Public Disclosure Authorized

86382

The World Bank

Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Metro Manila Water Security Study

Final Report
Public Disclosure Authorized

July 2012

CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd.

in association with
Woodfields Consultants, Inc.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1-1
1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................1-1
1.2 Objectives of the Study .................................................................................................1-1
1.3 Study Area.....................................................................................................................1-2
1.4 Study Schedule .............................................................................................................1-2

CHAPTER 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF STUDY AREA ................................... 2-1

2.1 Population .....................................................................................................................2-1
2.2 Gross Domestic Product and Gross Value Added .........................................................2-3
2.3 Income and Poverty Statistics .......................................................................................2-3
2.4 Water Related Disease ..................................................................................................2-4
2.5 Indigenous People .........................................................................................................2-4

CHAPTER 3. CURRENT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM AND DEVELOPMENT ................... 3-1

3.1 Water Supply System for MWSS Service Area ............................................................3-1
3.1.1 Raw Water Source ..................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1.2 Water Transmission System ...................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.3 Water Supply from Angat-Umiray System................................................................ 3-4
3.1.4 Hydrological Conditions of Angat-Umiray System .................................................. 3-5
3.2 Water Shortage and Conflicts among Water Users ..................................................... 3-11
3.2.1 Water Shortage ........................................................................................................ 3-11
3.2.2 Dependable Raw Water Supply Capacity ................................................................ 3-13
3.3 Existing Institutional Condition and Issues ................................................................3-15
3.3.1 Existing Organizational Structures for Water Supply.............................................. 3-15
3.3.2 Issues on Water Supply in Institutional Aspect ....................................................... 3-18
3.3.3 Proposed Institutional Arrangement ........................................................................ 3-21

CHAPTER 4. REVIEW AND UPDATE OF WATER DEMAND PROJECTION .................. 4-1

4.1 Domestic Water....................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 Per Capita Domestic Water Demand ......................................................................... 4-1
4.1.2 Population and Coverage .......................................................................................... 4-6
4.1.3 Domestic Water Demand Projection ......................................................................... 4-7
4.2 Commercial and Industrial Water Demand ...................................................................4-7
4.2.1 Actual Consumption in MWSS Service Area ........................................................... 4-7
4.2.2 Demand Projection .................................................................................................... 4-8
4.3 Non Revenue Water (NRW) ..............................................................................................4-9
4.3.1 Previous NRW and Improvement .............................................................................. 4-9
4.3.2 Target NRW Rate ...................................................................................................... 4-9
4.4 Water Demand Projection ...........................................................................................4-10
4.4.1 Buffer – Operational Demand ................................................................................. 4-10

i
 4.4.2 Treated Water Distribution ...................................................................................... 4-10
4.4.3 Total Water Demand Projection .............................................................................. 4-10

CHAPTER 5. ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCES ................................................................. 5-1

5.1 Possible Water Sources .......................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1.1 Marine/Coastal Water .........................................................................................................5-1
5.1.2 Rain Water ............................................................................................................................5-2
5.2 Fresh Surface Water ..........................................................................................................................5-3
5.2.1 Fresh Surface Water Sources ..................................................................................... 5-3
5.2.2 Development Plans of Proposed Water Sources........................................................ 5-9
5.2.3 Summary of Development Plan .............................................................................. 5-24
5.3 Evaluation of Alternative Water Sources ............................................................................. 5-26
5.3.1 Cost Estimation ....................................................................................................... 5-26
5.3.2 Financial Analysis ................................................................................................... 5-29
5.3.3 Unit Water Cost ....................................................................................................... 5-33
5.3.4 Economic Analysis .................................................................................................. 5-37
5.3.5 Environmental Condition ........................................................................................ 5-42
5.3.6 Social Conditions .................................................................................................... 5-75
5.3.7 Summary of Social Conditions of Water Source ................................................... 5-102

CHAPTER 6. ROAD MAP ........................................................................................................... 6-1

6.1 Conditions of Water Source Development Plan ..................................................................... 6-1
6.1.1 Water Demand and Supply ........................................................................................ 6-1
6.1.2 Screening of New Water Sources .............................................................................. 6-2
6.1.3 Selection of Water Sources for Development Plan.................................................... 6-4
6.1.4 Selection of Large Scale Water Source Development ............................................... 6-7
6.2 Water Source Development Plan ........................................................................................... 6-9
6.2.1 Scenarios for Water Source Development ................................................................. 6-9
6.2.2 Conclusion............................................................................................................... 6-12
6.2.3 Recommendation..................................................................................................... 6-12

ii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Study Area .................................................................................................................. 1-2

Table 2.1 Population and Growth Rate in the Study Area .......................................................... 2-1
Table 2.2 Population Density (1980-2007) ................................................................................ 2-2
Table 2.3 Projected Population by 5-year Interval by Region (2010-2040) ............................... 2-2
Table 2.4 Projected Population in MWSS Service Area (NSO) ................................................. 2-2
Table 2.5 Share of Gross Value Added of NCR, Region III and Region IV-A ...............................2-3
Table 2.6 Annual Average Family Income ................................................................................. 2-3
Table 2.7 Annual per Capita Poverty Threshold and Incidence of Poverty ............................... 2-4
Table 2.8 Water Related Diseases .............................................................................................. 2-4
Table 3.1 Present Raw Water Sources for MWSS Service Area ................................................ 3-1
Table 3.2 Features of Angat-Umiray System ............................................................................. 3-2
Table 3.3 Features of Tunnels and Aqueducts ............................................................................ 3-3
Table 3.4 Updated Water Allocation in Angat-Umiray System .................................................. 3-4
Table 3.5 Monthly Average Rainfall in Umiray and Angat River Basin .................................... 3-5
Table 3.6 Recorded Annual Average Diversion Discharge of Umiray Diversion Channel ........ 3-6
Table 3.7 Potential Inflow Discharge into Angat Dam Reservoir .............................................. 3-7
Table 3.8 Decrease of Storage Volume of Angat Reservoir by Siltation .................................... 3-9
Table 3.9 Increase/Decrease of Seasonal Rainfall.................................................................... 3-10
Table 3.10 Monthly Average Diversion Requirement of AMRIS ............................................ 3-12
Table 3.11 Recurrence Probability of Water Deficit in Angat-Umiray System ........................ 3-14
Table 3.12 Water Allocation Granted to MWSS Service Area from Angat-Umiray System ... 3-19
Table 3.13 Concepts on Readjustment on Water Allocation of Angat Umiray System ............ 3-23
Table 4.1 Per Capita Domestic Water Demand Projection ......................................................... 4-1
Table 4.2 Per Capita Domestic Water Consumption in MCWD ................................................ 4-1
Table 4.3 Per Capita Domestic Water Consumption without Efficient Fixture .......................... 4-2
Table 4.4 Per Capita Domestic Water Consumption with Efficient Fixture ............................... 4-2
Table 4.5 Water Supply System in Major Cities of Japan .......................................................... 4-3
Table 4.6 Billed Water Volume (MCM/year) in the Western Zone (MWCI) ............................. 4-4
Table 4.7 Billed Water Volume (MCM/year) in the Eastern Zone (MWSI) ............................... 4-4
Table 4.8 Actual Water Consumption in MWSS Service Area for 2000 to 2010....................... 4-5
Table 4.9 Summary of Per Capita Domestic Water Demand ..................................................... 4-6
Table 4.10 Population Projection ............................................................................................... 4-6
Table 4.11 Number of Families .................................................................................................. 4-6
Table 4.12 Target Coverage for Water Supply ........................................................................... 4-6
Table 4.13 Domestic Water Demand .......................................................................................... 4-7
Table 4.14 Commercial and Industrial Water Consumption....................................................... 4-7
Table 4.15 Annual GDP Growth Rate ........................................................................................ 4-8
Table 4.16 Commercial and Industrial Water Demand Projection ............................................. 4-8
Table 4.17 Target NRW Rate ...................................................................................................... 4-9
Table 4.18 Respective Conditions for Cases of Demand Projection ........................................ 4-10

iii
Table 4.19 Total System Demand Projection ........................................................................... 4-11
Table 5.1 Recent Desalination Projects ...................................................................................... 5-1
Table 5.2 Summary of the Proposed New Water Sources .......................................................... 5-4
Table 5.3 Selected New Water Sources ...................................................................................... 5-5
Table 5.4 Water Rights Granted in and around the Study Area.................................................. 5-6
Table 5.5 Summary of Laiban Dam Major Project Components ............................................. 5-13
Table 5.6 Kanan No. 2 Major Project Components ................................................................. 5-14
Table 5.7 Summary of Kaliwa Low Dam Major Project Component ...................................... 5-15
Table 5.8 Summary of Agos Dam Major Project Components ................................................ 5-16
Table 5.9 Specific Locations of Water Sources ........................................................................ 5-19
Table 5.10 Construction Stages of Sierra Madre Hydropower and
Bulk Water Supply Project......................................................................................... 5-19
Table 5.11 Wawa Water Supply Project Implementing Schedule (SLRB) ............................... 5-20
Table 5.12 Main Features of Marikina Multipurpose Dam ...................................................... 5-23
Table 5.13 Main Features of Dam for Proposed Water Source ................................................ 5-24
Table 5.14 Proposed Water Source and Expected Implementation Period............................... 5-24
Table 5.15 Major Features of Three Large Dam Projects ........................................................ 5-26
Table 5.16 Summary of the Proposed Water Source Development Cost ................................. 5-28
Table 5.17 Summary of Annual O & M Cost ........................................................................... 5-28
Table 5.18 Summary of Capital Investment for Raw Water (Project Cost) ............................. 5-31
Table 5.19 Summary of Capital Investment for Treated Water (Project Cost) ......................... 5-32
Table 5.20 Summary of Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR) .......................................... 5-33
Table 5.21 Summary of Unit Cost for Raw Water.......................................................................... 5-34
Table 5.22 Summary of Unit Cost for Treated Water .................................................................... 5-35
Table 5.23 Summary of Long Run Average Cost ..................................................................... 5-36
Table 5.24 Summary of Economic Indicators and Sensitivity Analysis .................................. 5-41
Table 5.25 Project Thresholds under DENR Administrative Order ......................................... 5-42
Table 5.26 Procedures of ECC ................................................................................................. 5-43
Table 5.27 Assessment of Available Environment-Related Documents for Water Source ...... 5-46
Table 5.28 Specific DENR Requirements for Each Water Source ........................................... 5-47
Table 5.29 Status of ECC and Water Rights Acquisition ......................................................... 5-48
Table 5.30 Tributary Rivers of Laguna Lake ........................................................................... 5-67
Table 5.31 Critical Environmental Issues and Concerns and
Recommended Environmental Management Plan ..................................................... 5-71
Table 5.32 Balintingon Dam Service Area ............................................................................... 5-77
Table 5.33 Present Land Use in Project Area ........................................................................... 5-78
Table 5.34 Land Use and Cost in Inundation Area................................................................... 5-78
Table 5.35 Socio-Economic Condition of the Project Areas .................................................... 5-80
Table 5.36 Land Use and Human Settlements of PIZ .............................................................. 5-81
Table 5.37 Project Affected Population and Barangays ........................................................... 5-82
Table 5.38 Resettlement Cost Estimation (1994) ..................................................................... 5-82
Table 5.39 Socio-Economic Condition of the Project Areas .................................................... 5-83
Table 5.40 Land Use and Human Settlements of Primary Impact Zones (PIZ) ....................... 5-84

iv
Table 5.41 Project Affected Population and Barangays ........................................................... 5-85
Table 5.42 Resettlement Cost Estimation (1994) ..................................................................... 5-85
Table 5.43 Population and Land Area ...................................................................................... 5-86
Table 5.44 Population Projection and Growth Rate ................................................................. 5-86
Table 5.45 Project Area Barangays and Population ................................................................. 5-86
Table 5.46 Project Affected Population.................................................................................... 5-88
Table 5.47 Project Affected Families (2011)............................................................................ 5-89
Table 5.48 Preliminary Estimate of Resettlement and Compensation Cost ............................. 5-92
Table 5.49 Project Affected Families and Population in 2003 and 2011 ................................. 5-94
Table 5.50 Population, Growth Rate and Population Density in 2000 and 2007 ..................... 5-96
Table 5.51 Population per Barangay and Growth Rate ............................................................ 5-96
Table 5.52 Population in Service Area of Putatan WTP........................................................... 5-97
Table 5.53 Population Affected by Putatan WTP Construction ............................................... 5-98
Table 5.54 Estimated Resettlement Cost ................................................................................ 5-101
Table 5.55 Summary of Social Conditions of Proposed Water Sources................................. 5-102
Table 5.56 Proposed Criteria for Social Impacts by Water Source ........................................ 5-103
Table 5.57 Preliminary Assessment on Social Impacts for New Water Sources .................... 5-103
Table 6.1 Differences between Water Demand and Present Water Supply ................................ 6-2
Table 6.2 Summary of Development Aspects of Proposed Water Sources ................................ 6-2
Table 6.3 Exploitable Water of Large Dam ................................................................................ 6-3
Table 6.4 Water Sources for Development Plan ......................................................................... 6-4
Table 6.5 Supply Capacity, Unit Water Cost for Treated Water and Other Factors ................... 6-7
Table 6.6 Comparison of Investment Cost ................................................................................. 6-8
Table 6.7 Result of Economic Analysis ..................................................................................... 6-8
Table 6.8 Investment Cost of Proposed Water Source Development ....................................... 6-11

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Study Area ................................................................................................................ 1-3
Figure 3.1 Water Transmission System to MWSS Service Area................................................ 3-3
Figure 3.2 Monthly Flow Rate of Angat Dam Reservoir and Umiray River ............................. 3-5
Figure 3.3 Annual Average Inflow Discharge from Angat River Basin into
Angat Dam Reservoir .................................................................................................. 3-7
Figure 3.4 Annual Released Water from Angat Dam and Production in MWSS Service Area . 3-8
Figure 3.5 Elevation – Volume Curve of Angat Reservoir ......................................................... 3-9
Figure 3.6 Seasonal Rainfall in Three Future Times ................................................................ 3-10
Figure 3.7 Monthly Runoff Volume in 1971-2000 and 2006-2035 .......................................... 3-10
Figure 3.8 Monthly Mean Water Supply Volume from Angat-Umiray System to MWSS....... 3-11
Figure 3.9 Mean Monthly Water Supply Volume from Angat-Umiray System to AMRIS ...... 3-12
Figure 3.10 Conceptual Diagram of Storage Volume of Angat Dam Reservoir....................... 3-14
Figure 3.11 Existing Organization Structure for Water Allocation of Angat-Umiray System . 3-16
Figure 3.12 Organization Structure of MWSS ......................................................................... 3-24
Figure 4.1 Yearly Variation of Lpcd ........................................................................................... 4-5

v
 Figure 4.2 Actual Water Consumption – Commercial and Industrial ........................................ 4-8
Figure 4.3 Improvement of NRW Rate 1998 to 2010 ................................................................ 4-9
Figure 4.4 Total Water Demand Projection (2010 to 2037) ..................................................... 4-11
Figure 5.1 Locations of Water Sources ...................................................................................... 5-3
Figure 5.2 Locations of Water Source and Main Structures....................................................... 5-7
Figure 5.3 Alternative Sites of Marikina Dam ......................................................................... 5-22
Figure 5.4 Implementation Period of Water Source Project..................................................... 5-25
Figure 5.5 Existing Land Use Map of the Study Areas ............................................................ 5-49
Figure 5.6 Land Cover Map of the Study Areas ...................................................................... 5-50
Figure 5.7 Active Fault and Trench Map ................................................................................. 5-59
Figure 5.8 Location of Selected Sampling Stations in Laguna Lake ....................................... 5-66
Figure 5.9 Location of Proposed Water Sources and Approved CADT Area .......................... 5-79
Figure 5.10 100 MLD Putatan Water Treatment Plant (Covered Barangays) .......................... 5-99
Figure 6.1 Annual Water Demand and Present Supply Capacity ............................................... 6-1
Figure 6.2 Locations of Three Large Dams ............................................................................... 6-5
Figure 6.3 Off-take Point and Water Transmission Scheme of Three Large Dams ................... 6-6
Figure 6.4 Water Source Development Scheme ......................................................................... 6-7
Figure 6.5 Road Map of Scenario 1 ......................................................................................... 6-10
Figure 6.6 Road Map of Scenario 2 ......................................................................................... 6-11

ANNEX

1. Tables

2. Figures

3. Social Development Plan

4. Reference

vi
 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

Government Institutions and Organizations

ADB : Asian Development Bank
AusAID : Australian Agency for International Development
BSWM : Bureau of Soil and Water Management, DA
DA : Department of Agriculture
DENR : Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DND : Department of National Defense
DOF : Department of Finance
DOH : Department of Health
DOST : Department of Science and Technology
DPWH : Department of Public Works and Highways
DSWD : Department of Social Welfare and Development
HLURB : Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
JBIC : Japan Bank for International Cooperation
JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency
KOICA : Korea International Cooperation Agency
LGU(s) : Local Government Unit(s)
LLDA : Laguna Lake Development Authority
MGB : Mines and Geosciences Bureau, DENR
MWCI : Manila Water Company Inc.
MWSI : Maynilad Water Service Inc.
MWSS : Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System
MMDA : Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
NAMRIA : National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
NCIP : National Council of Indigenous People
NEDA : National Economic Development Authority
NGA : National Government Agencies
NIA : National Irrigation Administration, DA
NPC : National Power Corporation
NSO : National Statistics Office
NWRB : National Water Resources Board
PAGASA : Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
PHIVOLCS : Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
PSALM : Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation
UNDP : United Nations Development Programme
WB : World Bank

vii
Others
AMRIS : Angat-Maasim River Irrigation System
AO : Administrative Order
AWUAIP : Angat Water Utilization & Aqueduct Improvement Project
AWOP : Angat Water Supply Optimization Project
B/C : Benefit/Cost Ratio
CADT : Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title
CALT : Certificate of Ancestral Land Title
DF/R : Draft Final Report
ECC : Environmental Compliance Certificate
EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment
EIRR : Economic Internal Rate of Return
EIS : Environmental Impact Statement
EMP : Environmental Management Plan
EMop : Environment Monitoring Plan
FGD : Focus Group Discussion
FPIC : Free and Prior Informed Consent
FS : Feasibility Study
GCM : Global Circulation Model
GDP : Gross Domestic Product
GIS : Geographical Information Systems
GNP : Gross National Product
IC/R : Inception Report
IEE : Initial Environmental Examination
IEC : Information, Education and Communication
IP(s) : Indigenous Peoples
IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISF : Irrigation Service Fee
IWRM : Integrated Water Resources Management
IWRM-PRB : The Study on Integrated Water Resource Management for Poverty Alleviation and
Economic Development in the Pampanga River Basin, JICA 2011
L/A : Loan Agreement
MM : Man-month(s)
MOA : Memorandum of Agreement
MTPDP : Medium Term Philippine Development Plan
MTPIP : Medium Term Public Investment Program
NCR : National Capital Region
NGO : Non-Governmental Organization
NPV : Net Present Value
O&M : Operation and Maintenance
ODA : Official Development Assistance
PAF : Project Affected Family
PAP : Project Affected People

viii
PAWS : Public Assessment of Water Services
PEISS : Philippine Environment Impact Statement System
PD : Presidential Decree
PNSDW : Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water
Pre-FS : Pre-feasibility Study
RA : Republic Act
RAP : Resettlement Action Plan
ROW : Right of Way
SC : Steering Committee
STM : Stakeholder’s Meeting
STW : Stakeholder’s Workshop
TOR : Terms of Reference
TWG : Technical Working Group

Units and Measures

m : meter(s)
km : kilo meter(s)
2
m : square meter(s)
ha : hectare(s)
2
km : square kilo meter(s)
l : litter(s)
3
m : cubic meter(s)
MCM : million cubic meter(s)
3
m /s : cubic meter(s) per second
MLD : million litter(s) per day
Lpcd : liters per capita-day
KWH : kilo watt hour

ix
x
 Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 Background

The MWSS services the water supply and sewerage requirements of Metro Manila including the
Province of Rizal and parts of Cavite, an area composed of the estimated 15 million residents in one of
the fast growing urban centers in the world. About 97% of water supply requirements of the Metro
Manila and its neighboring provinces (the MWSS Service Areas) are provided by the Angat Reservoir.

Since the Angat Dam/Reservoir has been serving not only for the MWSS but also for the irrigation
requirements in the Province of Bulacan and Pampanga as well as for hydropower generation 1, there
have been some conflicts arisen in the water allocation. Further, droughts brought by perennial El
Nino and decreasing effective reservoir capacity due to the heavy siltation have sometimes given
limits for water supply requirements of Metro Manila then irrigation requirements in Bulacan and
Pampanga provinces. After completion in 1967, the requirement for water supply on the Angat
Reservoir has become severer as a single water source of domestic water demand in and around Metro
Manila.

The recent projections on bulk water demand in the MWSS Service Area will increase to more than
4,500 MLD by the Year 2020 and further to 5,300 MLD by 2037. In order to secure the water supply
for Metro Manila, some alternative water sources, i.e. Laguna Lake, Wawa, Kaliwa, Kanan and Agos
rivers, and others have been identified and studied since 1970s. Assuming those water source
development projects may take at least 5 to 10 years for implementation, a concrete program of water
resource development as well as associated supply infrastructure shall be prepared ready for
immediate implementation to meet the present and future demands of Metro Manila.

In view of this, the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) has requested to the
World Bank Group (the Bank) for the technical assistance to identify the alternative water sources to
meet growing water demand in Metro Manila. Eventually, the Bank has obtained a grant from
AusAID for this Metro Manila Water Security Study (the Study), and then the Study has started in
July 2011 to: a) review previously executed studies and proposals for developing alternative water
sources; b) assess NRW reduction projects; and eventually c) provide updated and comprehensive
advice to support water security enhancing initiatives in Metro Manila.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

The objective of the Study is to provide updated and comprehensive advice to support water security
enhancing initiatives in Metro Manila, by the scope of works:

(1) Review the overall water resources management activities;

(2) Review and update the water demand projections; and
(3) Review the previous studies and proposals for alternative water sources, and provide a new road
map of water supply.

1
The Angat Dam was constructed firstly for the hydropower generation, therefore, the National Power Corporation (NPC)
has been in-charge of administration, operation and maintenance.

1-1
1.3 Study Area

The Study will be carried out principally to review and update the previous studies and proposals for
alternative water sources to meet the future water demand in the MWSS Service Area. Accordingly,
the study area is delineated to cover the MWSS Service Area and the river basins where the alternative
water sources have been proposed as listed below:

Table 1.1 Study Area

Study Area Sub-Area Area (km2) Remarks (Administrative Areas)

Cities of Makati, Mandaluyong, Marikina, Pasig, Pateros, San
Juan, Taguig, and parts of Quezon City and Manila in
National Capital Region, and Antipolo City and the
East Zone 1,830
municipalities of Angono, Baras, Binangonan, Cainta,
Cardona, Jalajala, Morong, Pililia, Rodriguez, Tanay, Taytay
MWSS Service and San Mateo in Rizal Province.
Area
Cities of Manila, Pasay, Paranaque, Caloocan,
Muntinlupa, Las Pinas, Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela and
West Zone 540 parts of Makati and Quezon Cities in National Capital Region,
and Cavite City, and the municipalities of Bacoor, Imus,
Kawit, Noveleta and Rosario in Cavite Province.

Agos River Tanay in Rizal Province, and Infanta and General Nakar
940
Basin municipalities in Aurora Province

Proposed Laguna Lake National Capital Region, and Laguna, Rizal, Cavite and
3,280
Alternative Water Basin Batangas Provinces in Region IV-A
Sources Marikina Marikina and Quezon cities in NCR, and Antipolo City, San
540
River Basin Mateo and Rodriguez municipalities in Region IV-A
Angat River
1,085 Bulacan Province
Basin
TOTAL 8,215

The map of study area is shown in Figure 1.1 below.

As listed above, the MWSS Service Area is composed of NCR, Rizal Province and a part of Cavite
Province with the total population of 14.9 million in 2010. About 80% of population in the Service
Area has been served by MWSS. MWSS water supply has been expanded to the area of less
coverage such as some municipalities in Rizal and Cavite, where the domestic water has been
provided from the ground water.

1.4 Study Schedule

The Study was started on 20 July 2011 and complete in July 2012 when the Final Report was
submitted to MWSS and the World Bank.

1-2
 Study Area

Pampanga River Umiray River

Angat River

Kanan River

Agos River
Marikina River

Kaliwa River

Figure 1.1 Study Area

1-3
1-4
 Chapter 2. Socio-Economic Condition of Study Area

2.1 Population
(1) Growth Rate

The total population of the Study Area was 12,512,594 in 1980 and it had increased by 121%
in 2007 with 27,607,643. It represents 31% of the total population of the country. Highest
growth rate is in Rizal followed by Cavite, Bulacan and Laguna while the lowest is in
Quezon with only 1.85%. Compared to the national growth rate, Rizal has more than
double while Quezon is 81% lower. The high growth rate in Rizal, Cavite, Bulacan and
Laguna can be attributed to rapid urbanization. (See Table A.1.12)

Table 2.1 Population and Growth Rate in the Study Area3

YEAR
Growth Rate
Study Area 1990 1995 2000 2007
1980
(1980 – 90) (1990 – 95) (1995 – 00) (2000 – 07) (1980-2007)
National 48,098,460 60,703,206 68,616,536 76,506,928 88,566,732
(Growth Rate) 2.36 2.48 2.20 2.11 2.24
MWSS Service Area
NCR 5,925,884 7,948,392 9,454,040 9,932,560 11,566,325
(Growth Rate) 2.98 3.53 0.99 2.20 2.45
Cavite 771,320 1,152,534 1,610,324 2,063,161 2,856,765
(Growth Rate) 4.10 6.92 5.08 4.76 4.89
Rizal 555,533 977,448 1,312,489 1,707,218 2,298,691
(Growth Rate) 5.81 6.07 5.40 4.34 5.21
Region III
Bulacan 1,096,046 1,505,219 1,784,441 2,234,088 2,822,216 3.52
Nueva Ecija 1,069,409 1,312,680 1,505,827 1,659,883 1,843,853 1.99
Aurora 107,145 139,573 159,621 173,797 187,802 1.99
Pampanga 992,756 1,295,929 1,401,756 1,618,759 1,911,951 2.42
Region IV-A
Laguna 973,104 1,370,232 1,631,082 1,965,872 2,473,530 3.46
Quezon 1,021,397 1,221,831 1,359,992 1,482,955 1,646,510 1.74
Total Study Area 12,512,594 16,923,838 20,219,572 22,838,293 27,607,643

Assuming that the national population growth rate shows the natural growth, those high growth rates in
and around NCR are caused by flux of immigrants from other provinces to the center of the country.
This tendency may continue in the future.

(2) Population Density

The National Capital Region (NCR) has the smallest land area with only 619.5 km2 but the
highest population density of 18,670 persons/km2 compared to the national average of only
258 persons/km2. Almost all the provinces in the study area have higher population density
compared to the national average except for Aurora which has the lowest population density
at 60 person/km2 followed by Quezon at 183 persons/km2, as shown in Table 2.2.

2
Note: Table and Figure numbers with letter “A” are compiled in ANNEX attached to this Main Report.
3
JICA/NWRB Study 2003 and NSCB 2010 Philippine Statistical Yearbook; Figures for Cavite for the whole province
(MWSS Service Area covers Bacoor, Cavite City, Imus, Kawit, Noveleta & Rosario only); Growth Rate (1980-2007) =
Average of Growth Rates for 1980-1990, 1990-2000 & 2000-2007.

2-1
 Table 2.2 Population Density (1980-2007)4
Area Population Density (persons/km2)
Study Area
(km2) 1980 1990 1995 2000 2007
National 343,448.30 140 177 200 223 258
MWSS Service Area
NCR 619.5 9,565 12,830 15,260 16,032 18,670
Cavite 1,574.20 490 732 1,023 1,311 1,815
Rizal 1,191.90 466 820 1,101 1,432 1,929
Region 3
Bulacan 2,796.10 392 538 638 799 1,009
Nueva Ecija 5,751.30 186 228 262 289 321
Aurora 3,147.30 34 44 51 55 60
Pampanga 2,002.20 496 647 700 808 955
Region 4A
Laguna 1,917.90 507 714 850 1,025 1,290
Quezon 8,989.40 114 136 151 165 183

(3) Population Projection

It is projected that population for the whole country will increase to 141,669,900 by year
2040. In the NCR, the population will increase to 13,788,000 in 2040 compared to
11,552,100 in 2010. By 2040, Region III will have a population of 15,053,600 and Region
IV-A will reach 18,510,000. Total projected population of the Study Area by 2040 will be
47,351,600 which are 33% of the national population.

Table 2.3 Projected Population by 5-year Interval by Region (2010-2040) 5

Year
Study Area
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
National 94,013,200 102,965,300 111,784,600 120,224,500 128,110,000 135,301,100 141,669,900
NCR 11,552,100 12,220,500 12,775,900 13,216,700 13,545,900 13,740,300 13,788,000
Region III 10,159,300 11,124,400 12,061,000 12,946,700 13,750,400 14,458,100 15,053,600
Region IV-A 11,904,100 13,144,400 14,370,500 15,555,400 16,652,000 17,642,900 18,510,000
Total of 3
33,615,500 36,489,300 39,207,400 41,718,800 43,948,300 45,841,300 47,351,600
Regions

Based on the population projection in the above, the population projection for the MWSS
Area is estimated to be more than 19 million in 2037 as details shown below:

Table 2.4 Projected Population in MWSS Service Area (NSO)

Region/
Projected Population
Province
Year 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2037 2040
NCR 11,552,100 12,220,500 12,775,900 13,216,700 13,545,900 13,740,300 13,759,380 13,788,000
Rizal 2,237,200 2,463,500 2,678,300 2,880,200 3,061,900 3,219,100 3,271,180 3,349,300
Cavite 1,128,252 1,287,218 1,451,373 1,619,207 1,783,014 1,939,618 1,997,705 2,084,836
MWSS S. A. 14,917,552 15,971,218 16,905,573 17,716,107 18,390,814 18,899,018 19,028,265 19,222,136

4
NSCB 2010 Philippine Statistical Yearbook; Figures for Cavite, for the whole province (MWSS Service Area covers
Bacoor, Cavite City, Imus, Kawit, Noveleta and Rosario only)
5
NSCB Website September 2011

2-2
2.2 Gross Domestic Product and Gross Value Added

The service sector has the highest share in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with almost 72% in the
National Capital Region (NCR), 48% in Region III and 47% in Region IV-A. The industrial sector
has the second biggest share of 28% for NCR, 32% for Region III and 34% for Region IV-A.
Agriculture has the smallest share in the Gross Value Added (GVA) with only 0.05% in NCR, 20% in
Region III and 19% in Region IV-A. For the whole country, the service sector provides almost 55%
of the Gross Value Added followed by the industrial sector at 30% and agriculture by 15%. (Refer to
Table 2.5) The NCR contributes 48% to the country’s service sector, while Region III contributes
only 7% and Region IV-A only 9%. In the industrial sector, the NCR shares only 3.4% while Region
III shares 8% and Region IV-A with 12%. In the agriculture sector, NCR has very negligible
contribution while Region III shares 10% and Region IV-A with 13%.

Table 2.5 Share of Gross Value Added of NCR, Region III and Region IV-A6
(Unit: Million Pesos)

Agriculture, Fishery &

Study Area Inldustry Sector Service Sector Total
Forestry
National 1,138,334 2,318,882 4,221,701 7,678,917
NCR 5 0% 789,261 3% 2,024,536 48% 2,813,802 37%
Region III 114,392 10% 185,775 8% 276,383 7% 576,550 8%
Region IV-A 152,838 13% 270,644 12% 379,356 9% 802,837 10%

2.3 Income and Poverty Statistics

The families in NCR earn an annual income of Php 148,000 per year in 2003 and this had increased by
17% in 2006. Region III families earn an average annual income of Php 160,000 which increased by
Php 197,640 (24%). Region IV-A families earn an annual income of Php 184,000 in 2003 and this
increased to Php 209,749 in 2006. The NCR families have the highest average annual income of
Php 310,860 in 2006 compared to Region III and Region IV-A. However, Regions III and IV-A
families have higher income than the national average of Php 172,730, as shown in Table 2.5 below:

Table 2.6 Annual Average Family Income7

Study Area (Pesos/Year/Family) % Change
2003 2006
National 148,000 172,730 17%
NCR 266,000 310,860 17%
Region III 160,000 197,640 24%
Region IV-A 184,000 209,749 14%

The poverty incidence in NCR, Rizal, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Laguna and Quezon increased from 2003
to 2006 while it decreased in Cavite, Pampanga, Aurora and Laguna. The annual per capita income
is highest in NCR and lowest in Quezon. In NCR, 10.4% of the families are poor. It shares 4% of
the magnitude of poor families nationwide. The highest incidence of poverty in the study area is in

6
NSCB 2010 Philippine Statistical Yearbook
7
NSCB 2010 Philippine Statistical Yearbook

2-3
Quezon, where almost 48% of its population is considered poor. The lowest incidence of poverty is
in Rizal, with only 8.9% of its population considered poor.

Comparative data of NCR, Region III and Region IV-A shows that Region IV-A shares 8% of the total
poor families nationwide while Region III shares 7% and NCR shares 4%, as shown in Table 2.7.

Table 2.7 Annual per Capita Poverty Threshold and Incidence of Poverty8
2003 2004
Annual Per Annual Per
Study Area Magnitude of Poverty Magnitude of Poverty
Capita Poverty Capita Poverty
Poor Population Incidence Poor Population Incidence
Threshold Threshold
(Pesos/Head) (person) (%) (Pesos/Head) (person) (%)
National 12,309 23,836,104 30.0 15,057 27,616,888 32.9
NCR 16,737 742,549 6.9 20,566 1,156,313 10.4
Cavite 16,150 300,636 12.5 18,718 287,292 11.2
Rizal 13,903 99,950 4.9 17,464 177,718 8.9
Region III 14,378 1,535,784 17.5 17,298 1,914,590 20.7
Bulacan 15,027 307,762 12.3 17,768 358,012 13.4
Pampanga 15,148 289,106 14.7 17,243 234,820 10.8
Nueva Ecija 14,394 484,106 27.1 17,830 662,742 37.7
Aurora 12,898 66,417 39.0 16,275 66,701 36.8
Region IV-A 14,720 1,899,827 18.4 17,761 2,210,756 20.9
Laguna 13,921 236,460 10.6 17,724 297,648 13.2
Quezon 13,349 660,224 39.8 16,125 829,802 47.7

2.4 Water Related Disease

The water related diseases in the study area caused from drinking contaminated and polluted water and
from infectious vector and parasites are cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, dysentery and diarrhea, scabies,
conjunctivitis, typhus, trachoma, malaria, dengue, yellow fever, filariasis and schistosomiasis, as
enumerated in Table 2.8.

Table 2.8 Water Related Diseases9

Cause of Disease
Drinking of Polluted Water
Contact with Polluted Water
Infection by Vector
Infection by Parasite
Typical Case of Disease
Cholera, Typhoid, Paratyphoid, Hepatitis, Dysentery, Diarrhea
Scabies, Conjunctivitis, Typhus, Trachoma
Malaria, Dengue, Yellow Fever, Filariasis
Schistosomiasis

2.5 Indigenous People

The Indigenous Peoples (IP) that inhabit the Study Area are the Dumagats, Remontados, Aeta, Ilongot
and Bugkalot. Based on the data from the National Commission on Indigenous People (NCIP), there
are around 11,778,190 IPs nationwide with 230,270 in Region III and 714,527 in Region IV-A.10

8
NSCB 2010 Philippine Statistical Yearbook; Figures for Cavite for the whole province (MWSS Service Area
covers Bacoor, Cavite City, Imus, Kawit, Noveleta and Rosario only)
9
JICA Study January 2011 and NSO Data 2011
10
NCIP Information Kit

2-4
 Chapter 3. Current Water Supply System and Development

3.1 Water Supply System for MWSS Service Area

3.1.1 Raw Water Source

The municipal water supply for the MWSS Service Area currently relies on the sources of Angat-
Umiray System, Laguna Lake and the groundwater. The granted water rights of these water sources is
estimated at about 4,190 MLD (48 m3/s) in total. Of the total capacity, about 95.5% or 4,000 MLD
(46 m3/s) is from Angat-Umiray System as listed in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Present Raw Water Sources for MWSS Service Area
Name of Water Source Granted Water Right Share
Angat-Umiray System 3 95.50%
4,000MLD (46 m /s)
Laguna Lake 100MLD (1 m3/s) 2.40%
Groundwater 3 2.10%
90MLD (1 m /s)
Total 4,190MLD (48 m3/s) 100.00%
Source: MWSS

The groundwater extraction for water supply in the MWSS Service Area was stopped in 2003 by
MWCI and in 2009 by MWSI except when the supply from Angat-Umiray System is insufficient.
Therefore, the current water supply capacity is said to be only 4,100 MLD (47 m3/s).

(1) Angat-Umiray System

The Angat-Umiray System, the main raw water source for the MWSS service area consists of
Angat Dam and Umiray Diversion System (refer to Table 3.2 and Figure 1.1 Study Area).
Angat Dam is located in the Angat river basin or about 35 km north of Metro Manila having
an effective storage capacity of 894 MCM. The dam and its whole catchment area
administratively belong to the Bulacan Provence. The Umiray Diversion System conveys
the water of the maximum 13 m3/s from Umiray River, which located east of the Angat River,
to the Angat Reservoir.

The Angat Dam started its operation in 1968 to supply the water for the irrigation and
hydropower generation in addition to the municipal water use in the MWSS Service Area.
The irrigation water use is for the national irrigation area of 26,000 ha called “Angat Maasim
Irrigation System (AMRIS)” under the administration of NIA, which spreads out along the
downstream of Angat River and its adjustment Maasim River. The hydropower plant as the
incidental facility of the dam has the installed capacity of 246 MW in total, which is operated
by the discharge released from the dam for the municipal water supply to the MWSS Service
Area and the irrigation water supply to AMRIS. The operation for dam facilities including
the hydropower plant is currently undertaken by the National Power Corporation (NPC).

