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CE 401 Soil Mechanics
2 nd Semester, SY 2018-2019
Group Members
DoE Title
This DoE aims to:
1. Conduct an experiment to determine the feasibility of
using construction debris as a substitute of coarse
Experimental Design aggregates
Objectives 2. Develop change in compressive strength of composite
concrete
3. Discuss feasibility of using composite concrete in
construction works.
Input Variables
Load It is a force, deformation, or acceleration applied to a structure or its
components. In this experiment, it is a force exerted on specimen
when specimen is under rupture failure.
Percentage of replacement of The percentages of replacement are 0, 25,50,70, and 100%
coarse aggregate
Output/Response Variables
Compressive Strength It is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads
tending to reduce size, as opposed to tensile strength, which
withstands loads tending to elongate
Design Statistics
Composite concrete (coarse aggregates is partially replaced with
construction debris) showed significant development of
compressive strength in stage of 7 and 14 days in compared with
pure concrete. In 21 and 28 days, pure concrete was more
dominant in terms of increase in compressive strength. Composite
concrete was recessive rather in 21 days stage.
Testing Standards
(If Applicable)
American Society of Testing ASTM C39 – this test method covers determination of compressive
and Materials strength of cylindrical concrete specimens such as molded cylinders
(ASTM) and drilled cores.
American Institute of Concrete ACI 211.1-91 standard practice for selecting proportions for normal,
(ACI) Standard Practice heavyweight, and mass concrete
Design of Experiment (DoE)
• LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 AGGREGATE WATER CONTENT ……………………………………………………………………2
Figure 2 FLOW CHART OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN AND CURING ……………………………..………
3
• LIST OF TABLES
Table.1 ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Table 2. …………………………………………………………………………………….
I. GENERAL BACKGROUND
Huge quantities of construction materials are required in developing countries due to continued
infrastructural growth and also huge quantities of construction and demolition wastes are generated
every year in developing countries. The disposal of this waste is a very serious problem because it
requires huge space for its disposal and it also pollutes the environment. Hence, It is necessary to
protect and preserve the natural resources like stone, sand etc. the depth of river bed resulting in drafts
and also changing the climatic conditions. Therefore, the sustainable concept should be introduced in
construction industry due to growing concern about the future of our planet.
The proportion of concrete rubbles is maximum in the demolition waste. Several researchers such
as Hansen(1992); Mehta (1993); Collins (1994); Sherwood(1995); in their study, reveal that the crushed
concrete rubble can be used as a substitute of natural coarse aggregates in concrete or as a sub-base
or base layer in pavement, after separating these from the construction and demolition wastes. Some
construction projects have been successfully completed using the recycled aggregates;
This study aims to support aforementioned feasibility study of partial replacement of coarse
aggregates using construction waste
a. FRAMEWORK
In making of concrete design, all the raw materials (i.e. cement, F.A. and C.A.) shall
undergo physical tests for the properties (i.e. sieve analysis, unit weight, bulk specific gravity
and absorption capacity) needed for mix design process. And the estimated weight of the
concrete per unit volume was based from ACI method of concrete design. This method takes
into consideration he requirements for consistency, workability, strength and durability.
STEP 4: MIXING
If the batched aggregate is anything but saturated surface dry it will absorb water (if
oven dry or air dry) or give up water (if wet) to the cement paste. This causes a net
change in the amount of water available in the mix and must be compensated for by
adjusting the amount of mixing water added.
3) The aggregate is spread in a uniform layer on a hand, clean and non-porous base.
4) Cement is then spread over the aggregates and the dry materials are mixed by turning over
from one end to another until the mix appears uniform, turning three times is usually required.
5) Water is then gradually added so that water neither by itself nor with cement can escape. The
mix is turned over again usually by three times, until it happens in color and consistence.
6) Slump test is now performed by filling a slump apparatus mold of fresh concrete in three
layers of each equal volume. Each layer is compacted with 25 strokes of a tamping rod.
7) Slump mold is lifted vertically upward and the change in height of the concrete is measured.
8) Final fill the specimen mold in three layers of each equal volume and each layer is compacted
with 25 strokes of tamping rod. Repeat and fill all other the specimen molds.
9) Place the concrete specimens in a room with constant temperature. After 24 hours of setting
remove all the early hardened concrete from the mold and submerged in bath tub full of water
for 7-28 days curing period.
The test is repeated every seven day after the first testing
1) Placing the Specimen—Place the plain (lower) bearing block, with its hardened face up, on
the table of the testing machine directly under the spherically seated (upper) bearing block.
2) Wipe clean the bearing faces of the upper and lower bearing blocks and of the test specimen
and place the test specimen on the lower bearing block.
3) Carefully align the axis of the specimen with the center of thrust of the spherically seated
block.
