar fractions can be added if the denominators are the
same. Add the numerator and copy the denominator and simplify if needed. In
for the Least Common Multiple (LCM). Rewrite the fractions as equivalent
fractions with the LCM as the denominator. Add the numerator and copy the
72
ACTIVITY PROPER:
Instruction:
the teacher
a. Present an example of similar fractions for the students to add and say
“So are you ready to answer my question? Now I have here similar a. On their paper, add the
fractions which are ½ and ½, on your paper add these fractions and give numerator and copy the
me the answer. Who would like to volunteer to show his/her solution on denominator. A volunteer
the board.
b. Ask the students if what is the answer by saying “So if we add ½ + ½ b. 2/2 or 1
a. Present another example of adding similar fractions saying “So are you
a. On their paper add the
ready to answer this one? I have here 2/4 + 1/4. On your paper add the
numerator and copy the
given fractions and give me the answer. Who would like to volunteer
denominator. A volunteer will
to show his/her solution on the board?”
show his/her solution on the
board.
b. Ask the students if what is the answer by saying “So if we add 2/4 + 1/4
73
Guided Activity 3:Addition of Dissimilar Fractions
a. Give another example for the students to answer and this time it is
fractions.
b. After changing the fractions into similar fractions, perform the b. On their paper add the
operation and give the answer. Who would like to volunteer to show numerator and copy the
the board.
c. ¾
74
POST ACTIVITY:
ANALYSIS:
1. In reference to activity number 1, how to add the similar fractions ½ + 1. Adding these
½ =? similar fractions
2. In reference to activity number 2, how to add the similar fractions 2/4 + copy the
3. In reference to activity number, how to add the dissimilar fractions ½ + add the numerator,
¼ =? ½ + ½ = 2/2 or 1.
4. In your own understanding, what are similar fractions? What are 2. Adding these
copy the
denominator and
2/4 + ¼ = 3/4.
Common Multiple
fractions into
equivalent
fractions. After so
perform the
operation being
asked. ½ + ¼ 2/4
+ 1/4 = ¾.
75
same denominator.
Dissimilar fractions
different
denominators.
76
ABSTRACTION: Steps in adding similar fractions:
denominator.
needed).
denominator.
needed).
77
eating chocolates and
in paying at a grocery or
78
APPLICATION:
Instruction:
Divide the class into groups with each group consisting of 3 members.
Give out an answer sheet and bond papers for each group to work on.
Using those bond papers, fold, cut and label the paper to create fractions
2. 2/5 + 2/3 =
1. 7/8
2. 14/15
79
ASSIGNMENT: Steps in subtracting similar fractions:
denominator.
needed).
fractions:
denominator.
needed).
80
Appendix E
At the end of the lesson, 75% of the students will be able to:
O
Define fraction;
W
I
Perform operations in fractions (addition of fractions);
L
81
A
I
Relate day to day activities that involves fractions.
T
Materials Needed: Manipulatives (Fraction Pie), Tape, Bond Paper, Cartolina, Pentel Pen, Scissors
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES:
PRE-ACTIVITY:
Prayer
Checking of attendance.
REVIEW:
D. What is a fraction?
D. Fraction is a part of a whole
E. What are the parts of fraction? Could you name the 3 parts? E. Numerator, Denominator
1 1 13
F. Who could give me an example of fraction? F. , , , and more
4 2 84
MOTIVATION:
82
So what are the kinds of fractions? What is Similar Fractions? What s
PRESENTATION:
In relation to the previous questions, the teacher will discuss how to add
similar fractions. Similar fractions can be added if the denominators are the
same. Add the numerator and copy the denominator and simplify if needed. In
for the Least Common Multiple (LCM). Rewrite the fractions as equivalent
fractions with the LCM as the denominator. Add the numerator and copy the
83
ACTIVITY PROPER:
Instruction:
Students will solve the question raise by the teacher using the
manipulatives.
a. Say “I have here a piece of paper. Who could divide this paper and
1
give me two piece of papers? “
2
b. Teacher will exchange the cut-out papers with manipulatives labeled as they will have two pieces of
½ “Now I have here similar fractions which is ½ and ½, add these ½ papers.