3-1
 Table 3.2 Features of Angat-Umiray System
Component Item Description
Completion Year 1967
Municipal water supply, irrigation water supply, hydropower
Purpose
generation and flood control
Dam Catchment Area 546 km2
Dam Type Earth and rock fill dam
Angat Dam
Dam height 131m
894 MCM in total including 738 MCM for water supply during a
Effective Storage
dry season, and 696 MCM for water supply/42 MCM for flood
Capacity
control during a rainy season
Hydropower Plant Install Capacity of 246 MW
Completion Year 2000
Purpose Augmentation of water supply capacity of Angat dam reservoir
Catchment Area of
Umiray Diversion Weir 130 km2
Umiray Diversion
About 13.1 km long and 4.3 m in diameter connecting from the
System Diversion Tunnel
diversion weir at Umiray River to Angat dam reservoir
Diversion Weir One permanent diversion weir at the Umiray River
Max. Design Discharge About 30 m3/s (of which 11.1 m3/s is for the MWSS Service Area)
Mini-hydropower Plant 970KW

(2) Laguna Lake

Out of 300 MLD in Laguna Lake Bulk water development plan, a 100 MLD was developed
with the newly constructed Putatan Water Treatment Plant (WTP) by MWSI. The raw
water is pumped to the WTP by rehabilitating the old irrigation intake. It serves over
29,000 households in Barangays Putatan, Tunasan, Ayala Alabang, Poblacion, Alabang,
Bayanan, Cubang, Buli and Sucat in Muntinlupa City.

Putatan WTP is the first water treatment facility that taps water of the Laguna Lake as an
alternative water source to Angat Dam, and treats the water using microfiltration and reverse
osmosis technology.

(3) Groundwater

There are about 130 deep wells used as the groundwater source for the MWSS service are.
The supply capacity of these deep wells is estimated at about 92 MLD in total, which is
divided into 57 MLD (81 wells) in the service area of MWSI and 35 MLD (50 wells) in the
service area of MWCI. The main service areas of MWSI by the deep wells cover the
southern coastal area including the cities/municipalities of Parañaque, Las Piñas, Muntinlupa,
Imus, Bacoor, Noveleta, and Cavite, while those of the MWCI are the cities/municipalities of
Cainta, Antipolo, Taytay, San Mateo, Rodriguez, Quezon City and Taguig. However, the
extraction of groundwater was stopped for MWSI in 2009 and for MWCI in 2003 unless the
supply from the Angat Dam is sufficient, as the declaration to forbid the groundwater
extraction was made for the areas where the surface water sources are available.

3.1.2 Water Transmission System

The raw water released from the Angat Dam is once stored by two reregulation dams, namely Ipo
Dam and Bustos Dam. The irrigation water supply for AMRIS is made through the Bustos Dam,

3-2
while the raw water supply for the MWSS Service Area is from the Ipo Dam. The raw water from
Ipo Dam is conveyed through three tunnels to the Bicti Basin (interconnection structure) and further to
either the La Mesa Reservoir or the La Mesa Treatment Plant of the Maynilad Water Services Inc.
(MWSI) through five raw water aqueducts as shown in Figure A3.1. The raw water from La Mesa
Reservoir flows into the Balara Treatment Plant and finally connected to east zone distribution system
for the service area of the Manila Water Company, Inc (MWCI). A part of the raw water in the La
Mesa Reservoir sometimes flows to the La Mesa Treatment Plant (MWSI).
Angat Dam
Ipo Dam

Umiray Diversion System

System

Bicti Basin

Putatan
WTP
guna Lake
Laguna

Source: Angat Water Utilization & Aqueduct Improvement Project (AWUAIP – Phase 2)
Figure 3.1 Water Transmission System to MWSS Service Area

The conveyance capacities and key elevations of the tunnels and aqueducts are summarized below:

Table 3.3 Features of Tunnels and Aqueducts

Tunnel/ Capacity Length (km) Invert Elevation (EL. m) Year of
Commissioned
Aqueduct (MLD) Tunnel Pipe Total Bicti La Mesa
Tunnel No. 1 760 6.44 - 6.44 - - 1939
Tunnel No. 2 1,890 6.50 - 6.50 - - 1964
Tunnel No. 3 2,000 6.10 - 6.10 - - 1992
Total 4,650
AQ No. 1 6.90 7.53 14.63 83.58 75.86 1939
380
AQ No. 2 6.90 8.11 15.01 83.58 75.86 1939
AQ No. 3 830 5.73 9.14 14.91 84.20 76.96 1969
AQ No. 4 1,250 5.88 9.15 15.03 84.20 76.96 1983
AQ No. 5 2,000 Concrete-lined 15.66 85.00 - 1992
AQ No. 6 (Phase-1) 1,750 5.50 - - 2006
AQ No. 6 (Phase-2) 1,750 9.90 - - -
Total 90.64

The details of headworks and raw water transmission are shown in Figure A2.1.

In January 2002, an inspection of the existing aqueducts revealed that about 13 leakages occur on
some segments of the existing Bicti-Novaliches Aqueduct No. 5 (BNAQ-5) and 3 of these leaks were
considered major leaks as it losses about 150 MLD (1.7 m3/s).

3-3
The Angat Water Utilization and Aqueduct Improvement Project (AWUAIP), with the original
objective of maintaining and optimizing the quantity of raw water delivered daily from Angat-Umiray
System via the Ipo Dam-Bicti-La Mesa Portal system to the water treatment plants. The new
aqueduct (BNAQ-6) was constructed in two phases. Phase 1 (5.5 km. length) was completed in
January 2008 to serve as by-pass while repairing existing BNAQ-5. Phase 2 entails the construction
of the remaining section (9.90 km. length), of which construction has been presently undertaken.

3.1.3 Water Supply from Angat-Umiray System

Upon commencement of operation of the Umiray Diversion System in 2001, the granted water supply
volume from Angat - Umiray System was set at 87.9 m3/s in total, which includes 46 m3/s for the
MWSS Service Area, 40 m3/s for AMRIS, and 1.9 m3/s for the river environmental flow. In 2006,
Bulacan Province was further granted its municipal water use of 1.9 m3/s through the Resolution No.
016-0806 issued by the National Water Resources Board (NWRB), whereby the updated granted water
use from the source of Angat-Umiray System was increased to 89.8 m3/s.

It is, however, noted that the water use of 1.9 m3/s for Bulacan Province has not been in force yet.
Moreover, the granted water supply of 46 m3/s for the MWSS Service Area includes 15 m3/s as the
conditional water use. The “conditional water use” means that MWSS could use a maximum of
15 m /s, which part of the water volume of 40 m3/s is originally granted to the irrigation use for
3

AMRIS, provided that the AMRIS does not require the volume of 15 m3/s. Accordingly, the actual
total granted water volume should be 72.9 m3/s by subtracting the unused granted water of 1.9 m3/s for
Bulacan Province and the conditional water use of 15 m3/s from the total granted water of 89.8 m3/s.

Table 3.4 Updated Water Allocation in Angat-Umiray System

Water User/ Volume of
Remarks
Purpose of Use Allocated Water
The volume is reduced to 25m3/s when the conditionally
AMRIS 40.0 m3/s
allocated 15m3/s to MWSS is subtracted.
The volume includes 20.1m3/s from Angat storage dam, 10.9m3/s
MWSS 46.0 m3/s from Umiray and 15m3/s from unutilized irrigation water
(conditional allocation).
River Environ- The volume is in equivalent to 10% of dependable flow for quasi-
mental Flow 1.9 m3/s natural condition
Bulacan Province 1.9 m3/s The water allocation has not been in force.

Total 89.8 m3/s The current actual maximum water use is limited to 72.9 m3/s
Source: The Study on Integrated Water Resources Management for Poverty Alleviation and Economic Development
in the Pampanga River Basin, JICA 2011
Note: In addition to the above water volume, the water of 58.3 m3/s is allocated for the hydropower generation, but it
could be included into the granted water use foe AMRIS and MWSS.

3-4
3.1.4 Hydrological Conditions of Angat-Umiray System

The hydrological conditions of the Angat-Umiray System are preliminarily clarified as described
hereinafter:

(1) Rainfall Depth in Angat-Umiray System

According to the climate types of Philippines classified by PAGASA, the catchment areas of
the Angat-Umiray System (i.e., Angat river basin and Umiray river basin) belong to the
different climate type. That is, Angat river basin belongs to Climate Type I having two
pronounced seasons, dry from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year.
Maximum rain period is from June to September. On the other hand, the Umiray river basin
is located in the transition area of the Climate Types II and III having no pronounced dry
season. Due to the difference climate types, Angat and Umiray river basins have the
distinctly different annual rainfall depth as well as distributions of the monthly rainfall as
listed in Table 3.5.

Table 3.5 Monthly Average Rainfall in Umiray and Angat River Basin
River Basin Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total

Angat 10.2 6.2 14.3 26.6 155.7 195.4 291 338.8 256.7 232 122.7 50.4 1,700

Umiray 324.4 234.6 201.9 180.9 217.6 254.4 260.9 204.9 309.4 573.1 638.5 649.5 4,050
Note: The rainfall depth for Umiray River Basin in Climate Type II is represented by the record (1961-2007) at Infanta , while
that for Angat River Basin in Climate Type I) is represented by the record of San Rafael (1973-2007).

As listed above, the annual rainfall in Umiray river basin is far larger than that of the Angat
river basin. Moreover, Angat river basin has the extremely small monthly rainfall during a
dry season from January to June, while Umiray river basin could receive the rather stable
monthly rainfall of more than 200 mm/month throughout a year. This characteristic of
rainfall pattern could be shown in the Angat Dam inflow rate and Umiray river runoff rate as
shown below:
25.0
%

20.0
Monthly Rate (%)

Angat
15.0 Inflow
%
Umiray
Flow
10.0
%

5.0
% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Dec

0.0 Month
%
Figure 3.2 Monthly Flow Rate of Angat Dam Reservoir and Umiray River

3-5
(2) Umiray - Angat Transbasin Diversion

The Umiray – Angat Transbasin Tunnel was completed and started its operation in June 2000.
According to the operation record of the Angat dam reservoir by NPC, the Umiray Diversion
System once reduced its annual average diversion discharge of less than 9 m3/s in 2004 and
2005 due to clogging of the diversion tunnel by debris and its repair works. During the
whole operation period from 2001 to 2008 except 2004 and 2005, however, the Transbasin
Tunnel have kept the rather stable annual diversion discharge of more than the granted water
right of about 11 m3/s for the MWSS Service Area as listed in Table 3.6. This stable water
supply would be attributed to the abundant rainfall in the Umiray river basin as shown in
Table 3.5.

Table 3.6 Recorded Annual Average Diversion Discharge of Umiray Diversion Channel
Average Diversion
Year* Remarks
Discharge (m3/s)
May 2001 to April 2002 11.3
May 2002 to April 2003 12.2
May 2003 to April 2004 11.4
No flow from November 2004 to March 2005 because of
May 2004 to April 2005 8.3
clogging of diversion channel by debris.[1]
May 2005 to April 2006 8.7
May 2006 to April 2007 11.6
May 2007 to April 2008 12.6
Note: One hydrological year is assumed from May (beginning of rainy season) to April (end of dry season) in this Study.
[1] On November 29, 2004 Typhoon “Winnie” has caused severe damages to Umiray Angat Transbasin Tunnel

(3) Inflow Discharge to Angat Dam Reservoir

The runoff discharge into the Angat dam reservoir has been recorded by NPC since 1968 (the
year of commencement of the dam operation). The record for 40 years (1968 to 2007)
shows that the annual inflow volume from Angat Dam catchment area has fluctuated from
the minimum of 848 MCM in 1997 to the maximum of 2,810 MCM in 1972, while the
extremely small inflow volume in 1997 was affected by El Niño. Despite of such large
variation, any clear tendency of increase or decrease of the annual inflow discharges over 40-
year period is not seen and thereby, the inflow discharges are likely to have not been affected
by the climate change and/or other dominant factors yet.

Based on the above recorded data, the probable annual average inflow discharges from Angat
river basin into the Angat dam reservoir are estimated at 42.8 m3/s (1,350 MCM) for 1/10
year (10% reoccurrence probability), 46.0 m3/s (1,450 MCM) for 1/5 year (20% recurrence)
and 58.2 m3/s (1,836 MCM) for 1/2 year. Assuming the constant annual average diversion
discharge of 11.0 m3/s (347 MCM) from Umiray Diversion Channel, the total probable
annual average inflow discharges into Angat dam reservoir from Angat River and Umiray
River are estimated as listed in Table 3.7

3-6
 3,00
0 Average: 1,869 MCM/y
(59.8 m3/s)
2,50
0

2,00
Annual Inflow Volume

1,50
0
(MCM)

1,00
0

50
0

0
196

196

197

197

197

197

197

197

197

197

197

197

198

198

198

198

198

198

198

198

198

198

199

199

199

199
8

3
Year

Figure 3.3 Annual Average Inflow Discharge from Angat River Basin into
Angat Dam Reservoir

As listed in Table 3.7 below, the annual average dam inflow discharge including the
diversion discharge from Umiray River is estimated at 70.8 m3/s, which is smaller than the
aforesaid actual granted water allocation of 72.9 m3/s for AMRIS, MWSS and the river
environmental flow. This means that the potential supply capacity of Angat-Umiray System
could hardly fulfill even the actual granted water allocation. As the results, the water
shortage has often occurred in water supply both for the MWSS Service Area and AMRIS,
which leads to the serious conflicts of water allocation between the MWSS Service Area and
AMRIS. The details of the water shortage and its related conflicts among water users are as
described in the following Section 2.2.

Table 3.7 Potential Inflow Discharge into Angat Dam Reservoir

Recurrence Probable Annual Ave. Discharge into Angat Dam Reservoir (m 3/s)
Recurrence Period
Probability Angat River Umiray River Total
1/10 year 10% 42.8 (1,350) 11.0 53.8 (1,697)
1/5 year 20% 46.0 (1,450) 11.0 57.0 (1,797)
1/2 year 50% 58.2 (1,836) 11.0 69.2 (2,183)
Average 59.8 (1,869) 11.0 70.8 (2,233)
Note: Figure in parenthesis is annual volume (MCM)

(4) Inflow Discharges to Ipo Dam and La Mesa Dam

On the other hand, there are runoffs from two catchment areas, which are not recorded nor
counted in water supply capacity to the MWSS Service Area. One is the residual river basin
area between Ipo Dam and Angat Dam of which area is estimated at 36 km2, and the other is
the catchment of La Mesa Dam estimated at 27 km2. The annual average runoff discharges

3-7
 11
are estimated at 290 MLD (3.4 m3/s or 106 MCM/year) for Ipo Dam and 220 MLD
(2.5 m3/s or 80 MCM/year) for La Mesa Dam assuming them to be in proportional to that of
Angat Dam with a catchment area of 629 km2.

This is revealed by the fact that the (plant) production volume by MWSI and MWCI was
bigger than the supply volume from Angat Dam to MWSS by approximately 500 MLD
(5.8 m3/s or 183 MCM/year) from 2001 to 2010 except 2007, as shown in Figure 3.4 below:

5,000.0

4,500.0

4,000.0

3,500.0

3,000.0
Volume

2,500.0
(MLD)

2,000.0

1,500.0

1,000.0

500.0

0.0
2001 200 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
2
Year

Transmission from Angat Dam Plant Production of

MWSI and MWCI
Figure 3.4 Annual Released Water from Angat Dam and Production in MWSS Service Area

As the supply volumes from the Angat – Umiray System were mostly less than 3,500 MLD
except in 2001 and 2007 for the 10 years from 2001 to 2010, it is said that the present supply
capacity of Angat – Umiray System is estimated at around only 3,500 MLD (40.5 m3/s) and
that the inflow discharges from the own catchment areas of Ipo Dam and La Mesa Dam have
been added to the supply to the MWSS Service Area.12

(5) Decrease in Supply Capacity of Angat Dam Reservoir due to Siltation

It is unavoidable to have a siltation/sedimentation in dam reservoirs. Angat Reservoir has

been also silted since its construction. In 2008, NPC conducted bathymetric survey of
Angat Reservoir area and computed the water level – storage volume (H – V) relation for
comparing to that in 1967 when the operation of Angat Dam was started as shown below:

11
Study on Water Resources Management of Angat Reservoir (WRMAR) 1996 revealed that monthly discharge into the Ipo
Dam be estimated from 48 MCM (1.5 m3/s, 131 MLD) to 309 MCM (9.8 m3/s, 847 MLD) and a monthly mean of 172 MCM
(5.4 m3/s, 470 MLD), taking the net rainfall amount.
12
It is necessary to record and report the runoff discharges of Ipo Dam and La Mesa Dam catchment areas, so that the water
source development plan in the short-term will be accurate and effective.
3-8
 230
80MCM
220

210

200

190

Normal High Water Level = 212m

Water Level (EL.ｍ）

180

170

160
1967
150 V-Gross
1967
140 V-Effe
2008
V-Gross
130 2008
V-Effe
120

110

100
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1,000.00 1,200.00
Capacity (MCM)

Figure 3.5 Elevation – Volume Curve of Angat Reservoir

In 40 years, the effective storage volume at the high water level of EL. 212 m has decreased
by 80 MCM as shown in Table 3.8 below:

Comparing other dam catchment areas, the watershed of Angat Dam has been well managed
and protected. However, the annual average sediment volume is estimated at 2 million m3
and specific sediment yield is 3,700 m3/km2/year. This is judged rather high so that the
supply capacity will be decreased year by year.

Table 3.8 Decrease of Storage Volume of Angat Reservoir by Siltation

Storage Volume (MCM)
Water Level
1967 2008 Difference
212 m 738 658 -80
210 m 696 619 -77

Decrease of the storage volume of reservoir at 80 MCM shall result in decrease of supply
capacity of about 2.5 m3/s, as the reservoir may store less flood discharge and more release
over the spillway.

(6) Effects on Supply Capacity by Impacts of Climate Change

Referring to the study of climate change impacts on the seasonal rainfall by PAGASA 13, the
seasonal rainfall in the Pampanga and Bulacan provinces will be changed to be drier in the
dry season and wetter in the wet season as shown in Table 3.9 below:

13
Among the four scenarios of A1, A2, B1 and B2, the severest scenario A2 is taken to examine the effects.

3-9
 Table 3.9 Increase/Decrease of Seasonal Rainfall

Years (period) Unit DJF MAM JJA SON ANNUAL

Observed 1985 (1971 - 2000) mm 166.6 304.8 1,035.9 813.7 2,320.9
mm 121.6 271.2 1,056.6 667.2 2,116.7
Projected 2020 (2006 - 2035）
% -27% -11% 2% -18% -9%
mm 106.6 234.7 1,067.0 781.1 2,189.4
Projected 2050 (2036 - 2065）
% -36% -23% 3% -4% -6%

Note: Ratio of increase/decrease is shown compared to the recorded average rainfall in 1971 to 2000

Seasonal (every 3-month) rainfall amount are estimated in three period of years of 2006 to
2035, 2036 to 2065 and 2071 to 2100 comparing to the observed (1971 to 2000), as below.

1,200

1,000
Rainfall (mm)

800
Projected 2020 (2006 - 2035)
600 Projected 2050 (2036 - 2065)
Observed (1971 - 2000)
400

200

0
DJF MAM JJA SON
Season (Months)

Figure 3.6 Seasonal Rainfall in Three Future Times

Assuming the inflow – runoff volume of Angat Dam catchment area is proportional to the
rainfall amount, the average annual runoff volume for 40 years from 1968 to 2007 estimated
at 1,869 MCM (59.3 m3/s) will be decreased to 1,608 MCM (51.0 m3/s) in 2035, as their
monthly runoff volumes are shown below:

350.0
0
Monthly Runoff (MCM

300.0
0

250.0 Average (1971-

0 00)
200.0 Future (2006-
0 35)

150.0
0

100.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
0
Dec
50.0 Month
0

0.0
Figure 3.7 Monthly Runoff Volume in 1971-2000 and 2006-2035
0

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3.2 Water Shortage and Conflicts among Water Users

The past water shortage of Angat-Umiray System as well as its related conflicts among the water users
are as described hereinafter:

3.2.1 Water Shortage

(1) MWSS Service Area

The recorded annual average water supply volume from Angat-Umiray System to the MWSS
Service Area from 2001 to 2010 is 38.6 m3/s, which is lower than the granted full supply
level of 46 m3/s (refer to Figure 3.8). The water supply from Angat-Umiray System has
fulfilled 46 m3/s for 22 months only during the entire simulation period of 120 months (from
January 2001 to December 2010).

70.0

46m3/s
60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0
1 13 25 37 49 61 73 85 97 109

Note: 1 on the horizontal line means Jan. 2001.

Figure 3.8 Monthly Mean Water Supply Volume from Angat-Umiray System to MWSS

(2) Water Shortage for AMRIS

The irrigation water requirement of AMRIS to Angat-Umiray System (i.e., the “diversion
requirement”) is expressed as the balance between the gross irrigation demand and the
effective rainfall depth in the paddy field. The present granted water right for AMRIS is the
fixed value of 40 m3/s throughout a year, while the diversion requirement for AMRIS has the
seasonal variation depending on the irrigation schedule and the effective rainfall depth.

NIA has estimated the diversion requirement of AMRIS in connection with the water
allocation for Angat-Umiray System. The estimated values by NIA are, however, lager than
the actual water supply volume recorded by NIA. This would be because the effective
rainfall in the paddy field is not counted in the NIA’s estimation. From this point of view, the
diversion requirement was re-estimated in the Study on IWRM-PRB taking the probable
effective rainfall depth of 1/5 year (80% dependable value) into account. The results of
estimation of the diversion requirement of AMRIS by NIA and JICA are as shown in

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Table 3.10. The values re-estimated by the JICA Study Team are provisionally assumed as
the actual water demand of AMRIS in this Study.

Table 3.10 Monthly Average Diversion Requirement of AMRIS

Estimated by Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug Sep. Oct. Nov Dec. Annual Ave.
NIA 42.6 42.7 34.4 9.8 0 18 31.3 32.9 34 24.7 19 39.5 27.4
Recorded
32.7 31.9 25.6 12.2 3.7 11.1 16.2 13.6 15.4 12 16.9 29.4 18.4
Supply Vol.
JICA 41.3 41.7 32.3 9.7 0 25.5 9.9 1.2 5.4 10.1 18.8 34.2 19.2
Source: Pampanga-IWRM
Note: Objective Irrigation Area = 26,000ha (dry season), 20,355ha (Wet)

There are two turbines for hydropower generation as the incidental facilities of Angat D after
used by main turbine is released to Bustos Dam for irrigation in AMRIS. Another is the
auxiliary turbine with 46 MW. The water used for the auxiliary unit is released to the Ipo
Dam and used for the MWSS Service Area.

According to the aforesaid dam operation record prepared by NPC, the annual average water
volume released from the main turbine in 2001 to 2008 is estimated at about 24.8 m3/s (refer
to Figure 3.9). This annual average of 24.8 m3/s is far smaller than the water right of
40 m3/s granted for AMRIS. Moreover, the annual average includes the water volume used
solely for hydropower generation without re-use for the diversion requirement of AMRIS,
and hardly satisfies even the above annual average diversion requirement of 19.2 m3/s
estimated by JICA. That is, AMRIS requires the water supplies of 10.1 m3/s to 41.7 m3/s in
a dry season (October to March), while the dam operation records shows that those water
requirements were almost fulfilled only three years (2005-2006 and 2007-2009) out of ten
years from 2001 to 2010.

100.00
Supply Volume to AMRIS
90.00 Diversion Requirement
Granted Water Use Right
Monthly Ave. Water Supply Volume (m3/s)

80.00
Granted Water 40m3/s
70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00 J F MA M J J A S O N D J F MA M J J A S O N D J F MA M J J A S O N D J F MA M J J A S O N D J F MA M J J A S O N D J F MA M J J A S O N D J F MA M J J A S O N D J F MA M J J A S O N D J F MA M J J A S O N D J F MA M J J A S O N D

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Month/Year

Figure 3.9 Mean Monthly Water Supply Volume from Angat-Umiray System to AMRIS

In 2004 in particular, the severe water shortage occurred as described above, and water
supply from Angat-Umiray System to AMRIS was temporarily suspended for about four
months from May to August. According to NIA, some 3,930 ha of rice paddy were not
planted due to this suspension of water supply. The wet season cropping was also affected

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 as no production in 5,000 ha was made and the paddy production in 11,000 ha was reduced.
The damages to farmers were estimated at about Php. 351 Million, and NIA lost about
Php.14.4 Million of Irrigation Service Fee (ISF).

3.2.2 Dependable Raw Water Supply Capacity

The long-term inflow/outflow discharges and water levels of Angat Reservoir are simulated assuming
various downstream water demands in order to clarify the present dependable raw water supply
capacity of Angat-Umiray System. This simulation is based on the following preconditions:

 The dependable water supply of Angat-Umiray System is herein defined as the value to promise
fulfilling of the water demand for the MWSS Service Area with the safety level of 1/10 year
(90% dependability) and for irrigation use of AMRIS with 1/5 year (80% dependability).

 The simulation period is set at 40 years from November 1968 to October 2008 because of the
available record of the dam inflow discharge. As the initial condition of the simulation, Angat
Reservoir is assumed to have the full effective storage volume of 738 MCM at the beginning of
November 1968 (i.e., immediately after the wet season).

 The following monthly average inflow discharges to Angat Reservoir are used as the input data
for simulation taking the available recording length and the aforesaid hydrological features of
diversion discharge from Umiray river basin into account:
(a) The recorded dam inflow data from Angat river basin for a period from 1968 to 2008,

(b) The recorded dam inflow data from Umiray Diversion System for a period from 2001 to
2008, and

(c) The constant value of 11.0 m3/s assumed as the inflow discharge from Umiray Diversion
System for a period from 1968 to 2000.

 The monthly diversion requirements for irrigation area for AMRIS were estimated 14 as
described above (refer to the aforementioned Table 3.9). The estimated requirements have the
monthly variation of 0 to 42.7 m3/s with an annual average of 19.2 m3/s. These monthly
diversion requirements are assumed as the present water demand of the AMRIS, which could
cover the irrigable areas of 26,000 ha in dry season and 20,355 ha in wet season. When the
future water demand of AMRIS is reduced, the irrigable area is also assumed to reduce in
proportion to the reduction rate of the water supply volume.

 The effective storage capacity of Angat Reservoir is 738 MCM for a dry season from November
to April and 696 MCM for a wet season from May to October. The full or part of the water
supply to the MWSS Service Area from Angat Reservoir is available, as long as the water is
stored in the effective storage capacity. The water supply to AMRIS is, however, made
through the main power unit and it is available only when the dam storage volume is more than
206 MCM (the dam reservoir level of EL. 180 m) because of the lower limit of operation of the

14
The Study on Integrated Water Resources Management for Poverty Alleviation and Economic Development in the
Pampanga River Basin, JICA 2011

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 main power unit as shown in the conceptual diagram below:

Supplied to
MWSS Service
Area and AMRIS

Supplied to
MWSS Service
Area Only

Figure 3.10 Conceptual Diagram of Storage Volume of Angat Dam Reservoir

The Angat-Umiray System has a limited water supply capacity and hardly meets the full water
demand of both MWSS (46 m3/s) and AMRIS (19.2 m3/s). From this point of view, the water supply
and balance simulation is made to clarify the dependable water supply capacities and/or the recurrence
probabilities of water deficit for MWSS and AMRIS. The results of simulation are shown in Table
3.11 for different cases as below: (Refer to Figure A3.1 to A3.2 in ANNEX for water balance)

Case - 1: The value of 33 m3/s is estimated as the dependable water supply capacity for MWSS,
when the Angat Umiray System is assumed to promise the present water demand of
19.2 m3/s for AMRIS with its recurrence probability of water deficit 1/5 year. Accordingly,
the value of 33 m3/s is not a precondition of the simulation but it is estimated value by the
simulation.
Case - 2: The recurrence probabilities of water deficit are estimated at 1/4 year for MWSS and
1/1.7 year for AMRIS were estimated, when the Angat Umiray System is assumed to
continue to supply the water demands of 46 m3/s for MWSS and 19.2 m3/s for AMRIS.
Case - 3: The value of 8.4 m3/s is estimated as the dependable water supply capacity for AMRIS,
when the Angat Umiray System is assumed to promise the present water demand of
46 m3/s for MWSS.
Case - 4: The value of 60 m3/s is estimated as the dependable water supply capacity for MWSS,
when the Angat Umiray System is assumed to be exclusive use for MWSS only.

Table 3.11 Recurrence Probability of Water Deficit in Angat-Umiray System

Assumed Annual Ave. Water Supply Number of Years of Water Deficit Recurrence Probability of Water
Simula- Irrigable of AMRIS
Volume* (m3/s) among Simulation Period of 40 years Deficit
tion
For Water Supply For Water Supply For Water Supply For Water Supply
Case To MWSS To AMRIS (ha)
to MWSS to AMRIS to MWSS to AMRIS
26,000 (Dry)
Case - 1 33 19.2 0 year 8 years - 1/5 year
20,355 (Wet)
26,000 (Dry)
Case - 2 46 19.2 10 years 24 years 1/4 year 1/1.7 year
20,355 (Wet)
11,440 (Dry)
Case - 3 46 8.4 1 year 8 years 1/40 year 1/5 year
8,965 (Wet)
Case - 4 60 0 0 4 years 0 year 1/10 year -
Note:*: The annual average water supply volume to MWSS is a constant value throughout a year, while that to AMRIS is variable month to month.
The water supply volume to AMRIS for each month is in proportion to the monthly distribution shown in Table 3.10.

3-14
As listed in Table 3.8, the present dependable water supply capacity of Angat-Umiray System is
estimated at 33 m3/s for the MWSS Service Area provided that the System has to fulfill the present
water demand of 19.2 m3/s for AMRIS with the safety level 1/5 year. If Angat-Umiray System
continues to supply the granted water right of 46 m3/s for the MWSS service area throughout a year,
the water deficit in AMRIS would occur at recurrence probability of 1/1.7 year (= 40% dependability),
which is less than the necessary safety level of 1/5 year. Hence, the present dependable water supply
capacity of Angat-Umiray System for the MWSS Service Area is preliminarily estimated at about
33 m3/s and it virtually difficult to promise the granted water right of 46 m3/s for MWSS Service Area.

When Angat-Umiray System promises to fulfill the granted water demand of 46 m3/s for the MWSS
Service Area with a safety level of 1/10 years, the dependable water supply to AMRIS is reduced to
8.4 m3/s, which is equivalent to about only 44% of the present actual water demand of 19.2 m3/s for
AMRIS, whereby the present irrigable areas of 26,000 ha in a dry season and 20,355 ha in a wet
season would be reduced to 11,440 ha and 8,965 ha respectively. However, this suggests that if the
MWSS could compensate for the reduction of the irrigable area, the MWSS Service Area would
receive the present water right of 46 m3/s from Angat-Umiray System with a safety level of 1/10 year.

Moreover, if Angat Dam System could be exclusively used for MWSS, the System would promise the
dependable water supply capacity of 60 m3/s for the MWSS service area. This means that if MWSS
could acquire the whole water right currently granted to Angat-Umiray System, the MWSS Service
Area would receive the dependable water supply volume of 60 m3/s from Angat-Umiray System. The
acquisition of and/or the above compensation for the present water right of AMRIS would be possible
through swapping between the present water allocations of AMRIS to Angat-Umiray System and
other new other water resources. The candidates of other water resources for swapping would be
such as Balintingon Dam, Bayabas Dam and Maasim Dam, latter two of which are located adjacent to
Angat Dam.

Taking the above dependable water supply capacities into account, the re-adjustment for the present
granted water rights for Angat-Umiray System would be indispensable. And the coordination among
the relevant water users would be required so as to attain the proper water allocation of Angat-Umiray
System and minimize the potential conflicts on water use. Details on this necessary coordination are
described in the following Subsection 3.3.2.

3.3 Existing Institutional Condition and Issues

3.3.1 Existing Organizational Structures for Water Supply

(1) Organizations for Water Allocation of Angat-Umiray System

The existing organizations for water allocation of Angat-Umiray System could be divided
into the following four stratums:

 NWRB as the highest legislative organ for water allocation,

 Technical Working Group (TWG) as an entity to technically support the NWRB,
 Water users of the Angat Umiray System and
 Operators of the Angat Umiray System.

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The water users such as MWSS and NIA apply their requirements of the raw water supply
from Angat-Umiray System to the TWG. Then TWG prepares the draft of water allocation
for the System taking the requirements of the water users as well as the hydrological
conditions of the dam reservoir into account and forwards to NWRB. After NWRB finally
resolves the water allocation, NPC as the dam operator operates the dam outlet structure to
release the discharge in accordance with the resolution (refer to Figure 3.10).

NWRB

Submit draft of Resolve the water

water allocation allocation

Water Users
(MWSS & NIA) TWG
Apply requirements on raw
water supply from Angat-
Umiray System  Instruct the dam reservoir operation
in accordance with the resolution
by NWRB
 Monitor the hydrological
conditions of Angat-Umiray

Dam Operator
(NPC)

Figure 3.11 Existing Organization Structure for Water Allocation of Angat-Umiray System

Details of the above four stratums are as described in the under-mentioned items (1) to (4).

NWRB: NWRB has an authority to control and regulate the utilization, exploitation,
development, conservation and protection of water resources all over the country in
accordance with the specific provisions of the Water Code. Because of this authority, the
NWRB could function as the highest legislative organ for the water right as well as the daily
water allocation for the Angat-Umiray System. The aforesaid updated water allocation of
Angat-Umiray System (i.e., 46 m3/s for MWSS service area and 40 m3/s for AMRIS) was
resolved by NWRB through its Resolution No.016-0806. The Office of NWRB under
DENR act as the secretariat for the NWRB and the following are appointed as the present
members of NWRB in accordance with Executive Order No.860 dated on 08 February 2010:

 Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources (Chair),

 Secretary of Socio-Economic Planning (Vice-chair),
 Secretary of Justice (Member)
 Secretary of Science and Technology (Member), and
 Director of National Hydraulic Research Center, University of the Philippines.

Technical Working Group (TWG) for Angat-Umiray System: The TWG was established in
1960s to monitor the hydrological conditions of the Angat Dam as well as the water
requirement to the dam reservoir and to clarify the allocation of water supply from the Angat

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 Reservoir to the relevant water users. The water allocation proposed by the TWG is
forwarded to the above NWRB for final resolution. The TWG currently holds monthly
regular meeting. The representatives from the following offices are the members of TWG:

 NPC
 NIA
 PAGASA
 MWSS
 NWRB (Secretariat)

Water Users: The users of the raw water supplied from the Angat-Umiray System are
defined as the entities, which are granted the use for the raw water and at the same time really
exercise the right. In accordance with the definition, the water users include the following
entities:

 MWSS for the municipal water use in Metro Manila and its suburbs,
 NIA for AMRIS, and
 NPC for the hydropower generation.

The Bulacan Province is also granted the water right of 1.9 m3/s, but the right has not been
in force yet. Accordingly, the Province would be the future candidate of the water user. The
water users are responsible to monitor the daily water requirement to the Angat-Umiray
System, and claim the necessary water allocation to the TWG.

Operators: The National Power Corporation (NPC) currently undertakes operation,

maintenance and management of the dam structures and their incidental facilities including
the hydropower plants, while MWSS is in charge of the Umiray Diversion System. The
NPC also acts as the core agency for watershed management in the catchment area of the
Angat Dam.

(2) Existing Organization Structure of MWSS

MWSS takes the roles in the aspect of management for the existing water supply sources and
development of new water sources including:

 Operation, maintenance and management of the existing Umiray-Angat Diversion

System
 Coordination with the aforesaid relevant entities for the water allocation of the Angat-
Umiray System, and
 Development of the new dam reservoirs and/or other eligible water sources for the
municipal water supply in the MWSS Service Area, i.e., Metro Manila and its suburbs.

MWSS was established as a government-owned corporation in 1971, with responsibility for

water supply and sanitation in Manila. In 1997, MWSS’s operations were privatized based
on concession agreements with Manila Water Company, Inc. (MWCI) and Maynilad Water
Services, Inc. (MWSI).

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 The present organization setup of MWSS is composed of two independent entities: under a
Board Trustees: the MWSS Corporation Office headed by the Administrator and the MWSS
Regulatory Office headed by the Chief Regulator (refer to Figure 3.11). The functions of
the MWSS Regulatory Office and the MWSS Corporate Office are as enumerated below:

(a) Functions of MWSS Corporation Office

 To monitor, report and administrate the MWSS loans and performing the relevant
projects,
 To provide services as specified in the Concession Agreement or appointed by the
MWSS Regulatory Office,
 To manage the retained assets, and
 To implement the project for development of the new water supply sources.

(b) Functions of MWSS Regulatory Office

 To monitor the awarded Concession Agreements,

 To review and monitor the water supply and sewerage rates,
 To implement the extraordinary price adjustment provisions,
 To implement the rate rebasing provisions,
 To monitor contracts between the Concessionaire and the Customers for provisions
of water and sewerage services,
 To monitor the production of audited financial information, the rule on the cost
allocation and other accounting practices appropriate for the rate selling
methodologies,
 To monitor the reported and audited conditions of water and sewerage service
infrastructure assets and the enforcement of the Concession Agreement with
respect to these,
 To prosecute or defend the proceedings before the Appeals Panel,
 Report the MWSS Regulatory Office’s activities and communicate the Office’s
decisions, and
 Report to complaints or responsibilities received from the Customers and other
interested groups.

3.3.2 Issues on Water Supply in Institutional Aspect

The following are identified as the principal institutional issues related to the water supply.

(1) Conflicts on Granting System for Water Allocation of Angat Umiray System

The water right in Philippines has been legally granted by NWRB based on the standard
criteria and procedures, and the allocation of the water source has been made in accordance
with the water right. The water right for the Angat-Umiray System has been granted to each
of the water users of MWSS, NIA and NPC. In case of the Angat-Umiray System, however,
there exists another mechanism to set the water allocation, which is based the aforesaid
resolutions by NWRB with referring to the draft of water allocation prepared by the TWG

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 (refer to Subsection 3.3.1). The resolutions do not pass through the usual procedures for
granting of the water right.

several times and the water supply volume allocated to Angat-Umiray System for the MWSS
Service Area has gradually increased through every amendment. When the Angat Dam
started its operation in 1968, the water right of the MWSS Service Area was granted at
9.5 m3/s, while the updated water right has increased to 37.7 m3/s.

According to the latest resolution by NWRB, however, the water allocation for the MWSS
Service Area is set at 46.0 m3/s (refer to Table 3.9). Thus, there is the inconsistency
between the updated water right and the water allocation set by resolution for the MWSS
Service Area. Moreover, the water allocation of 46 m3/s set by the resolution includes the
aforesaid conditional water use of 15 m3/s, while the water right of 37.7 m3/s does not include
any conditional water use. Since the water allocation of 46 m3/s set by the Resolution in 2006
is the most recent, it would be superior to the water right but any legal provision could not
support the superiority of the resolution. Hence, the possible legal dispute on the water right
of MWSS could be expected. The resolutions as well as the water rights for the Angat-
Umiray System have been amended.

