PRESSURE LOSS DURING FLUID FLOW

THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 THEORY AND ANALYSIS

HEAD LOSSES, HL

• Major Losses (Loss of head due to friction)

𝑳 𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒇 --- Darcy – Weisbach Equation
𝑫 𝟐𝒈
𝑳 𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟐𝒇 ---- Morse’s Equation
𝑫 𝒈
where:
f = Friction factor (must be taken from Morse Table if the Morse eqn
is to be used)
L = Length of pipe; m, ft
V = Velocity of flowing fluid inside the pipe; 𝐦Τ𝒔𝒆𝒄, 𝐟𝐭Τ𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒈 = 9.81 𝐦Τ𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 = 32.2 𝐟𝐭ൗ𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐

THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 THEORY AND ANALYSIS

HEAD LOSSES, HL

• Minor Losses
a. Head losses due to contraction, hc

𝑽𝟐
𝒉 𝒄 = 𝒌𝒄
𝟐𝒈

b. Head losses due to enlargement, he

𝑽𝟐
𝒉 𝒆 = 𝒌𝒆
𝟐𝒈
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 THEORY AND ANALYSIS

HEAD LOSSES, HL

• Minor Losses

c. Head losses due to obstruction in pipes or valves, 𝒉𝒈

𝑽𝟐
𝒉 𝒈 = 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝒈

d. Head losses due to presence of bends or curves in pipes, hb

𝑽𝟐
𝒉 𝒃 = 𝒌𝒃
𝟐𝒈
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 THEORY AND ANALYSIS

HEAD LOSSES, HL

Therefore:

𝑯𝑳 = 𝒉𝒇 + 𝒉𝒄 + 𝒉𝒆 + 𝒉𝒈 + 𝒉𝒃

THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 PRESSURE LOSS DURING FLUID FLOW

MAJOR LOSSES

• Loss of head due to friction

𝑳 𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒇 Darcy – Weisbach Formula
𝑫 𝟐𝒈

where:
f = Friction factor
L = Length of pipe, meters
V = Velocity of flowing fluid inside the pipe, 𝐦Τ𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒈 = 9.81 𝐦Τ𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 PRESSURE LOSS DURING FLUID FLOW

MINOR LOSSES

• General equation for minor losses

𝑽𝟐
𝒉=𝒌
𝟐𝒈
where:
k = Coefficient to be evaluated for each case
V = Velocity in that section of the pipe having the
smaller diameter, 𝐦Τ𝒔𝒆𝒄

THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 PRESSURE LOSS DURING FLUID FLOW

a. Head loss due to contraction

 Sudden contraction

𝑽𝟏 𝑫𝟏 𝑫𝟐 𝑽𝟐

VELOCITY IN
SMALLER PIPE RATIO OF SMALLER TO LARGER DIAMETER
𝒎Τ𝒔𝒆𝒄 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.609 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.38 0.28 0.18 0.07 0.03
1.525 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.44 0.41 0.38 0.28 0.18 0.09 0.04
3.050 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.40 0.36 0.28 0.18 0.10 0.04
6.100 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.40 0.37 0.33 0.27 0.19 0.11 0.05
12.200 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.25 0.20 0.13 0.06
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 PRESSURE LOSS DURING FLUID FLOW

a. Head loss due to contraction

 For entrance to a pipe from a reservoir, 𝑘𝑐 = 0.50

𝑽𝟐
𝑽 𝒉𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎
𝟐𝒈

 For special pipe entrances

𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟎 𝒉𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 PRESSURE LOSS DURING FLUID FLOW

b. Head loss due to enlargement

𝑉2
 Sudden enlargement 𝑽𝟏 𝑫𝟏 𝑫𝟐 𝑽𝟐
ℎ𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒
2𝑔

Values of the coefficient k for sudden enlargement

VELOCITY IN
SMALLER PIPE RATIO OF SMALLER TO LARGER DIAMETER
𝒎Τ𝒔𝒆𝒄 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.609 1.00 1.00 0.96 0.86 0.74 0.60 0.44 0.29 0.15 0.04
1.525 0.96 0.95 0.89 0.80 0.69 0.55 0.41 0.27 0.14 0.04
3.050 0.91 0.89 0.84 0.76 0.65 0.52 0.39 0.26 0.13 0.04
6.100 0.86 0.84 0.80 0.72 0.62 0.50 0.37 0.24 0.12 0.04
12.200 0.81 0.80 0.75 0.68 0.58 0.47 0.36 0.22 0.11 0.03
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 PRESSURE LOSS DURING FLUID FLOW

b. Head loss due to enlargement

𝑉2
 Gradual enlargement 𝑽𝟏 𝑫𝟏 𝜃 𝑫𝟐 𝑽𝟐
ℎ𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒
2𝑔

