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1. How GPS Navigation Messages and explain its Signal Levels?

A receiver has to know the time and position of every dynamic satellite. GPS encodes this data into
the navigation message and tweaks it onto both the C/A and P(Y) running codes at 50 bit/s. The
route message position portrayed in this area is called LNAV information (for legacy navigation).

The navigation message passes on data of three kinds:

 The GPS date and time and the satellite's status.

 The ephemeris: exact orbital data for the transmitting satellite.

 The almanac: status and low-resolution orbital data for each satellite.

The Navigation Message provides all the necessary information to allow the user to perform the
positioning service. It includes the Ephemeris parameters, needed to compute the satellite
coordinates with enough accuracy, the Time parameters and Clock Corrections, to compute satellite
clock offsets and time conversions, the Service Parameters with satellite health information (used to
identify the navigation data set), Ionospheric parameters model needed for single frequency
receivers, and the Almanacs, allowing the computation of the position of ”all satellites in the
constellation”, with a reduced accuracy (1 - 2 km of 1-sigma error), which is needed for the
acquisition of the signal by the receiver.

Besides the "legacy" L1 C/A navigation message, four additional new messages have been
introduced by the so-called GPS modernisation: L2-CNAV, CNAV-2, L5-CNAV and MNAV. The "legacy"
message and the first three of the modernised GPS are civil messages, while the MNAV is a military
message.

The current “legacy” Navigation Message (NAV) is modulated on both carriers at 50 bps.
The content of every sub-frame is as follows:

 Sub-frame 1: contains information about the parameters to be applied to satellite clock


status for its correction. These values are polynomial coefficients that allow converting time
on board to GPS time. It also has information about satellite health condition.

 Sub-frames 2 and 3: these sub-frames contain satellite ephemeris.

 Sub-frame 4: provides ionospheric model parameters (in order to adjust for ionospheric
refraction), UTC information (Universal Coordinate Time), part of the almanac, and
indications whether the Anti-Spoofing, A/S, is activated or not (which transforms P code into
the encrypted Y code).

 Sub-frame 5: contains data from the almanac and the constellation status. It allows to
quickly identify the satellite from which the signal comes. A total of 25 frames are needed to
complete the almanac.

A little more is known about the new navigation message, which is called MNAV. Similar to the new
CNAV, this new MNAV is packeted instead of framed, allowing for very flexible data payloads. Also,
like CNAV it can utilize Forward Error Correction (FEC) and advanced error detection (such as a CRC).

There are four signals available for civilian use. These are: L1 C/A, L2C, L5 and L1C.

 L1 C/A is also called the legacy signal and is broadcast by all satellites. The current “legacy”
Navigation Message (NAV) is modulated on both carriers at 50 bps. The whole message
contains 25 pages (or ’frames’) of 30 seconds each, forming the master frame that takes 12,5
minutes to be transmitted.

 The initial L2C broadcast consisted of a default message (Message Type 0) that did not
provide full navigational data. Each message is composed by fixed data such as a Preamble,
Message Type ID, Alert Flag, Message TOW count and CRC which lets 238 bits to be filled
with other navigation related data.

 Like L2-CNAV, the L5 message-populated broadcast started on April 2014 but set
“unhealthy,” but as greater experience with the L5 broadcast and implementation of signal
monitoring is achieved, this status may change upon review. The L5-CNAV is modulated onto
L5I signal component, containing basically the same information data as L2-CNAV.

 Civilian use signal, broadcast on the L1 frequency (1575.42 MHz), which currently contains
the C/A signal used by all current GPS users. The L1C will be available with first Block III
launch, currently scheduled for 2013.

The other signals are called modernized signals and are not broadcast by all satellites. In addition,
there are restricted signals with published frequencies and chip rates but encrypted coding intended
to be used only by authorized parties.

5. Discuss the Role of Satellites in Future Networks.

Satellite has a key role to play in the architecture of future networks and the acceleration of
digitisation. The Trends in Satellite Communication are-
 Transmitting Data from Observation Satellites: Several observation satellites have
been developed to continuously monitor the Earth for probing the environment and
forecasting weather. These satellites possess space radio stations on board using
which they collect data and transmit it back to the Earth through feeder links.
 Data Transmission Using Deep Space Probes: The power, volume, and mass of the
onboard equipment in deep space probes are strictly limited and so the transmit
power and antenna diameter is also restricted. Thus, a high-power transmitter and
huge receiving antenna are generally equipped in the ground station to compensate
for the onboard limitations.
 Communication within the Clusters of Satellites: The functions that are generally
carried out by one huge satellite can be allocated to several interlinked and co-located
smaller satellites. Each satellite may be assigned with a different function, but on the
whole this cluster would act as one huge satellite. Manoeuvring synchronization and
cooperative control are crucial for maintaining safety boundaries within the
colocation slots. LEO satellites monitoring and control systems are controlled using
connectivity extended by GEO satellites.
 Internet Broadband Service to Space Planes and Aircrafts: High speed access to
internet is possible in several aircrafts today. Similarly, Unattended Aerial Vehicles
(UAV), and high-altitude platforms are also promising contenders for the optical
communication system applications.
 IOT and Connected Car: IOT and Connected car is the new trend in the satellite
industry. Every operator is adding the connected car portfolio as emerging
segment.4 LEO satellites: LEO satellite based High Throughput data supply is taking
huge momentum to meet the high capacity requirement with low latency

While these are the most important trends, there are few others like the setup of benchmarks
depending upon Digital Video Broadcast (DVB), application of inter-platform links and optical
inter-satellite, use of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) in satellite networks and on-board
switching application considering quality of service (QoS) ruling the satellite space.

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