Table 3.12 Water Allocation Granted to MWSS Service Area from Angat-Umiray System
Water Allocation by Resolution Water Allocation by Water Use Right
Year
Allocated Flow Allocated Flow
Ref. No. of Resolution Ref. No. of Water Use Right
(m3/s) (m3/s)
1968 9.5 No. 22156
1979 13.7 No. 6509
1988 15.0* No. 03-0188
1988 28.7 No. 11462
1989 37 No. 02-0389
2001 37.7 No. 7359 & No.14202**
2006 46 No. 016-0806
Note: *: Conditional Use (subject to 15 m3/s converted from unused water right of AMRIS)
**: Water use rights of 17.576 m3/s for Umiray River was granted to MWSS through No.7359 (14 m3/s) in 1980

(2) Conflict on Priority of Municipal Water Supply to MWSS Service Area over Irrigation
Water Supply to AMRIS

As described above, the Angat-Umiray System has the inadequate water supply capacity to
cover the full granted water right for MWSS Service Area and AMRIS. In case of water
deficit, the priority of water supply is given to the MWSS Service Area over the NIA-AMRIS
as prescribed in the Water Code. However, due to the different interpretation on this
priority water supply, there is a conflict between MWSS and NIA.

In the year of 2004, the Angat-Umiray System encountered the sever drought, and suspended
the water supply to AMRIS for four months in order to save the municipal water supply for
the MWSS Service Area. This suspension of water supply to AMRIS is based on the
reallocation of the water right of NIA-AMRIS to MWSS. In 2005, NIA submitted its claim
for compensation to NWRB against MWSS and its concessionaires for the loss of ISF and

3-19
 reduction of production due to suspension of the water supply. This claim is based on the
NIA’s interpretation such that the reallocation should be accompanied by a compensation for
the losses in agricultural production and collection of ISF, while MWSS adopts the position
such that the drought in 2004 is force majeure and the reallocation is made because of the
priority use of the municipal water supply over the irrigation water supply as prescribed in
the Water Code.

NWRB recommended NIA to file their claim directly with the Office of the Government
Corporate Counsel, the office mandated to settle or adjudicate claims, disputes and
controversies between two government-owned-corporations. However, this claim of NIA is
not resolved to date.

The conflict similar to the above would possibly occur in the future since the present supply
capacity of Angat-Umiray System could hardly guarantee the whole of the granted water
right. Moreover, the conflict would involve the Bulacan Province, when the water right of
1.9 m3/s granted to the Province is in force for its municipal supply in the future.

(3) Conflict on Conditional Water Use of 15 m3/s for MWSS Service Area,

As described above, in accordance with the Resolution No. 03-0188 by NWRB in 1998,
MWSS is granted the conditional water use of 15 m3/s from the source of Angat-Umiray
System. This conditional water use could be only reallocated to MWSS when AMRIS does
not require it.

AMRIS is originally granted raw water supply of 40 m3/s from the Angat-Umiray System,
while it would have the actual diversion requirement of less than about 25 m3/s during the
rainy season from April to November because of the effective rainfall in the paddy area (refer
to Table 3.10). Hence the above conditional water use of 15 m3/s would be available in
principle for the said rainy season. During the dry season from December to March the
conditional use would be not valid since AMRIS would require almost full of the granted
water supply of 40 m3/s for a dry season. On the other hand, MWSS would constantly
require the conditional use throughout a year. Hence, there is a conflict between MWSS
and NIA, and due to the inadequate water supply capacity of the Angat-Umiray System, the
conflicts could often occur in the future. The following would be enumerated as the
potential issues on the conflicts.

(a) The diversion requirement of AMRIS is changeable day by day depending on the
irrigation schedule and the effective rainfall in the paddy field. Accordingly, it is
virtually difficult to know the appropriate timing for application of the “conditional
water use”.
(b) It is also virtually difficult for MWSS to supplement the conditional water use of
15 m3/s by the water sources other than Angat-Umiray System, when NIA claims the
needs of it.

(c) Once the conflict takes place, MWSS could claim the priority use of municipal water
use as prescribed in the Water Code, while NIA could claim the conditional use as

3-20
 granted in the Resolution by NWRB.

The above issues are deemed to be hardly resolved, and therefore, the conditional water use
of 15 m3/s is judged to be essentially invalid.

(4) Conflict on Operation, Maintenance and Management of Angat Dam and its Incidental
Facilities

NPC currently undertakes operation, maintenance and management of Angat Dam as well as
the incidental facilities including the hydropower plans. However, the Power Sector Assets
and Liabilities Management (PSALM) Corporation15 are now driving privatization of works
of NPC, especially for operation of the hydropower generation.

The Angat Dam releases its impounding water to the MWSS Service Area and AMRIS
through the main and auxiliary turbines, respectively. Accordingly, water supply for the
MWSS Service Area and AMRIS is ultimately dependents on the effective operation of the
turbines.

When the private firm undertakes the operation, maintenance and management of the Angat
Dam and its related facilities, there would be a risk such that the private firm may give the
higher priority to the hydropower generation over the municipal water supply to the MWSS
Service Area and/or the irrigation water supply to AMRIS. According to the record of the
dam reservoir operation, even the NPC, the government-owed company is likely to have
sometimes released the excessive discharge from the dam reservoir for the sake of the peak
hydropower generation as described above.

Moreover, should the turbines be shut down, the water supply to the MWSS Service Area
and/or AMRIS might be suspended for a certain period. This shutdown could occur for a
number of reasons but could conceivably result from the private operator’s inability or
unwillingness to effect repairs in a timely manner or from the private operator being in
dispute with the government.

3.3.3 Proposed Institutional Arrangement

In order to cope with the issues as described in the above Subsection 3.3.3, the following institutional
arrangement would be required:

(1) Consistent Water Allocation Procedures for Angat-Umiray System

As described in Subsection 3.2.3 (1), the water allocations of Angat-Umiray System has been
made through the dual systems: (a) the resolution by NWRB and (b) the grant of water right
by the office of NWRB. The resolutions have been issued 55 times since 1995 in order to
amend the water allocations including the short-term temporal water allocations. Such
extremely frequent resolutions are resulted from the frequent water deficits in the Angat-
Umiray System, and they may have been inevitable due to the inadequate water supply

15
PSLAM is the government body and mandated to handle the state’s power assets.

3-21
 capacity of the as compared with the granted water use volume allocated to MWSS Service
Area and AMRIS.

The latest resolution issued in 2006 (No. 016-0806), which granted water allocation of
46 m3/s to MWSS is deemed to be superior to the updated granted water right of 37.7 m3/s as
described above. However, the water charge is on the basis of the granted water use right.
The process of issuing a resolution is also not transparent, compared to the official process of
issuing water right. In order to retrieve the inconsistent system for water allocation, the
legal provision and its relevant implementation rules and regulations (IRR) shall be prepared
to specify the procedures of the water allocations set by both of the resolution and the grant
of water right. The following shall be included as the principal items to be specified by the
legal provision and/or IRR:

 The priority of water allocations set by the resolutions and the grant of water right,
 The term of validity of the water allocation set by the resolution,
 The water allocation as the basis for determination of the water charge, and
 The procedures for synchronized amendment by the resolution and the grant of water
right.

(2) Amendment of Water Allocation of Angat-Umiray System

As described above, the present potential water supply capacity of Angat-Umiray System is
evaluated to hardly meet the granted water rights of the system: 49 m3/s for MWSS, 40 m3/s
for AMRIS and 1.9 m3/s for Bulacan Province. In order to cope with this issue, the
following institutional arrangement would be required:

 Since the water demand to Angat-Umiray System has the large monthly variation, the
annual constant value of water right including the conditional water use of 15 m3/s would
be not valid. Instead of them, the water right shall be readjusted as the monthly-base
values.
 The further augmentation of water allocation of Angat-Umiray System shall be refrained
unless the supplementary water resources development is provided to the System.
Moreover, even if the supplementary water resources development is made, the water
allocation of the System shall be carefully made based on the results of estimation on the
safety levels of the supply capacity of Angat-Umiray System for each of the water users.
 The coordination among the water users of Angat-Umiray System would be required in
order to adjust the present excessive water rights over the water supply capacity of Angat
Umiray System. The water users of Angat-Umiray System would be required their
compromises on reduction of their present water rights in order to attain the proper water
allocation and minimize the potential conflicts. The following are the conceptual ideas
on the compromise required to each of the water users:

3-22
 Table 3.13 Concepts on Readjustment on Water Allocation of Angat Umiray System
Water User Conceptual Idea on Readjustment on Water Allocation of Angat Umiray System

AMRIS The water right of NIA for AMRIS is originally granted even before operation of Angat
Dam in 1968, and it would need to be observant. Nevertheless, the actual water
requirement of AMRIS for its irrigable area fluctuates from 0 m3/s in wet season to
42.7 m3/s in dry season. Due to such fluctuation, the annual average water requirement
is far smaller than the present granted water right of 40 m3/s. From this point of view,
the granted water right of AMRIS could be readjusted into the actual monthly irrigation
requirement, which is estimated at about 19.2 m3/s as the annual average as listed in the
abovementioned Table 3.9.

In order to acquire the consent of NIA on the above reduced water right, compensation
by MWSS would be worth considering for agricultural loss in case of less sever drought
than 1/5 year. The probable annual inflow volume to the Angat Dam as estimated in the
abovementioned Table 3.6 could be the indicator to justify the recurrence probability of
the drought. That is, when the water deficit for AMRIS occurs in case of the observed
dam annual inflow volume of less than the recurrence period of 1/5 year, the
compensation would be made for the agricultural losses by the water deficit.

MWSS The granted water right of 46 m3/s of MWSS stated in 2006, which is much later than the
above NIA-AMRIS, and it should be reduced to 33 m3/s, which could promise the above
actual water requirement of AMRIS with the safety level of 1/5 year. As described in
the Subsection 3.1.4, if MWSS whishes to increase the water right, MWSS would be
required to provide the alternative water source to AMRIS (i.e., swapping of water
allocation).

Bulacan Province The granted water right of 1.9 m3/s for the municipal water use of the Bulacan Province
has not been in force yet. This water right would need to be secured by MWSS through
augmentation of the supply capacity of Umiray - Angat Diversion System or other
alternative new water sources in accordance with the MOU signed in 1992 among
MWSS, LWUA and the Bulacan Province.

(3) Establishment of New Organization Setup of MWSS for Development and Operation of
New Dam Reservoirs

MWSS would be required to implement the projects for development of the large-scale dam
reservoirs and/or other facilities as the raw water sources, and further undertake operation,
maintenance and management of those facilities after their completion. The maintenance
and management of the facilities would include the watershed management in the catchment
area of the new water sources. These undertakings of MWSS would be made from a very
long-term perspective extending beyond the concession period in 2037. In order to attain
the undertakings, establishment of a new technical department would be required within the
MWSS Corporation Office.

3-23
Figure 3.12 Organization Structure of MWSS

3-24
 Chapter 4. Review and Update of Water Demand Projection

4.1 Domestic Water

The review and update of the previous studies and proposal was carried out (1) to estimate the
domestic water demand by updating the per capita demand (liter per capita-day) as well as commercial
and industrial water demands, (2) to design optimum reduction rate of NRW, (3) to evaluate the
transmission losses, and (4) to prepare draft water demand projection.

4.1.1 Per Capita Domestic Water Demand

(1) Previous Estimation

The previous estimations on the per capita domestic water demand were summarized by the
World Bank funded “Study on Water Supply Master Plan for Metro Manila, SKM,
November 2005” in which the per capita domestic water demand was assessed on the basis
that the consumption rate depends the consumer’s income level. The basic per capita
domestic water demand was induced from the previous estimation16 with some modifications
in the number of individuals per connection17, as shown in Table 4.1 below:

Table 4.1 Per Capita Domestic Water Demand Projection

Area Income Class 2005 2010 2015 – 2025
Low Income 140 140 160
NCR Middle Income 170 170 200
High Income 180 180 220
Low Income 140 140 140
Cavite/Rizal Middle Income 150 150 160
High Income 160 160 180
(Note): Annual Income Levels (National Statistics Office, 2000 Family Income and Expenditures Survey
Low Income – less than Php 150,000
Middle Income – equal to or greater than Php 150,000 but less than Php 500,000
High Income – over Php 500,000

(2) Study for the Improvement of Water Supply and Sanitation in Metro Cebu, Philippines

JICA conducted the study on the improvement of water supply in Metro Cebu Water District
(MCWD), where the per capita water consumption is estimated at 170 to 175 Lpcd based on
the actual supply, as shown below:

Table 4.2 Per Capita Domestic Water Consumption in MCWD

Connection 2005 2006 2007 2008 Service Population

(2007)
House Tap 175 175 168 170 569,319
Group Tap 16 17 17 15 60,200

16
The Study on Water Resources Development for Metro Manila, JICA, March 2003
17
Number of individuals per connection: 9.2 persons/connection (PAWS 2003) was modified to be 8.1 persons/connection
for MWCI and 7.26 persons/connections for MWSI.
4-1
 However, the consumption included the supply to the non-connected households nearby the
connected household, eventually then the per capita water consumption was determined to be
140 to 145 Lpcd.

(3) Other Countries

USA and Japan are referred to examine the per capita-day water consumption and demand
estimation. There have been several investigations of the domestic water utilization in some
cities in USA (Source: Handbook of Water Use and Conservation).

Table 4.3 Per Capita Domestic Water Consumption without Efficient Fixture
Gallons per Liters per Percentage of
Use
Capita-Day Capita-Day Total Daily Use
Showers 11.6 43.9 16.80%
Clothes Washers 15.0 56.8 21.70%
Toilets 18.5 70.0 26.70%
Dishwashers 1.0 3.8 1.40%
Baths 1.2 4.5 1.70%
Leaks 9.5 36.0 13.70%
Faucets 10.9 41.3 15.70%
Other Domestic Uses 1.6 6.1 2.20%
Total 69.3 262.4 99.90%

By installing more efficient water fixtures and regularly checking for leaks, households can
reduce daily per capita water use by about 35% to about 45.2 gallons (171 liters) per day
Here's how it breaks down for households using conservation measures:

Table 4.4 Per Capita Domestic Water Consumption with Efficient Fixture
Gallons per Liters per Percentage of
Use
Capita-Day Capita-Day Total Daily Use
Showers 8.8 33.3 19.50%
Clothes Washers 10.0 37.9 22.10%
Toilets 8.2 31.0 18.00%
Dishwashers 0.7 2.6 1.50%
Baths 1.2 4.5 2.70%
Leaks 4.0 15.1 8.80%
Faucets 10.8 40.9 23.90%
Other Domestic Uses 1.6 6.1 3.40%
Total 45.3 171.4 99.90%

In Japan, the domestic/municipal water has been undertaken by the local water district,
usually by cities. The water supply conditions in the major cities in 2009 are enumerated as
follows:

4-2
 Table 4.5 Water Supply System in Major Cities of Japan
Item / City Tokyo Sapporo Yokohama Nagoya Osaka Fukuoka

Service Population 12,665,139 1,896,532 3,698,590 2,381,707 2,644,531 1,409,105

Distribution Line (km) 26,632 5,892 9,198 5,733 5,187 4,025

Number of House
6,914,598 890,280 1,753,256 1,218,345 1,491,633 783,580
Connected
Supply Capacity (MLD) 6,859.50 835.2 1,820.00 1,424.00 2,430.00 764.6

Maximum Daily Supply

4,847.00 593.2 1,314.50 906 1,350.70 431.2
Volume
Average Daily Supply
4,295.60 525.8 1,187.50 792.7 1,210.10 399.1
Volume
Average Per capita
339.2 277.2 321.1 332.8 457.6 283.2
Consumption (Lpcd)*
NRW (%) 4.4 7.5 8.5 6.2 11 4.1

Note: * The consumption includes small scale commercial and industrial uses.

The average per capita-day consumption is recorded from 280 Lpcd to 460 Lpcd, as they are
estimated as municipal water including some commercial and institutional water
consumption in the major cities.

(4) Public Assessment of Water Services – UP-NEC

On the other hand, the National Engineering Center, University of the Philippines (UP-NEC)
who has been conducting Public Assessment of Water Services (PAWS) contracted with
MWCI and MWSI for Assessment of Water Demand Project18. The objectives of the study
are, 1) to assess the current water demand of the both MWCI and MWSI concession areas
and 2) provide input to plans for determining and preparing for the future demand for water.
Specifically, the study aims to state the projections of water consumptions of the both zones
for each year from 2011 to 2015, then for each year every 5 years from 2015 until 2037.

In the study four major tasks were undertaken:

(1) Demand Analysis

(2) Conduct the Consumer Survey
(3) Price and Income Elasticity Study
(4) Demand Forecasting

Through their consumer survey, which was undertaken for 1,726 barangays for MWSI and
527 barangays for MWCI by selecting households in 1,509 barangays within the MWSS
Service Area, the per capita domestic water consumption was estimated at 125 liters per
capita-day for MWSI and 151 liter per capita-day (Lpcd) for MWCI until 2025. As well it
was presented that the domestic water consumption is inelastic to the water tariff.

18
On 22nd September 2011, the presentation of the assessment was conducted in MWSS. The final report of
“Assessment of Water Demand Project” was submitted to MWCI and MWSI on 13 October 2011.
4-3
(5) Actual Consumption

Actual water consumption in the recent 11 years is recorded by the two concessionaires as
reported to the MWSS Regulatory Office. As per the annual average billed volume are
324.42 MCM/year (889 MLD) for MWCI and 288.04 MCM/year (789 MLD) for MWSI as
enumerated below:

Table 4.6 Billed Water Volume (MCM/year) in the Western Zone (MWCI)
Year Residential Semi-Business Commercial Industrial Total
2000 147.99 6.65 76.59 15.63 246.86
2001 164.85 7.99 78.13 25.35 276.32
2002 171.71 7.71 73.50 16.49 269.41
2003 169.96 15.02 72.90 15.10 272.98
2004 179.60 19.65 76.25 14.24 289.74
2005 196.14 22.29 78.60 18.25 315.28
2006 216.50 24.88 82.66 11.17 335.21
2007 242.09 26.43 94.62 11.15 374.29
2008 258.52 26.75 92.46 9.97 387.70
2009 263.09 30.64 91.06 9.25 394.04
2010 271.96 33.86 91.99 8.94 406.75
Average 207.49 20.17 82.61 14.14 324.42

Table 4.7 Billed Water Volume (MCM/year) in the Eastern Zone (MWSI)
Year Residential Semi-Business Commercial Industrial Total
2000 167.41 12.74 72.60 19.29 272.04
2001 174.62 14.90 72.26 20.78 282.56
2002 165.31 13.81 66.27 18.75 264.14
2003 162.00 13.00 64.00 16.00 255.00
2004 162.00 16.00 61.00 16.00 255.00
2005 161.00 16.00 59.00 15.00 251.00
2006 174.96 16.61 56.53 14.45 262.55
2007 191.95 19.69 59.55 15.65 286.84
2008 209.34 24.78 63.69 17.38 315.19
2009 238.82 27.48 65.70 18.22 350.24
2010 257.82 30.01 67.23 18.79 373.85
Avarage 187.75 18.64 64.35 17.30 288.04

On the assumption that (1) 7 persons as number of users to the connection and
(2) non-physical (commercial) portion of NRW to be part of consumption, the average per
capita consumption for 2000 to 2010 is estimated at 143 liter per capita-day (Lpcd) for
MWCI and 155 liter per capita-day for MWSI as their computations are shown in Table 4.4,
as their yearly values are also shown in Figure 4.1.

Further, the actual consumption of domestic water is not increased and/or decreased for the
last 11 years. Although number of persons (users) to one connection is assumed 7 persons,
it shall be considered that the increase of connections shall be reflected not only by the
increase of population but also by the decrease of number of users per connection.

4-4
 Table 4.8 Actual Water Consumption in MWSS Service Area for 2000 to 2010
MWCI MWSI
Year Billed Billed
NRW Rate Consumption NRW Rate Consumption
Volume Connection Volume Connection
(%) (Lpcd) (%) (Lpcd)
(MCM) (MCM)
2000 154.64 563,981 42.77 137 1,041.43 473,927 66.74 172
2001 172.84 580,324 48.29 154 1,019.85 509,124 67.01 168
2002 179.42 610,968 52.39 156 942.86 520,482 68.65 156
2003 184.98 649,475 52.09 151 909.96 526,891 68.96 151
2004 199.25 691,139 47.49 148 899.80 541,978 68.98 149
2005 218.43 732,845 38.05 144 857.98 565,202 68.16 142
2006 241.38 773,971 32.09 145 863.73 607,658 68.00 143
2007 268.52 847,313 25.71 142 898.55 645,305 65.98 148
2008 285.27 901,849 20.99 138 941.05 681,608 63.80 154
2009 293.73 952,736 17.63 132 993.74 734,185 59.69 161
2010 305.82 1,033,343 12.88 124 975.55 808,336 53.67 156
Average 143 155
Note 1) Non-physical loss is assumed at 50% and 20% of NRW rate for MWCI and MWSI, respectively.
2) Consumption and connection for domestic use is counted with Residential and Semi-business customers.

200
180
160
Consumption (Lpcd)

140
120
MWCI
100
80
MWSI
60
40
20
0
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Year

Figure 4.1 Yearly Variation of Lpcd

(6) Summary of Lpcd for Demand Projection

Based on the actual consumption in the MWSS Service Area, it is estimated at 155 Lpcd in
the western zone (MWSI) and 143 Lpcd in the eastern zone (MWCI) and the consumption is
observed neither to increase nor to decrease. Similarly, the study of UP-NEC has also
concluded that the per capita domestic water consumption may not significantly increased or
decreased by no factors except for the socio-economic classification, while per capita
consumption was estimated at 125 Lpcd for MWSI and 151 Lpcd for MWCI.

Therefore, the per capita-day consumption for the domestic water demand projection is
proposed to be 150 Lpcd – high demand projection and 135 Lpcd – low demand projection,
as summarized in Table 4.9.

4-5
 Table 4.9 Summary of Per Capita Domestic Water Demand

Lpcd UP-NEC This Study

MWCI 151 143
MWSI 125 155
MWSS* 135 150

Note: * = Weighted average of Lpcd for the MWSS Service

Area combining that of MWCI and MWSI

4.1.2 Population and Coverage

The population projection in the MWSS Service Area was estimated for 2010 to 2040 based on the
population projection issued by NSO as follows:

Table 4.10 Population Projection

Region/ Projected Population
Province 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2037** 2040
NCR 11,552,100 12,220,500 12,775,900 13,216,700 13,545,900 13,740,300 13,759,380 13,788,000
Rizal 2,237,200 2,463,500 2,678,300 2,880,200 3,061,900 3,219,100 3,271,180 3,349,300
Cavite* 1,128,252 1,287,218 1,451,373 1,619,207 1,783,014 1,939,618 1,997,705 2,084,836
MWSS S. A. 14,917,552 15,971,218 16,905,573 17,716,107 18,390,814 18,899,018 19,028,265 19,222,136
* : Population of Cavite covers only Cavite City and 5 municipalities in the province.
**: Population in 2037 is estimated by interpolation of those in 2035 and 2040.

Assuming the household size would not change through the year, which is estimated at 5.01 for the
whole country, 4.54 for NCR and 5.11 for Region IV-A in 2000, the total number of families is
estimated at 7,170,851 for the MWSS Service Area in 2040, as shown in Table 4.11.

Table 4.11 Number of Families

Region/ Projected Households
Province 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2037 2040
NCR 2,544,515 2,691,740 2,814,075 2,911,167 2,983,678 3,026,498 3,030,700 3,037,004
Rizal 437,808 482,094 524,129 563,640 599,198 629,961 640,153 655,440
Cavite* 220,793 251,902 284,026 316,870 348,926 379,573 390,940 407,991
MWSS S. A. 3,203,116 3,425,736 3,622,230 3,791,677 3,931,802 4,036,032 4,061,793 4,100,435

The service coverage is set based on the business plan of the two concessionaires through the
Rebasing in 2008.

Table 4.12 Target Coverage for Water Supply

Area/Concessionaire 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2037 2040

MWSI 89 96 98 99 100 100 100 100
MWCI 73 81 92 98 100 100 100 100
MWSS 81 89 95 99 100 100 100 100

4-6
4.1.3 Domestic Water Demand Projection

Two per capita-day water demands are set at 150 Lpcd of this Study and 135 Lpcd of UP-NEC, and it
will be maintained until the target year 2037 for water demand projection.

Further, the service coverage of water supply in the MWSS Service Area is assumed to be that of
target for each concessionaire and MWSS as a whole. Although there are 10% of population in the
MWSS Service Area which are not served by MWSS, other water sources such as private wells
provide their domestic water and the concessionaires have been so kin to increase the connections.
With the population growth in the MWSS Service Area, the domestic water demand is estimated as
below in Table 4.13.

Table 4.13 Domestic Water Demand

Item Year 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2037 2040
Coverage (%) 82.6 90.0 95.6 98.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
UP-NEC: 135 Lpcd 1,663 1,941 2,182 2,358 2,483 2,551 2,569 2,595
This Study: 150 Lpcd 1,848 2,156 2,424 2,620 2,759 2,835 2,854 2,883

4.2 Commercial and Industrial Water Demand

4.2.1 Actual Consumption in MWSS Service Area

Although the both commercial and industrial water demands are related to the economic development
or growth, the actual consumptions are almost constant as estimated from the operation records of
MWSI and MWCI for 2000 to 2010, shown in Table 4.14.

Table 4.14 Commercial and Industrial Water Consumption

(Unit:MCM)
MWCI MWSI MWSS
Year
Commercial Industrial Commercial Industrial Commercial Industrial Non-Domestic
2000 76.59 15.63 72.60 19.29 149.19 34.92 184.11
2001 78.13 25.35 72.26 20.78 150.39 46.13 196.52
2002 73.50 16.49 66.27 18.75 139.77 35.24 175.01
2003 72.90 15.10 64.00 16.00 136.90 31.10 168.00
2004 76.25 14.24 61.00 16.00 137.25 30.24 167.49
2005 78.60 18.25 59.00 15.00 137.60 33.25 170.85
2006 82.66 11.17 56.53 14.45 139.19 25.62 164.81
2007 94.62 11.15 59.55 15.65 154.17 26.80 180.97
2008 92.46 9.97 63.69 17.38 156.15 27.35 183.50
2009 91.06 9.25 65.70 18.22 156.76 27.47 184.23
2010 91.99 8.94 67.23 18.79 159.22 27.73 186.95

Based on the actual consumption, the commercial and industrial water demands may have the
following increase/decrease. However, non-domestic water consumption in the MWSS Service Area
was almost constant ranging from 165 MCM (452 MLD) to 197 MCM (540 MLD).

MWCI-Commercial : 1.06%/yr increase

MWCI-Industrial : 3.46%/yr decrease
MWSI-Commercial : 0.47%/yr decrease
MWSI-Industrial : Steady (17.3 MCM/yr)
4-7
 100.00
MWCI-Comm.
90.00

80.00
MWSI-Comm.
70.00

Consumption (MCM)
60.00

50.00

40.00 MWCI-Indus.
MWSI-Indus.
30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Year

Figure 4.2 Actual Water Consumption – Commercial and Industrial

4.2.2 Demand Projection

As experienced in the developed country, the industrial water consumption usually decreases owing to
the technology to minimize and/or recycle use in the production process. As well the commercial
water uses have been also controlled. Therefore, the combined demand projection for the
commercial and industrial water is made to be constant i.e. no increase/decrease.

On the other hand, the water consumption by some industries in the Philippines, especially agro-
industry has increased as the production increase. It is proposed that the commercial and industrial
water demand shall increase along the increase of production, which is taken as the GDP growth. As
the average GDP growth rate is estimated at 4.6% as shown in Table 4.15, it is assumed that the
commercial and industrial water demand will increase by 4% annually.

Table 4.15 Annual GDP Growth Rate

98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 Average

3.1 4.4 2.9 3.6 5.0 6.7 4.8 5.2 6.6 4.2 1.1 7.6 4. 6

Eventually the future demand of non-domestic water – industry and commercial water – is projected
with two assumptions, constant and 4% growth based on the actual consumption – demand in 2010 as
shown in Table 4.16 below:

Table 4.16 Commercial and Industrial Water Demand Projection

Case Year 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2037 2040
MWCI 277 277 277 277 277 277 277 277
Constant MWSI 236 236 236 236 236 236 236 236
Total 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512
MWCI 277 337 410 498 606 738 798 897
4%
MWSI 236 287 349 424 516 628 679 764
Growth
Total 512 623 758 923 1,123 1,366 1,477 1,662

4-8
4.3 Non Revenue Water (NRW)

4.3.1 Previous NRW and Improvement

The reduction of NRW rate has been a big issue since early stage of water supply in Metro Manila.
Both concessionaires have concentrated in reducing the NRW rate since they undertook the operation
of water supply system in 1997. The NRW was remarkably improved in the eastern zone (MWCI)
starting in 2004, while in the western zone (MWSI) the improvement was started in 2007, as shown
below. In the eastern zone, the NRW rate was improved by about 5% per annum on average from
2004 to 2010.

80.0

70.0 MWSI

60.0 MWSS

50.0
NRW Rate (%)

40.0 MWCI

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0
1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012
Year

Figure 4.3 Improvement of NRW Rate 1998 to 2010

The projection of future NRW ratio will greatly affect the required development scale of water
resource development in the future.

4.3.2 Target NRW Rate

Based on the business plans of two concessionaires concluded in the rebasing conference in 2008, the
target NRW rates are set as shown below in Table 4.17. For MWCI the NRW rate is already
accomplished to be 15% to 12%, therefore, it is only required for MWCI to maintain the low rate of
NRW, while MWSI has been asked to endeavor more efforts to reduce the NRW rate.

Table 4.17 Target NRW Rate

NRW Target 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2037 2040
MWSI (60%) 46.0 34.0 31.0 26.0 21.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
MWCI (40%) 15.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0
MWSS 33.6 25.2 23.4 20.4 17.4 16.8 16.8 16.8

4-9
4.4 Water Demand Projection

4.4.1 Buffer – Operational Demand

Due to lack of the flow measurement system of the raw water transmission such as tunnel from Ipo
Dam to Bicti Basin, and aqueducts from Bicti Basin to the Novaliches Portal, it is not precisely
observed of water losses in the raw water transmission. Further, there shall be expected some water
losses in the water treatment. Therefore, the losses in raw water transmission and treatment – buffer
or operational demand - shall be taken at 10% of the purely consumptive water demand.

4.4.2 Treated Water Distribution

The water demand is assessed as the average daily demand. However, there are some fluctuations in
the daily demand – consumption seasonally. Usually, the hotter climate may work to the people the
more water could be utilized. This peak consumption is called as the maximum daily demand
(MDD), which usually taken 110% to 125% of the average daily demand (ADD). On the other hand,
this daily fluctuation shall be regulated by the distribution system such as the reservoirs and head tanks.
Therefore, the average daily demand is only considered in the estimation of the demand projection,
which will be met by the alternative water source development.

4.4.3 Total Water Demand Projection

A preliminary Total Water Demand Projection is figured out based on the plans of the concessionaires
for future water supply together with the target values such as per capita domestic water demand,
coverage of people to be served, and NRW rates, where three projections which is high, medium and
low will be examined to project future water demand, as given in Table 4.18 below:

Table 4.18 Respective Conditions for Cases of Demand Projection

Case Conditions
Domestic water demand = 135 Lpcd
Low-Projection
Industrial/commercial water demand = constant, equivalent to that in 2010
Domestic water demand = 150 Lpcd
Medium-Projection
Industrial/commercial water demand = constant, equivalent to that in 2010
Domestic water demand = 150 Lpcd
High-Projection
Industrial/commercial water demand = 4% per annum increase

Common conditions among the three Cases are:

 Per capita domestic water demand: constant by 2037 with either 135 Lpcd or 150 Lpcd

 Population in the MWSS Service Area: As projected based on the NSO.

 Coverage: Targets agreed in 2008 Rebasing

 NRW rate: Targets agreed in 2008 Rebasing: 16% by 2037 (MWSI = 20% and MWCI = 12%)

 Buffer – Operational Demand: 10% for transmission and treatment

4-10
Based on the above conditions, the three cases of total system demand projection in 2037 are
estimated, which are 4,074 MLD for Low-Projection, 4,451 MLD for Medium-Projection and
5,727 MLD for High-Projection, as presented in Table 4.19 below and also shown in Figure 4.4.

Table 4.19 Total System Demand Projection

Total System Demand 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2037
Low-Projection 3,604 3,607 3,869 3,967 3,989 4,051 4,074
Medium-Projection 3,911 3,924 4,217 4,329 4,356 4,425 4,451
High-Projection 3,911 4,087 4,570 4,896 5,169 5,554 5,727

7,000 High-Projection
Medium-Projection
6,000
5,727
Total System Demand (MLD

5,000 Low-Projection
4,451
4,000 4,074

3,000

2,000

1,000

0
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Year

Figure 4.4 Total Water Demand Projection (2010 to 2037)

The estimated total system demand in 2010 is 3,604 MLD for Low and 3,911 MLD for Medium/High
projections. Since the present water supply capacity is estimated at 4,100 MLD, it is said that the
water demand in the MWSS Service Area has been satisfied by the existing water sources including
the 15 m3/s of conditional uses of Angat-Umiray System. However, the existing capacity will not
cope with the demand from the year 2020.

Based on the population projection from 2010 to 2040 made by NSO, which is set by low growth rate
compared to the past growth rate of 2000 to 2007, the water demand projection from 2010 to 2037
becomes moderate than the previous studies. This rather low water demand projection is also
attributed to the low per capita-day consumption, which was concluded in the study undertaken by UP-
National Engineering Center. The low per capita-day domestic water consumption is considered that
the water saving life style has been infiltrated and spread in the MWSS Service Area.

4-11
4-12
 Chapter 5. Alternative Water Sources
5.1 Possible Water Sources

Through the 1st Seminar conducted on 07 September 2011, it was required that all possible water
sources shall be listed and assessed in accordance with their maturities in the proposals and/or studies.
Therefore the Study Team has revisited the possible water sources and screened their maturities
depending on the availability of data and information. Initially, (1) Marine/coastal water and (2)
Rainwater are discussed other than the Fresh surface water – rivers and lakes.

5.1.1 Marine/Coastal Water

The development of marine/coastal water sources for domestic water supply is considered by
Desalination. Water is desalinated in order to convert salt water to fresh water so it is suitable for
domestic consumption and irrigation. Desalination is used on many seagoing ships and submarines.
Most of the modern interest in desalination is focused on developing cost-effective ways of providing
fresh water for human use in regions where the availability of fresh water is, or is becoming, limited.

Large-scale desalination typically uses extremely large amounts of energy as well as specialized,
expensive infrastructure, making it very costly compared to the use of fresh water from rivers or
groundwater.

The traditional process used in desalination is vacuum/thermal distillation—essentially the boiling of

water at less than atmospheric pressure and thus a much lower temperature than normal. The other
modern desalination processes use membranes to desalinate, principally applying reverse osmosis
technology. Membrane processes use semi-permeable membranes and pressure to separate salts
from water. Reverse osmosis plant membrane systems typically use less energy than thermal
distillation, which has led to a reduction in overall desalination costs over the past decade.

Although there has been no proposal to develop new water sources through “desalination”, the recent
studies and projects are introduced to overview the future possible development as the Philippines is
surrounded by the sea. Table 5.1 shows the recent desalination projects worldwide with the use of
reverse osmosis technology.

Table 5.1 Recent Desalination Projects

Volume of Construction Cost of
O&M Cost
Place of Desalination Project Desalination Desalination Plant Remarks
(m3/day) (Php. Million) (Php/m3)
Metro Cebu Water District JICA Preparatory
3,000 614 49.7
(Mactan Island) Study, 2010
Ashkelon Sea Water Plant,
320,000 90,000 27.0 Completed in 2010
Israel
Tuas Seawater Desalination
136,380 3,900 21.0 Completed in 2006
Project, Singapore
Carlsbad, North San Diego, Under construction
189,000 12,900 33.1
USA in 2011

5-1
5.1.2 Rain Water

Rainwater harvesting is a method of collecting, storing and processing rainwater for various
consumption and use. Rainwater harvesting provides benefits such as water supply for both potable
and non-potable uses and it helps mitigate flooding and water supply shortages.

Although there is a rising demand for water in Metro Manila and suburbs, rainwater harvesting is
considered at the bottom in the list of priority water sources. Surface waters yielding more than
enough quantity and good quality abound along the periphery of Metro Manila thus the preference is
more inclined to the use of surface water than rainwater.

In 1989, Republic Act 6716 (RA 6716) or otherwise known as an Act providing for the construction of
water wells, rainwater collectors, springs development and rehabilitation of existing water wells in all
barangays mandates authorizes the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) to construct
water wells, springs and rainwater collectors in every barangay in the Philippines, and rehabilitate
existing ones. With recent worse flooding incidences in Metro Manila brought about by prolong
precipitations during typhoons and thunder storms season, DPWH is planning the construction of
catchment basin strategically located in flood prone areas to attenuate the adverse impacts of
flooding19 in accordance the requirements of present needs and as mandated by RA 6716.

Parallel to the idea of constructing strategic catch basins in Metro Manila that is being flaunted by
DPWH, there are also suggestions that the collected and stored rain water or flood water be used for
potable and non-potable uses. However, looking deeply to the feasibility of this idea depends on the
quantity of water that these catch basins area capable to store and more so on the quality of the
collected/stored water. Waters that are collected in the catch basins may contain significant amount
of pollutants ranging from bacterial/viral, organic and deleterious inorganic pollutants from various
non-point sources. Because of the possible poor water quality of collected rain and flood water in
catch basins, its uses should be limited only for non-potable uses such as washing cars, watering
garden plants, flushing toilets and other purposes. While it is true that rainwater harvesting within
the context of this idea could aid in providing partial solution to the looming water supply shortage in
Metro Manila, it’s environmental and health repercussions remain to be seen.

At household levels, rainwater harvesting is at present at its sporadic application and mostly often used
in areas where groundwater is declared or within groundwater difficult area. With the use of water
harvested from various improvised rainwater harvesting mechanisms for potable and non-potable
purposes, the problem lies on the contaminations it may contain ranging from bacterial to chemical
contamination that could pose health hazards and risks top the rain water consuming public. Further
innovations to contain this contamination problem must be address before the government could
popularize the use of rain water harvesting at a local or household levels.