Steps:
84
student a fraction pie
labeled as 1/2.
fraction pie.
½ + ½.
e. 2/2 or 1
a. Say “I have here a piece of paper. Who could divide this paper so we d. Get the manipulative and do it
could have 4 pieces of papers and give me 2/4? Next one is who could on their table and answer the
divide this paper so we could have 4 pieces of papers and give me a ¼? question after.
Steps:
85
1. Show and give to
b. Teacher will exchange the cut-out papers with manipulatives labeled as students a fraction pie
2/4 and 1/4 “Now I have here similar fractions which is 2/4 and 1/4, which is a 4/4. This time
add these fractions with use of this manipulative.” give them a fraction pie
labeled as 1/4.
involved is addition.
e. ¾
86
a. Will fold the1st paper into 2
Steps:
1. Show to students a
is addition.
c. Ask the students if what is the answer by saying “So if we add 2/4 + 1/4 the 2 pieces you have in
a. Say to the class “I have here pieces of paper. Who could divide this combine the two since
paper into 2 parts so we could have two ½ pieces of paper and on the
87
other piece of paper who could divide it into 4 parts so we could four they are dissimilar
b. Will exchange the cut-out papers with manipulatives labeled as 1/2 and fractions and change
1/4 “Now I have here similar fractions which is 1/2 and 1/4, add these them to equivalent
fractions with use of this manipulative and give me the answer.” fractions. After
changing it to equivalent
needed.
c. ¾
88
POST ACTIVITY:
ANALYSIS:
5. In reference to activity number 1, how to add the similar fractions ½ + 5. Adding these
½ =? similar fractions
6. In reference to activity number 2, how to add the similar fractions 2/4 + copy the
7. In reference to activity number, how to add the dissimilar fractions ½ + add the numerator,
¼ =? ½ + ½ = 2/2 or 1.
8. In your own understanding, what are similar fractions? What are 6. Adding these
copy the
denominator and
2/4 + ¼ = 3/4.
Common Multiple
fractions into
equivalent
fractions. After so
perform the
operation being
asked. ½ + ¼ 2/4
+ 1/4 = ¾.
89
same denominator.
Dissimilar fractions
different
denominators.
90
ABSTRACTION: Steps in adding similar fractions:
denominator.
needed).
denominator.
needed).
91
eating chocolates and
in paying at a grocery or
92
APPLICATION:
Instruction:
Divide the class into groups with each group consisting of 3 members.
Give out an answer sheet and bond papers for each group to work on.
Using those bond papers, fold, cut and label the paper to create fractions
4. 2/5 + 2/3 =
3. 7/8
4. 14/15
93
ASSIGNMENT: Steps in subtracting similar fractions:
denominator.
needed).
fractions:
denominator.
needed).
94
Appendix F
Posttest
Mathematics- Fractions
Post-test
Test I
Instructions: Read and understand the following questions. Write the letter of the correct answer in the space provided before the number.
A. Mathematical Operation
B. Numerical Base
C. Part of a whole
95
A. Denominator
B. Numerator
C. Remainder
D. Whole Number
_____ 3. What is the line that separates the numerator from the denominator?
A. Bar line
B. Fraction line
C. Horizontal Line
D. Vertical line
C.
D.
C.
D.
C.
D.
96
C.
D.
C.
D.
C.
D.
C.
D.
C.
D.
C.
D.
97
C.
D.
C.
D.
C.
D.
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
Test II
Instructions: Analyze and solve the problem. Show the process and box the final answer.
km km km km km
98
Mike undergo for 5-day training for an upcoming marathon. Below is the table showing the distance he covered on the course of his training.
How many kilometer did Mike cover during the entire training?
a. What is asked?
d. Number sentence
e. Solution
Appendix G
99
Appendix H
Juror: _________________________________
5 – Strongly Agree
4 – Agree
3 – Undecided
2 – Disagree
1 – Strongly Disagree
CRITERIA OPTIONS:
100
2. The test is interesting and has an appeal such
5 4 3 2 1
that the students will be induced to respond to it
and accomplish it fully.
3. The test can obtain some depth to answers and 5 4 3 2 1
avoid guesswork.
Comments:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________
___________________________________ ____________________________
101
102