4) verify that the load indicator is set to zero
5) Rate of Loading—Apply the load continuously and without shock
6) Apply the compressive load until the load indicator shows that the load is decreasing steadily
and the specimen displays a well-defined fracture pattern
7) Record data
IV. DESIGN STATISTICS
a. ANALYSIS
This chapter presents the test results of experiments. All data and information are tabulated
for ease of interpretation. For this analysis, it is aimed that determination of compressive strength of
concrete cylinders with 75% of coarse aggregates replaced with construction debris.
Appendix:
Cement: The most common used cement is Portland. It should be dry, powdery and free of lumps.
When storing cement try to avoid all possible contact with moisture. Store away from exterior walls, off
damp floors, and stacked close together to reduce air circulation.
Water: In general, water fit for drinking is suitable for mixing concrete. Impurities in the water may
affect concrete, setting time, strength, shrinkage or promote corrosion of reinforcement.
Sand: Sand should range is size from less than .25 mm to 6.3 mm. Sand from sea shores, dunes or
river banks is usually too fine for normal mixes. However, you can sometimes scrape about 30 cm of
fine surface sand off and find coarser, more suitable sand beneath.
Gravel: Optimum gravel size in most situations is about 2 cm. Finer gravel may be used to fill the
annular between the borehole and the well casing.
Mixing Concrete: Concrete must be thoroughly mixed to yield the strongest product.
Mixing by Hand: The mixing area must be both clean and water tight. Use the following procedure:
Spread the sand evenly over the mixing area.
Spread cement evenly over the sand and combine until the color is uniform.
Spread the mixture out evenly and add the gravel on it and mix it thoroughly again. All dry materials
should be thoroughly mixed before water is added.
Shape dry mix into a pile and form a hollow bowl in the center. Pour some of the water into the bowl,
gradually mixing in the dry mixture until all the water is adsorbed. Re-form the pile and bowl, add and
mix more water. Repeat until concrete is ready to pour.
Curing: After the forms are filled the concrete must be cured until it reaches the required strength.
Curing involves keeping the concrete damp so that the chemical reaction that causes the concrete to
harden will continue for as long as necessary. Once the concrete dries the chemical hardening will
cease and cannot be reactivated. The best way to keep the concrete wet in very hot countries is to plug
to drainage channel soak-away pit and then fill the concrete pad and drainage channel with water.
Water can be added as needed to keep the concrete covered.
b. INTERPRETATION
The compressive strength of concrete specimens as shown on figure 3 reveals that compressive
strength of pure concrete increases with respect to increase in curing period, whereas the compressive
strength of composite concrete increases up to 7 days curing period and then, it showed irregular
change in compressive strength. The slope of pure concrete is much steep over the slope of composite
concrete.
75% replaced composite concrete showed remarkable increase in compressive strength in period of 7-
14 days, whereas it also showed significant decrease in compressive strength in period of 14-21 days.
V. DISCUSSIONS
Compressive strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand axially directed pushing
forces. It is a good parameter in order to determine possibility of the use of construction waste. 28 days
composite concrete got around 2300 psi of compressive strength which is not satisfactory to ACI 211.1.
The standard proportions designed by ACI may not be fit to concrete mix design of composite concrete
using construction waste.
The other parameters such as flexural, tensile strength, workability, permeability, and etc. should be
determined in order to apply composite concrete in construction works. The irregular change in
compressive strength is shown on figure.3. Such change is not appropriate to the construction works
which require structural or mass concrete. Hence, the use of composite concrete using construction
waste should be limited to residential dwellings.
Admixture is a material other than water, aggregates or Portland cement, that is used as an
ingredient in concrete and is added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing. Supposedly,
the irregular change in compressive strength might be reduced or eliminated with the use of
admixtures.
REFERENCE
Dabhade, A.N., Dr. Choudhari, S.R., Dr. Gajbhiye A.R., (2012) Performance Evaluation Of
Recycled Aggregate Used In Concrete, IJERA 2(4): 1387-1391.
Dhir, R.K., Limbachiya, M.C. and Leelawat, T. (1999) Suitability of recycled concrete aggregate
for use in BS 5328 designated mixes, Proc. of Civil Engg. Struct. Build, 134: 257-274.
Kumutha, R. and Vijai, K., (2010) Strength of concrete incorporating aggregates recycled from
demolition, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5 (5): 64-71.
Limbachiya, M. C., Leelawat, T., Dhir, R. K., (2000) Use of recycled concrete aggregate in high
strength concrete, Materials and Structures, 33: 574 – 580.
Domone, P., & Illston, J. (2010). Construction Materials: Their Nature and Behaviour, Fourth Edition .
London: CRC Pres