19
The World Bank funding “Master Plan for Flood Management in Metro Manila and Surrounding Areas” will formulate an
integrated flood management plan including construction of catch basins, by February 2012.
5-2
5.2 Fresh Surface Water

5.2.1 Fresh Surface Water Sources

The areas which may provide fresh surface water to the MWSS Service Area are limitedly located in
the Central Luzon, as geographically possible to transmit the water. They are broadly divided into
three areas; (1) Pampanga and Angat Rivers flowing into the Manila Bay, (2) Umiray, Agos and Small
Rivers flowing to the Pacific Ocean, and (3) Marikina River and Laguna Lake Basin 20 located in and
around the MWSS Service Area.

Figure 5.1 Locations of Water Sources

20
Taal Lake located in the south of Metro Manila was sometimes proposed as one of the possible water sources for Metro
Manila. However, it has been abandoned due to hazardous volcanic activities,
5-3
Since the water shortage was recognized, many water sources to argument water supply capacity have
been studied and proposed, which are located in the three areas.

As of today in 2011, the 20 water sources are enumerated as listed in Table 5.2 below together with
their status:

Area/ Table 5.2 Summary of the Proposed New Water Sources

River
Capacity
Water Source/ Project Name Status (as of Dec. 2011)
(MLD)
Balintingon Multipurpose Dam Project Detailed design completed. No
1,300
(Irrigation and Hydropower - Swap Allocation) development.
Angat - Umiray & Pampanga Rivers

Bayabas Dam Project Pre-feasibility study completed. No

330
(Irrigation - Swap Allocation) development.
Maasim Dam Project Pre-feasibility study completed. No
130
(Irrigation - Swap Allocation) development.
Candaba Water Resource Project 1,300 FS proposed. No development.
(Irrigation - Swap Allocation)
Pampanga River Diversion Project
1,700 Proposed. No development.
(Irrigation - Swap Allocation)
Raising of Angat Dam Full Storage Level (FSL) 270*1 Proposed.
Ipo Dam Optimization - Proposed.
Raising La Mesa Dam - Proposed.
FS completed. Scheduled for
Sumag River Diversion Project 188
Implementation.
Design completed. Implementation
Laiban Dam Project 1,900
Agos Rivers

suspended.
Kanan No. 2 Dam Project 3,300 Pre-FS conducted.
Kaliwa Low Dam Project 550 FS completed.
Agos Dam Project 3,000 FS completed.
Sierra Madre Hydropower & Bulk Water Supply 400 (Stage 1) Pre-FS completed. Proposed by
Laguna

Basin
Lake

Project (Sierra Madre Water Corporation, SMWC) 2,450 (Total) SWMC. Data is not available.
100 MLD completed. 200 MLD
Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project 200
scheduled for implementation
50 MLD Wawa Dam Project 50 FS completed.
Marikina River

Manila Northeast Water Supply Project 260 Proposed. No development.

Wawa Water Supply Project (San Lorenzo Ruiz 300 (Stage 1) Proposed by SLRB. Data is not
Builders, SLRB) 1,400 (Total) available.
Tayabasan River Water Supply Project 175 FS completed by MWCI.*2
Proposed as multipurpose
Marikina Multipurpose Dam Project 700* 3 development. No definitive plan
available.
Note *1 =270 MLD is assumed with the increase of storage capacity by 100 MCM.
*2 = FS Report was availed to the Study Team on December 13, 2011
*3= 700 MLD is assumed as an initial development capacity in the preliminary plan drafted in January 2012.

Among the water sources listed Table 5.2 above, the water sources are initially screened to include in
the water source development plan (roadmap) depending on their status as follows:

 Water sources available with feasibility study (FS) and/or pre-feasibility study (Pre-FS) are
prioritized for evaluation to construct the development plan. Other water sources which are

5-4
 expected to be technically sound is optionally considered on conditions that the final decision is
made after re-evaluation on the full-brown study (FS or Pre-FS).
 Candaba Water Resources Project and Pampanga River Diversion Project, those which are
intended to divert and/or utilize the excess irrigation water are excluded as the flows/water
rights have been totally granted for irrigation purpose. Further, Raising of Ipo Dam and
Raising of La Mesa Dam are excluded as their inflow discharges have been utilized although
they are not counted.
 The multi-staged water source development projects; Sierra Madre Hydropower & Bulk Water
Supply Project and Wawa Water Supply Project, which have been proposed by the private
entities are taken with only their first stage development for the evaluation, since the
development plans after the first stage are not provided with the definitive features for
evaluation.
The 16 water sources in total are accordingly aligned as shown in Table 5.3 below:

Table 5.3 Selected New Water Sources

Area/ Capacity
No. Water Source/ Project Name
River (MLD) (m3/s)
1 Sumag River Diversion Project 188 2.18
Angat - Umiray &
Pampanga Rivers

Balintingon Multipurpose Dam Project

2 1,300 15.05
(Irrigation and Hydropower - Swap Allocation)
Bayabas Dam Project
3 330 3.80
(Irrigation - Swap Allocation)
Maasim Dam Project
4 130 1.50
(Irrigation - Swap Allocation)
16 Raising of Angat Dam Full Supply Water Level (FSL) 270 3.10
6 Laiban Dam Project 1,900 22.00
Lake Agos Rivers

7 Kanan No. 2 Dam Project 3,300 38.30

8 Kaliwa Low Dam Project 550 6.37
9 Agos Dam Project 3,000 34.70
11 Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project 200 2.30
Laguna

Basin

Sierra Madre Hydropower & Bulk Water Supply Project

12 400 4.63
(SMWC)
5 50 MLD Wawa Dam Project 50 0.58
Marikina River

10 Tayabasan River Water Supply Project 175 2.03

13 Wawa Water Supply Project (SLRB) 300 3.47
14 Manila Northeast Water Supply Project 260 3.00
15 Marikina Multipurpose Dam Project 700 8.00

*: Assuming the increase of storage volume of approx. 100 MCM.

The locations and their major components such as waterways, water treatment plants, etc are shown in
Figure 5.3. While those of 13.-Wawa Water Supply Project and 14.-Manila Northeast Water Supply
Project is not shown as data are not available, and 16.-Raising La Mesa Dam Project and 17.-Ipo Dam
Utilization Project is located at the existing structures.

Among the 16 proposed water sources, the first 10 water sources are subject to review and update of
financial and economic evaluation since either feasibility study or pre-feasibility studies are available
to the Study Team, while other 6 water sources are only shown by preliminary studies or project
outline/concept.
5-5
Relating to the new water source development, the proponent shall acquire the water right with
location/river, intake site, discharge and purpose of water use. The water right could be granted by
NWRB through its hydrological investigation. For the area/river where the new water source
developments are proposed, such as Agos/Kaliwa/Kanan River, Marikina/Wawa River, etc. the
proponents either government or private entities are granted water rights as of September 2011, as
enumerated in Table 5.4 below:

Table 5.4 Water Rights Granted in and around the Study Area
Water Date of Approval Granted
Applicant Permit Y M D (Lps) River/Location of Intake Site Purpose1
Marikina (Wawa) River
San Lorenzo Ruiz Builders 018964 2004 02 19 3,480.00 Wawa River, Tagbac, Montalban Domestic
MWSS -1 006580 1979 12 14 348.00 Wawa River, Montalban Domestic
MWSS -2 021735 2009 05 25 115.74 Wawa River, San Rafael, Montalban Municipal
Vulcan Material Corp. 013225 1992 4 14 29.00 Wawa River, Rodriguez Industrial

Agos (Kaliwa and Kanan) River

FSDC 005938 1979 09 26 270.00 Agos River, Bangklos, General Nakar Irrigation
NIA 006791 1980 02 19 2,250.00 Agos River, Infanta Irrigation
MWSS 008036 1981 04 22 38,000.00 Kanan River, General Nakar Domestic
MWSS 005753 1979 08 30 23,000.00 Kaliwa River, Laihan, Tanay Domestic

Laguna Lake
MWSS 012140 1990 05 17 3,500.00 Laguna Lake Domestic

Umiray River
MWSS 007359 1980 06 27 14,000.00 Umiray River, General Nakar Domestic
MWSS 014202 1994 02 28 3,576.00 Umiray River, General Nakar Domestic
Sumag River No Record1

Pampanga River
FSDC 010215 1984 12 14 50.00 Sumacbao River, Labne Pias, General Tinio Irrigation
Pantay Iai 012477 1990 12 18 67.50 Sumacbao River, Pias, General Tinio Irrigation
FSDC 006546 1979 12 14 45.00 Sumacbao River, Bato, General Tinio Irrigation
FSDC 006547 1979 12 14 81.00 Sumacbao River, Pias, General Tinio Irrigation
D. Sagum 002933 1977 08 09 4.00 Maasim River, San Juan, San Luis Irrigation

Angat River
NIA 006504 1979 11 28 40,000.00 Angat River, Bustos, Bulacan Irrigation
MWSS 006508 1979 11 28 9,494.00 Angat River, Norzagaray, Bulacan Domestic
MWSS 006509 1979 11 28 4,166.00 Angat River, Bigti, Norzagaray, Bulacan Domestic
NPC 006512 1979 12 28 58,000.00 Angat River, Norzagaray, Bulacan Power
DC Cement 006513 1979 11 28 18.30 Angat River, Gidgid, Norzagaray Industrial
MWSS 011462 1988 12 12 15,000.00 Angat River, Norzagaray Domestic
Norzagaray Water District 021797 2009 09 02 500.00 Angat River, Norzagaray Municipal
Provincial Government of Bulacan 019363 2004 11 19 3,495.00 Bayabas, Doña Remedios, Trinidad Municipal

Sierra Madre
SMWC 019285 2004 09 22 1,208.00 Lower Tibag River, Saray, Pakil Municipal
SMWC 019288 2004 09 22 1,380.00 Lalavinan River, Mauban Municipal
SMWC 019286 2004 09 22 930.00 Lower Dakil River, Mauban Municipal
SMWC 1996 03 29 116.03 Natividad, Pangil Domestic
SMWC 1996 03 29 197.56 Dakil River, Papatahan, Paete, Laguna Domestic
SMWC 1996 04 12 454.70 Papandanan River, Papandanan, Real Domestic
SMWC 019290 2004 09 22 2,000.00 Ginabihan River, Papatahan, Paete Municipal
SMWC 019287 2004 09 22 520.00 Lower Salasaban River, Real Municipal
SMWC 019284 2004 09 22 620.00 Lower Pakil River, Mauban Municipal
SMWC 019289 2004 09 22 2,000.00 Nalba River, Papadhan, Paete Municipal
SMWC 019283 2004 09 22 2,064.00 Upper Tibag River, Saray, Pakil Municipal
Lalano River No Record1
Tignoan Rivers No Record1
Lagunlan Rivers No Record1
Labayat River No Record1
Western Run-off River No Record1
Tayabasan
Tayabasan River, San Isidro, Antipolo
MWSS by MWCI 021886 2009 12 15 1,004 Municipal
City
Source: NWRB water permit list as of September 2011.
Note: 1/ No record was found from the NWRB List.

5-6
5-7

Figure 5.2 Locations of Water Source and Main Structures

5-8
5.2.2 Development Plans of Proposed Water Sources

The development plans of proposed 16 water sources are outlined based on the acquired reports, data
and information by the Study Team.

(1) Sumag River Diversion Project

Sumag River, a tributary of Umiray River is located in Bgy. Umiray, General Nakar, Quezon.
It originates from Mt. Sumag with a drainage basin area of 24.3 km2. The project is a part
of the Umiray-Angat Transbasin Tunnel Project (UATP) which was constructed in 2000 but
the implementation of Sumag Diversion was deferred due to social issues and insufficient
budgetary allocation. The existing Umiray Transbasin Tunnel is 13 km long with a
diameter of 4.3 m and a design flow capacity of 2,590 MLD (30 m 3/s), while the water right
was only granted at 13 m3/s. It was observed that the current average diverted discharge
from Umiray River ranges from 778 MLD (9 m3/s) to 1,123 MLD (13 m3/s) only.

The original project involves the development of Sumag River and Alia Creek which were
reported to have a combined average yield of 250 MLD (2.89 m3/s). The feasibility study21
updating Sumag River Diversion Works showed that the estimated water diversion of
188 MLD (2.17 m3/s) is financially and technically viable compared to the original plan. This
project is considered by MWSS as one of the short-term solutions to address the water
supply-demand problem in Metro Manila.

The diversion project includes two (2) major activities namely; Sumag Inlet Works and
Macua Outlet Works. Sumag Inlet Works involves the construction of a river flow
diversion structure across Sumag River with a stilling/de-silting basin which aims to remove
sediments that will flow from the intake. Water will pass through an outfall weir which will
then be conveyed in a 600 m long diversion tunnel with a diameter of 2.5 m. The tunnel
junction is estimated to be 2.2 km away from Umiray Inlet. On the other hand, Macua
Outlet Works involves the improvement and rehabilitation of the existing access road from
Makina to Macua and the construction of the new Macua Bridge

The major project components for Sumag Inlet and Macua Outlet are as follows:

 Tyrolean intake is designed to have a channel width of 1.0 m with diversion control gates
of width and height of 2.0 m each.
 Dam with ogee crest to be built 0.2 m higher than the Tyrolean intake to maintain flow of
at least 188 MLD (2.17 m3/s) into the collecting canal
 By-pass conduit/sluice gate shall be built to by-pass the Tyrolean intake in order to allow
manual cleaning of the Tyrolean intake.
 Stilling/de-silting basin with a width of 4 m and length of 36 m shall be built to transfer
the silt into the tunnel portal.
 Open channel shall be constructed to transport the flushed out “debris” from the

21
Feasibility Study: Sumag River Diversion Works Project, (EDCOP, May 2008)
5-9
 de-silting basin. The channel has a bottom width of 7.0 m, length of 55 m, and side
slope of 1(V):1(H) and a minimum invert slope of 2.2%.
 Gate control structure with sluice gate located at the conduit outlet side shall be built to
prevent damage caused by incoming boulders.
 Branch tunnel from the Sumag river diversion site with an approximate length of 600 m
will be connected to the existing transbasin at a point about 2.2 km from the inlet of
Umiray.
 Improvement of access road from Makina to Macua including construction of New
Macua Bridge.

Figure A5.1 shows the main and diversion tunnel alignment. Based on the implementation
schedule shown in Figure A5.2, the project is estimated to be constructed in three (3) years
from the start of its implementation.

(2) Balintingon Multipurpose Dam Project

The Balintingon Multipurpose Dam Project, which is located in General Tinio, Nueva Ecija
near Gapan City was proposed by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) in 1983.
The study was conducted by the Electroconsult (ELC) in 1983, and updated by NIA in
February 2008.22

The project is envisioned to generate 30 MW hydro power and a year around irrigation water
equivalent to 1,300 MLD (15 m3/s) to the Angat-Maasim Rivers Irrigation Systems (AMRIS).
Therefore, this dam may compensate the conditional allocation out of AMRIS irrigation
requirement in the Angat Reservoir for the MWSS. Figure A5.3 presents the location of the
Balintingon Multipurpose Dam.

The main features of the project as proposed for implementation are as follows:

 A rock fill dam with central clay core, 138 m high including the foundation, with crest at
elevation 208 m and an overall embankment dam volume of 6.6 MCM;
 A reservoir of 572.4 MCM total storage capacity, out of which 487.5 MCM is active
between the minimum and maximum reservoir normal water level elevations of
EL. 142 m and EL. 202 m, respectively;
 An open chute spillway, with a control crest of 102 m wide including a 42 m section with
sill elevation at 191 m equipped with four (4) 10.5m x 12.5m radial gates and 60 m
ungated section, capable of discharging the 10,000 years return period with the reservoir
at the maximum exceptional water level or at elevation 204 m;
 A power-irrigation waterway system composed of the following: (a) a pressure tunnel,
4.3 m diameter and 370 m long, controlled at the intake by maintenance restricted orifice
surge tank 8.5 m diameter and 90 m high, (b) a steel penstock 3.9 m diameter and 230 m
long, extending with a manifold feeding the power plant and an irrigation by-pass to be
operated in case of temporary shutdown of the power;
 A power house (open air type, equipped with 2 units - Francis vertical turbines 22 MW

22
Balintingon Multipurpose Project, (EDCOP, October 2006) and Supplemental Report for Balintingon Report, (NIA,
February 2008)
5-10
 each) and a switch-yard, located on the left abutment, where two 69 kV by 30 km long
transmission line will start to connect to the Luzon grid at the Cabanatuan substation;
 A concrete diversion weir of about 140 m long and 19 m high including foundation
composed of ungated and gated bays with the capacity needed for the release of
discharge by the powerhouse, allow flushing during floods and divert water to
Balintingon area; and
 New irrigation facilities that include: 109 km of main canals, 168 km of lateral and sub-
laterals, main and supplementary farm ditches, 201 km of drainage channels, access and
service roads. These facilities are intended to serve at full implementation to the 14,900
ha irrigable land in Balintingon Area.

This multipurpose dam project is expected to be completed in seven (7) years period as
presented Figure A5.4.

(3) Bayabas Dam Project23

The proposed Bayabas Dam Project is located at Brgy. Bayabas in Doña Remedios, Bulacan.
This dam project will also augment water supply to AMRIS. The 110 m high zoned earth
and rock-fill dam project has a catchment area of 50 km2, a crest elevation of 208.0 m with a
gross reservoir volume of 213 MCM. This dam project will provide irrigation water of
about 3.8 m3/s (330 MLD) for 3,900 ha irrigable land in AMRIS. Therefore, the
corresponding water of 3.8 m3/s in the allocation of the Angat Reservoir may be swapped to
MWSS. The Bayabas Dam project is presented in Figure A5.5 and its six (6) years
implementation schedule is shown in Figure A5.6.

(4) Maasim Dam Project

The proposed Maasim Dam Project is located at Brgy. Maasim in San Rafael, Bulacan. This
dam project will augment irrigation water supply of about 1.5 m3/s (130 MLD) to Angat -
Maasim River Irrigation System (AMRIS) so that the corresponding water of 1.5 m3/s in the
allocation of the Angat Reservoir will also supply to the domestic water needs for the MWSS
Service Area as the swap allocation like the Bayabas Dam. The 47 m high zoned earth-fill
dam project has a catchment area of 53.5 km2, a crest elevation of 87 m with a gross reservoir
volume of 100 MCM. The Maasim Dam is shown in Figure A5.5. The project is proposed
to be implemented in six (6) years period, as shown in Figure A5.7.

(5) 50 MLD Wawa Dam Project24

The existing Wawa Dam is topographically located in the upper Marikina watershed area. It
is situated across the Wawa River about 2.6 km upstream of San Rafael water level recording
station. The four (4) major sub-basins that comprised the total 281.41 km2 catchment areas
of Wawa Dam are the following: Montalban River, Bosoboso River, Sapa-Bute Bute River,
and Tayabasan River.

23
Water Resources Development Project Prefeasibility Study for Additional Water Supply to AMRIS (October 1994)
24
Wawa Dam Water Supply Project (CTI / WCI, September 2005)
5-11
 Wawa Dam built in 1909, was the first surface water source for the Montalban Water Supply
System. The Dam is composed of an ogee spillway, right wall abutment, and an intake gate
shaft on the left abutment.

Rehabilitation of the existing dam and construction of water treatment plant to produce
50 MLD (0.6 m3/s) clean and potable water was recommended. Among the target service
areas for this water supply are parts of Rodriguez, Rizal (formerly Montalban) and San Mateo,
Rizal. Figure A5.8 illustrates the Wawa Dam Water Supply Project.

As shown in the figure, the raw water from the Wawa Dam will be conveyed in a 1,000 mm
diameter transmission main pipe going to the water treatment plant (WTP). Conventional
water treatment process will be applied. After which, the treated water will be distributed to
some parts of Rodriguez including Erap City, and San Mateo, Rizal. New access road of
4.0 m wide and 3.8 km long will be provided in the project. The present access to the inlet
of the intake structure and the reservoir area is a narrow walkway at the left abutment of the
existing dam, which is not possible for maintenance vehicles and equipment to pass through.
The components of 50 MLD Wawa Dam Project is summarized as:

 700 m of Raw water transmission main of 700 m long with a diameter of 1,000 mm from
Wawa Dam to WTP
 Conventional water treatment plant with a design capacity of 50 MLD
 Two main treated water distribution pipes, 3.5 km long with a diameter of 1,000 mm and
11.8 km with a diameter of 700 mm.
 Access road of 3.8 km long and 4 m wide.

As presented in Figure A5.9, the implementation schedule for the rehabilitation of Wawa
Dam, construction of conventional water treatment plant, installation of transmission mains
and construction of access road will take about three (3) years.

(6) Laiban Dam Project

The Project is situated on the east of Metro Manila on a mountainous watershed on the
eastern slope of the Sierra Madre Mountains. The proposed Laiban Dam project is located
just downstream of the confluence of Lenatin and Limutan Rivers, tributaries of Kaliwa
River, in Tanay, Rizal. The Laiban Dam at full supply level (FSL) of 270 m has a
catchment area of about 276 km2.

The facilities proposed in the latest study25 in March 2007 are retained, except for the
capacity of water treatment plant increase from 1,200 to 1,900 MLD, which are transmitted to
the Antipolo and Taytay reservoirs. This project requires a total waterway of 28 km long
(including rising main to Antipolo Reservoir) of which 14.7 km are tunnel portion.

Figure A5.10 presents the schematic layout of the facilities involved in the Laiban Dam
Project. Table 5.5 below shows the major component of Laiban Dam Project.

25
Final Report for Laiban Dam Project, March 2007
5-12
 Table 5.5 Summary of Laiban Dam Major Project Components
Item No. Project Components Description
1. Laiban Dam and Intake Structure 113 m High Dam (CFRD)
2. Intake Structure 2-RC Multi-level gated Intake
Structures.
3. 1st –Waterways
3.1 Tunnel No.1 (Raw Water) 7.5 km x 3.2 m Ø
3.2 Tunnel No. 1 Taper Tunnel (Raw Water) 400 m x 2.7 m Ø
3.3 Tunnel No.2 (Raw Water) 1.8 km x 2.7 m Ø
3.4 Tunnel No. 3 (Treated Water) 4.95 km x 3.6 m Ø
Tunnel Total 14.65 km (2.7 m Ø & 3.6m Ø)
3.5 Pipeline No. 1 (Raw Water) 4.00 km x 3.2 m Ø
3.6 Pipeline No. 2 (Treated Water) 5.00 km x 3.2 m Ø
3.7 Pipeline No. 3 (rising main) to Antipolo Res. 4.20 km x 1.6 m Ø
Pipeline Total 13.20 km (1.6 to 3.2m Ø)
Waterways Total Length 28 km
4. Hydro-power Plant 25 MW
5. Structures
5.1 Surge Tank 1 unit
5.2 Antipolo Pumping Station 1 – 100 MLD
5.3 Water Treatment Plant, WTP No.1 1 – 1,900 MLD
5.4 Antipolo Service Reservoir No. 1 1 – 20,000 cum (20 ML)
5.5 Taytay Service Reservoir No.1 1 – 120,000 cum (120 ML)
5.6 Taytay Pressure Control 1 – 3ML Break Pressure Tank

The Laiban Dam Project is expected to be completed in 10 years including preparatory works
such as consultation and dialogue with affected people, relocation and resettlement, detailed
engineering design and construction. Figure A5.11 shows the implementation schedule of
Laiban Dam Project.

(7) Kanan No. 2 Dam Project

The Kanan No.2 Dam Project is originally assumed to be the 2nd stage development project
following the Laiban Dam Project as identified in the previous studies. These two-staged
water source development projects will fully utilize available water resources in Kaliwa and
Kanan watersheds. The proposed dam site is located about 20 km upstream of the
confluence between the Kaliwa and Kanan rivers. The proposed Kanan No. 2 Dam which is
located at General Nakar, Province of Quezon is a concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD).

The Kanan No.2 Dam has a catchment area of 289 km2. This Kanan No.2 dam reservoir has
a supply capacity of 3,300 MLD (38 m3/s) at full storage water level (FSL) of 310 m. In
addition, the project is envisaged to generate a 54 MW hydropower.
26
In this Study, the facilities proposed in the JICA 2003 Study are retained, while a
connecting waterway (tunnel) from the transbasin waterway to the Laiban Dam area is added
to the waterway from Laiban Dam to the Morong WTP since the Kanan No.2 Dam is
considered as one of the stand-alone water sources. This project eventually requires a

26
The Study on Water Resources Development for Metro Manila, (JICA, February 2003)
5-13
 waterway (raw water transmission) with a length of 36.0 km. The capacity of WTPs is
calculated at 3,300 MLD. Figure A5.10 presents the schematic layout of the facilities for
Kanan No. 2 Dam Project. (The layout does not include 2nd waterway connecting Transbasin
tunnel to Laiban Tunnel).

The main features of the Kanan No.2 Dam Project are presented in Table 5.6 below.

Table 5.6 Kanan No. 2 Major Project Components

Item No. Project Component Description
1. Kanan No.2 Dam and Intake Structure FSL EL. 310 m Dam (CFRD)
2. Intake Structure 1 Lot
3. Transbasin Tunnel from Kanan No.2 Dam 14.5 km x 4.8 m Ø
4. Kanan No.2 - Laiban Dam Area 10.0 km x 4.8 m Ø
Connecting Waterway
5. Laiban Dam Area to Morong WTP
Waterway
5.1 Tunnel No.1 (Raw Water) 7.5 km x 4.8 m Ø
5.2 Tunnel No. 1 Taper Tunnel (Raw Water) 400 m x 4.8 m Ø
5.3 Tunnel No. 3 (Treated Water) 4.95 km x 4.8 m Ø
Tunnel Total 12.85 km
5.4 Trunk Pipeline No. 1 (Raw Water) 4.00 km x 4.8 m Ø
5.5 Trunk Pipeline No. 2 (Treated Water) 5.00 km x 4.8 m Ø
5.6 Pipeline No. 3 (rising main) to Antipolo 4.20 km x 1.6 m Ø
Res.
Pipeline Total 13.20 km (1.6 to 3.2m Ø)
Waterways Total Length 26.05 km
6. Structures
6.1 Water Treatment Plant, WTP No.2 1 – 1,100 MLD
6.2 Water Treatment Plant, WTP Nos.3 &4 2 – 1,100 MLD
6.3 Service Reservoirs No data provided

The implementation schedule of this project is expected to be completed in 13 years

including preparatory works such as consultation and dialogue with the affected people,
relocation and resettlement, detailed engineering design and construction. Figure A5.12
shows the implementation schedule of Kanan No.2 Dam.

(8) Kaliwa Low Dam Project

The proposed Kaliwa Low Dam with a catchment area of about 366 km2 is located in the
Kaliwa River at the downstream of Brgy. Daraitan in Tanay, Rizal. The dam is designed as
a temporary structure, which will be removed and submerged after the Agos Dam could be
constructed in the downstream of the confluence between Kaliwa and Kanan rivers. This
project requires the waterway with length of 43 km, of which 34 km are tunnel portion and
9 km are for pipeline for raw water and treated water transmission.

Based on the JICA 2003 Study, the Kaliwa Low Dam as the headworks will provide
600 MLD (6.9 m3/s), assuming the 90% dependable flow at the damsite. Considering a 10%
for water intake and extraction loss, the total amount of water to be produced will be
550 MLD.

5-14
 The schematic layout of the major project components of Kaliwa Low Dam and waterway
(raw and treated water transmission) from the dam to the Antipolo and Taytay reservoirs are
shown in Figure A5.13. Table 5.7 below shows the list of major components of the Kaliwa
Low Dam Project.

Table 5.7 Summary of Kaliwa Low Dam Major Project Component

Item No Project Component Description
1 Kaliwa Low Dam 30 m high Temporary (Fill)
2 Kaliwa Intake Structure 1 unit
3 Waterways (Tunnel)
3.1 Tunnel No. 1 (Raw Water) 28 km x 3.5 m Ø
3.2 Tunnel No. 2 (Treated Water) 5.7 km x 3.4 m Ø
Tunnel Total 33.7 km (3.4m Ø & 3.5m Ø)
4 Waterway (Pipeline)
4.1 Pipeline No. 1-1 (Treated Water) 4.10 km x 3.4 m Ø
4.2 Pipeline No. 1-2 (Treated Water) 1.00 km x 3.3 m Ø
4.3 Pipeline No. 2 (Treated Water) 4.20 km x 1.6 m Ø
Pipeline Total 9.30 km (1.6 to 3.4m Ø)
Waterways Total Length 43 km
5 Other Structures
5.1 Valve House No. 1 and 2 2 units
5.2 Surge Tank 1 unit
5.3 Pumping Station Nos. 1 and 2 2 – 80 MLD
5.4 Antipolo Service Reservoir No. 1 and 2 2 – 30,000 cum
5.6 Taytay Service Reservoir No.1 1 – 180,000 cum
5.7 Water Treatment Plant, WTP No. 1 600 MLD

The implementation period is estimated at 11 years including the consultation and dialogue
with affected people, financing for the detailed engineering design and construction and other
preparatory works. Figure A5.14 shows the implementation schedule for the Kaliwa Low
Dam Project.

(9) Agos Dam Project

The Agos Dam site is located just downstream of the confluence of Kanan and Kaliwa Rivers,
about 20 km upstream of the river mouth of Agos River, in General Nakar, Province of
Quezon. The dam is a concrete-face rockfill dam (CFRD) and the full storage level of the
reservoir is EL.159 m.

The Agos Dam Project is originally proposed as the 2nd phase development project after the
Kaliwa Low Dam (1st phase) as proposed in the development scheme formulated in the JICA
2003 Study. Further, the Agos Dam Project is divided into two (2) stages. Stage 1
comprises of Agos Dam, WTP No.2 and service reservoir, while Stage 2 consists Kaliwa-
Angono waterway and WTP Nos. 3 and 4. The major component of the Agos Dam Project is
shown in Table 5.8 below.

5-15
 Table 5.8 Summary of Agos Dam Major Project Components
Item No Project Component Description
Stage 1 Agos Dam+WTP No.2+Service Reservoir No.2
2.1 Agos Dam and Diversion Works FSL: EL. 159 m (CFRD)
2.2 Agos Hydropower Facilities 54 MW Power Plant
2.3 Water Treatment Plant, WTP No. 2 (Expansion) 1 – 1,000 MLD
2.4 Taytay Service Reservoir No.2 (Expansion) 1 – 180,000 cum
Stage 2 Kaliwa – Angono 2nd Waterway + WTP Nos. 3&4
2.5 Tunnel No. 1 (Raw Water) 28 km x 4.8 m Ø
2.6 Tunnel No. 2 (Steel Lined) 5.7 km x 4.7 m Ø
Tunnel Total 33.7 km (4.7m Ø & 4.8m Ø)
2.7 Pipeline No. 1-1 (Treated Water) 4.10 km x 3.4 m Ø
2.8 Pipeline No. 1-2 (Treated Water) 1.00 km x 3.3 m Ø
2.9 Pipeline No. 2 (Treated Water) 4.20 km x 1.6 m Ø
Pipeline Total 9.30 km (1.6 to 3.4m Ø)
2.10 Valve House No. 1 1 unit
2.11 Surge Tank 1 unit
2.12 Pumping Station (installation of additional pumps) 1 Lot
2.13 Antipolo Service Reservoir No. 3 (Expansion) 2 – 30,000 cum
2.14 Taytay Service Reservoir No.3 (Expansion) 1 – 180,000 cum
2.15 Water Treatment Plant, WTP No. 3&4 (Expansion) 2 – 1,000 MLD
2.16 Antipolo Service Reservoir No. 4 (Expansion) 3 – 30,000 cum
2.17 Taytay Service Reservoir No.4 (Expansion) 1 – 180,000 cum

The Agos Dam Project will provide 3,000 MLD additional water supply capacity for Metro
Manila and 54 MW hydropower, while the exploitable water is estimated at 5,200 MLD
(60.2 m3/s). Three (3) 1,000 MLD (total of 3,000 MLD) WTPs can be provided. Figure
A5.15 shows the schematic layout of the major facilities for Agos Dam Project.

In this Study where the Agos Dam Project is assumed as a stand-alone project, all facilities
recommended in the JICA 2003 Study are retained, while the diameter of waterway (tunnel)
is increased to 4.8 m from 3.5 m in order to accommodate the design discharge of 42 m3/s.
Originally, the design discharge is conveyed by two waterways, of which No.1 tunnel is to be
constructed together with Kaliwa Low Dam.

The project works include the preparatory works for the project, which include dialogue with
affected people, land acquisition and resettlement, detailed engineering, etc. The full
implementation of the project, which composed of two water treatment plants are estimated
within 4 years up to the last water treatment plant (WTP No.4) facilities as well as reservoirs.
Figure A5.16 shows the implementation schedule for Stage 1 and Stage 2 of Agos Dam
Project.

(10) Tayabasan River Water Supply Project

MWSS or MWCI has acquired the water right: 0.1 m3/s from December to April and
1.89 m3/s in May to November from Tayabasan River, an upstream tributary of the Wawa
River as potential water source for Metro Manila which was included in the Manila Northeast
Water Supply Project Feasibility Study in 1992.

5-16
 The study on Tayabasan River Water Supply Project (TRWSP) was conducted by the Manila
Water Company, Inc. (MWCI) to supply water to the increasing demand in the Antipolo
Service Area. Main features of the project as discussed in the 2009 Study27 consist of a
53 m high concrete-buttress dam with a gross reservoir storage volume of 9.3 MCM. There
is the upstream low-level dam which is design to overflow during river flood conditions.
175 MLD water treatment plant (WTP) and facilities; and treated water transmission system
which consist of pumping station at WTP site, transmission pipeline to a ground reservoir, a
booster pumping station at the reservoir site and a transmission pipeline to the delivery point
at Cogeo in Antipolo City. Figure A5.17 shows the locations of head works, waterways,
WTP, etc., and further Figure A5.18 the implementation schedule.

(11) Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project

Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (MWSI) is the proponent of the Laguna Lake Bulk Water
Supply Project28 which was proposed to develop in three phases, each having a capacity of
100 MLD. MWSI’s Putatan Water Treatment Plant is the first treatment facility that draws
water from the Laguna Lake as an alternative water source to the Angat – Umiray System in
order to supply water to Parañaque, Las Piñas, Muntinlupa in Metro Manila, and five (5)
towns and Cavite City in the Cavite Province.

The project site is located in APMC and NIA compounds in Barangay Putatan, Muntinlupa.
Phase 1 (100 MLD) of the project was bid out on the year 2008 for the design-built scheme.
The construction was started in April 2009 and completed in February 2011. Figure A5.19
shows the location of Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project. The Laguna Lake Bulk
Water Supply Project will upgrade 4 main facilities: 1) NIA Intake, 2) Ayala Property Mgt.
Corporation (APMC) water treatment plant, 3) NIA pump house area and 4) NIA pressure
breaker facility in Camella 2D Subdivision

Treatment process in 100 MLD Putatan Water Treatment Plant includes dissolved air
flotation (DAF) for the removal or reduction of color, iron, manganese, taste and odor, algae,
and high level turbidity; microfiltration for the residual organic reduction and reverse
osmosis for total dissolved solids and chloride reduction. Currently, 100 MLD Putatan
Water Treatment Plant is undergoing process probing.

Laguna Lake is a brackish lake that conforms to DAO 90-34 criteria for Class “C” waters in
which the best use of water is for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic
resources. Other uses of the Lake were identified by the Laguna Lake Development
Authority (LLDA) namely: domestic water supply, transport route, reservoir for floodwater,
irrigation, power generation, recreational activities, waste sink and industrial cooling.

27
MWCI Tayabasan River Water Supply Project Feasibility Study with Preliminary Design (DCCD Engineering Corp.,
March 2009). This feasibility study report was submitted to MWSS on December 16, 2011. Therefore, the Study Team
was not able to evaluate it by the end of December 2011.
28
The original plan was formulated through the studies: “300 MLD Bulk Water Supply Project (MERF Inc. & UP MSI,
October 1999)” and “300 MLD Bulk Water Supply Project (RADIAN, September 2000)”. However, the design and cost for
the completed 100 MLD Putatan WTP were revised for the implementation.
5-17
 MWSS planned to use Laguna Lake as a source of domestic water. In this regard, LLDA
management invests on different programs to transform the Lake into a highly dynamic
primary source of domestic and industrial water supply. As mentioned in the previous
studies, water quality which is of major concern in the development of water supply using the
Lake as the source are as follows:

 High turbidity which is attributed to the increase of suspended solids due to algal bloom;
 Slight water alkalinity which is due to presence of significant nutrients such as organic
nitrogen and phosphorus; and
 Water salinity especially in the West Bay portion with chloride levels reaching as much
as 3,150 mg/L in April 1995 which is caused by saltwater intrusion.

Saltwater intrusion is caused by the Pasig River backflow during high tide in the Manila Bay.
Although saltwater inflow is beneficial to increase natural food for the fishes in the Lake and
to reduce turbidity, this condition may hinder the use of Lake as domestic water supply.

The primary objective of a public water supply system is to provide safe and acceptable water
to consumers at a reasonable price. In this regard, Laguna Lake as Class “C” water should
be monitored constantly to prevent its further deterioration or as much as possible, the Lake
should be upgraded to Class “A” for domestic water supply source. Otherwise, tertiary
treatment is recommended which is more expensive than the conventional.

(12) Sierra Madre Hydropower & Bulk Water Project29

Sierra Madre Water Corporation (SMWC) was incorporated by the local Philippine investors
in 1995 with the objectives of developing bulk water projects under the private sector
initiative encouraged by the BOT Law. The 12 river systems are identified by SMWC in
Sierra Madre Mountains, the provinces of Laguna and Quezon which covers a total
watershed area of 20,000 ha. The proposed water sources are located in Sierra Madre
within Quezon and Laguna. Specific locations are shown as follows:

29
Sierra Madre Hydro Power and Bulk Water Supply (2011). No study report and data but summary is provided, therefore
the figures such as supply capacity and project cost cannot be verified.
5-18
 Table 5.9 Specific Locations of Water Sources
Water
River System Location
(MLD)
1 Lllano River
2 Lagunlan Rive
3 Lower Tibag River Saray, Pakil, Laguna
4 Lower Salasalaban Real, Quezon
5 Lalavinan River 322 Mauban, Quezon
6 Labayat Rivers 1&2 Mauban, Quezon
7 Lavinan River 180
8 Lower Dakil River Mauban, Quezon
9 Lower Tandang River 190
10 Ginabihan River Papatahan, Paete, Laguna
11 Nalba River 200 Papadhan, Paete, Laguna
12 Tignoan Rivers 1-4 350
- Labayat River with 30 MCM Storage Dam 330

The Pangil Dam, which is the zoned earth-fill type with a height of 65 m, will be constructed
to collect the raw water from the above 12 rivers by pumping up through the intakes (weirs)
to be constructed in the mid- or upper-sections. In accordance with SWMC, the highlights
of the project include the development of the hydropower and the immediate and long term
water source for Metro Manila at a lowest cost and quickest construction, minimal
environmental impact, and full community support. The project will be composed of two
phases. Each phase will developed in multi-stages as shown in detailed in Table 5.10.

