São Paulo
2009
RESUMO
The aquatic ecosystems had transitory microorganisms that arrived through the
air, soil, industrial and domestic sewage and ballast water, degrading the water quality.
Escherichia coli was isolated from ballast water, port areas water and bivalves samples.
All of them were resistant to erythromycin, natural behavior of this specie. However,
from the 331 isolates of E. coli studied, 49.6% had multiple antibiotics resistant varied
from 2 to 8 antibiotics. Two isolates from Paranaguá Port area water samples (2/42),
showed the following antibiotics type: AMI AMP CTX CAZ CPX ERI PPT SUT and
AMI AMC AMP CTX CAZ CRX ERI SUT. Seven virulence associated factors were
investigated using radioactive hybridization: heat stable toxin (ST), heat labile toxin
(LT), aggregative adhesion (EAEC), invasion factor (INV), Shiga-like I toxin (STx-1),
Shiga-like II toxin (STx-2), and the gene that codify for intimin (eae). The positive
results were confirmed through polymerase chain reaction and only 4 isolates presented
homology to the gene that codify for aggregative adherence (AA) of EAEC, 3 for eae
gene, 3 for ST and one for stx2. Concerning the plasmids study, a total of 80.0% (24/30)
and 72.3% (68/94) of E. coli isolates from ballast water and port area water samples had
plasmids, respectively. In this study the E. coli isolates from bivalves samples showed
that 75.3% (55/73) had plasmids and 56.8% of them had plasmids with size from 2027
bp and 23,099 bp. The molecular characterization of isolates verified that the ERIC-
PCR was more efficiency to show high number of clusters with similarity more than
70%. The presence of E. coli isolates contained dangerous genotypes, showed the
microbial risk present at the coast area ecosystem and ballast water samples and sanitary
surveillance programs must be implemented for human, animal and aquatic ecosystem
health protection.
Tabela 1 - Listagem dos principais agentes etiológicos das doenças veiculadas pela água e suas
rotas de transmissão ao homem.
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1
Dados disponíveis no site: www.transportes.gov.br – acessos dia 02/ 10/ 2008 e 07/10/2008.
2.3.1 Porto de Belém
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2
Trim: é a diferença de imersão entre a proa e a popa do navio.
3
Adernamento: Inclinar (a embarcação) deixando um lado debaixo d’água.
4
Calado: distância vertical da quilha do navio à linha de flutuação; espaço ocupado pelo navio dentro da
água.
Figura 2- Processo de esvaziamento dos tanques de lastro.
Fonte: <http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/ballast.shtml> acesso no dia 23/09/2008.
Tabela 2- Prazos estabelecidos pela Convenção BWM 2004 para adaptação dos navios, mediante as
Regras D-1 e D-2.
Construção do navio Capacidade do lastro (cal) Exigência
(m3)
Antes de 2009 1.500 ≤ cal ≤ 5.000 D-1 após a entrada em vigor e D-2 após 2014.
Antes de 2009 cal < 1.500 ou > 5.000 D-1 após a entrada em vigor e D-2 após 2016.
A partir de 2009 cal < 5.000 D-2.
Entre 2009 e 2012 cal ≥ 5.000 D-1 após 2009 e D-2 após 2016.
A partir de 2012 cal ≥ 5.000 D-2.
5
Livre-Prática: autorização emitida, pelo órgão de vigilância sanitária, a uma embarcação procedente ou não do exterior a entrar em
um porto do território nacional e iniciar as operações de desembarque e embarque de carga e viajantes.
No Brasil, a partir de 15 de outubro de 2005, entrou em vigor a Norma da
Autoridade Marítima (NORMAM) para o Gerenciamento da Água de Lastro de Navios
da Diretoria de Portos e Costas (DPC) - NORMAM-20/DPC, onde a exigência da troca
de água de lastro em alto mar passou a ter caráter obrigatório. Entre outras exigências, a
mesma estabelece: que os navios possuam Plano de Gestão de Água de Lastro e
apresentem o Formulário de Água de Lastro; diretrizes para troca e captação de água de
lastro, bem como para descarga de sedimentos do tanque de lastro (BRASIL, 2005).