Values of the coefficient k for gradual enlargement

ANGLE RATIO OF SMALLER TO LARGER DIAMETER

OF CONE
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
5° 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01
15° 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.06
30° 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.46 0.43 0.37 0.27 0.16
45° 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.55 0.49 0.38 0.20
60° 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.70 0.67 0.62 0.54 0.43 0.24
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 PRESSURE LOSS DURING FLUID FLOW

c. Head loss due to obstructions, hg

𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒈 = 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝒈

THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 PRESSURE LOSS DURING FLUID FLOW

c. Head loss due to obstructions, hg

Values of 𝑘𝑔
NOMINAL DIAMETER RATIO OF HEIGHT d OF VALVE OPENING
OF CONE TO DIAMETER OF FULL VALVE OPENING
1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1.0
1/2 450 60 22.0 11.0 2.20 1.00
3/4 310 40 12.0 5.4 1.10 0.29
1.00 230 32 9.0 4.1 0.90 0.23
1½ 170 23 7.2 3.3 0.75 0.18
2.00 140 20 6.5 3.0 0.68 0.16
4.00 92 16 5.5 2.6 0.55 1.00
6.00 73 14 5.3 2.4 0.49 0.14
8.00 66 13 5.2 2.3 0.46 0.10
12.00 56 12 5.1 2.2 0.42 0.07 THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 PRESSURE LOSS DURING FLUID FLOW

c. Head loss due to bends, hb

𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒃 = 𝒌𝒃
𝟐𝒈

Values of 𝑘𝑏 for 90° smooth pipe bends

r/D 𝒌𝒃
1 0.35
2 0.19
4 0.16
6 0.22
10 0.32
15 0.38
20 0.42
THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 PUMPS APPLICATION

FRICTION LOSS DUE TO PIPES AND FITTINGS APPLICATIONS

PROBLEM No. 1
Determine the total friction loss for on installation consisting of the following pipes
and fittings:
Straight pipe ..................................75 m
Gate valve (fully open) ........................2 pieces
Standard elbow ...............................6 pieces
Long radius elbow .............................1 piece
Check valve.....................................2 pieces
Pipe diameter..................................100 mm (4 in.)
Pump capacity .................................500 gallons per min.

THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 PUMPS APPLICATION

FRICTION LOSS DUE TO PIPES AND FITTINGS APPLICATIONS

PROBLEM No. 2
A centrifugal pump installation pump installation is to be made, water is to be pumped to
a tank 30 meters from the source and pump centerline is 4.5 meters above the source. Pump
capacity is 200 gallons per minute.

Suction 70 mm ∅ Discharge 62.5 mm ∅

Length of pipe 6 meters 30 meters

90° elbow (standard) 2 pieces 1 pieces
Gate valve (fully open) 1 piece 1 piece
Long radius 0 1 piece
Check valve 0 1 piece

Compute the water horsepower of the pump.

THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 PUMPS APPLICATION

FRICTION LOSS DUE TO PIPES AND FITTINGS APPLICATIONS

PROBLEM No. 3
180 gallons per minute (0.68 m3/min) of water is to be delivered from a source where
the pressure is 138 kPa to an overhead tank 30.76 meters above the pump centerline.
Pipes and fittings (from suction and discharge)
Straight pipe ......................... 250 feet
4 pieces standard elbow
2 pieces standard tee
1 piece check valve (fully open)
1 piece gate valve
1 piece globe valve
Which is more economical, 2 inches or 4 inches diameter pipe?

THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 PUMPS APPLICATION

FRICTION LOSS DUE TO PIPES AND FITTINGS APPLICATIONS

PROBLEM No. 4
Determine The most economical pipe size for the proposed installation.
Pipe SizeCost/Foot Elbow/Piece Valve/Piece
3 inches P 10.00 P 25.00 P 250.00
4inches P 12.90 P 50.90 P 360.00
6 inches P 20.50 P 100.50 P 600.50
8 inches P 30.00 P 150.00 P 850.00
Cost of Electric Power ............................. 0.50/kW-hr
Operating Hour..................................... 5.400 hours/year
Overall Efficiency...................................7O %
Maintenance Cost = 15 % of the total cost for fittings.
Annual Cost = Power Cost + Cost of Fittings + Maintenance Cost

THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074
 PUMPS APPLICATION

FRICTION LOSS DUE TO PIPES AND FITTINGS APPLICATIONS

PROBLEM No. 5
The plant superintendent of an industrial plant wishes to install a pump to lift 200 gpm of water
at 22.22°C from a sump to tank on a tower. The water is to be delivered into a tank at 103.421 Kpa.
The tank is 18.30 m above the sump. The suction pipe is 101.6 mm in diameter, 7.622 m long and will
contains 2 standard elbows and a foot valve. The pump is 1.55 m above the water level in the sump. The
discharge pipe to the tank will be 120.45 m long and contains 5 elbows, one check valve and one gate
valve; The 63.5 mm and 101.6 mm diameter pipes are available in stocks which may be used for the
discharge line. Which pipe size would you recommend and why? Show your computation for power
requirement of both sizes. (Pump efficiency is 75%).

THELMA T. OBILLO
PME 005074