Table 5.10 Construction Stages of Sierra Madre Hydropower and Bulk Water Supply
Project

Available Water Available Water Hydropower CAPEX

Phase Stage MLD m3/s MW US$ in Million
(Cumulative) (Cumulative) (Cumulative)
1 400 4.63 35 105
1 2 700 8.10 165
3 850 9.84 200
1 1,230 14.24 345
2 1,410 16.32
3 1,540 17.82
2
4 1,880 21.76
5 2,240 25.93
6 2,450 28.36 520

As shown in the table above, Stage 1 of Phase 1 will consist of a 35 MW hydropower plant
with 400 MLD (4.63 m3/s) bulk water supply, of which the construction period is estimated at
24 months. Investment cost is estimated to be Php 4.52 billion.

The updated information shows the Stage 1 of Phase 1 does not include pumping up the raw
water from the intakes to be installed. However, there are some undefined factors to
evaluate the technical soundness as no details on design and construction schedule were
presented to MWSS.

5-19
(13) Wawa Water Supply Project (San Lorenzo Ruiz Builders)

San Lorenzo Ruiz Builders (SLRB) has been granted a water right on Wawa River by NWRB
to allow diversion of 300 MLD (3.47 m3/s). Through the construction of single or series of
low dams within the middle reaches of Wawa River, water can be stored to increase the yield
and maximize the water right to about 1,500 MLD (17.36 m3/s).

San Lorenzo Ruiz Builders and Developers Group, Inc. (SLRB) conducted a feasibility study
of the Wawa Water Supply Project30. The project is to be implemented by stages, from
300 MLD (3.47 m3/s) to 1,500 MLD (17.36 m3/s). Stage 1 involves the rehabilitation of the
existing Wawa Dam to operate 300 MLD bulk water. It is estimated to be operational in
eight (8) months to one year. Three new dams will be constructed upstream of the existing
Wawa Dam. The construction and operation of which will be done by stages wherein one
dam will be operational while the others are under construction. The individual outputs will
be interconnected and combined to come up with an overall yield.

Other components of the project includes the construction of a water treatment plant
immediately downstream of the Wawa Dam for treatment of water to conform with the
Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW) and the construction of a
transmission pipeline from the water treatment plant to the MWSS Service Area.

Implementation of the project is expected to commence by the end of 2011. The proposed
project implementation schedule is presented in Table 5.11. However, no investment cost
of the project was provided in the letter by SLRB.

Table 5.11 Wawa Water Supply Project Implementing Schedule (SLRB)

Stage Capacity Implementing

MLD m3/s Schedule
1 300 3.47 Dec-12
2 600 6.94 Dec-13
900 10.42 Dec-14
1,500 17.36 Dec-15

The 90% dependant flow at the existing Wawa Dam site is recently computed at 3.24 m3/s31.
Therefore, the target capacity of 300 MLD could be nearly realized assuming no water uses
in the down stream even for the environmental flow. Further, the possible maximum
development will be only expected at 700 MLD by the impounding dam with the active
storage capacity of approx. 100 MCM. Comparing to the 50 MLD Wawa Dam Project and
Marikina Multipurose Dam Project, the plan proposed by SLRB is judged rather ambitious
and hard to evaluate due to unavailability of detailed data.

30
Wawa Water Supply Project (SLRB, 2011). No study report and data is provided so that all information such as capacities
to be developed cannot be verified.
31
Preliminary analysis conducted by the Study Team of “Master Plan for Flood Management in Metro Manila
and Surrounding Areas” January 2012.
5-20
 Moreover, this development plan is overlapping to other development plans as the water
source could be developed in the Marikina River System, so that this plan will be excluded or
substituted by the other development plan in the construction of new road map.

(14) Manila Northeast Water Supply Project

It was on 1992 when the feasibility study regarding Manila North East Water Supply Project
(MNEWSP)32 was conducted to provide immediate and future improvement of water supply
for the municipalities of Montalban, San Mateo, and Marikina City. The study area covers
the upper Marikina (Montalban) catchment area of 280 km2 and the flat Marikina River
Valley of 220 km2. The water development plan was focused on the groundwater
development and the surface water development of Marikina River was additionally
examined at preliminary level.

The proposed scheme during the conduct of the feasibility study in 1992 was the utilization
of Marikina Ground Aquifer through wells and rehabilitation of Balara Water Treatment
Plant. Based on the study, the rehabilitation of Balara Treatment Plant will give 203 MLD
(2.35 m3/s) and the Marikina Ground Aquifer will give 56.16 MLD (0.65 m3/s) for a total of
about 260 MLD (3.0 m3/s). However, in 2004 the National Water Resources Board
(NWRB) issued a regulation prohibiting the extraction of groundwater thru deep well. The
study was done 19 years ago; the improvements were made by the concessionaire (MWCI) in
Balara Treatment Plant.

For the surface water development of Marikina River, of which preliminary analysis was
undertaken in this study, the development scheme is overlapped with the other Marikina
River development plans), so that this water source development project is substituted by
Marikina Multipurpose Dam Project as described in the following section.

(15) Marikina Multipurpose Dam Project

In late 1950s the Marikina Multipurpose Dam was proposed to mainly provide hydropower
generation together with flood regulation and municipal water supply to Metro Manila.
Marikina Dam was originally designed as a concrete arch dam with a height of 180 m, which
is located at the Montalban Gorge. However, due to the budgetary constraint the
construction was deferred. In the late 1960s, the rockfill type dam was proposed at the
immediate upstream of the Montalban Gorge to avoid unexpected leakage of impounded
water as the original dam site is surrounded by limestone layer.

Further, another dam site was proposed with a concrete gravity type dam in approx 1.0 km
upstream of the Montalban Gorge, where the dam will be utilized exclusively for flood
regulation. The three locations are shown in Figure 5.3.

32
Manila North East Water Supply Project Feasibility Study (August 1992)

5-21
 Original Dam Site (280km2）

Study Dam Site

(280km2）

Upmost Dam site（

257km2）

Figure 5.3 Alternative Sites of Marikina Dam

In parallel to this Study, the Bank financing “Study on Master Plan of Flood Management in
Metro Manila and Surrounding Areas” has been on-going and a dam/reservoir has been
proposed as one of structural measures to effectively reduce the flood flowing through Metro
Manila. Further, it is proposed by the Government of the Philippines that the dam/reservoir
shall have multiple functions of not only flood regulation but also water supply and
hydropower.

Assuming the proposed Marikina damsite to be immediate upstream of the existing Wawa
Dam, a preliminary analysis is undertaken to examine the significance of Marikina
Multipurpose Dam, while further investigations of reservoir topography and water balance
hydrology will be required for evaluating the feasibility of Marikina Dam. Main features of

5-22
 the Marikina Multipurpose Dam for analysis on water supply capacity are assumed as
described in Table 5.12 below:

Table 5.12 Main Features of Marikina Multipurpose Dam

Description Quantity
Rodriguez, Rizal
Dam Site
Immediate upstream of Montalban Gorge
Catchment Area 280 km2
Dam
Concrete surface rockfill dam
- Type
(Slope of embankment = 1.5 : 1.0
- Height 70 m (El. 30m to El. 100m: Crest Elevation)
- Crest Length Approx. 500 m
- Dam Volume Approx. 3,500,000 m3
Reservoir
- Gross Storage Volume 160 MCM at Elevation 90m
- Effective Storage Volume 130 MCM at El. 55m to El. 90m
Spillway Design Flood = 5,000m3/s
Outlet Works Diversion Tunnel = 1,500m

Based on the water balance analysis, the supply capacity of 8.0 m3/s can be assured with the
reservoir storage volume of 100 MCM.

Provided with the raw water transmission tunnel with a length of 1,500 m and water
treatment plant with a capacity 700 MLD, a relatively large scale alternative water source
could be materialized other than the Angat-Umiray System, while a feasibility-level study
will be required to confirm the features33.

(16) Raising Angat Dam FSL

The raising FSL or Normal High Water Level of Angat Dam to increase the storage capacity
is currently proposed, while an initial study has been conducted through “Consulting Services
for the Angat Dam and Dike Safety” under PSALM started in November 2011.

There several alternatives to raise the FSL of Angat Dam have been discussed. The highest
elevation of FSL may be El. 215m in both wet and dry seasons, although the new spillway
shall be constructed. By raising the FSL to El. 215 m, the additional storage capacity of
100MCM will be expected. Hydrological study and the water balance analysis will be
required to define the additional supply capacity to the MWSS Service Area, while the supply
capacity to augment to the Angat- Umiray System is initially expected at about 270 MLD
(3.1 m3/s).

33
The results of “Master Plan Study on Flood Management in Metro Manila and Surrounding Areas” shows the proposed
Marikina Dam of concrete gravity type is located on the upstream site and has an effective storage capacity of 75.3 MCM, of
which 67.4 MCM is allocated for flood control. Therefore, only 8.9 MCM is allocated for water supply which may develop
only 1.0 to 1.5m3/s of raw water supply capacity.
5-23
5.2.3 Summary of Development Plan

Among the 16 proposed water source development plans, the main components of water source are
dam and reservoir except Sumag River Diversion Project and 300 MLD Laguna Lake Bulk Water
Supply, as their major features are enumerated in Table 5.13 below:

Table 5.13 Main Features of Dam for Proposed Water Source

Main Features of Dam Unit Balintingon Bayabas Maasim Laiban Kanan No.2 Kaliwa Low Agos Tayabasan Marikina*4 Pangil*5
Purpose*1 I, P I, M I M, P M, P M M, P M F, M M, P
Drainage Area km2 224.0 50.0 53.5 276.0 289.0 366.0 860.0 74.1 257.0 33.6
Zoned Zoned Earth Zoned Concrete Faced Concrete Faced Randum-Fill Concrete Faced Concrete Concrete Zoned
Dam Type
Rock-Fill and Rock-Fill Earth-Fill Rock-Fill Rock-Fill (temporary) Rock-Fill Buttress Gravity Earth-Fill
Dam Height m 138 110 47 113 170 36 165 53 85 65
- Full Storage Level El. M 204.0 203.5 81.6 278.6 310.0 129.0 159.0 133.0 74.9 293.0
3 2
- Min. Operation Level El. M 142.0 120.0 55.0 237.0 278* 125* 133.0 110.0 64.8 271.7
Dam Volume m3 6,678,000 n.a. n.a. 6,195,000 9,100,000 n.a. 11,700,000 n.a. n.a. 242,500
Spillway Design Q m3/s 2,420 337 130 4,690 5,460 2,810 9,600 1,086 5,000 n.a.
Reservoir Surface Area ha 1,700 n.a. n.a. 2,290 2,600 - 1,840 200 n.a.
Gross Storage MCM 572 213 100 650 974 - 718 9 84 n.a.
Effective Storage MCM 488 114 70 470 607*3 - 544 8.15 75 n.a.
Irrigation Area ha 14,900 3,900 3,600 - - - - - - -
Hydropower MW 30 - - 25 54 - 51 0.1 - 35
Municipal Water MLD 1,300 330*6 130* 6
1,900 3,300 550 3,000 175 100 400
*1 P = Hydropower, I = Irrigation, M = Municipal water, F = Flood control
*2 Overflow crest elevation
*3 For water supply
*4 Source: Master Plan Study on Flood Management in Metro Manila and Surrounding Areas
*5 Source: SMWC (summary)
*6 Irrigation Water Supply
*7 Average Inflow Volume

Including the construction of the above dams, the implementation periods of the respective water
source development plans are also reviewed, particularly on account of the requirement for
stakeholder consultation in the preparatory period, as summarized in Table 5.14 below and their
detailed implementation schedules are shown in Figure 5.4.

Table 5.14 Proposed Water Source and Expected Implementation Period

Implementation
Sources Capacity
Water Source/ Project Name Period Remarks
No.
MLD (years)
1 Sumag River Diversion Project 188 2
2 Balintingon Multipurpose Dam Project 1,300 7
3 Bayabas Dam Project 330 6
4 Maasim Dam Project 130 6
5 50 MLD Wawa Dam Project 50 5
6 Laiban Dam Project 1,900 10
7 Kanan No. 2 Dam Project 3,300 13 (17) 17 years for 2 WTPs
8 Kaliwa Low Dam Project 550 10 Incl. waterway (tunnel)
9 Agos Dam Project 3,000 13 (17) 17 years for 2 WTPs
10 Tayabasan River Water Supply Project 175 5
11 Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply 200 n.a. 100 MLD completed
12 Sierra Madre (SMWC) 400 2 Phase 1
13 Wawa Water Supply Project (SLRB) 300 2 Phase 1
14 Manila Northeast Water Supply Project 260 n.a.
15 Marikina Multipurpose Dam Project 700 n.a.
16 Raising Angat Dam FSL 290 6

5-24
 YEAR
No. Work Sources and Work Activities
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1.0 Sumag River Diversion Project (2 years)
1.1 Preparatory Works (Design and Procurement)
1.2 Construction
2.0 Balintingon Multipurpose Dam Project (7 years)
2.1 Preparatory Works
2.1.1 Land Acquisition and Resettlement
2.1.2 Review of Detailed Design and Procurement
2.2 Construction ( Dam and Appurtenant Structures)
3.0 Bayabas Dam Project ( 6 years)
3.1 Preparatory Works
3.1.1 Consultation (FPIC) and Coordination
3.1.2 Detailed Engineering, Land Acquisition and Procurement
3.2 Construction ( Dam and Appurtenant Structures)
4.0 Maasim Dam Project (6 years)
4.1 Preparatory Works
4.1.1 Detailed Engineering, Land Acquisition and Procurement
4.2 Construction( Dam and Appurtenant Structures)
5.0 50 MLD Wawa Dam Project (5 years)
5.1 Preparatory Works
5.1.1 Detailed Engineering, Land Acquisition and Procurement
5.2 Construction (Dam Rehab, Transmission, WTP, etc)
6.0 Laiban Dam Project, Stage 1 (10 years)
6.1 Preparatory Works
6.1.1 Consultation/Dialoque (FPIC) with Affected People
6.1.2 Review of Detailed Design and Procurement
6.1.3 Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Relocation
6.2 Construction
6.2.1 Laiban Dam ( Dam and Appurtenant Structures)
6.2.2 1st Waterway/conveyance (Tunnels and Pipelines), 28Km
6.2.3 Water Treatment Plant (WTP #1, 1900MLD) and Reservoirs
7.0 Kanan No.2 Dam, Stage 22/ (13 - 17 years)
7.1 Preparatory Works
7.1.1 Consultation and Dialoque (FPIC) with Affected People
7.1.2 Detailed Engineering Design and Procurement
7.1.3 Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Relocation
7.2 Construction
7.2.1 Kanan No.2 Dam ( Dam and Appurtenant Structures)
7.2.2 Kanan-Laiban Interbasin Tunnel
7.2.3 Connectng Waterway
7.2.4 Laiban Dam - Morong WTP
7.2.5 Water Treatment Plant (WTP#1, 1100MLD)
7.2.6 Water Treatment Plant (WTP#2, 1100MLD)
7.2.7 Water Treatment Plant (WTP#3, 1100MLD)
8.0 Kaliwa Low Dam, Stage 12/(10 years)
8.1 Preparatory Works
8.1.1 Consultation and Dialoque (FPIC) with Affected People
8.1.2 Detailed Engineering Design and Procurement
8.1.3 Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Relocation
8.2 Construction
8.2.1 Kaliwa Low Dam ( Dam and Appurtenant Structures)
8.2.2 1st Waterway/Conveyance , 43Km
8.2.3 Water Treatment Plant (WTP#1, 600 MLD)
9.0 Agos Dam, Stage 22/ (13 - 17 years)
9.1 Preparatory Works
9.1.1 Consultation and Dialoque (FPIC) with Affected People
9.1.2 Detailed Engineering Design and Procurement
9.1.3 Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Relocation
9.2 Construction
9.2.1 Agos Dam ( Dam and Appurtenant Structures)
9.2.2 Kaliwa-Angono Waterway and Intake
9.2.3 Water Treatment Plant (WTP#1, 1000 MLD)
9.2.4 Water Treatment Plant (WTP#2, 1000 MLD)
9.2.5 Water Treatment Plant (WTP#3, 1000 MLD)
10.0 Tayabasan River Water Supply Project (5 years)
10.1 Preparatory Works
10.1.1 Consultation and Dialoque (FPIC) with Affected People
10.1.2 Detailed Engineering Design and Procurement
10.1.3 Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Relocation
10.2 Construction

10.2 1 High Dam and Appurtenaces

10.2.2 Causeway and Infiltration Gallery
10.2.3 Water Treatment Plant (WTP)
10.2.4 Transmission Pipelines (Scheme B)
10.2.5 Power Supply
10.2.6 Barangay and Access Roads

Note : 1. The construction of the first WTP is adjusted to the completion year of head works (dam) for Kanan No.2 Dam and Agos Dam, while the scheduled can be adjusted based on
water demand projections.
2. Consultation and dialogue is scheduled at the first year for all water sources.

Figure 5.4 Implementation Period of Water Source Project

5-25
5.3 Evaluation of Alternative Water Sources

For the 16 alternative water sources, the evaluation is made from financial, economic and
environmental/social aspects as much as the data and information are available to the Study Team.

5.3.1 Cost Estimation

(1) Investment Cost

The project cost is reviewed for the 10 water source projects of which feasibility or pre-
feasibility study is availed to the Study Team.

All investment cost estimates developed from previous studies of the projects served as the
references for this Study. On the other hand, the three large water source (dam) projects are
modified with the some components since they are independently evaluated as shown below:

Table 5.15 Major Features of Three Large Dam Projects

Major Component Project Laiban Agos*1 Kanan No.2*2

Dam
Concrete-Faced Concrete-Faced Concrete-Faced
Type
Rockfill Rockfill Rockfill
Volume 6,195,000 m3 6,700,000 m3 9,100,000 m3
Waterway (Tunnel/Pipeline)
Tunnel Length 14.65 km 33.70 km 37.35 km
Diameter 2.7m & 3.2m 4.7m & 4.8m 4.8m
Pipeline Length 13.2 km 9.30 km 13.20 km
Diameter 1.6m & 3.2m 1.6m & 3.4m 1.6m & 4.8m
Water Supply Capacity 1,900 MLD 3,000 MLD 3,300 MLD
*1: Only for supply yield of 3,000 MLD, the FSL of Agos Dam is set at EL. 143 m
*2: The length of waterway (tunnel) is estimated at sum of Kanan Transbasin: 14.5km, connecting
tunnel: 10km and Laiban Reservoir site to Morong WTP: 9.7km.

Correspondingly, the project costs for the three large dams (water sources) and waterway
(raw water transmission) are modified as below:

 The construction cost of Agos Dam is revised to be Php. 12.8 Billion with FSL EL.
143 m of which reservoir yield was estimated at 3,000 MLD in the JICA 2003 Study.
 The cost of waterway (tunnel) of Agos Dam Project is estimated in proportion to the
excavated volume of tunnel.
 The cost of waterway of the Kanan No.2 Dam Project is estimated assuming the total
length of waterway to be 34.2 km by adding the connecting waterway of approx.
10 km to the transbasin waterway and tunnel/pipeline to the Laiban Dam area to the
Morong WTP.
 The cost of Laiban Dam is maintained with the original. However, the development
of another large scale water sources such as Kanan No.2 Dam is not considered in this
Study.

5-26
Basically, all project costs are updated to the year 2010 price level by using an escalation
factor of 5% per year. The total project cost consists of basic construction cost (site
development, head works, conveyance, WTP), engineering cost, land acquisition/resettlement
cost, social/environmental cost, indirect cost (physical and price contingencies), VAT and
administration cost, except for (1) hydropower facilities, (2) distribution system and
(3) service reservoirs of treated water.

Components of the construction base cost are further simplified into major categories for
each project. This is prepared in order to have a brief comparison among the cost of the
projects. The major categories are as follows:

 Site Development: mobilization/demobilization, preparatory works, site preparation,

access roads, housing, landscaping and other related items.
 Head Works: foundation works, coffer-damming, dam, spillway and appurtenant
structures including river dikes, weir, and other related structures.
 Conveyance: waterways such as tunnels, pipelines, valve house, intake structures,
diversion conduit and outlet works. The cost of tunnel is assumed to be proportional to
the excavation volume if the diameter is different from the previous studies.
 Water Treatment Plant (WTP): The cost of WTP for Bayabas and Maasim dam projects
are estimated based on the average proportional value for volume of water treatment.
Further it is presumed that the unit rate of water treatment could be fixed among the
water sources which are originated from the same river such as Laiban, Kaliwa Low,
Agos and Kanan No.2 dams as they are located in the Kaliwa-Kanan-Agos River
System.

Further, the environmental cost and social cost are estimated as follows:

 Environmental costs: the costs for environmental assessment is fixed at Php 5.0 million,
and the cost for watershed management is assumed at 1% and 0.3% of the total base
cost of small water sources and large water sources, respectively.
 The social costs such as land acquisition and resettlement are escalated by the rate of
5% per year to the estimated in the previous studies.

The cost for each category is composed of direct and indirect cost. Table 5.16 shows the
summary of the construction base cost as well as the total project cost for each water source
project.

The breakdown of each project cost of which (1) raw water development and (2) treated
water development is shown in Tables A5.1 to A5.10 in Annex of this Report. For large
water sources, Laiban Dam, Kanan No.2 Dam and Agos Dam, the total project cost includes
the cost of waterways from treatment plant to service reservoir in order for comparison of
economic efficiencies.

5-27
 Table 5.16 Summary of the Proposed Water Source Development Cost34
Unit: Php Million
Basic
Source Capacity Site Total Project
Water Sources Head Works Conveyance WTP Cnstruction
No. (MLD) Development3/ 1/ Cost 2/
Cost
1 Sumag River Diversion 188 128 532 0 1,057 1,717 2,659
2 Balintingon Dam 1,300 80 11,125 0 0 11,205 16,752
3 Bayabas Dam 330 33 4,071 0 1,855 5,959 9,040
4 Maasim Dam 130 11 1,208 0 731 1,950 3,275
5 50 MLD Wawa Dam 50 8 47 44 734 834 1,234
6 Laiban Dam 1,900 323 7,454 8,651 5,308 21,736 49,119
7 Kanan No. 2 Dam 3,300 2,147 10,611 30,179 9,309 52,246 80,695
8 Kaliwa Low Dam 550 - 923 9,225 1,883 12,031 23,892
9 Agos Dam 3,000 - 12,797 19,565 8,463 40,825 63,750
10 Tayabasan River 175 - 1,156 106 856 2,118 4,645
Note: 1/ Basic Construction Cost includes site development, conveyance, storage dams (headworks) and WTP costs.
2/
Total Project Cost includes costs of engineering, land acquisition/resettlement, social preparation and
environmental assessment, and Basic Construction Cost together with their physical/price contingencies.
3/
Site development cost is usually included in the costs of headworks, conveyance and WTP construction.

(2) Operation and Maintenance Cost

Operation and maintenance cost (O & M) is composed of Salaries, Power cost, Chemical and
Maintenance expenses. The annual O & M costs in constant prices are computed taking
into account the expected annual operational expenses for the proposed alternative sources as
follows:

 Salaries: Average monthly salary plus benefits multiplied by the estimated number of
employees multiplied by 12 months.
 Power Costs: Average KWh/per cubic meter multiplied by the volume of annual
requirement multiplied by the unit power cost (assumed to be Php. 12.50/KWh.
 Chemical Cost: Average water demand multiplied by 365 days multiplied by unit cost
of chemical plus assumed 5% annual increase in the cost of chemicals.
 Maintenance Cost: 3% of equipment cost (water treatment plant) and 0.3% of civil
work items.

Based on the above conditions, the annual O & M costs are estimated for the alternative
water sources, as summarized below.

Table 5.17 Summary of Annual O & M Cost

Pumping Maint. & Total O&M
Water Source/ Volume Produced Salaries Chemical O&M Cost
(Power) Misc. Cost
Project
MLD MCM/y Mil. Php Mil. Php Mil. Php Mil. Php Mil. Php Php per m3
Sumag 188 68.6 4.75 1.74 26.64 33.66 66.79 0.97
Balintingon* 1,300 474.5 32.87 - 12.00 78.73 123.60 0.26
Bayabas 330 120.5 8.34 3.05 46.76 67.95 126.10 1.05
Maasim 130 47.5 3.29 1.20 18.42 25.58 48.49 1.02
50MLD Wawa 50 18.3 4.59 25.39 14.49 18.18 62.66 3.43
Laiban 1,900 693.5 48.04 269.22 17.09 192.75 527.10 0.76
Kanan No.2 3,300 1,204.5 270.32 467.58 91.38 664.31 1,493.59 1.24
Kaliwa Low 550 200.8 13.91 5.08 77.93 146.77 243.69 1.21
Agos 3,000 1,095.0 75.84 425.07 27.69 455.54 984.14 0.90
Tayabasan 175 63.9 4.42 1.61 24.80 29.46 60.29 0.94
Note *: Balintingon Dam is only assumed to supply raw waterf for swapping.

34
The cost of headwork, Agos Dam is reduced for water supply only.
5-28
5.3.2 Financial Analysis

Based on the available data of previous studies, financial analysis and evaluation are conducted for 10
possible alternative water sources. The result of the financial analysis is one of the criteria in the
selection of options in prioritizing further study of the alternative water sources. Other identified
water sources where there are no available financial information, are not included in the financial
assessment.

The proposed alternative sources in which financial analysis is prepared are the following; Sumag
River Diversion, Agos Dam, Balintingon Dam, Bayabas Dam, Maasim Dam, Kaliwa Low Dam,
Kanan Dam No. 2, Laiban Dam, 50 MLD Wawa Dam and Tayabasan Dam.

(1) Methodology

A financial model is designed and developed to analyzed and assessed all vital information
including financial parameters used in the Study. Financial projections are prepared to
determine the financial viability, cost efficiency and effectiveness for each alternative source.
Incremental tariff per cubic meter35 as well as unit cost of raw water and treated water are
computed and analyzed. Financial assessment and analysis are done separately for each
identified water source.

In preparing the financial projections, water revenues, capital expenditures, annual

operational expenditures and debt service are projected to determine the financial viability of
the proposed alternative sources. Unit cost per cubic meter is calculated to come up with
the required incremental water tariff per cubic meter. Further, the financial internal rate of
return (FIRR) is computed to determine the financial viability of each water source.

(2) Financial Projection

Two options are prepared for the financial projections and analysis of the individual
alternative sources, one for the raw water and another for the treated water. Results of the
financial analysis are summarized and analyzed. (Cash flow to refer to Table A5.11 - A5.21)

(a) Water Revenues

Incremental water revenues are calculated based from the estimated volume of water
billed, multiplied by the incremental tariff per cubic meter. On the other hand, volume
billed is derived by providing water treatment loss of 10% from the approximate
discharge capacity and deducting the estimated non-revenue water (NRW). Projected
NRW is calculated based on the combined data gathered from the two concessionaires
indicated in their business plans.

(b) Capital Expenditures

Capital expenditures (CAPEX) or project cost is the amount of capital investment

35
The computed incremental water tariff is not the fee to be charged by the MWSS or the Concessionaires. This is computed
as a basis for establishing the needed additional tariff for the financial feasibility of the Project.
5-29
 necessary to develop the proposed water source, as described in Sub-section 5.3.1.

To arrive at the 2010 prices, local costs are escalated assuming an annual escalation rate
of 5% while foreign cost are converted into the current exchange rate and likewise
escalated at 5%. The identified sources have different base year price level for their
CAPEX depending on the year of the study was conducted. The following are the base
year for the capital costs: Sumag-2007, Wawa-2006, Bayabas/Maasim-1994,
Balintingon-2007, Kaliwa Low-2002, Agos (Phase 1&2)-2002, Laiban-2006, Kanan
No.2-2002 and Tayabasan-2009 price level.

Simultaneously, the total project costs are escalated based on the respective
implementation periods as summarized in Figure 5.5.

(c) Financial Assumptions

In the financial analysis, the following conditions are defined.

1. Capital Investment - Based from the previous studies updated to 2010 price level,
and applying uniform percentages for:
 Engineering Cost (Detailed Design and Construction Supervision): 6% of
Construction Cost
 Direct Cost: Engineering Service Cost + Construction Cost
 Government Administration Cost: 3.5% of Direct Cost + Physical contingencies
 Value-Added-Tax (VAT): 12% of Direct Cost + Physical contingencies
 Physical Contingencies: 10%
 Price Contingencies: 10%
2. Operation and Maintenance – Based on technical projections and escalated at 5%
annually.
3. Price level: Constant cost at 2010 price level
4. Inflation Rate: 5% annually
5. Exchange Rate: Php 43.00 to US$ 1.00
6. Debt Service Ratio: Fixed annual amortization payments applying interest rate of
2% with 25 years repayment period inclusive of 5 years grace period.
7. Depreciation: Annual depreciation rate of 4%
8. Cubic Meter Produced: Estimated water discharge less water transmission and
treatment loss of 10%.
9. Cubic Meter Billed: Cubic Meter Produced less Non-Revenue-Water (NRW)
10. Non-Revenue Water: Average NRW of the 2 concessionaires.

(3) Results of Assessment and Analysis

(a) Financial Projection Analysis

Financial projections are prepared for the 10 identified sources. The water revenues
and corresponding operation and maintenance costs including interest charges are
independently computed for every water source. Based on the established water tariff
for each proposed source, the revenues are sufficient to cover all expenses including
depreciation and financial charges (interest).
5-30
(b) Capital Investment

Capital investment cost is estimated from the figures in the previous studies and updated
to the 2010 price level. Based from these data, uniform ratios are assumed for
engineering cost, Value-Added-Tax (VAT), government administration cost, physical and
price contingencies.

The engineering cost consisting detailed engineering and construction supervision

represents 6% of construction base cost. All project components except for
environmental and resettlement costs are subjected to the usual 12% VAT and
government administration cost of 3.5% (per NEDA regulation). All project
components including resettlement and environmental costs are subjected to 10%
physical contingencies as well as 10% price contingencies.

The updated costs showed that the Kanan No. 2 has the largest investment cost for raw
and treated water at Php. 55.9 billion (US$ 1.30 billion) and Php. 80.7 billion (US$ 1.88
billion) respectively, due to the construction of huge dam and long waterways and the
inclusion of the 3 water treatment plants. On the other hand, the Sumag River has the
least cost at Php 944.09 million (US$ 23.12 million) for the production of raw water and
Wawa Dam for treated water at an estimated capital cost of Php. 1.23 billion (US$ 28.69
million). The summary of capital investment costs for the 10 alternative water sources
are presented in Tables 5.18 and 5.19.

Table 5.18 Summary of Capital Investment for Raw Water (Project Cost)
Unit: Million
Social and Environmental
Basic Cost Project Cost
Source Water Source Cost
No. PHP USD PHP USD PHP USD
1 Sumag River 973 23 21 0 994 23
2 Balintingon 16,513 384 217 5 16,730 389
3 Bayabas 6,049 141 105 2 6,153 143
4 Maasim 1,797 42 340 8 2,138 50
5 50 MLD Wawa (Treated Water only)
6 Laiban 18,119 421 18,587 432 36,706 854
7 Kanan No. 2 52,666 1,225 3,248 76 55,913 1,300
8 Kaliwa Low 14,956 348 1,667 39 16,624 387
9 Agos 41,394 963 1,913 44 43,307 1,007
10 Tayabasan River 3,376 79 73 2 3,450 80

5-31
 Table 5.19 Summary of Capital Investment for Treated Water (Project Cost)
Unit: Milliom
Social and Environmental
Basic Cost Project Cost
Water Source Cost
PHP USD PHP USD PHP USD
Sumag River 2,530 59 129 3 2,659 62
Balintingon (Raw Water only) - - - -
Bayabas 8,782 204 258 6 9,040 210
Maasim 2,874 67 401 9 3,275 76
50 MLD Wawa 1,229 29 - 1,229 29
Laiban 32,035 745 17,084 397 49,119 1,142
Kanan No. 2 77,000 1,791 3,695 86 80,695 1,877
Kaliwa Low 17,731 412 1,873 44 19,604 456
Agos 60,168 1,399 3,583 83 63,750 1,483
Tayabasan River 4,572 106 73 2 4,645 108

(c) Disbursement Schedule

It is assumed that the all capital investment will be financed from loans offered or
provided by international funding agency. Fund disbursements depend on the number
of years of the construction period and the loan disbursement policies and procedures of
the funding agency. For this study, the disbursement schedule follows the targets set in
the implementation schedule estimated on the basis of current and similar undertakings
of large scale infrastructure developments in the Philippines. The proposed projects
have different implementation period which ranges from 2 years to 17 years.

(d) Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR) for Raw Water Development

The FIRR of the project is a summary measure of the return on investments from the
viewpoint of the project itself. It indicates the maximum interest rate the project could
pay on the invested capital and still break-even financially. The FIRR is measured as
the discount rate that equalizes the present value cost stream associated with the project
to the present value of the project’s benefit stream.

To determine the financial viability of a capital investment, the FIRR is compared with
the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), and has to be higher than the WACC.
The WACC is derived based on the fund distribution and the corresponding interest rate
for the specific fund source. For this study, it is assumed that the fund distribution is
90% loan from international funding agencies and 10% equity. Moreover, interest rate
is pegged at 2% for the loan portion and 5% for the counterpart equity. Considering
these notions, WACC is calculated at 2.3%.

Although there is no system to buy or to pay the raw water by volume, the assumption is
made that the raw water price is at 9.0 pesos/m3 which is proposed price by the SMWC36.
The analysis indicates that the proposed projects are financially feasible and viable based

36
Sierra Madre Water Corporation (SMWC) has estimated unit water price through the implementation of the project at Php.
9.0/m3 for raw water and Php.15.5/m3 for treated water
5-32
 on the assumed price of raw water. All identified water sources included in the
financial assessment has an FIRR at base case higher than the WACC. Sensitivity
analyses also show that the proposed projects are viable even at worst scenario, while the
Kaliwa Low reveals the smallest FIRR. The summary of FIRR is shown in Table 5.20,
while the details are presented in Table A5.21 to A5.29.

Table 5.20 Summary of Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR)

Snsitivity Analysis
Source Name of Water Source/
Base Case FIRR 10% Costs
No. Project 10% Costs 10% Revenues
-10% Revenues
1 Sumag River 41.61% 38.58% 38.27% 35.45%
2 Balintingon (Swap Allocation) 21.37% 19.98% 19.84% 18.49%
3 Bayabas (Swap Allocation) 19.63% 18.19% 18.04% 16.65%
4 Maasim (Swap Allocation) 18.53% 17.24% 17.11% 15.86%
5 50 MLD Wawa (Treated Water only) - - - -
6 Laiban 17.44% 16.38% 16.26% 15.22%
7 Kanan No. 2 18.56% 17.31% 17.18% 15.94%
8 Kaliwa Low 10.66% 9.59% 9.48% 8.43%
9 Agos 18.47% 17.28% 17.15% 15.98%
10 Tayabasan 20.98% 19.59% 19.44% 18.11%

(4) Alternative Scheme

During the course of the Study, an alternative scheme was introduced to the Study Team for
possible consideration by MWSS. In a separate occasion, the sale and delivery of bulk
water to MWSS or to the Concessionaires was presented (through Slide Presentation) to the
Study Team by two water supply developers- the Sierra Madre Water Corporation (SMWC)
and San Lorenzo Ruiz Builders Developers Group, Inc. (SLRB).

The scheme is to submit a proposal to MWSS indicating their interest to sell raw or treated
water. This option can be classified or in line with the public private participation (PPSP)
model. It was pointed out during the presentation that the Developers committed to deliver
the supply of water within two years from the date of acceptance by MWSS. SMWC
indicated that they have an approved water permit from NWRB for 1,000 MLD and can
initially supply water of 400 MLD in 2-year time. While, SLRB has water permit of 300
MLD and committed to deliver the same volume within the 2-year period.

It should be noted, however, that no detailed financial study was conducted due to limited
time and insufficiency of financial data. Should MWSS consider this scheme,
comprehensive and detailed technical and financial study had to be conducted. Information
on the unit cost for the two water supply developers is discussed in Sub-Section 5.1.2.

5.3.3 Unit Water Cost

(1) Calculation of Unit Water Cost

The unit production cost per cubic meter is derived by summing up the annual depreciation
cost (development cost), operation and maintenance cost as well as the financial cost (interest

5-33
 charges on loans) divided by the estimated annual water production. A separate unit cost
for each alternative source is computed for raw water and treated water.

(a) Development Cost (Depreciation Cost)

Development cost comprises the total amount of basic construction cost plus the detailed
engineering, construction supervision, price and physical contingencies and the
applicable value-added-tax (VAT). The development costs are depreciated using an
average depreciation rate of 4%. The development cost for each alternative source is
likewise summarized in Table 5.21 and 5.22.

(b) Operation and Maintenance

Operation and Maintenance Cost (O&M) is composed of salaries, power, chemicals and
other maintenance expenses. These are expenses incurred during implementation
period. All O&M costs are stated in current prices using an annual escalation rate of
5%. (Refer to above Table 5.17 for the summary of O&M costs).

(c) Financial Cost

Financial Cost is the interest portion of the loan amortization, interest during
construction is assumed to be capitalized and will eventually form part of the loan
amount. For this Study, a uniform interest rate of 2% is assumed for the loan portion to
be financed from international funding agencies such as the World Bank, ADB, JICA,
etc., payable in 25 years inclusive of 5 year-grace period.

(2) Results of Unit Cost Analysis

The summary of unit costs for raw and treated water and their corresponding ranking from
lowest to highest are presented in Tables 5.21 and 5.22.

For the unit cost of raw water, the Sumag River Project seems to be the smallest at
Php. 1.02/m3 followed by Laiban Dam Project (Php. 2.12/m3), and Maasim Dam Project
(Php. 2.44/m3).

Table 5.21 Summary of Unit Cost for Raw Water

In Million Pesos Ave. Annual
Source Unit Cost
Water Source Depreciation Operation and Financial Total Volume
No.
Cost Maintenance Cost Production Cost Produced (MCM) (Php/m3)
1 Sumag River 39 13 11 63 62 1.02
2 Balintingon (Swap Allocation) 726 238 187 1,151 431 2.67
3 Bayabas (Swap Allocation) 242 41 69 352 110 3.22
4 Maasim (Swap Allocation) 67 14 24 105 43 2.44
5 50 MLD Wawa (Treated Water only) - - - - - -
6 Laiban 725 212 410 1,346 630 2.14
7 Kanan No. 2 2,107 1,429 1,419 4,955 1,095 4.52
8 Kaliwa Low 598 129 185 912 183 5.00
9 Agos 1,656 1,529 483 3,668 995 3.68
10 Tayabasan 101 37 46 183 58 3.16

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 For the treated water, the Sumag River Diversion Project still showed the lowest unit cost at
Php. 2.98/m3 followed by the Maasim Dam Project (Php. 4.41/m3) and Laiban Dam Project at
Php. 4.64/m3. While the costs of three large water sources: Laiban, Kanan No.2 and Agos
dam projects are estimated including the treatment water transmission until the services
reservoir for comparison, it is recognized that the Laiban Dam is an advantageous water
source among others.