Cepas de E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC) têm sido uma das maiores causas de
diarréia aguda infantil em países em desenvolvimento (GOMES et al., 1991; NATARO
e KAPER, 1998; KAPER et al., 2004), e frequentemente está associada a casos de
diarréia persistente (BHAN et al., 1989; SCALETSKY et al., 1999; FAGUNDES-
NETO e SCALETSKY, 2000). No entanto, muitos adultos considerados portadores não
apresentam os sintomas da doença, levando a crer que a imunidade adquirida ocorra
com o passar do tempo [(WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION SCIENTIFIC
WORKING GROUP, WHOSWG, 1980; PADHYE e DOOYLE, 1992; MENG et al.,
2001)]. Em geral, a prevalência de óbitos é superior a 30%, quando a diarréia é causada
por EPEC (LEVINE e EDELMAN, 1984).
No Brasil, cepas de EPEC são responsáveis por mais de 30% dos casos de
diarréias em crianças (GOMES et al.; 1991) e causam mais de 200.000 óbitos anuais de
crianças (GOMES et al. 1989; GOMES et al., 1991).
De modo geral, E. coli enteropatogênica inclui um grupo relativamente pequeno
de sorogrupos. Os principais sorotipos de EPEC implicados a doenças no homem são:
O55:H6, O86:H34, O111:H2, O114:H2, O119:H6, O126:H2, O127:H6, O128:H2 e
0142:H6 (LEVINE, 1987; GOMES et al., 1989; ROSA et al., 1998; TRABULSI et al.,
2002).
Cepas clássicas de EPEC carregam o gene eaeA, localizado numa ilha de
patogenicidade conhecida como “Locus of Enterocyte Effacement” (LEE) e são
negativas para Toxina Shiga e as enterotoxinas ST e LT (DONNENBERG, 1995). O
gene eaeA, codifica para uma proteína chamada intimina de 94 KDa, que facilita a
adesão do organismo à célula epitelial e é responsável pela aderência íntima e a lesão
“Attaching and Effacing” (A/E) (JERSE et al., 1990; DONNENBERG, 1995). A
aderência íntima dá início ao processo da lesão “Attaching and Effacing” (A/E), e
caracteriza-se pela existência de um espaço mínimo de 4 nm entre a bactéria e a célula
hospedeira (MOON et al., 1983), e pela destruição das microvilosidades intestinais,
aderência íntima e uma acentuada reorganização das proteínas do citoesqueleto dos
enterócitos, resultando no surgimento de estruturas na forma de pedestais sobre as quais
cepas de EPEC encontram-se intimamente aderidas (NATARO e KAPER, 1998). O
plasmídeo EAF acolhe o grupamento de genes bfp (“Bundle Forming Pilus”)
(NATARO e KAPER, 1998).
Os determinantes genéticos responsáveis pela produção da lesão A/E localizam-
se em uma ilha de patogenicidade chamada “Locus of Enterocyte Effacement” (LEE)
(Mc DANIEL et al., 1995). Ao contrário da maioria das cepas de EPEC típicas, cepas
de EPEC atípicas, são definidas pela ausência do plasmídeo EAF (“EPEC Adherence
Factor”) (KAPER, 1996), e expressam fatores de virulência que não são codificados na
região LEE (TRABULSI et al., 2002). Outra característica que diferencia cepas atípicas
de EPEC é o padrão de aderência em cultura de células epiteliais. Cepas clássicas ou
típicas de EPEC são caracterizadas devido o seu padrão de “Adesão Localizada” (AL)
em células epiteliais (SCALETSKY et al., 1984), enquanto cepas atípicas de EPEC
podem apresentar o padrão de adesão conhecida como “Localized-like Adherence”
(LAL) (RODRIGUES et al. (1996), “Diffuse Adherence” (DA) ou “Aggregative
Adherence” (AA) (TRABULSI et al., 2002).
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mucosa do intestino, a invasão das células epiteliais (DONNENBERG et al., 1989;
MILIDIS et al., 1989) e a destruição das microvilosidades das células epiteliais
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