1.

3 Working Principle:

Firstly we give program to the Micro controller module the module is a

erasabale and re writable memory. The Wifi module sends the signal to the cloud and the
cloud gets activated and sends the signal to the micro controller The LCD diplays the
required ON/OFF switches. From the relay the circuit can be connected to the various
loads. The switch contacts on a relay can be "normally open" (NO) or "normally closed"
(NC)--that is, when the coil is at rest and not energized (no current flowing through it),
the switch contacts are given the designation of being NO or NC. In an open circuit, no
current flows, such as a wall light switch in your home in a position that the light is off.
In a closed circuit, metal switch contacts touch each other to complete a circuit, and
current flows, similar to turning a light switch to the "on" position.
The wifi sends the signal to the micro controller the program is inbuilt to the controller
chip. The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with full TCP/IP
stack and microcontroller. The ESP8285 is an ESP8266 with 1 MiB of built-in flash,
allowing for single-chip devices capable of connecting to Wi-Fi. The push buttons of
loads or home appliances are interfaced to 8051 series microcontroller through which the
command signals transmitted through RF transmitter after encoding command signals.
The RF transmitter end is an RF remote can be used by the user as a remote control for
operating home appliances. The receiver end consists of the RF receiver circuit which
consists of a decoder to decode the encoded command signals received from the
transmitter. The decoded signals are fed to the microcontroller and then the commands
are sent to operate loads through Opto-Isolators.
A microcontroller (MCU for microcontroller unit, or UC for μ-controller) is a
small computer on a single integrated circuit. In modern terminology, it is similar to, but
less sophisticated than, a system on a chip (SoC); an SoC may include a microcontroller
as one of its components. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor cores)
along with memory and programmable input/outputperipherals. Microcontrollers are used
in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control
systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances,
power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared
to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices,
microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and
processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components
needed to control non-digital electronic systems. In the context of the internet of things,
microcontrollers are an economical and popular means of data
collection, sensing and actuating the physical world as edge devices. And the
Microcontrolller is connected to the LCD diplay which displays wether the devices are
connected or not as well as the transmitter is sending the signals. It is connected to the
ULN. The ULN2003A is an array of seven NPN Darlington transistors capable of
500 mA, 50 V output. It features common-cathode flyback diodes for switching inductive
loads. It can come in PDIP, SOIC, SOP or TSSOP packaging.

The whole proposed system is connected to the Relay Inside a relay, there is a
core with copper wire wound around it (the coil). Under normal conditions, the
switch(armature) remains in contact with the normally closed (NC) terminal. But
when voltage is applied through the coil, electromagnetic field is generated and the
coil starts to act as a magnet, pulling the armature
towards itself to the normally open terminally (NO). That’s all there is to relays at the
most basic level. Other than that there are many other types of relays, such as solid state
and thermal relays, with different operating mechanisms, but all of them have the same
common purpose. And thus the loads (wether DC or AC) can be controlled by using
IOT.
 The concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as
1982, with a modified Coke vending machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming
the first Internet-connected appliance,[6] able to report its inventory and whether newly
loaded drinks were cold or not.[7] Mark Weiser's 1991 paper on ubiquitous computing,
"The Computer of the 21st Century", as well as academic venues such as UbiComp and
PerCom produced the contemporary vision of the IoT.[8][9] In 1994, Reza Raji described
the concept in IEEE Spectrum as "[moving] small packets of data to a large set of nodes,
so as to integrate and automate everything from home appliances to entire factories".[10]
Between 1993 and 1997, several companies proposed solutions like Microsoft's at Work
or Novell's NEST. The field gained momentum when Bill Joy envisioned Device to
Device (D2D) communication as a part of his "Six Webs" framework, presented at the
World Economic Forum at Davos in 1999.

The term "Internet of things" was likely coined by Kevin Ashton of

Procter & Gamble, later MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999,[12] though he prefers the phrase
"Internet for things".[13] At that point, he viewed Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
as essential to the Internet of things,[14] which would allow computers to manage all
individual things

A research article mentioning the Internet of Things was submitted to the conference for
Nordic Researchers in Norway, in June 2002,[18] which was preceded by an article
published in Finnish in January 2002.[19] The implementation described there was
developed by Kary Främling and his team at Helsinki University of Technology and more
closely matches the modern one, i.e. an information system infrastructure for
implementing smart, connected objects.[20]

Defining the Internet of things as "simply the point in time when more 'things or objects'
were connected to the Internet than people", Cisco Systems estimated that the IoT was
"born" between 2008 and 2009, with the things/people ratio growing from 0.08 in 2003 to
1.84 in 2010.[21]