Table 5.22 Summary of Unit Cost for Treated Water

In Million Pesos Volume
Source Unit Cost
Water Source Depreciation Operation and Financial Total Produced
No.
Cost Maintenance Cost Production Cost (MCM) (Php/m3)
1 Sumag River 39 118 30 186 62 2.98
2 Balintingon (Swap Allocation*) - - - - - -
3 Bayabas (Swap Allocation) 242 221 101 564 110 5.12
4 Maasim (Swap Allocation) 67 85 37 188 43 4.41
5 50 MLD Wawa 49 72 19 140 18 7.68
6 Laiban 1,281 1,093 548 2,922 630 4.64
7 Kanan No. 2 2,406 10,697 1,114 14,217 1,095 12.98
8 Kaliwa Low 709 600 219 1,528 183 8.35
9 Agos 2,407 3,070 711 6,187 995 6.22
10 Tayabasan 151 108 61 321 58 5.53
*: As the conditional allocation for 15 m3/s, the water has been included in and treated by the MWSS.

On the other hand, two private proponents (SMWC and SLRB) for the sale and delivery of
bulk water offered the following cost per cubic meter of raw or treated water:

SMWC SLRB
Cost per cubic meter
a. Raw Water Php 9.00 No data available
b. Treated Water Php 15.50 Php 10.80
Available Volume 400 MLD 300 MLD
Delivery Time Within 2 years Within 2 years

The unit cost of either raw water or treated water is quite high compared to the estimated
above, while it is not clear whether the above unit costs are inclusive of VAT or not based
from the submitted documents.

(3) Discounted Unit Cost

The computed unit costs for the treated water are discounted at 5% in 25 years to arrive at the
Long Run Average Unit Cost (LRAC). Both investment and O & M costs as well as the
estimated annual water production are likewise discounted to determine the economic
ranking of each alternative source.

Using this type of method, economically, the Sumag River revealed the lowest unit cost
while Kaliwa Low Dam is the most expensive project considering the discounting of the total
costs over the 25-year period. The summary of LRAC is shown in Table 5.23. (Refer to
Table A5.30 to A5.38 for LRAC computation at discount rates of 0%, 5% and 8%)

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 Table 5.23 Summary of Long Run Average Cost
Source Total Investment Cost Water Disc. Unit Cost per m3
Water Source
No. Php (mil.) US$ (mil.) Produced (MCM) Php US$
1 Sumag River 2,732.80 63.55 841.42 3.25 0.08
2 Balintingon (Raw Water Only) - - - - -
3 Bayabas 9,284.84 215.93 1,323.34 7.02 0.16
4 Maasim 3,451.87 80.28 521.36 6.62 0.15
5 50 MLD Wawa 1,908.65 44.39 227.44 8.39 0.20
6 Laiban 45,404.27 1,055.91 6,543.91 6.94 0.16
7 Kanan No. 2 55,653.69 1,294.27 7,732.30 7.20 0.17
8 Kaliwa Low 22,037.61 512.50 2,373.47 9.28 0.22
9 Agos 49,672.36 1,155.17 7,944.98 6.25 0.15
10 Tayabasan 5,196.19 120.84 744.52 6.98 0.16

(4) Overall Financial Assessment

Based on available data and financial documents of past studies, financial analysis and
assessment is conducted for ten (10) alternative sources. For purposes of financial
evaluation, these are classified into two categories namely: (a) supply of raw water and
(b) supply of treated water, and further discussed for large water sources, namely Laiban,
Agos and Kanan No.2 dams.

(a) Supply of Raw Water

Financially, overall assessment indicates that the Sumag River Diversion Project has the
least unit cost (Php 1.02/m3) for raw water development since this project is a part of
Umiray-Angat Transbasin Project. This project has been put under the implementation
in 2012. Other water sources show the unit water cost of about Php. 2.0/m3 to
Php. 3.0/m3 with their raw water development. Among the three large water sources,
Laiban Dam keeps the smallest unit cost of the raw water supply.

Laiban Dam is the closest to the service area so that the raw water transmission can be
shortest among three. The Agos Dam will be located at the confluence of Kaliwa and
Kanan rivers, therefore the development capacity could be biggest, and the unit cost of
raw water supply becomes relatively small.

Those dams for swap allocation show also rather small unit cost of raw water supply
since transmission tunnel/pipeline is not included.

(b) Supply of Treated Water

The supply of treated water requires huge capital investments and longer implementation
period which justifiably resulted to have higher unit cost and ultimately requires higher
tariff. Among the proposed projects with huge investments, the Laiban Dam Project turn-
out to have the lowest unit cost of Php. 4.64/m3 compared to the other two sources which
are Kanan No. 2 (Php. 12.98/m3) and Agos (Php. 6.22/m3).

As for the Kaliwa Low Dam which is originally proposed as the first phase followed by
5-36
 the Agos Dam, its unit costs of both raw water and treated water are relatively high
compared to those of other water sources. This is because the cost of a long waterway
(raw water transmission tunnel). Further, the dam itself is proposed to be a temporary
structure which will be demolished after a few years. The sunk cost is not considered
in this Study as the unit cost is already higher than the others.

5.3.4 Economic Analysis

Basically, economic analysis is directly related to financial analysis as the former relates a project
impact on the economy and society-at-large, whereas, the latter focuses on investor’s profit derived
from project operation. Moreover, financial analysis prioritizes the determination of project costs
and revenues and subsequent profit after defraying costs of operation, while economic analysis adopts
the concept of opportunity cost or the forgone income when resources are used from one project and
reallocated to another project of choice.

In lieu of the profits generated in the financial analysis, the concept of excess benefits over social costs
or net social benefits is employed in economic analysis. Essentially, the rationale of an economic
analysis is to ascertain the project’s desirability in terms of societal economic contribution utilizing the
Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) technique.

(1) Methodology
(a) Economic Cost and Benefit

The economic evaluation of the Study, which focuses on the economic viability of the
ten (10) new water sources, namely: (1) Sumag, (2) Balintingon, (3) Bayabas,
(4) Maasim, (5) Wawa, (6) Laiban, (7) Kanan No.2, (8) Kaliwa Low, (9) Agos and
(10) Tayabasan projects, started upon verification of the financial viability of each
alternative water source.

The initial step in testing the economic viability of each alternative water sources is to
identify, quantify, and monetize the economic costs and benefits. In quantifying these
items, two important principles are considered, viz: (i) Comparison between with- and
without-project conditions; and (ii) Distinction between non-incremental and incremental
inputs (costs) and outputs (benefits). However, in the Study, the with-project condition
as represented by each alternative water source, are considered and discussed in length.

(b) Quantification of Economic Costs

Economic costs are identified and classified in accordance with set standards. Transfer
payments such as taxes, duties, and subsidies are not considered economic costs. On
the other hand, in this Study, the cost implications on environment and resettlement
issues are quantified such as environmental assessment, watershed management, land
acquisition, and resettlement, in order to underscore the importance of economic
efficiency and social equity.

Another important cost item is the cost for operation and maintenance. Subsequent

5-37
 conversion from financial cost to economic cost is done to reflect the true economic
value of the project inputs using the constant price rather than the current price.
Moreover, salvage value or residual value of assets that remain at the end of the
projection period is included, but considered a negative economic cost.

In terms of total project cost for each alternative water source, two (2) financial
components, the foreign exchange component and the domestic component, are
identified.

To convert the financial costs into economic costs, the domestic component is further
broken down into unskilled labor, taxes, and others. Unskilled labor corresponds to
around 7.2% of the domestic component per LWUA estimates, taxes account at 12%
representing E-VAT, and the remaining percentage for other domestic costs relative to the
project. The unskilled labor was pegged at 0.60, which is the Opportunity Cost of
Labor.

The foreign exchange components which are considered as traded goods are converted
into economic costs using the shadow exchange rate factor (SERF) which increases the
value of traded good by the foreign exchange premium. In this Study, the SERF used is
1.20 in accordance with NEDA guideline for economic evaluation. The economic cost
for each alternative water source is presented in Table A5.39 to A 5.47.

(c) Quantification of Economic Benefits

Due to inadequacies in environmental and natural resource accounting (i.e.

improvements in aesthetic quality, groundwater, etc.) and other pertinent data on benefit
calculations in this Study, only the following benefits are assessed and included in the
economic analysis. Dams which are originally proposed for irrigation water supply
such as Balintingon, Bayabas, and Maasim are considered for swap allocation (with
NIA) for the Angat Reservoir. Hence, the benefit consideration in this Study such as
increase in agricultural production is not included. Further, the benefit of hydropower
component, which is originally attached to three large dams, is not included in the
economic benefits, and hence economic evaluation.

(i) Beneficial Use of Project Alternative Water Source

The initial benefit considered relates to the net benefit or the incremental volume
of water supplied by the alternative water source. The beneficial value of water
sometimes referred to as consumer satisfaction is calculated or quantified by the
additional revenue generated by the project owing to the alternative water source.
This benefit is measured as the economic value of the incremental water
production directly generated from the improvement or expansion of the water
supply system. This is assumed to be 20% 37 higher than the de-escalated

37
Manual on Project Development and Evaluation (NEDA); and Local Government Support for Regional Water Supply
Project Preparation of Feasibility Studies, Detailed Engineering Design and Bid Documents for Municipal Water
5-38
 average rate per cubic meter of water (incremental tariff per cubic meter) used in
the financial analysis.

(ii) Health Effects

This Study relied solely on the secondary evaluation method known as benefit
transfer approach, which quantifies the benefits of the water supply improvement.
Owing to the new water supply project, reduction in health costs is simply the
health savings or improvement in health conditions of the served population with
the implementation of the water supply project. The provision of potable water
to the population is a prerequisite in the maintenance of minimum health
standards.

Because of the water supply project, a significant reduction in the incidence of

water borne diseases is anticipated. Hence, health benefits attributable to the
project are measured in terms of (1) reduction in cost of productive time lost due
to illness and (2) savings in cost of medical expenses.

Reduction in Productive Time Lost Due to Illness

Reduction in productive time lost due to illness was determined based on the
estimated number of economically productive members of the population to be
served in the service area. This was done by multiplying the number of served
population with the labor force participation rate and the morbidity rate. The
resulting estimate of the reduction in the number of people suffering from disease
was then multiplied by the minimum daily wage rate, assuming the duration of the
illness to be 10 days. The resulting value was multiplied by the assumed
reduction in the incidence of morbidity associated with improved water supply,
which was valued at 20%.

Based on the above method of analysis, the health benefit due to reduced
incidence of morbidity associated with water-borne diseases was computed using
the following parameters:

 Labor force participation rate

 Morbidity rate per 100,000 of the population per year
 Average daily wage of Php/day
 Reduction in the incidence of morbidity of 20%
 Population to be served by the alternative water supply source

The assumed 20% reduction in the incidence of morbidity reflects the fact that not
all diseases are water-borne. In this analysis, reduction in the productive time
lost due to illness is assumed to begin to accrue during the first year after project
completion. Likewise, the served population is estimated by getting the billed

Supply—Project Operation Manual (POYRY/WCI)).

5-39
 volume in cubic meter per year divided by the per capita water requirement at
54.75 m3 (150 liters per capita-day).

Savings in Medical Expenses

In this Study, savings in medical expenses was calculated as the product of the
reduction in the number of people temporarily suffering from water-borne
38
diseases. An annual medical expenditure of Php 3,000.00 , which is the
standard annual expenditure per person per year (price in 2010), is assumed.
Also, the reduction in medical expenses was assumed at 20%.

(2) Economic Benefit-Cost Analysis

The specific economic indicators used in the economic evaluation are:

 Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)

 Economic Net present Value (ENPV); and
 Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR)

For the justification of project viability, BCR shall be greater than or equal to one, and the
ENPV shall be greater than zero. The EIRR is greater than the opportunity cost of
investment or the social discount rate pegged at 15%, which is the hurdle rate in the
Philippines, the project is considered economically feasible and desirable.

The project’s economic performance is further evaluated using the sensitivity analysis to
further explore the viability of the project under extreme conditions. Three (3) cases were
considered in this study, viz:

Case A: Reduction in benefit by 10% while capital investment and operating &
maintenance (O&M) cost are unchanged

Case B: Increase in capital investment and operating & maintenance cost by 10% while
benefit is unchanged

Case C: Combination of Cases A and B which is reduction in benefit by 10% and

simultaneous increase in capital investment and O&M cost by 10%
(3) Results of the Economic Evaluation

Results of the economic evaluation of the nine (9) water sources under category as Treated
Water are summarized below in Tables 5.23. (Details for each water source are presented in
Table A5.48 to A5.56).

Balintingon Multipurpose Dam Project is excluded from the economic evaluation as this
project is assumed for compensating the conditional uses of 15 m3/s, while Bayabas and
Maasim dam projects are included assuming the cost of WTP corresponding the capacities of
water treatment facilities.

38
Source: DOH, 2010?
5-40
 Table 5.24 Summary of Economic Indicators and Sensitivity Analysis

Source
Name of Proposed Project BCR ENPV EIRR(%)
No.
1. Sumag River Base 2.72 4,172 37.03%
Case A 2.45 3,512 34.00%
Case B 2.47 3,929 34.28%
Case C 2.22 3,269 31.42%
3. Bayabas Base 1.24 1,466 18.14%
Case A 1.11 704 16.54%
Case B 1.13 850 16.69%
Case C 1.01 89 15.18%
4. Maasim Base 1.20 333 18.44%
Case A 1.08 135 16.45%
Case B 1.09 169 16.64%
Case C 0.98 (29) 14.71%
5. 50 MLD Wawa Base 1.26 271 19.34%
Case A 1.13 138 17.26%
Case B 1.14 165 17.45%
Case C 1.03 32 15.49%
6. Laiban Base 1.07 1,311 15.68%
Case A 0.96 (648) 11.84%
Case B 0.97 (517) 11.96%
Case C 0.88 (2,476) 10.75%
7. Kanan No. 2 Base 1.04 816 15.22%
Case A 0.92 (1,625) 14.04%
Case B 0.93 (1,586) 14.15%
Case C 0.83 (3,599) 13.00%
8. Kaliwa Low Base 0.96 (324) 14.48%
Case A 0.85 (1,146) 13.01%
Case B 0.86 (1,189) 13.13%
Case C 0.77 (1,904) 11.91%
9. Agos Base 1.05 1,028 15.53%
Case A 0.95 (983) 14.47%
Case B 0.96 (881) 14.57%
Case C 0.86 (2,892) 13.55%
10. Tayabasan Base 1.63 1,322 23.23%
Case A 1.46 979 21.36%
Case B 1.48 1,111 21.54%
Case C 1.33 768 19.72%

Results revealed that nine (9) out of the ten proposed water sources under the Treated water
category which passed the decision criteria for economic viability. Only the Kaliwa Low
Dam Project is below the hurdle rate of 15% EIRR, thus, failing to pass the decision criteria
for the economic viability test.

Understandably, results of the economic evaluation are consistent with the earlier findings in
the financial analysis which points to Sumag water supply source as the most financially
viable project (with EIRR of 37.03%) among the nine (9) alternative water supply sources
under the Treated water category given its least unit cost, least incremental tariff, and shortest
construction period for only 18 months. Subjecting the project to sensitivity test would still
generate positive results for the three economic indicators as shown.

5-41
 The Tayabasan River Water Supply Project, which is the second most viable proposition
under the Treated water category, has an EIRR of 23.23%. The project likewise passed the
3 criteria for economic viability under adverse conditions. The 50 MLD Wawa, Maasim
and Bayabas dam projects followed suit with EIRRs computed at 19.34%, 18.44% and
18.14%, respectively, under the Treated water category.

5.3.5 Environmental Condition

Prior to the implementation of any project involving one or any combination of the proposed water
sources, the project requires the acquisition of an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) from
DENR. Under the Philippine EIS System, depending on project scale and works, projects may be
classified as environmentally critical project (ECP) or non-ECP in Environmentally Critical Areas
(ECAs). Projects under ECP classification are projects that have high potential for significant
negative environmental impact and are listed as such under Presidential Proclamation No. 2146, Series
of 1981 and Presidential Proclamation No. 803, Series of 1996, as well as other projects which the
President may proclaim as environmentally critical in accordance with Section 4 of P.D. 1586. Non-
ECP located in environmentally critical area are projects declared through Presidential Proclamation
2146 or as defined by EMB-DENR wherein significant impacts are expected for certain types and
thresholds of undertakings.

In the development of water sources intended for supply purposes involving water impoundment or
dam construction, the project thresholds provided under DENR Administrative Order No. 30 (DAO
30) are shown in Table 5.25 below.

Table 5.25 Project Thresholds under DENR Administrative Order

Project Size
Project Type parameter Threshold Required Report Required Study and Data
Reservoir flooded - 25 hectares
Full blown environmental impact
area or or Environmental Impact
Major Dams assessment (EIA) and gathering of
Water storage Statement (EIS)
capacity - 20 million m3 primary baseline data

Reservoir flooded - 25 hectares Simplified environmental impact

Initial Environment
Minor Dams area and water and assessment (EIA) and gathering of
Examination (IEE)
storage capacity - 20 million m3 secondary baseline data

The carrying out of an Environmental Assessment in accordance with the prescriptions of DENR’s
DAO 30 is complementary. The assessment addresses issues and concerns related to environmental
assessment, natural habitats, forests and physical cultural resources. For practical intent and purposes,
compliance to DENR’s DAO 30 is necessary to secure the project ECC while ECC is necessary for
funding approval. In summary, the conduct of the environmental impact assessment and its
documentation is a pre-requisite for the issuance of the project ECC. The necessary steps in securing
the ECC from DENR are illustrated in below.

5-42
 Table 5.26 Procedures of ECC

Start End
Steps -1 -2 -3 -4
Description of the Profiling or gathering of Conduct of the EIA as Review of the EIS by
project components with environmental and prescribed by DAO 30; EMB and EIA Review
Activities alternatives socio-economic primary and, Preparation of the Committee (EIARC) and
and secondary data project EIS Approval or denial of the
ECC application
Project Description with
defined project
Output Final EIS ECC (from EMB-DENR)
components and
alternatives

(1) Methodology
(a) Updating of Environmental Data

To carry out the required environmental data updating and rapid environmental study for
each alternative water source, environment related data were gathered and consolidated
from various government and private agencies in addition to the reference materials
provided by MWSS.

(b) Environmental Assessment

In terms of overall analysis, this Study examines the following:

(i) Environmental Assessment with Previous Documentation

Each of the studies and references related to specific water source is reviewed in
terms of their adequacy in addressing potential environmental impacts. The
documents evaluated and studied are previous master plans, pre-feasibility study,
feasibility study and environmental impact assessment (EIA) documents.
Environment related issues and concerns that were documented for these studies
are noted and relate to the present environmental conditions of each water source.
Environment related documents are rated as follow:

Adequate (A). The available environment-related documents for each water

source have adequately identified and addressed potential adverse environmental
impact(s) of the project and no further analysis or only very minimal data
collection is necessary (as in the case of data updating). The available document
should be compliant with the required format and technical substance prescribed
by DAO 30 on EIA.

Inadequate (IA). The available environment-related documents for each water

sources have not adequately assessed the potential significant environmental
impacts of the project necessary to reduce or minimize the project’s adverse
environmental impacts. In this case, the available document and set of data do
not meet the required format and technical substance prescribed by DAO 30 on
EIA.
5-43
(ii) Assessment Securing Permitting and Clearance/s

Compliance of the project to the requirements of water-related laws and

regulations are important pre-construction considerations. For any of the
proposed new water source project to take-off, there are a number of government
clearances and permits required to be secured by the project proponent or
contractor. Most of these permits and clearances are secured prior to actual
project implementation or during pre-construction stage of a particular project.
Most important environment-related clearances and permits that need to be
secured prior to project implementation are water rights from NWRB and
environmental compliance certificate or ECC from DENR. For each of the
water sources, the extent of compliance to these government clearance and
permitting requirements were documented.

Included in the assessment are the examination of project related information

especially the project component/s compared with the threshold limits set under
the Philippine EIS System and type of documentary requirements (full blown EIA
or IEE only).

(iii) Assessment of potential environmental impact based on comparing past and

present environmental conditions.

The assessments include examination and comparison of past and present

environmental condition using key environmental components that may be
affected by the project.

In the assessment, key environmental components were considered explained as

follow:

Land use and classification: The water source is considered compatible with the
project if it is located within protected area (as declared by NIPAS Law) or within
Watershed Forest Reservation as proclaimed by the government or within the
watershed declared by the local government unit in its comprehensive land use
plan. The presence of thickly populated built-up areas and large agro-industrial
activities upstream of the dam or within the periphery of reservoir are considered
not compatible with the project. However, the presence of thickly forested areas
upstream of the dam or reservoir is considered compatible with the project area.

Geology: Siting of dams and reservoir including its appurtenances must consider
local geologic and hydrologic hazards in the project area. Geologic hazards may
include earthquake- or seismic-related, mass movements, and volcanic hazards.

Terrestrial ecology: Water source project involving the construction of either a

small dam (dam height less than 15 m) or large dam (dam height greater than
15 m) and reservoirs will permanently flood natural habitats with potential
adverse impacts on local flora and fauna especially those classified as endangered

5-44
 and threatened species. From a biodiversity conservation point of view, the
terrestrial natural habitats lost due to inundation (as a result of dam and eventual
inundation due to reservoir construction) are considered as significant (negative)
environmental impact that would definitely require elaborate and compensatory
environmental management plan.

Water: The project may cause adverse impacts when no adequate environmental
flow as mandated by existing law and environmental flow plus “other uses flow”
(actual needs of the downstream users based on existing environmental and
economic services of the river) are provided downstream for riparian ecosystems,
reservoir and downstream fish and other river biota survival, irrigation and other
human uses of water such as navigation and boating. Specifically, water related
factors that were considered are water resource use and competition, water quality,
water availability, river ecology and inducement of flooding. Impacts of large
reservoirs on sediment balance and hence ecology in the downstream area shall be
further studied in the next stage.

(2) Environmental Assessment based on Previous Documentation

Table 5.27 presents the documentation on the extent of environmental assessment and
documentation conducted for each of the water sources. As presented, only three (3) among
the alternative water source projects have adequate environmental documentations. All the
rest the reviewed need further ground environmental survey and works and the consequential
inclusion and interpretations of the results of these environmental surveys into the prescribed
environmental impact assessment document (known as environmental impact statement or
EIS) required by DAO 30 of the Philippines EIS System.

For future guidance purposes, Table 5.28 provides information on the type of environmental
assessment documentations that would be needed as prescribed by DAO that need to be
addressed by the project proponent.

5-45
 Table 5.27 Assessment of Available Environment-Related Documents for Water Source
Proposed Water Source/s Available Environment-Related Documents Rating Remarks

EIA for Umiray-Angat Transbasin Study

1) Sumag River Need minor updating only; Need amendment
(1992); Feasibility Study Update (2006); A
Diversion Project of ECC
Final Design Report (2008);

Prefeasibility Study Report; Updating of environmental data; and format

2) Balintingon
Feasibility Study (1983); and substance of environmental documents
Multipurpose Dam IA
Supplemental Report (2008). should be aligned to the requirements of DAO
Project
30 and WB Safeguard Policy on EIA.
3) Bayabas Dam Project Pre-feasibility study for AMRIS (1994). IA --do--
4) Maasim Dam Project Pre-feasibility study for AMRIS (1994). IA --do--
5) 50 MLD Wawa Dam Feasibility Study and Preliminary Design
IA --do--
Water Supply Project (2005).
EIS (2007);
6) Laiban Dam Project IA --do--
Feasibility Study. Final Report (2007).
7) Kanan No.2 Dam Projects Feasibility Study (2003) IA --do--
Feasibility Study (2003);
8) Kaliwa Low Dam Project IA --do--
Master Plan (2003).
9) Agos Dam Project Feasibility Study (2003) IA --do--
10) Tayabasan River Water Excerpt from Feasibility Study with Format and substance complies with DAO 30
A
Supply Project Preliminary Design (2009) (by interview w/ EIA Review Committee)
11) Laguna Lake EIA (2002); IEE Report Reviewed and approved by DENR
A
Bulk Water Supply Project (2008); Feasibility Study. and LLDA
12) Sierra Madre
Engineering Feasibility - Environmental
Hydropower and Bulk IA --do--
Impact Statement (1997).
Water Supply (by SMWC)
13) Wawa Water Supply
Not available. NA NA
Project (SLRB)
14) Manila North-East Reviewed and approved by DENR
Feasibility Study (1992). IA
Water Supply Project and LLDA
15) Marikina Multipurpose
Not available. NA NA
Dam Project

16) Raising Angat Dam FSL Not available. NA NA

Adequate (A): The available environment-related documents for each water source have adequately identified and addressed potential
adverse environmental impact(s) of the project and no further analysis or only very minimal data collection is necessary (as in the case of
data updating). The available document should be likewise compliant with the required format and technical substance prescribed by
DAO 30 and/or WB Safeguard Policy on EIA.

Inadequate (IA): The available environment-related documents for each water sources have not adequately assessed the potential
significant environmental impacts of the project necessary to reduce or minimize the project’ s adverse environmental impacts. In this
case, the available document and set of data do not meet the required format and technical substance prescribed by DAO 30 and/or WB
Safeguard Policy on EIA.
Not available (NA): Evaluation was based on the submitted documents and informal interview with one of the members of the EIA
Review Committee assigned by EMB to review the ECC application of the project.

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 Table 5.28 Specific DENR Requirements for Each Water Source
Project
Water Storage
Water Source Dam Height (m) Classification per
Capacity (MCM)
DAO 30
1) Sumag River Diversion Project1/ - -
2) Balintingon Multi-Purpose Dam Project 138 488 ECP
3) Bayabas Dam Project 110 114 ECP
4) Maasim Dam Project 47 70 ECP
5) 50 MLD Wawa Dam Water Supply Project2/ 18 - ECP
6) Laiban Dam Project 113 470 ECP
7) Kanan No. 2 Dam Project 170 607 ECP
8) Kaliwa Low Dam Project 30 - ECP
9) Agos Dam Project 165 544 ECP
10) Tayabasan River Water Supply Project 53 8.2 -
3/ n.a. n.a. -
11) Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project
12) Sierra Madre Hydropower & Bulk Water Supply 65 n.a. ECP
13) Wawa Water Supply Project (by SLRBD) n.a. n.a. ECP
14) Manila North-East Water Supply Project n.a. n.a. ECP
4/ 100 100 -
15) Marikina Multipurpose Dam Project
16) Raising Angat Dam FSL Project - - -
Note: 1/ = Environmental impact assessment was undertaken as apart of Umiray – Angat Transbasin Project
2/ = By utilizing the existing Wawa Dam only with rehabilitation of intake structure.
3/ = By utilizing intake structure constructed by NIA
4/ = Based on Preliminary Analysis

(3) Assessment with Securing Permitting and Clearance/s

As mentioned earlier, aside from the conduct of FS and DD for the proposed new water
source project, pre-construction permitting requirements are likewise important which
include the securing of Water Rights from NWRB and Environmental Compliance Certificate
(ECC) from EMB-DENR. For each of the new water sources, the individual status with
respect to ECC and water right acquisition are summarized in Table 5.29.

In terms of ECC acquisition, the projects with ECC are the Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply
Project, Sumag River Diversion Works and Tayabasan River Water Supply Project. Laiban
Dam Project is on advance stage of ECC application while Balintingon Multipurpose Dam
Project (BRMP) is now in the scoping stage of the ECC application. All the rest of the new
water sources projects have not applied for their respective ECC.

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 Table 5.29 Status of ECC and Water Rights Acquisition
Water
Name of Water
Source/N Status of Acquisition NWRB Water Rights
Source/Project
o.
Second amendment has been requested for ECC condition MWSS was granted
Sumag River No.1 only focusing on the proposed construction of Sumag 17.58m3/s using Umiray
1
Diversion Works River diversion works. The request for amendment was River.
supported by an IEE report.
ECC application has been forwarded to EMB on 20 March No information available
Balintingon 2008. (0.24m3/s in total was
2 Multipurpose Dam Scoping has been done; and, Remaining works include EIS granted to small irrigation
Project preparation, EIS review and approval by EMB and EIA purpose)
Review Committee of the EIS and ECC issuance by EMB
No ECC application has been made. Water right permit of
Bayabas Dam 3.5m3/s was granted to LGU
3
Project Bulacan in November,
2004.
Maasim Dam No ECC application has been made. No available data
4
Project
50 MLD Wawa Dam No ECC application has been made. MWSS was granted with
5
Project 0.46m3/s.
First ECC application was done on December 2006 by MWS MWSS was granted to.
6 Laiban Dam Project Current application was submitted on April 2009 and 23m3/s.
currently under scoping and screening.
Kanan No.2 Dam No ECC application has been made MWSS was granted 38m3/s
7
Project
Kaliwa Low Dam No ECC application has been made MWSS was granted
8
Project 23m3/s*1
9 Agos Dam Project No ECC application has been made No available data
Tayabasan River ECC was issued this year (2011) by EMB DENR MWSS by MWCI was
10 Water Supply granted 1 m3/s.
Project
Laguna Lake Bulk ECC Ref. No. ECC-LDBW-0811-193-4100 (300 MLD MWSI was granted 300
11 Water Supply Putatan Water Treatment Plant Putatan Muntinlupa, Metro MLD by LLDA*2
Project Manila) Approved on 3 April 2009
Sierra Madre No ECC application has been made Water right equivalent to
Hydropower and 10.7m3/s was granted to
12
Bulk Water Supply SMWC from 8 rivers.
(by SMWC)
Wawa Water Supply No ECC application has been made Water rights with capacity
13 Project of 3.48m3/s was granted to
(SLRB) San Lorenzo Ruiz Builders
Manila North-East No ECC application has been made No available data
14 Water Supply
Project
Marikina No ECC application has been made No specific water right for
15 Multipurpose Dam the proposed Marikina Dam
Project
Raising Angat Dam It is not clarified if ECC application is required. Application for water right
16 FSL is not required.

Note: *1= 23m3/s granted for Laiban Dam is the same for Kaliwa Low Dam in the same Kaliwa River.
*2 = For use of lake water, water right shall be granted by LLDA.

In terms of the acquisition of Water Right from NWRB, almost all the water sources are
granted water rights except for Balintingon Multipurpose Dam Project, Manila North-East
Water Supply Project and Agos Dam Project. Within the Marikina Watershed Reservation
area, there seems to be a problem in the total water rights issued by NWRB. More detailed
examination and/or assessment is needed to validate the total water rights granted against the
total stream flow capacity of Wawa River inclusive of required environmental flow.

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 Figure 5.5 Existing Land Use Map of the Study Areas
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 Figure 5.6 Land Cover Map of the Study Areas
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(4) Assessment of Potential Environmental Impacts
(a) Land Use and Classification

Figure 5.6 shows the land use plan of the provinces superimposed to the project based
map where new water sources are proposed. The land use maps are taken from the
provinces’ respective Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan (PDPFP),
to wit: Rizal (PDPFP, 2008-2013), Bulacan (PDPFP, 1998-2007) and Laguna (2010-
2020). For confirmation and comparison purposes, the land use map is compared to
the Land Cover Map made by the DENR Forest Management Bureau (FMB) in 2003.
Land cover map is presented in Figure 5.7. Using the land cover and land use maps, the
following assessments and observations were made.

(i) Sumag River Diversion Project

The proposed Sumag River Diversion Work is part of the Umiray-Angat

Transbasin system. Water source area is mainly composed of closed forest
broadleaved. In this case, water quality and quantity may not be an issue.

Sumag River catchment area is within and will traverse the following proclaimed
and protected areas:

 Umiray Watershed per Proclamation No. 264 of Sept. 28, 1992 covering
16,722.75 ha catchment area in Umiray; and,
 The Angat Watershed declared as reservation under Proclamation No. 71,
series of 1972, covers an area of 62,309.10 ha and covers the municipalities
of San Jose del Monte, Norzagaray and Doña Remedios Trinidad (DRT), in
Bulacan Province; and E. Rodriquez (Montalban) in Rizal Province.

Even though these areas are proclaimed protected, several problems are still
perceived and are prevalent within resulting to the depletion of existing forest
cover, such as the following:

 Small scale mining operation at DRT area;

 Rampant illegal logging;
 Charcoal making; and,
 Slash and burn “Kaingin” farming practice.

(ii) Balintingon Dam Project

The land cover in the upper catchment area of Balintingon Dam is consisted of
mostly close forest broadleaved while the lower catchment area is covered by
grass and scanty bushy vegetation, scarcely inhabited. Inundation area will not
cover the forest area with thick forest cover.

Balintingon Dam catchment area is within the following proclaimed and protected
areas:

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  Alienable & Disposable Land per Proclamation 605 of July 1959 covering
3,968 ha or 15.42% of 25,730 ha catchment area of Balintingon;
 Minalungao National Park per Proclamation 231 of June 1967 covering
871 ha or 3.39% of 25,730 ha catchment area of Balintingon;
 DRT-Gen. Tinio Watershed Forest Reserve per Presidential Proclamation
230 of March 1988 covering 12,961 ha or 50.37% of 25,730 ha catchment
area of Balintingon; and,
 Peñaranda Forest Reserve per Proclamation 230 of June 1969 covering
7,930 ha or 30.82% of 25,730 ha catchment area of Balintingon.

Although Balintingon Dam catchment area is within the above enumerated

proclaimed and protected areas, there are important environmental and social
issues and concerns that need to be addressed in the conduct of a full blown
environmental impact assessment. These include the following:

 Slash-and-burn farming or “Kaingin” is still practiced; and,

 Illegal logging is prevalent.

(iii) Bayabas Dam Project and Maasim Dam Project

Majority of the catchment area of Maasim is mostly natural grassland. There are
no closed and open forest broadleaved that are found in the area. In the absence
of forest cover, the water retaining capability of the catchment area is expected to
be poor while problem of erosion may cause problem of dam siltation. From the
point of view of environmental rehabilitation and enhancement, a relatively large
amount of investment is needed to improve the watershed condition of Maasim
catchment area. For the inundation area of Maasim, it is expected that no
significant impact on natural habitat and forest will be generated as the condition
of the forest can be rated denuded to disturbed.

The catchment area of Bayabas Dam is in much better condition compared with
that of Maasim Dam. In the upper catchment area of Bayabas, there are patches
of open forest broadleaved which when rehabilitated could be transformed into
closed forest broadleaved and forest plantation. On the hand, the lower
catchment area of Bayabas is mainly composed of wooded land interspaced with
shrubs. Based on the proposed location of Bayabas dam, the inundation area will
cover portion of the open forest broadleaved. Compared with Maasim, lesser
investment is needed to improve and enhance the watershed condition of Bayabas
catchment area.

Bayabas River and Maasim River catchment areas are outside the protected area
of Angat Watershed Forest Reserve per Proclamation No. 71. Since these
watersheds are not really protected, major and perceived problems encountered
that led to the denudation of each respective forest resources are:

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  Slash and burn “Kaingin” farming is still practiced;
 Charcoal production is rampant;
 Illegal logging;
 Depletion of existing forest cover;
 Sedimentation and siltation of rivers and streams;
 Watershed erosion; and,
 Deterioration of water quality due to erosion.

(iv) Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project

Considering the land use and land cover maps of Laguna Lake’s catchment basin,
it can be gleaned that Laguna Lake is mostly surrounded by built-up areas and
cultivated lands. There is no significant forest cover within the jurisdiction of
Laguna Lake, then critical environmental concern is the progressive deterioration
of water quality brought about by discharges of both domestic wastewater from
household and industrial wastewater from commercial and industrial areas.
Notwithstanding the contribution of non-point sources from cultivated area
containing silt (from eroded soil) and agro-chemical uses.

Laguna Lake’s present water uses encompass the following uses: lake fishery,
navigation (transport route), flood water reservoir, power generation, recreation,
irrigation, industrial cooling, waste sink and now source of potable water.

There is conflicting resource use competition in Laguna Lake. The surrounding

mixed land uses contribute to the progressive water quality deterioration of lake
water thus again increasing the cost of water production to meet the PNSDW
standards. For Laguna Lake to sustain its capability to supply raw water for
domestic use purpose, large amount of investments on water quality improvement
projects coupled with strong enforcement of the law is needed to improve the
lake’s water quality.

Laguna Lake is being regulated and managed by Laguna Lake Development

Authority (LLDA) as per Republic Act No. 4850. Several problems encountered
by LLDA which usually result to the degradation of water quality of the lake.
These are the following:

 Increase erosion and sedimentation from tributary rivers;

 Pollution from agro-industries through tributary rivers;
 Pollution from domestic and industrial wastes through tributary rivers;
 Pollution from unregulated unregistered agro-industries;
 Excessive feeds in fish cages; and,
 Saltwater intrusion.

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(v) Laiban Dam and Kaliwa Low Dam Projects

The lower catchment area of Laiban Dam is mostly composed of open forest
broadleaved, wooded land and wooded grassland. There are a few patches of
closed forest broadleaved in the upper catchment. Based on the presented figure,
the inundation area is characterized by wooded land, wooded grassland and open
forest broadleaved. None of the closed forest broadleaved will be inundated by the
reservoir. The land cover of catchment may need a relatively large amount of
investment to transform the greater majority of open forest broadleaved into
closed forest broadleaved. The watershed enhancement and rehabilitation is
required to ensure sustainability of water supply and good water quality to bring
down cost of water production in the long term.

Kaliwa River Basin is within the following proclaimed and protected areas:

 Kaliwa River Forest Reservation per Proclamation No. 573 of June 26,
1969 covering 18,000 ha out of 28,000 ha catchment area in Tanay, Rizal;
and,
 Unnamed National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary and Game Preserved per
Proclamation No. 1636 of April 18, 1977.

Major problem encountered in Kaliwa Watershed is deforestation and denudation

primarily caused by 1) Unabated illegal logging; 2) Charcoal making; and,
3) Slash-and-burn farming.

Old growth forest (primary growth of dipterocarp trees) cover has been depleted
due to wood-based livelihood such as charcoal making and small-scale illegal
logging. These activities are intense in Barangay Daraitan in Tanay. As a part
of the LGU initiative to control wood-based livelihood, people in Brgy. Daraitan
are encouraged to propagate seedlings of indigenous tree species such as Narra,
Acacia, Mahogany, Molave, etc. to sell to LGU for its reforestation activities.
Reforestation projects are also implemented by DENR and the LGUs within
protected and production forest areas of Rizal. At present the focus of
reforestation project of LGUs is Brgy. Cuyambay in Tanay. On the other hand,
DENR-PENRO Rizal and CENRO Antipolo are also conducting reforestation
under the National Greening Program within forest protected zones in Brgys. Sto.
Nino, Mamuyao, San Andres, Cayabu, Sta. Ines, and Tinucan in Tanay, Rizal.

(vi) Kanan No.2 Dam Project

Majority of the land cover is comprised of closed forest broadleaved and a little
share of open forest broadleaved. The area is also void of built areas except for
the nomadic habitation of IPs. Among all the identified new water sources,
Kanan River Basin can be considered as the most ideal water source from the
watershed conditions due to its rich and intact forest cover.

About 33.6% of Kanan watershed is within the protected area of Unnamed

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 National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary and Game Preserve per Proclamation No.
1636 of April 18, 1977 covering 70,000 ha catchment area in Real, Infanta and
Gen. Nakar, Quezon. Kanan watershed is so far has the most abundant forest
cover among all alterative water sources. Threatened rare and endangered flora
and fauna species are reportedly still found here. However prevailing watershed
problems as encountered in most of the watersheds in Regions III and IV-A are
also observed here. Such perceived watershed problems are:

 Illegal logging;
 Illegitimate small scale mining operation;
 Slash-and-burn farming or “Kaingin”;
 Charcoal making; and,
 Uncontrolled poaching and wild extraction of precious forest products.

Illegal logging and charcoal making are still the most prevalent with Kaliwa and
Kanan watersheds as source of livelihood. Wood based industries and products
like rattan, vines, palms, and wild plants has been a great source of livelihood for
most communities. If not controlled or prevented, denudation and deforestation
of the watershed will likely happen resulting to further disturbance and
destruction of rare/endangered flora and fauna species in the area. According to
DENR CENRO alternative non-wood-based livelihood such as organic farming,
charcoal briquetting, “walis tambo” making and other handicrafts have been
introduced in order to divert attention of people from wood-based livelihood.
Reforestation projects are also implemented by DENR in coordination with LGUs
within protected forest areas of Quezon.

(vii) Agos Dam Project

The catchment areas for Agos Dam River project resemble the combined
characteristics of catchment areas for Kaliwa River and Kanan River basins. The
Kanan catchment area is expected to deliver better quality of water compared with
water from Kaliwa River Basin. Agos Dam watershed is just a continuum of
Kanan watershed. The same perceived problems happen within the watershed.
Extensive logging at the Kanan Watershed is indicated by the amount of logs
being transported at the confluence of Agos and it posed serious threat to the
primary (old growth) forest. Some slash-and-burn farming is also observed
along the river banks. Reforestation projects are implemented by DENR in
coordination with LGUs within protected forest areas of Quezon. Problems
prevailing in Agos River Basin are combinations of problems that are identified in
Kanan and Kaliwa River Basins.

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(viii) 50 MLD Wawa Dam Project, Manila North-East Water Supply Project,
Wawa Water Supply Project and Marikina Multipurpose Dam Project

These projects will utilize the existing Wawa Dam in Marikina River. Waters
flowing into the Wawa Dam are coming from Bosoboso River, Tayabasan River,
Supe Bute River and Montalban River. Among these rivers, the catchment areas
of Tayabasan River, Supe Bute River and Montalban River have mostly the close
forest broadleaved while the catchment area of Bosoboso River has almost no
forest cover and its catchment area is characterized by various uses. Aside from
this, Bosoboso River receives the highest amount of pollution notably from a big
piggery farm and former MMDA landfill.

Based on existing land use, a greater percentage of the catchment area of Wawa
River is devoted to mixed land uses. The cost of water treatment may be high
due to impairment of water quality from identified point source without
underestimating the potential contribution from non-point sources.

Marikina River catchment area and its tributaries are within the following
proclaimed and protected areas:

 Marikina Watershed Reservation per Proclamation No. 2480 of January 29,

1986 covering 26,000 ha catchment area that extends to Antipolo, Tanay,
San Mateo, Baras, Marikina and Rodriguez in Rizal; and,
 Pamitinan Protected Landscape per Proclamation No. 901 of October 1,
1996 covering about 608 ha in Rodriguez, Rizal.

Unabated slash-and-burn farming or “Kaingin“; in September 2011, the Marikina

Watershed Reservation was proposed to be declared by DENR as a protected area
pursuant to National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) or RA 7658 and
to be known as Upper Marikina Watershed Protected Landscape. This pro-active
move of the government is multi-purpose that include enhancement of the
rainwater retention capability of the watershed and at the same time reduce the
threat of flooding, erosion and siltation of the surrounding water bodies.
However, the existing land use within Marikina watershed reservation has evolved
through time. The original 27,980 ha reservation by virtue of EO 33 on July
1904 and 26,000 ha reservation by Proclamation No. 2480 issued on January 1986
has been substantially reduced to 18,400 ha due to issuances of executive orders
that excluded some 7,630 ha of the reservation for residential, agribusinesses,
tourist resorts and industrial uses.

At present, although proclaimed as reservation area, the Marikina Watershed

Reservation continues to be denuded and deforested due to the following:

 Charcoal making;
 Presence of mining and quarrying activities within the watershed
reservation by virtue of the issued Mineral Processing Sharing Agreement
(MPSA) that overlaps at areas of the lower Marikina Watershed
Reservation; and,
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  Reduction of watershed area due to land conversion into resettlement sites.

(ix) Tayabasan River Water Supply Project

The catchment area of Tayabasan River remains to be the only area containing
closed and open forest broadleaved. The proportion of closed forest broadleaved
is significantly bigger than the open forest. Aside from being a forestland, there
are no other land uses found in the Tayabasan River Basin. From the
environmental report of MWCI, the water quality in Tayabasan River yielded no
traces of pollution from domestic and industrial sources (FS with Preliminary
Design for Tayabasan River Water Supply Project, 2009).

Tayabasan River catchment area is within the protected area of Marikina

Watershed Reservation per Proclamation No. 2480 of January 29, 1986 covering
26,000 ha catchment area that extends to Antipolo, Tanay, San Mateo, Baras,
Marikina and Rodriguez in Rizal. The same perceived problems as mentioned
earlier for Marikina Watershed Reservation are also observed in Tayabasan.

(x) Sierra Madre Hydropower and Bulk Water Supply

This project shall obtain its water source from at most twelve rivers located in
southern part of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range located in the provincial
jurisdiction of Quezon. Land cover of the catchment area is dominated by open
forest broadleaved. Compared with the catchment of Kanan River Basin, the
catchment areas of these 12 rivers are relatively disturbed as most of the land
cover is consisted of open forest broadleaved interspaced with other mixed land
uses. If enhancement of the watershed would be required, a relatively large
amount of investment is needed to transform the open forest broadleaved into
closed forest broadleaved.

(b) Geology

The latest active fault and trenches map published by the Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS in 2011 is presented in Figure 5.7. All the
succeeding discussions related to earthquake and seismic activity can be referred to this
map.

(i) Sumag River Diversion Project

The site is located within the central portion of southern Sierra Madre Ranges
underlain by four lithologic formations: Barenas-Bayto formation BBF, Bayabas
formation BF, Binangonan formation BL, and Alluvium QAI. Major tectonic
feature at the project site is the northwest trending Philippine Fault located 40 km
at the shortest distance and the Angat Fault on the west side representing thrust
fault characterizing sheet of Ophiolitic rocks. Eight local faults are also identified.

They are generally trending north-northeast while they are considered inactive

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 except Malabitu Fault located in the Billiway area 30 km away from the inlet
portal of transbasin tunnel. Folding is exhibited by the synclinal attitude of the
upper Sumag limestone and gentle undulations in the clastic rocks. Basalt is
mostly distributed in the area near tunnel portal at Angat.

(ii) Balintingon Dam Project

Slope stability in the upper catchment area was reported to be stable or

satisfactory. Erosion problem is reported to be within minimal level. As can be
gleaned from the active fault and trenches map, no important fault is intersecting
the proposed Balintingon dam site.

In the feasibility study (1983), it was reported that at the inundation area, volcanic
breccia and agglomerate are the predominant rock types. No limestone outcrops
are mapped, which implies, that a complete water tightness of the reservoir can be
expected.

(iii) Bayabas Dam Project and Maasim Dam Project

The proposed Bayabas Dam site and its reservoir are underlain by Bayabas
formation and diorite. The upper slopes are covered by talus with thickness of
<1 m. No major fault has been transecting the reservoir area. At present, due
to poor land cover in the catchment area, continuous erosion of riverbanks and
sedimentation of riverbeds have occurred. These problems must be addressed
and mitigated if and when proposed dam projects are decided to pursue.

(iv) Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project

Laguna Lake watershed is generally underlain by Quaternary such as Pliocene-

Pleistocene, clastic, pyroclastic and volcanic rocks while its extreme northern part
is predominantly occupied by Tertiary rocks and few remnants of Cretaceous
rocks. The southern portion of Lake’s watershed is characterized by group of
volcanic cones and small crater that experienced intermittent eruptions during
Pleistocene time. The active faults with recent earthquake history are the NW-SE
trending Philippine fault and Lubang fault/Verde Passage Suture. Also the
Marikina fault system which is defined by a pair of steep – the West Marikina
Valley Fault (WMVF) and East Marikina Valley Fault (EMVF).

The treatment plant is located in Muntinlupa City which is underlain by

Guadalupe formation characterized by massive sequence of tuffaceous water-laid
volcaniclastic rocks. Muntinlupa is located at the southern part of the 60-km
long West Marikina Valley Fault system. Due to this geologic feature of the area,
there is strong possibility of occurrence of strong earthquake or ground shaking at
the project site and vicinity and liquefaction in areas underlain by sandy to clayey
alluvium. In this case, structural damage may be possible during occurrence of
these geologic events.

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 Figure 5.7 Active Fault and Trench Map
5-59
5-60
(v) Laiban Dam and Kaliwa Low Dam Projects

The proposed Laiban reservoir is underlain mainly by clastic sediments with

limestone intercalations. The Lenatin lineament occurs as major tectonic
structure which controls the Lenatin valley but fades about 3 km upstream of dam
site. Although considered not active, it is still included in the evaluation.
Another one is the Daraitan Anticline bounded by N-S running faults and the San
Andres Structure extending NNE-SSW strike.

Previous reports identified the following problems: a) stability of the plinth

foundation on the right bank side, b) many small scale faults, c) thick residual and
colluvial soil on the right bank, and d) need of groundwater monitoring on the
narrow ridge part of right bank.

(vi) Kanan No.2 Dam Projects

The base rock at dam site is composed of massive rocks such as conglomerates,
agglomerates occasionally lava flows, sandstone, and mudstone with fossils, chart
and greywacke. Geology is equivalent to Mayabangain Formation of Paleogene
period. It is noted that the highly active Philippine Fault exists at about 8 km
east. There is also a possibility of unstable mass causing landslide or thick talus
deposit. Massive bank erosion and scouring can be observed caused by strong
current of Kanan River during flood season. Agricultural land near the river
bank decreases due to bank erosion. Problem persistent to the Kanan River
Basin include continuous erosion of riverbanks and sedimentation of riverbeds.

(vii) Agos Dam Project

There are eight (8) rock formations within the project area, the Quaternary
Alluvium, Laguna, Tignoan, Madlum, Angat, Maybangain, Kinabuan and
Barenas-Baito formations. If the dam is constructed in the proposed site, river
terraces characterize the river edges of Agos high dam abutments while the dam
foundation belongs to Tignoan formation. The alluvium at active channels
consists of boulders of andesites, limestone, sandstones and pyroclastics. Bedrock
with depth of 40 m was observed below the riverbed. At present, reported
problem include continuous erosion of riverbanks and sedimentation of riverbeds.
Therefore, rather big works will be required for the dam foundation treatment.

(viii) 50 MLD Wawa Dam Project, Manila North-East Water Supply Project,
Wawa Water Supply Project and Marikina Multipurpose Dam Project

Large, through-going active faults are known to occur within a 100 km radius of
the dam site. The Marikina Valley Fault lies only a few kilometers west of the
vicinity of the dam site. West Marikina Valley Fault has traceable strike length
of 100 km trends north-northeast and dips steeply to the east. East Marikina
Valley Fault is less persistent compared to West Marikina Valley Fault with only a

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 traceable strike length of 20 km.

The Montalban Fault is a nearly vertical left- handed strike slip fault which cuts
across the limestone ridge north of Wawa Dam area and into the Bosoboso Valley.
At present, reported problems involve continuous erosion of riverbanks and
sedimentation of riverbeds and increase sedimentation at upstream portion of the
dam.

(ix) Tayabasan River Water Supply Project

Tayabasan River belongs to the group of rivers that drains to Wawa Dam. Fault
lines such as the Marikina Valley Fault and the Montalban Fault lies within few
kilometers away from the catchment areas of Tayabasan River. In the design of
the dam, the existence of these fault lines must be considered to render the dam
structure earthquake resilient in the event of minor to major earthquakes in the
area.

(x) Sierra Madre Hydropower and Bulk Water Supply

The project area lies in the southern range of the Sierra Madre Mountains.
Appears to be underlain by fine grained volcanic rock, mostly basalts and sites
with possible intercalation of agglomerate, volcanic breccia and tuff. Several sub-
vertical structures including Caliraya Fault, which traverses the steep western
margin of Sierra Madre Mountains and forms a prominent topographical break
with the western slope dipping steeply towards Laguna Lake. The proposed
pipeline route crosses Bibbangonan Fault, Theresa Fault, Jalajala Fault, Nawa
Fault, Natilio Fault, Bagombong Fault and Caliraya Fault. Rock types appear to
be deeply weathered at several places within catchment areas. Site observation
on topographical features in three dam sites suggests that the river valleys have
been subjected to several recent and past landslides.

(c) Terrestrial Ecology39

(i) Sumag River Diversion Project

Upstream portion of Umiray is covered by thick and almost virgin rain forest,
except at the miners’ settlement at Angelo River, Sitio Landing and Sitio Malining
where denudation of forested area (2 km2) occurred due to practice of slash-and-
burn farming. Downstream of Mapija Village was the exploitation site for timber
and rattan. A large timber sawmill is located in Umiray Village.

A total of 42 wildlife species are identified at the project site and vicinity. No
endangered species reportedly exist in the area. According to an interview with
local resident of Brgy. San Marcelino, endangered mammals especially wild deer
are already seldom seen in the area. Narra tree is also depleting.

39
Scientific names of flora and fauna are listed in Annex: Table A5.58.
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 (ii) Balintingon Dam Project

According to NIA’s supplemental report (2008), vegetative cover in the

Balintingon Dam catchment area includes 42% of closed forest (10,990 ha),
32.90% of open forest (10,085 ha), 17.80% of wooded lands (4,579 ha), and
0.30% of grasslands (76 ha).

Within the whole Pampanga River Basin where Sumacbao catchment area is
included, there are reported eight (8) threatened species (7 birds and 1 mammal).

(iii) Bayabas Dam Project and Maasim Dam Project

Several years back the Bayabas watershed is still endowed with very good forest
cover (60%) especially at the upper catchment of the basin due to its difficult and
inaccessible terrain. Wildlife such as the wild deer is reported to inhabit the area.
Though Maasim watershed already showed denudation because of increasing
population, it wasn’t able to recover but deteriorated further.

(iv) Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project

The dominant plant species found at the treatment facility site are Narra,
Mahogany, Acasia, Mango, Aratiles, Coconut, Papaya, Neem tree, Palm trees,
Bamboo, Indian tree, Ipil-ipil, Tamarind, Bougainvilleas. Based on survey
conducted for the IEE, overall composition of terrestrial wildlife species found at
the vicinity of project site includes 1 amphibian, 2 reptiles, 15 species of birds and
1 mammal. However, none of the observed species are threatened or
endangered.

(v) Laiban Dam and Kaliwa Low Dam Projects

Current ecosystem found in Kaliwa River watershed includes ridge forest,

savannah, grassland, river/stream bank, floodplain/riparian, and agro-forest.
According to 2003 JICA Stusy40 there are 94 plant species belonging to 43
families and 85 genera representing various life forms such as tree, shrub, forth,
grass, vine and fern. To mention some, at mid-level mountains are covered by
residual forest composed of dipterocarps and non-dipterocarps such as Anabiong,
Tibig, Takip-asin, White lauan, Tanguile, Bagtikan and Guijo. Also found are
Apitong, Anonang, Narra, Acacia and Rattan. Bamboo plants and patches of Ipil-
ipil, Lumanay, Mahogany and Yemane are found along the river banks.
Commercial fruit tree farms are planted with mangoes. Other fruit trees are
Santol, Avocado and banana. There are also patches of upland agriculture
planted to corn and coconut. Cogon grasses were observed in bare areas.

This vegetation cover is still home to some migratory and permanent endangered
faunal species. According to local residents these species include the Philippine

40
The Study on Water Resources Development for Metro Manila, JICA, 2003
5-63
 eagle, Deer, Wild pig, Monitor lizard and Kalaw. There was an actual sighting
of Crow, Quail, Bato-bato, Balud, Kalaw, Kilyawin, Tikling and Owl.

At present, old growth forest (primary growth of dipterocarp trees) cover has been
depleted due to wood-based livelihood such as charcoal making and small-scale
illegal logging. These activities are intense in Barangay Daraitan in Tanay.

Decrease in sighting of Wild boar and Labuyo was also confirmed. Threatened
wildlife species include: Bleeding heart pigeon, Civet cat or Musang, Fruit bat,
King fisher, Labuyo, Lawin, Monitor lizard, Palm civet cat, Philippine bulbul,
Pulanga, Tariktik, Tikling, Wild boar.

(vi) Kanan No.2 Dam Projects

The entire Kanan River watershed is mostly forested with small patched of
grassland/savannah and agro-ecosystem areas. Riparian and stream bank
ecosystems are also present. According to FS, plant composition includes 346
vascular plants belonging to 246 genera and 105 families. Old growth forest
includes dipterocarp trees such as Apitong, Yakal, Guijo, White Lauan and other
timber species. With the enduring pressure from unabated logging operation,
nine (9) floral immediately threatened or vulnerable species were listed. These
include trees of premium timber Almaciga and Bago, Rattan and rare species of
orchids.

Likewise, the thick forested area is habitat of rare and endangered fauna species
such as Pithecophaga jeferryie, Horned forest frog, Philippine bullfrog, Philippine
bent-toed gecko, Philippine trogon, Rufous hornbill, Tarictic hornbill, White-
winged flying fox, Slendered-tailed cloud rat, Palm civet cat, Civet cat, Luzon wild
pig and Philippine deer. There are also actual sighting of crow, quail, Bato-bato,
Balud, Kalaw, Kilyawin, Tikling and Owl.

(vii) Agos Dam Project

As mentioned in 2003 JICA FS, vegetation within Agos River watershed is similar
to Kaliwa and Kanan Rivers due to continuum of landscape. Existing ecosystem
includes hillside and top/ridge vegetation, stream bank/riverbank vegetation,
floodplains/riparian type and coastal type vegetation. Vegetation cover is most
likely to remain the same at present. Plant species composition includes 106
plant species belonging to 41 families and 83 genera under 6 life forms, namely,
tree, shrub, forb, grass, vine and fern. At the confluence of Agos and Kanan
River, hardwood forest still remains along steep slopes while along riverbanks,
cash crops such as coconuts, bananas and other fruit trees were commonly
observed. Streambed and riverine areas are also home to Buslot. Near the
mouth of Agos River are beach vegetation having total of 16 species belonging to
14 families and 17 genera. Beach vegetation includes stands of nipa and

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 mangrove forest of 26 various species belonging to 19 genera and 17 families.

Vulnerable flora species include Almaciga, Bago, Rattan and rare species such as
orchids. Likewise rare species of fauna were also observed such as Horned
forest frog, Philippine bullfrog, Philippine bent-toed gecko, Philippine trogon,
Rufous hornbill, Tarictic hornbill, White-winged flying fox, and Philippine deer.

(viii) 50 MLD Wawa Dam Project, Manila North-East Water Supply Project,
Wawa Water Supply Project and Marikina Multipurpose Dam Project

Several water sources are proposed to be taken from Wawa River and its tributary
rivers which are located within the catchment of Marikina Watershed Reservation
and Pamitinan Protected Landscape. Even though these areas are proclaimed
and protected, sign of denudation is evident especially the lower portion of the
watershed. The upper catchment on the other hand still has rich canopy cover
that should be protected. According to 2005 Feasibility Study41, there are about
66 individual plants belonging to 33 species common to the area. These plants
belong to non-dipterocarp trees, bamboos, grasses and other types. However,
because of constant encroachment of people there are only very minimal wildlife
found in the area and mostly are birds. According to local residents, no wild
mammals were spotted during survey and could be attributed to the fact that the
study area is already developed.

(ix) Tayabasan River Water Supply Project

The existing vegetation or forest cover is described as good. No observed

endangered or threatened species.

(x) Sierra Madre Hydropower and Bulk Water Supply

Vegetation type is secondary lowland dipterocarp forest with some old growth
trees left standing on the ridges and mixed with agroforestry and Kaingin.
Secondary forest area remains protected due to the inaccessible and rugged terrain

The sites represented habitats of variable disturbances from logging, coal making,
extensive collection of ornamental plants and Kaingin. Among the economically
important species mentioned, only Agthis Philippinensis is classified as
potentially threatened and vulnerable

(d) Water
(i) Sumag River Diversion Project

Sumag River is primarily utilized for navigation of people and forest products, etc.
The Umiray-Angat Transbasin is design to accommodate inflows from Umiray,
Alia and Sumag Rivers. The three river basins have total catchment area of

41
Wawa Dam Water Supply Project, ADB-MWSS, 2005
5-65
 160 km2. Water quality at selected diversion sites and downstream is generally
clear in most normal conditions but becomes turbid during floods.

(ii) Balintingon Multipurpose Dam Project

The water of Balintingon from Sumacbao river basin is reported to be suitable for
irrigation water as there were no reported harmful effects on soil and/or crop.
Water resources were described as of good characteristics. Lowest section of
target service areas is prone to flooding or areas surrounding the Candaba
swamps.

(iii) Bayabas Dam Project and Maasim Dam Project

Bayabas river is generally use for irrigation, fishing and domestic use. Drinking
water in Bayabas is reportedly taken directly from the river which is of good
quality. According to the pre-FS42, local dwellers were saying that river water
has better quality and taste than water from ground wells especially during dry
season. No water-vector diseases have been observed yet. As far as water
availability is concerned, Bayabas River seems to be very promising.

(iv) Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project

Laguna Lake serves as natural detention reservoir for discharges from surrounding
24 tributary rivers. The lake’s only outlet is via Napindan Channel and Pasig
River.

Laguna Lake is classified as Class C water by DENR. Based on the 1993 and
1996 data saltwater intrusion
into the Laguna Lake is high
due to the Pasig River
backflow from Manila Bay.
This resulted to changes in
lake’s chloride concentration,
transparency and turbidity.
When sea water intrusion takes
place, chlorides level increases
from 200 mg/L to as high as
4,185 mg/L registered on June
29, 1993 at the West Bay.

Figure 5.8 Location of Selected Sampling Stations in Laguna Lake

42
Prefeasibility Study for Additional Water Supply to AMRIS, NIA, October 1994
5-66
Secondary data of selected five (5) sampling stations taken from LLDA for the
year 2010 are utilized for the characterization of Laguna Lake water quality. The
selected five (5) sampling stations as shown in Figure 5.8 are Stations I (West
Bay), II (East Bay), IV (Central Bay), V (West Bay near Pasig River), and VIII
(South Bay).

Based on the water sample analysis made by the Environmental Quality &
Research Division (EQRD) of LLDA in 2010, the level of dissolved oxygen (DO)
in the five major stations distributed in the west, east and south bays of the lake
conformed to the DENR Class C water quality criterion set at 5 mg/L. Other
parameters such as pH, total coliform, nitrates, and phosphates, selected heavy
metals such as chromium, cadmium and lead are all within the DENR standards.
Chloride values on the other hand, was observed to have exceeded the DENR
standard (standard is 350 mg/L) particularly during months of June to September
2010.

The lake’s basin contains about 25 major tributary rivers as presented in Table
5.30. These tributary rivers can greatly affect water quality of Laguna Lake
since these are the main sources of pollution load for the lake.

Table 5.30 Tributary Rivers of Laguna Lake

River/ Sub-Basin Name Location Classification
1 Baras River Rizal NC
2 Cainta, Sapang Baho River Rizal NC
3 Marikina River (lower reach) Rizal / NCR Class C
4 Morong River Rizal NC
5 Pangil River Laguna Worse than Class D
6 Pililla River Laguna NC
7 Siniloan River Laguna NC
8 Tanay River Rizal NC
9 Taytay River Rizal NC
10 Santa Maria River Laguna NC
11 Bagumbayan River Laguna NC
12 Binan River Laguna NC
13 Pila River Laguna NC
14 Buli River Laguna NC
15 Cabuyao River Laguna NC
16 Los Banos River Laguna NC
17 Mangangate River Laguna NC
18 Mouth of Tunasan River Laguna Class C
19 Santa Rosa River Laguna Class B
20 San Pedro River Laguna Class C
21 San Cristobal River Laguna Class C
22 San Juan River Laguna Class C
23 Santa Cruz River Laguna Class C
24 Pagsanjan River Laguna Class B
25 Bay River Laguna Class C
Note: NC = Not Classified

Based on DO and BOD levels, most of these rivers are virtually dead, such that
San Pedro, Tunasan, San Cristobal, and San Juan rivers have DO and BOD levels
below Class C standards. Most tributary rivers are deteriorating as indicated by
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 increasing turbidity, BOD, COD, oil and grease and phosphate loads. The problem
concerning BOD is most pronounced in rivers.

The mean annual rainfall of the basin is about 2,148 mm. The lake has an
estimated annual runoff of 5,050 MCM derived from its tributaries.

(v) Laiban Dam and Kaliwa Low Dam Projects

Water resources are influenced by Sierra Madre Mountains. Kaliwa River

functions as navigational route since there are no bridges yet at the remote
sections of the watershed like inner part of Brgy. Daraitan. Local residents are
using boat/banca in going from one bank to the other. Since there are river parts
that are shallow and with many protruding rocks, residents do not use boats to
navigate going to Agos. Kaliwa River also functions as fishing ground, source
of domestic water and agricultural or irrigation water for Tanay.

Upper Kaliwa River is fed by two sub-watersheds, Limutan in Quezon province

and Lenatin in Rizal province. Limutan is characterized by thick vegetation
while Lenatin is predominated by grassland and cultivated areas.

Kaliwa River is primarily for sustenance fishing, bathing, washing and livestock
rising, and for navigation of forest products like logs.

According to the July 2001 and August 2002 water quality data from the 2003
JICA FS, water condition in the catchment area can be generally regarded as good
and unpolluted. Exceedance was only noted for color and turbidity.

(vi) Kanan No.2 Dam Projects

Kanan River still functions as navigational route for logs (non-commercial) going
to Agos River, fishing ground, and source of domestic water and agricultural or
irrigation water for Infanta and General Nakar. Agricultural and mining inputs
may increase organic and inorganic loads of the river. Water availability remains
the same as to previous condition.

(vii) Agos Dam Project

Agos River still functions as navigational route for logs (non-commercial), fishing
ground, source of domestic water and agricultural or irrigation water for Infanta
and General Nakar.

For the water quality data of Agos River, available secondary data were recorded
in 2008 as results of water quality monitoring conducted by EMB-DENR. The
purpose of the monitoring for the classification of Agos River based on the
requirements of DAO 34. The results of the survey varied and resembled the
characteristics of Class A to B surface water. Finally, EMB classified Agos
River as Class B.

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 (viii) 50 MLD Wawa Dam Project, Manila North-East Water Supply Project and
Wawa Water Supply Project

Catchment area of Marikina River Basin is about 281.41 km2. Major tributaries
to Wawa River (at Wawa Dam) are Montalban River, Bosoboso River, Supe Buto
River and Tayabasan River.

Wawa dam and its river system are utilized as transport route for tourism, fishing
ground and domestic use.

Results of water quality analysis revealed that the most critical tributary river with
high exceeds to the standard values of DENR is Bosoboso River. All tributary
rivers exceeded to the 5mg/L DENR standard for Class A waters based on BOD
values. High levels of organic load could be attributed to presence of piggery
farms along Bosoboso, existing dumpsites, domestic waste discharges to the river
system.

The annual estimated rainfall at the project area is about 2,800 mm. The adopted
average stream flow available is estimated at 18.23 m3/s.

(ix) Tayabasan River Water Supply Project

The granted water right by NWRB for this project is 1.0 m3/s. Based on the FS
prepared by MWCI in 200943, the company in the near future will apply for an
additional 1.0 m3/s to make the total water rights to 2.0 m3/s.

MWCI in 2009 likewise conducted a year round water quality survey for
Tayabasan River. Based on the results of their survey, the water quality of
Tayabasan resembled the Class A water as described under DENR DAO 34.
Further, MWCI reported that no pesticides were detected while turbidity was
observed high in July 2009 due to rain events. There were no heavy metals
observed during the survey. As a conclusion, MWCI said that the proposed
water supply can be easily treated using conventional water treatment system.

Based on hydrologic analysis and stream flow measurements, there is substantial

amount of water during the wet months that could be stored in a reservoir to
augment the dry month’s diversion for water supply. In this case, it is expected
that Tayabasan water supply project can augment the dry season water supply
demand of the MWCI’s service area.

(x) Sierra Madre Hydropower and Bulk Water Supply

The rivers for this project are used for irrigation, power generation and industries,
open fishing grounds/fish pens, domestic consumption and navigation. Raw
water from the river is used for drinking by the people living in the area and there

43
MWCI Tayabasan River Water Supply Project Feasibility Study with Preliminary Design, MWCI, 2009
5-69
are no records of water related diseases reported. The results of laboratory
analyses show that the water flowing through these rivers will require only
minimal treatment.

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 Table 5.31 Critical Environmental Issues and Concerns and Recommended Environmental Management Plan
Water Sources
Projects without Dam Component
1) Laguna Lake Bulk
Water Supply Project
(300 MLD of MWSI)
2) Sumag River Diversion
Works
Projects with Dam and Reservoir Components
1) Balintingon
Multipurpose Dam
Project
2) Bayabas Dam Project
3) Maasim Dam Project
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Most Critical Environmental Issues
and Concern
o Water quality
o Encroachment into forest lands
o Vegetation removal and tree
cutting
o Inundation of watershed
o Loss of forest and forest habitat
o Loss of endangered/ threatened
species
o Watershed erosion
o Reduction of downstream flow
o Inundation of watershed
o Inundation of freshwater spring
that act as source of drinking
water in Bo. Tukod
o Reduction of downstream flow
o Watershed erosion
o Deterioration of water quality
due to erosion and pollution
Recommended Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
o Regulation on effluent discharges from all point sources that are discharging to the
lake; and,
o Aggressive campaign and advocacy on the use of best practice for non-point
sources to minimize its contribution to the deterioration of lake’s water quality.
o Cut trees only if necessary;
o Implementation of environmental conservation projects that will protect threatened/
endangered species
o Implementation of compensatory EMP;
o Inclusion of the upper basin of the project into NIPAS area
o Implementation of watershed management plan in line with Philippine’s various
Proclamations (EO) on forest protection and Forestry Law;
o Implementation of environmental protection and conservation projects;
o Regulations of illegal logging and encroachment of settlers
o Implementation of EMP that will protect threatened/endangered species in the
watershed
o Implementation of compensatory EMP
o Inclusion of the upper basin of the project into NIPAS area
o Rehabilitation of open forest which have been reported as completely deforested
especially on catchment areas for Maasim Dam
o Implementation of watershed management plan for environmental protection and
conservation;
o Regulations of illegal logging and encroachment of settlers
o Implementation of EMP that will protect threatened/endangered species in the
watershed
o Implementation of compensatory EMP
o Inclusion of the upper basin of the project into NIPAS area
 Water Sources Most Critical Environmental Issues
and Concern
4) Kaliwa Low Dam o Inundation of watershed
Project o Loss of forest and forest habitat
o Loss of endangered/ threatened
species
5) Laiban Dam Project o Watershed erosion
o Reduction of downstream flow
6) Kanan No.2 Dam o Inundation of watershed
Projects o Loss of forest and forest habitat
o Loss of endangered/ threatened
species
o Reduction of downstream flow
o Watershed erosion and
sedimentation
o Disturbance to migrating fish
species
7) Agos Dam Project o Inundation of watershed
o Loss of forest and forest habitat
o Loss of endangered/ threatened
species
o Reduction of downstream flow
o Watershed erosion and
sedimentation
o Disturbance to migrating fish
species
5-72
Recommended Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
o Implementation of watershed management plan in line with Philippine’s various
Proclamations (EO) on forest protection and Forestry Law;
o Environmental protection and conservation and with regulations on the extent of
illegal logging and encroachment of settlers
o Implementation of environmental conservation projects that will protect threatened/
endangered species
o Implementation of compensatory EMP
o Inclusion of the upper basin of the project into NIPAS area
o Implementation of watershed management plan in line with Philippine’s various
Proclamations (EO) on forest protection and Forestry Law;
o Environmental protection and conservation and with regulations on the extent of
illegal logging and encroachment of settlers
o Implementation of environmental conservation projects that will protect threatened/
endangered species
o Implementation of compensatory EMP
o Inclusion of the upper basin of the project into NIPAS area
o Bank erosion control
o Provide migration stairs for these migratory fish species
o Implementation of watershed management plan in line with Philippine’s various
Proclamations (EO) on forest protection and Forestry Law;
o Environmental protection and conservation and with regulations on the extent of
illegal logging and encroachment of settlers
o Implementation of environmental conservation projects that will protect threatened/
endangered species
o Implementation of compensatory EMP
o Inclusion of the upper basin of the project into NIPAS area
o Bank erosion control
o Provide migration stairs for these migratory fish species
 Most Critical Environmental Issues
Water Sources Recommended Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
and Concern
o Water Quality o Regulation on effluent discharges from all point sources that are discharging to the
o Inundation of watershed basin; and ,
8) 50 MLD Wawa Dam o Loss of forest and forest habitat o Loss of endangered/ threatened species
Water Supply Project o Loss of endangered/ threatened o Aggressive campaign and advocacy on the use of best practice for non-point
species sources to minimize its contribution to the deterioration of rivers’ water quality.
o Implementation of watershed management plan in line with Philippine’s various
Proclamations (EO) on forest protection and Forestry Law;
9) Manila North-East
o Environmental protection and conservation and with regulations on the extent of
Water Supply Project
illegal logging and encroachment of settlers
10) Wawa Water Supply o Implementation of environmental conservation projects that will protect threatened/
Project (by SLRB) endangered species
o Implementation of compensatory EMP
11) Marikina Multipurpose
o Inclusion of the upper basin of the project into NIPAS area
Dam Project
o Inundation of watershed o Implementation of watershed management plan in line with Philippine’s various
o Loss of forest and forest habitat Proclamations (EO) on forest protection and Forestry Law;
o Loss of endangered/ threatened o Environmental protection and conservation and with regulations on the extent of
12) Tayabasan River Water species illegal logging and encroachment of settlers
Supply Project o Implementation of environmental conservation projects that will protect threatened/
endangered species
o Implementation of compensatory EMP
o Inclusion of the upper basin of the project into NIPAS area
o Implementation of watershed management plan in line with Philippine’s various
o Inundation of watershed Proclamations (EO) on forest protection and Forestry Law;
13) Sierra Madre o Loss of forest and forest habitat o Environmental protection and conservation and with regulations on the extent of
Hydropower and Bulk o Loss of endangered/ threatened illegal logging and encroachment of settlers
Water Supply species o Implementation of environmental conservation projects that will protect threatened/
(by SMWC) o Disturbance to migrating fish endangered species
species o Implementation of compensatory EMP
o Inclusion of the upper basin of the project into NIPAS area
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5-74
5.3.6 Social Conditions

The proposed water sources were reviewed and analyzed to identify the social impact, update the
socio-economic condition and propose social development activities that should be conducted. The
socio-economic review was done through the conduct of table review of previous studies and relevant
documents, field verification, coordination with relevant agencies and groups such as the National
Commission on Indigenous People (NCIP), the National Irrigation Administration (NIA), National
Statistics Office (NSO), the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR), Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR), and with the Local Government Units of Bulacan, Quezon, Infanta,
General Nakar, Laguna, Tanay, Antipolo and Rizal and meetings with various officials such as the
Tribal Governor of Quezon, Tribal Chieftain of San Ysiro, Municipal and Barangay officials and with
MWSS, MWSI and MWCI officials.44

The updated socio-economic condition of each proposed water source, the assessment of the social
impact and the proposed social development plan are presented hereinafter.

(1) Sumag River Diversion Project

The tapping of the Sumag River and Alia Creek was originally included in the Umiray-Angat
Transbasin Project (UATP) completed in 2000 but was abandoned during the construction
period due to social issues.45 The constructed 13 km transbasin tunnel was originally
designed with a discharge capacity of 2,160 MLD (25 m3/s) but the average diverted flow
from Umiray River is observed to be only in range of 778 MLD (9 m3/s) to 1,123 MLD
(13 m3/s). The proposed Sumag River Diversion Works Project, which will involve the
development of Sumag River with reported annual average yield of 250 MLD, aims to
optimize the designed capacity of the tunnel.

The original Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) issued by DENR for the UATP in
October 1992 and the amended ECC granted in January 1994 already cover the works to be
done for Sumag and Alia Rivers diversion works. But with the revision in the original
scope of work from construction of ogee intake type in FS 1992 to Peruvian intake (Updated
FS 2006) for Sumag River Diversion Project, a second ECC amendment is requested by
MWSS upon completion of the updated feasibility study and detailed engineering design. To
support and justify the second ECC amendment, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
was prepared by EDCOP in 2008.

(a) Population

According to the IEE, since the UATP has been existing and operational for more than
10 years, human settlements at the project site are practically nil. Few Dumagats can
be seen within the MWSS camp working as laborers. Interviews and site observations
were conducted to gather secondary data on socio-economic conditions of the Dumagats

44
Limitations in conducting the data gathering were encountered such as inaccessibility of the Barangays and Sitios and the
unavailability of latest data and the delayed access to some of the reports and studies.
45
Sumag River Diversion Works Project, Volume 1, Final Design Report, May 2008 by EDCOP

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 within the watershed area. Sources of income of the Dumagats are fishing, poaching of
live animals such as wild pigs, chicken, deer, birds, etc. and “slash and burn” (Kaingin)
practice, which is still prevalent within the forest area.

Based on the records of NCIP Quezon Province, as of September 2011, the total number
of IPs in the Municipality of General Nakar is 3,515.

(b) Social Impact

The FS Updates for Sumag River Diversion Project included social and poverty analysis,
which involved the participation of the communities along the river. Public
consultations included the participation of, but were not limited to, children and
indigenous groups. Recommendation on poverty reduction, role of women and the
impact on women of the project, an analysis of the resettlement as well as peace and
order situation are significant portions of the analysis/study. Under this social and
poverty analysis is the post social impact assessment which seeks to identify the specific
social problems related to the deletion of the Sumag and Alia Rivers during the
construction period of the UATP.

 On the short-term social effects of the project, the IEE mentioned about the social
acceptance and perception of the community regarding the project. On social
acceptance of the project, the residents as well as the IPs of Umiray manifest their
support for the project only if the issues related to the UATP would be addressed.
The residents refer back to its experience with UATP in participating and stating
their into a MOA which was not undertaken during the UATP construction
 Who will be in charge of the maintenance of the watershed
 Unresolved issues as well as the obligations/promises raised during the UATP
construction
 Extent of participation of the communities along the river as well as the LGU of
Gen. Nakar in the project
 Rights of the Dumagats, since this project is within CADT area.

To work towards long term social effects of the project, the IEE cited that the
sustainability of the project should recognize the role of the communities along the river
and the Dumagats in Umiray. Their role over the watershed specifically in watershed
protection must be highlighted and tapped. Empowered barangay residents and
Dumagats are necessary for long term sustainability of the water sources in Umiray. This
is where the role of the proponent is needed in facilitating the venue for empowerment to
be realized. Sustainability of the project should also be anchored along long-term
institutional arrangements between and among different stakeholders in Umiray. The
project can provide avenues by which institutional arrangements among the LGU,
National Government Agencies and other sectors can identify their roles and
responsibilities on sustainable use of the water and the watershed.

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 EDCOP added that the implementation of watershed management can be realized only
within a co-ownership framework. The responsibility of watershed management
ultimately rests with a trained and empowered local community. Dumagats staying in
the watershed could be capacitated to strengthen their role in stewardship over the
resources. The proponent of the project can facilitate such process.

(2) Balintingon Multipurpose Dam Project

The Balintingon Multipurpose Dam Project is located in the Sumacbao River in southern
Nueva Ecija. The proposed dam reservoir is located in the Municipality of General Tinio in
Nueva Ecija. Proposed service area will be 14,900 ha of agricultural land in Nueva Ecija
and Bulacan. It will cover the following Municipalities:

Table 5.32 Balintingon Dam Service Area

Proposed Service Area Area (ha)
Bulacan
- San Ildefonso 1,925
- San Miguel 4,375
Nueva Ecija
- Cabanatuan City 1,125
- Gapan City 1,547
- Sta. Rosa 2,017
- General Tinio 1,140
- Peñaranda 2,771
Total 14,900

Sumacbao River is the proposed water source of the Balintingon Multipurpose Dam Project.
It originates from the Sierra Madre Mountain and joins the Chico River to form the
Peñaranda River which is the left bank tributary of the Pampanga River. The proposed
project aims to provide year round water to irrigate 22,000 ha and to generate electric power
of 30 MW.46

(a) Socio-Economic Condition

This project will benefit the Provinces of Nueva Ecija and Bulacan. Under the
jurisdiction of Nueva Ecija are 200 Barangays with a total area of 144,325 ha and a
population of 587,139 out of which 1,853 belong to Indigenous People who are mostly
Dumagats. The population of Nueva Ecija has increased by 11% since 2000. Bulacan
covers 119 Barangays with a land area of 49,900 ha and a population of 317,558. The
population has increased by 16% since 2000.

The project area will cover 28 Barangays in Nueva Ecija and 41 Barangays in Bulacan
with a total population of 302,753 and 50,590 households. There are 52 IP families
with 223 people.

The present land use of the project area is mostly the rainfed rice paddy which occupies
77% as shown below:

46
Feasibility Study of Balintingon Multipurpose Project, Electroconsult, Nov. 1983

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 Table 5.33 Present Land Use in Project Area
Arable Land Area (ha) Percentage (%)
Irrigated Rice Paddy (Pump) 903 3.7
Rainfed Rice Paddy 19,068 77.4
Diversified Crop 310 1.3
Grassland 65 0.3
Orchard 675 2.7
Built-up Area 2,010 8.0
Class 6 1,590 6.6
Total 24,630 100.0

(b) Resettlement

The construction of the Balintingon Dam/Reservoir will directly affect or relocate 45

households with 242 people living in 6 sitios (Bia, Kanlon, Maliyudyud, Minalungao,
Talbac and Tawini) in Barangay Pias, General Tinio, as surveyed in 1983. This number
is updated to be 79 project affected family (PAF)47 with 425 people in 2007. There are
52 PAFs with 223 PAFs of IPs in 2011 which was determined based on information
provided by National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) of Region III.

The total area to be inundated is 2,300 ha based on the 1983 survey. Total estimated
cost for the area to be inundated was Php. 425,00048, as shown in Table 5.34 below:

Table 5.34 Land Use and Cost in Inundation Area

Land Use Area (ha) Estimated Cost (Php)
Home Lots 59.64 43,000
Crop Area 56.33 382,000
Primary and Secondary Forest 2,184 -
Total 2,300 425,000

The estimated resettlement cost in 2008 was Php. 12,800,000 which also includes the
agricultural strengthening. This cost had been updated to 2011 cost which is
Php.14,820,000 and the holding of Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC).

(c) Social Issue

The project area falls within the ancestral domain of the Dumagats with CADT No. R03-
TPJ 0709-125 as shown in Figure 5.9: Location of Proposed Water Sources and
Approved CADT Area. This will require the application for an FPIC.

 Resettlement cost and number of affected population are based on 1983 survey.
There is a need to update the data and conduct a census and inventory of affected
people and assets.

 There are around 802 Indigenous People living within the project area. To mitigate
the effect of the resettlement on the IPs, an Indigenous Peoples Development Plan

47
Project Affected Families and Population are persons/families who will lose their land and properties or the right to use the
land or will lose access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting to adverse impacts on their livelihood. It is
also synonymous with “displaced persons” (Source: Involuntary Resettlement Sourcebook, The World Bank, 2004)
48
Feasibility Study Report, for Balintingon, Electroconsult Milano Italia, Nov. 1983

5-78
 should be formulated. An assessment should be made on their needs and their
preferences regarding livelihood activities that can help improve their condition.

 Since the project was first surveyed in 1983 and succeeding studies were done by
CarlEnergy in 2006 and NIA in 2007, there is a need to formulation an Information,
Education and Communication (IEC) Plan to disseminate important information
about the project and get feedback from the affected people.

Figure 5.9 Location of Proposed Water Sources and Approved CADT Area

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(3) Bayabas Dam Project
(a) Service Area

Bayabas River was identified as the additional water source for AMRIS. In developing
the reservoir/dam in the Bayabas River, new irrigable area will be developed. Bayabas
Dam will be able to irrigate an additional 3,900 ha. There is also a possible expansion
of the AMRIS area of about 3,000 ha.

AMRIS has a total irrigation area of 31,000 ha but was irrigated 27,000 ha in the last
cropping season of 2011. The reduction in area of about 4,000 ha is due to the
conversion of these areas to roads and high-ways, commercial and residential
development. The area irrigated is 21,000 ha during the wet season and 27,000 ha
during dry season. Reduction of area during the wet/rainy season is due to the flooding
of some areas. There are some irrigation areas that need restoration in the
municipalities of Bocaue, Bulacan, Candaba, Hagonoy, Apalit and San Simon. There
are also areas for expansion in Apalit and San Simon.49

(b) Socio-Economic Condition

The Bayabas Dam Project will benefit the farm areas in Dona Remedios Trinidad (DRT)
which is located in the Province of Bulacan. The socio-economic data of DRT is shown
in Table 5.35, below:

Table 5.35 Socio-Economic Condition of the Project Areas50

Socio-Economic Data DRT
Land Area (ha) 93,296
No. of Barangays 8
Total Population 2000 & 2007 (% Increase) 13,636 & 19,086 (40%)
Indigenous People (IP) Population (2009) Dumagats 1,652
CADT Area (ha) 20,221
Population Density 2007 (Person/ha) 0.20
Total Households 2,808
No. of Farmers (% from population) 2,980 (16%)
Irrigation: (2008-9: Dry Crop) n.a.
Average Annual Income (Php) 46,784
Income Class (2000 – 2003) Second Class
Major Economic Activities (2007) Farming,
Livestock raising and marble making

(c) Social Impact

Land use and settlements for Bayabas watershed was estimated based on general data
from DENR, CENRO of Baliwag. The indicative figures on the Primary Impact Zones
(PIZ) that were reported in the Study are estimated through personal assessment and not
through detailed census and socio-economic survey. These are presented in Table 5.35:

49
Data provided by NIA Region III Office in a Meeting with the Study Team on September 23, 2011
50
2008 Socio-Economic Profile, Province of Bulacan and Provincial Agriculture Office, City of Malolos, Bulacan, DENR
Data for Bulacan Province

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 Table 5.36 Land Use and Human Settlements of PIZ
Land Use and Settlements Bayabas Damsite
(Barangay Bayabas)
No. %
A. Catchment Area
 Total Area (ha) 5,350 -
 Permanent Crops (ha) 1,872.50 35
 Grassland/Open Lands (ha) 1,605 30
 Grazing land (ha) 535 10
 Forest Land (ha) 1,337.50 25
 Human Settlement (No.) 6,000 -
B. Reservoir
 Total Area (ha) 900 -
 Permanent Crops (ha) 450 50
 Grassland (ha) 180 20
 Grazing (ha) 90 10
 Forest Land (ha) 180 20
 Settlements:
‐ Houses (No.) 200-300 -
‐ Persons (No.) 1,000 – 1,500 -

The identified social impact of the project in the 1994 Study shows that:

(i) Impact to People, Structure and Land

The construction of the Bayabas Dam, located at Barangay Bayabas in Dona

Remedios Trinidad (DRT) will affect 10-50 houses with 20-100 people. Total
land area to be affected is estimated at 500 ha, with 25 ha planted to crops, 100 ha
planted to grassland and 375 ha classified as forest land. The Bayabas Dam is
considered to have lower impact than the Maasim Dam. Based on the 2007
population for Barangay Bayabas in Dona Remedios Trinidad, population have
increased by 16% from 2000 to 2007. Using this as a basis, the project affected
population is estimated at 25-116 with about 12-58 houses. (Refer to Table 5.34)

(ii) Impact to Indigenous Peoples

The Bayabas Dam/Reservoir is located in Dona Remedios Trinidad where the

Dumagats hold a Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT). If the location
of the dam/reservoir falls within the CADT, then there will be a need to acquire
the Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) from the Dumagats before the start of
the Project. Based on the Municipal Profile of Dona Remedios Trinidad in 2010,
there are around 1,652 Dumagats residing in Barangays Kabayunan, Kalawakan,
Sapang Bulak, Camachin and Camachile.

(iii) Impact to Local Economy

The construction activities in Bayabas Project will generate temporary jobs for the
local people and will reinvigorate the local economy with additional demands for
labor, products and housing accommodations.

In Bayabas Dam Project, it is estimated that within the catchment and reservoir

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 area around 775 ha of land are planted to permanent crops and 250 ha is used for
livestock grazing will be directly affected.

(d) Resettlement

The number of PAP will be the basis in developing the resettlement plan. It is
estimated that there will be 24 to 116 people that will need to be resettled in Bayabas
Dam Project.

Table 5.37 Project Affected Population and Barangays

Barangay Population PAF
PAF
Project Area (Barangay Bayabas) (2007)
(1993)
2000 2007 % Estimate
Houses 10-50 232 270 12-58
PAP 20-100 1,216 1,415 16% 24-116

(e) Resettlement Cost

Resettlement costs for the area to be inundated had been computed based on
compensation for houses, lands, lost structures, acquisition of new land for resettlement,
for lost mines and quarry areas, lost income and livelihood and provision for basic
facilities in the resettlement sites. The resettlement cost had been integrated under the
computation for environment mitigation measures. For the Bayabas Project, the cost
for resettlement and environment mitigation measures in 1994 was Php. 35,640,000 and
updated at Php. 94,014,000 in 2010.

Table 5.38 Resettlement Cost Estimation (1994)

Bayabas
Affected Items for Compensation Unit Unit Cost Amount
No.
(Php 103) (Php 103)
1. Compensation for house Number 20 90 1,800
2. Compensation for house lots ha 30 100 3,000
3. Compensation for lost properties of non-
ha 40 50 2,000
resident people
4. Preparation of new land for resettlement ha 100 30 3,000
5. Compensation for lost mines and quarry areas ha 0 0 0
6. Compensation for lost jobs persons 30 35 1,050
7. Reservoir Clearing ha 560 5 2,800
8. Provision for fishery development in reservoir L.S. - - 500
9. Provision for rural credit and information
L.S. - - 2,000
campaign
10. Provision for water supply, health and
Persons 1,000 5 5,000
sanitation improvement
11. Reforestation/re-vegetation ha 50 25 1,250
12. Upper catchment and forest protection ha 4,000 1.5 6,000
13. Social Preparation and institutional
L.S. - - 5,000
strengthening
14. Contingencies: (of Total) % 10 - 3,240
Total Cost - - - 35,640

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(4) Maasim Dam Project
(a) Service Area

Maasim River was also identified as the additional water sources for AMRIS. In
developing the reservoir/dam in Maasim River, new irrigable area will be developed.
Maasim Dam will be able to irrigate 3,600 ha.

(b) Socio-Economic Condition

The Maasim Dam Project will benefit the farm areas in San Ildefonso and San Rafael
which are all located in the Province of Bulacan. The socio-economic data of the 2
municipalities are shown in Table 5.39, below:

Table 5.39 Socio-Economic Condition of the Project Areas51

Project Area
Socio-economic Data Maasim Dam Project
San Ildefonso San Rafael
Land Area (ha) 12,871 16,525
No. of Barangays 36 34
Total Population -2000 79,956 69,770
-2007 93,438 85,284
% Increase 17% 22%
Population Density 2007 (Person/ha) 7.3 5.6
Total Households 15,753 14,639
No. of Farmers (% from population) 7,243 (8%) 3,113 (4%)
Irrigation: (2008-9: Dry Crop)
 Rice production (MT) 17,271.05 16,925.10
 Area Harvested (ha) 4,145.70 2,825.60
 Average Yield/ha (MT) 4.17 5.99
Average Annual Income (Php) 50,882 43,226
Income Class (2000 – 2003) First Class Second Class
Major Economic Activities (2007) Farming, Livestock Farming, Livestock
raising, vegetable raising and Fishing
production and
marble processing
Note: 2008 Socio-Economic Profile, Province of Bulacan and Provincial Agriculture Office, City of
Malolos, Bulacan, DENR Data for Bulacan Province

(c) Social Impact

Land use and settlements for Bayabas and Maasim watersheds were estimated based on
general data from DENR, CENRO of Baliwag. The indicative figures on the Primary
Impact Zones (PIZ) that were reported in the study are estimated through personal
assessment and not through detailed census and socio-economic survey. These are
presented in Table 5.40:

51
2008 Provincial Socio-Economic Profile of Bulacan; 2010 Socio-Economic Profile of San Rafael and 2010
Socio-Economic Profile of Dona Remedios Trinidad

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 Table 5.40 Land Use and Human Settlements of Primary Impact Zones (PIZ)
Maasim Damsite Bayabas Damsite
Land Use and Settlements (Barangay Bayabas) (Barangay Maasim)
No. % No. %
A. Catchment Area
 Total Area (ha) 5,000 - 5,350 -
 Permanent Crops (ha) 750 15 1,872.50 35
 Grassland/Open Lands (ha) 1,250 25 1,605 30
 Grazing land (ha) 250 5 535 10
 Forest Land (ha) 3,000 60 1,337.50 25
 Human Settlement (No.) 5,000 - 6,000 -
B. Reservoir
 Total Area (ha) 500 - 900 -
 Permanent Crops (ha) 25 5 450 50
 Grassland (ha) 100 20 180 20
 Grazing (ha) 0 0 90 10
 Forest Land (ha) 375 75 180 20
 Settlements:
‐ Houses (No.) 10-50 - 200-300 -
‐ Persons (No.) 20-100 - 1,000 – 1,500 -

The identified social impact of the project in the 1994 Study shows that:

(i) Impact to People, Structure and Land

The construction of the Maasim Reservoir, located at Barangay Maasim in San

Rafael Bulacan will directly affect 200-300 houses with 1,000-1,500 people. Total
land area to be affected at the dam site is 900 ha out of which, 450 ha are planted
to permanent crops, 180 ha are grassland, 90 ha are grazing land and 180 ha are
forest land. The population in Barangay Maasim had increased by about 12%
from 2000 to 2007. It is estimated that the project affected population (PAP)
would have increased to 1,120 – 1,680 with around 224-336 houses to be affected.
(Refer to Table 5.41)

(ii) Impact to Indigenous Peoples

The Maasim Dam/Reservoir is located in San Rafael Bulacan. Based on the

approved CADTs as of July 2011, the dam location does not fall within the CADT
area. Previous reports did not also mention any IPs identified within the
proposed damsite.

(iii) Impact to Local Economy

The construction activities in Maasim Project will generate temporary jobs for the
local people and will reinvigorate the local economy with additional demands for
labor, products and housing accommodations.

In Maasim Dam Project, the reservoir area has marble mines and fresh water
springs located in Barangay Tukod which is source of drinking water for
communities within the nearby area. These areas will also be submerged.

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 (d) Resettlement

The number of Project Affected Population will be the basis in developing the
resettlement plan. It is estimated that there will be around 1,120 to 1,680 in the Maasim
Dam Project.

Table 5.41 Project Affected Population and Barangays

Barangay Population PAF (2007)
Project Area PAF (1993)
2000 2007 % Increase Estimate
‐ Houses 200-300 227 253 224-336
‐ PAPs 1,000 – 1,500 1,114 1,242 12% 1,120-1,680

(e) Resettlement Cost

Resettlement costs for the area to be inundated had been computed based on
compensation for houses, lands, lost structures, acquisition of new land for resettlement,
for lost mines and quarry areas, lost income and livelihood and provision for basic
facilities in the resettlement sites. The resettlement cost had been integrated under the
computation for environment mitigation measures. For the Maasim Dam Project, the
total cost based on 1994 computation was Php. 167,475,000 and updated at
Php. 335,143,200 in 2010.

Table 5.42 Resettlement Cost Estimation (1994)

Maasim
Affected Items for Compensation Unit Unit Cost Amount
No.
(Php 103) (Php 103)
1. Compensation for house Number 200 150 30,000
2. Compensation for house lots ha 300 150 45,000
3. Compensation for lost properties of non- ha 150 150 22,500
resident people
4. Preparation of new land for resettlement ha 200 20 4,000
5. Compensation for lost mines and quarry areas ha 50 200 10,000
6. Compensation for lost jobs persons 200 50 10,000
7. Reservoir Clearing ha 1,200 2.5 3,000
8. Provision for fishery development in reservoir L.S. - - 500
9. Provision for rural credit and information L.S. - - 2,000
campaign
10. Provision for water supply, health and No. of 1,000 10 10,000
sanitation improvement Persons
11. Reforestation/revegetation ha 50 25 1,250
12. Upper catchment and forest protection ha 4,500 2 9,000
13. Social Preparation and institutional L.S. - - 5,000
strengthening
14. Contingencies: (of Total) % 10 - 15,225
Total Cost - - - 167,475

(5) 50 MLD Wawa Dam Project

(a) General Profile of Potential Service Area

The project is targeted to serve the municipalities of San Mateo and Rodriguez which has
a total land area of 396 km2 with 26 Barangays. Total population was 149,384 in 1990
and has increased by 173% to 408,454 in 2007. Out of the total population, San Mateo

5-85
 shares 45% while Rodriguez shares 55%, as shown in Table 5.43.

Table 5.43 Population and Land Area52

Land Area No. of Population % Change
Project Area
(km2) Barangays 1990 2007 2011 (1990 -2011)
184,860
San Mateo 48 15 82,310 (55%) 219,606 125%
-45%
Montalban/ 67,074 223,594
348 11 323,217 233%
Rodriguez -45% -55%
Total 396 26 149,384 408,454 542,824

The population growth rate in the service area is estimated to increase from 728,112 in
2015 to 5,440,132 in 2040. San Mateo has an annual growth rate of 4.40% while
Rodriguez has 9.65%. Rodriguez has one of the highest growth rates in the Province of
Rizal as shown in Table 5.44.

Table 5.44 Population Projection and Growth Rate53

Population Growth Rate % Projected Population
Project Area
(NSO 2007) (2000-2007) 2015 2025 2035 2040
San Mateo 184,860 4.4 260,884 401,284 617,244 765,525
Montalban/
223,594 9.65 467,228 1,173,858 2,949,185 4,674,607
Rodriguez
Total 408,454 728,112 1,575,142 3,566,429 5,440,132

The project area will specifically cover 6 Barangays in Rodriguez and 8 Barangays in
San Mateo with a total population of 175,722 in 2000 and 400,130 in 2011.

Table 5.45 Project Area Barangays and Population54

Population
Municipality/Barangays
2000 2011
Rodriguez -97,344 -273,197
1. Balite 7,849 22,028
2. Burgos 25,146 70,573
3. Geronimo 4,584 12,865
4. Rosario 4,558 12,792
5. San Jose 40,372 113,304
6. San Rafael 14,835 41,635
San Mateo -78,378 -126,933
1. Ampid 1 19,652 31,826
2. Ampid 2 2,750 4,454
3. Dulong Bayan 5,164 8,363
4. Gitnang Bayan 15,071 24,407
5. Guinayang 5,315 8,608
6. Malanday 11,532 18,676
7. Maly 10,536 17,063
8. Sta Ana 8,358 13,536
Total 175,722 400,130

52
NSO 2011, Rizal PDPFP 2008-2013 and Manila North-East Water Supply Project, Feasibility Study, Iberinsa, Safege and
C. Lotti, August 1992
53
NSO Population Data and Provincial LGU Data from Rizal
54
Wawa Dam Water Supply Project Pre-FS & Preliminary Design for the 50 MLD Wawa River Dam Project, CTI Eng. And
Jaakko Poyry Infra, Sept. 2005; Rizal Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan, 2008-2013

5-86
 The detailed socio-economic survey on the Project area was conducted in 2005.

(b) Social Issues and Concerns

 There is illegal logging observed in the area and it is a major source of livelihood for
the people living within the Project site. Charcoal making is one major source of
livelihood. With the implementation of the project, illegal logging and charcoal
making will need to be stopped thus affecting the livelihood of the people. Discussion
should be made with those concerned on how to assist these people in shifting to
other livelihood activities.

 The rehabilitation of Wawa Dam and the construction of the transmission lines and
water delivery pipes may affect movement of people living along these sites. Notices
should be posted on strategic locations to warn people passing through the damsite.

 There are several temporary houses and food stalls that had been observed along the
footpath going to the existing dam at the downstream and upstream portion of the
dam which may need Right-of-Way (ROW) and will need to be relocated. It is
estimated that there are around 20-30 temporary houses and stalls.

(c) Social Impact

The implementation of the project will have minimal social impact specifically affecting
around 20-30 temporary houses and stalls living within 1 km downstream of the dam and
around 500 m upstream. There around 6 Remontado families living upstream of the
dam where they are engaged in farming activities. However, they will not be directly
affected in the dam rehabilitation. They can be a source of manpower during the
project construction.

It’s been noted in the previous studies (CTI/Jaakko Porty 2005) that the land required for
the water treatment plant (WTP) was free from illegal settlements and it is owned by
MWSS. Hence, it is expected that there will be minimal problem on ROW and
relocation.

(d) Resettlement

Based on the 2005 Report, the land required for the proposed water treatment plant
(WTP) was free from illegal settlements and is owned by MWSS. The construction of
the transmission lines is also expected to be free from social disturbance (relocation and
resettlement) as the required land for Right-of-Way (ROW) is free from settlement.
However, there seems to be temporary shelters and stalls that have been constructed
made from temporary materials such as wood and bamboo that are within the proposed
Project area. Detailed estimate on the number of Project Affected Families/People and
other assets (houses, land, and other structures) should be identified through Census and
Inventory at the start of the project implementation to determine actual cost of land
acquisition and relocation.

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(6) Laiban Dam Project

Laiban Dam is located in Barangay Laiban in the municipality of Tanay and the Province of
Rizal. The project was conceived in 1980 with the feasibility study conducted in 1980, the
detailed engineering design was prepared in 1983. Construction of the diversion tunnels
was completed in 1984 with the World Bank funding. However, the project was deferred in
1984 due to financial crises. Land acquisition amounting to Php. 59,857,696.61 was
acquired as of 1995 and payment for above ground improvements amounting to
Php. 72,239,646.25 was made to 1,695 settlers as of December 31, 1995.55

(a) Population

Analysis of the socio-economic condition in the Laiban Dam Project indicates a

fluctuating. Population trend from 1995 to 2011 as shown in Table 5.46 below (Details
to be referred to Table A5.58)

Table 5.46 Project Affected Population

Year PAFs % Change
1995 2,554 -
2000 2,448 - 4% (Decrease in PAF Population)
2007 4,413 +80% (Increase)
2011 2,497 - 43% (decrease)

Comparing the PAFs in 1995 with that in 2011, it shows a decrease of 2% from 2,554 to
2,497, while 2007 survey shows an increase of 80% in the number of PAFs from 2,448 in
2000 to 4,413. The decrease in the number of PAFs from 2007 to 2011 by 43% can be
attributed to the people moving out of the project affected area after the socio-economic
survey in 2007 where the people were once again informed and consulted about the
project. They may have interpreted that the project will be resumed soon.

The socio-economic condition of the Project Affected Population of the eight (8)
Barangays in Tanay, Rizal and 1 Barangay in General Nakar, Quezon and in the
resettlement site of San Ysiro, Antipolo is described in Table A5.59 based on the socio-
economic survey conducted in 2007.

The Indigenous People (IP) in San Ysiro resettlement area has shown an increase of 10%
from 200 PAFs in 2000 to 250 PAFs in 2011. Total number of IP among Project
Affected Families (PAFs) in the seven (7) affected Barangays of Tanay has shown an
increase of 26% from 2007 to 2011. The IP-PAFs accounts for 47% of the total
population in the seven (7) Barangays of Tanay.

Based on the data from the Municipal Office of Tanay, there are now a total of 15 day-
care centers, 11 elementary schools and 2 high schools in the project area. There are
also new multi-purpose buildings, health centers and barangay halls in each barangay.
Electric connections have been installed in Barangays Daraitan and Cayabu. However,

55
MWSS, Engineering and Project Management Department, 2011

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 road condition has remained bad with portions of the barangay roads becoming
inaccessible during rainy season especially in the resettlement site of San Ysiro. The
educational program had been developed with the Department of Education in 2007
starting with the Adult Literacy Program and Elementary Education in 2009. (Refer to
Table A5.60)

In the dam site and diversion tunnel area, there are now 188 houses with 140 families
and 568 people which is a remarkable increase from only 7 families in 1987.56

(b) Resettlement

Based on the 2011 data, it is estimated that the construction of the Laiban Dam will
affect 3,168 families in the 10 barangays. They will lose their home lots, farm lots,
houses, community and barangay facilities and infrastructure, permanent trees and fruit
trees. There are 1,310 Indigenous PAFs from the Remontados, Dumagats and Igorots
who will be displaced from their ancestral domain and will lose their way of life and
culture. The estimated number of Project Affected Families based on the 2011 data is
presented below:

Table 5.47 Project Affected Families (2011)

Barangays Project Affected Families Project Affected People
Barangays to be Inundated
1. Cayabu 168 755
2. Laiban 392 1,764
3. Mamuyao 126 651
4. San Andres 127 510
5. Sta. Ines 377 1,815
6. Sto. Nino 154 816
7. Tinucan 118 545
Barangay for resettlement site
8. San Jose (San Ysiro) 250 1,500
TOTAL 3,168 12,282
Note: Data on the Project Affected Families and People are based on the population data from the Municipal
Offices and not on Census and Inventory of Affected People and Assets which should be conducted if the
Project will be resumed.

It is estimated that the cost of land acquisition and resettlement based on 2010 prices will
amount to Php. 20.283 billion. Detailed cost analysis on land acquisition and
resettlement is in the Sub-section 5.3.1.

(c) Social Issues

There were several social issues identified in the 2007 study conducted by DARUMA.
These issues are further compounded in 2011 and additional issues have surfaced:

 Land in San Ysiro resettlement site in Antipolo City had been put under CARP
coverage on March 31, 2011 affirming with finality the 28 June 2010 Order by the
DAR Region IV-A CALABARZON. This land Issue concerns the MWSS

56
Data provided by the Security Guards of MWSS in the Dam and Diversion Tunnel

5-89
 property that had been proclaimed as the relocation site by virtue of Presidential
Decree (PD) 284 in 1986 by then President Marcos. The whole area covers 4,424
ha out of which 1,750 ha is owned and titled to MWSS. San Ysiro is found to be
suited for agricultural and tree farm activities because of its flat to undulating terrain.
Based on the assessment made in the study by DARUMA, there are 634 identified
settlers in San Ysiro in 2007. Most of the settlers are farmers. One of the reasons
cited by DAR for covering the area under CARP is that the “MWSS property is no
longer actually, directly and exclusively used for the purpose it was reserved and
should be transferred to DAR for distribution to qualified farmer beneficiaries.
That for more than 30 years, the property remains to be actually, directly and
exclusively used for agricultural purposes.” MWSS had filed a motion for
reconsideration last 16 May 2011 to appeal the Order issued by DAR. If the
project will push through, and the issue had not been resolved then this will affect
the project implementation since resettlement activities should be started from the
onset of the project. There is a need to look for alternative relocation sites.

 Partial payment of compensation for above-ground improvement has been made

amounting to Php. 72,239,646.25 to around 1,695 settlers. The total amount to be
paid based on the 1983 computation made by MWSS was Php. 83,428,187.46.
This will be paid on two installments. The first payment amounting to 40%
(Php. 30,527,633.30) will made before the start of relocation. The remaining 60%
amounting to Php. 52,900,554.16 will be paid after relocation. The remaining
balance of payment as of Dec.31, 1995 amounted to Php. 11,188,541.21 which was
to be paid to 859 settlers. With the resumption of the project, the balance may be
treated in terms of the new computation, deducted from the new cost or considered
as all new payables assuming previous payments to be voided.

 Though 87% of the compensation for above grounds improvement have been paid in
1995, there were no relocations that happened because the resettlement site had not
been subdivided into parcels of land that will be awarded to the PAFs. The settlers
in San Ysiro had increased in number from 182 PAFs in 1995 to an estimated 2,800
PAFs in 2011. Aside from the issue about the conversion of the land to CARP,
there will not be enough land to accommodate the growing number of Project
Affected People. There is a need to assess the actual condition in San Ysiro and
determine the number of available land that can be used for resettlement. New
relocation sites should be identified together with the LGUs of Tanay and Rizal.

 There are new private and public buildings, houses, churches and new trees that
have grown in the project area. This will further increase the cost of land
acquisition and resettlement. It had been 27 years now since the project was
suspended in 1984. In the proposed dam site and diversion tunnel area, there are

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 188 houses with 140 families and 568 people compared to only 7 families in 1987.57

 Laiban Dam and other structures are located within the approved ancestral domain
(CADT No. R04-TAN 0709-130) of the Dumagats and Remontados. MWSS
should secure a Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) before the resumption of
construction work in the project. Based on the FPIC Guidelines of 2006, there is a
need to secure the consent of the ICC/IPs for any project that will be implemented
within their ancestral domain. The FPIC is given by the concerned ICCs/IPs upon
the signing of the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) containing the
conditions/requirements, benefits as well as penalties of agreeing parties as basis for
58
the consent . Figure 5.18 shows locations of proposed water sources and
Approved CADT, July 2011.

(7) Kanan No.2 Dam Project

Of the potential dam schemes on the Kanan River examined by the 2003 JICA Study, Kanan
No. 2 Dam was selected through geological assessment and cost comparison study.

(a) Population

There are no firm data on the number of PAFs/PAPs in the reservoir area of and Kanan
No.2 Dam (FSL 310m). However, NAMRIA map of 1:50,000 scale shows a settlement
area in the upper reach of the Kanan mainstream which is situated at altitude ranging
from EL 240m to 280m. The map indicates a number of houses, paddy fields (about 15
ha on the map) and scrub land in relatively mild slope area (about 30 ha). It is
estimated that there will be around 100 PAFs in the area. The MEMSI EIA Study
confirms the existence of these houses but considered as temporary structures used for
resting during the dry season when agricultural activities are taking place in the area.

The community that will be directly affected by the proposed implementation of the
Kanan No.2 Dam is in Sitio Lagmak at Barangay Pagsangahan in General Nakar,
Quezon. According to the EIA study prepared by MEMSI, there are around 25
Dumagat families within the area of the proposed dam reservoir who will stand to lose
their ancestral domain, their hunting and foraging area.

(b) Social Impact

According to the 2003 JICA Study, the Kanan No.2 Dam schemes will bring about
certain destruction of cultural heritage and historical sites, a change in lifestyle and
limited access to ancestral domain and resources of the ICCs/IPs. While the inundation
of a pre-World War II foundation of an early Dumagat house and the identified historical
site at Tigbak along the Kanan River may be irreversible, these historical sites may be
well documented for the future Dumagat generations. The Dumagat burial grounds
must be relocated at another site. A series of consultations with the Dumagat chieftains

57
Data provided by the Security Guards of MWSS in the Dam and Diversion Tunnel
58
The Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) Guidelines of 2006, NCIP Administrative Order No. 1, Series of 2006

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 and their people, as well as with the Remontados must be undertaken, to assess the full
extent of their cultural erosion and socio-economic dislocation. This will also provide
the best opportunity in planning together with the affected IPs how to better mitigate the
limited access to ancestral domain and resources that the dam project will bring.

The economic losses of the 25 Dumagat families living in the potential reservoir area of
Kanan No.2 Dam include those arising from the inundation of their makeshift houses and
crops and improvements. On the other hand, the predicted economic and social
benefits of the Kanan No.2 Dam Project include watershed protection, mandatory
payments and benefits, improvement of agricultural production and other positive
externalities on local economy and environment.

(c) Resettlement

Table 5.48 shows the summary of preliminary estimate of resettlement and compensation
cost calculations in the 2003 JICA Study.

Table 5.48 Preliminary Estimate of Resettlement and Compensation Cost

Description Unit Kanan No. 1 & 2
Number of Families to be Relocated PAF 100
Required Area for Relocation Site at 2 ha per PAF ha. 200
Cost of Site Development at Php 0.28 million per ha. Php Mil 56
Cost of Compensation (Land Improvements) at Php. 0.50
Php Mil 50
million per PAF

(d) Social issues

The Kanan No.2 Dam Kanan River will be located within the Municipality of General
Nakar and within the CADT area, MWSS has to settle the issues it had with the LGU
and the IPs which were not resolved during the construction of its UATP and were
carried over to the Sumag River Diversion Works Project.

(8) Kaliwa Low Dam Project

Kaliwa Low Dam as a temporary structure is taken hereunder for social assessment.

(a) Population

Although there is no inundation for the dam/reservoir with FSL 133 m, it is assumed that
the whole Barangay of Daraitan, with a population of 3,926 and number of families of
801 as of 2007, will be affected, as shown in Table A5.61. The waterway facilities of
Kaliwa Low Dam are the same as those for the Agos Dam, thus the communities affected
by such facilities are also the same. The total number of PAPs in the Kaliwa-Taytay
waterway facilities is 1,070, while PAFs is 222. Based on the records of NCIP Rizal
Province, the population of IPs in Daraitan, Tanay is 1,692, which is estimated at 360
households. There is not reported IPs in Morong, Taytay and Teresa, Rizal Province.
In Antipolo City, IPs is only found in Sitio San Ysiro of Barangay San Jose.

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 (b) Resettlement

The 2003 JICA Study revealed that there is no resettlement issue as the dam height is
seen not to directly affect any community. Land acquisition will just be for the sites
and ROW for the waterway facilities.

(c) Social Impact

The right-of-way (ROW) issues for the water conveyance facilities may cause
displacement of residents and dislocation of commercial and industrial establishments in
the affected areas. Another social impact is the disruption of the way of life of the
people, institutions and businesses. In either traversing or running parallel to busy road
nets, the laying of conveyance pipelines will add to traffic congestion, thereby producing
more distress to the already harassed communities.

The total number of PAFs by the Kaliwa-Taytay waterway facilities is 222, while PAPs is
1,070, number of IPs within the CADT area in Barangay Daraitan is 1,692. There are
about 45 day-care centers, 10 elementary schools, 4 high schools, 8 barangay halls/multi-
purpose buildings, 8 barangay health centers and 10 multipurpose covered
courts/basketball courts within the project area.

(d) Social Issue

Inasmuch as the Kaliwa Low Dam Project site is within a CADT area, MWSS has to
secure first the Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) from the IPs and NCIP prior to
the project implementation.

The social acceptability of the project would have to be worked on. ROW issues and
its attendant sub-issues have to be addressed especially in urbanized areas of Taytay,
Antipolo, Teresa and Morong.

(9) Agos Dam Project

(a) Population

The construction of the Agos Dam with the Kaliwa-Taytay Waterway will inundate 19
Sitios located in 2 Barangays (Mahabang Lalim and Pagsangahan) in General Nakar and
1 Barangay (Magsaysay) in Infanta both in the Province of Quezon. In the construction
of the waterway facilities, there will be 12 Sitios that will be affected along the
Barangays of Maybangcal in Morong, Dolores and San Juan in Taytay, San Jose and San
Luis in Antipolo, Dalig and May-iba in Teresa which are all located in the Province of
Rizal, as shown in Table A5.62.

Comparing the 2003 and the 2011 data on the PAFs and PAPs indicate an increase of
29% from 174 to 225 families with 1,042 people to be inundated in the construction of
the dam reservoir. In the construction of the waterways, there is an increase of 19% if
the PAFs from 222 to 264 with an increase of 37% in the PAPs, as shown in Table 5.49.

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 Table 5.49 Project Affected Families and Population in 2003 and 2011
Project Area 2003 2011 % Change
Dam/Reservoir
 Project Affected Families (PAF) 174 225 29%
 Project Affected Population (PAP) 886 1,042 18%
Waterway
 Project Affected Families (PAF) 222 264 19%
 Project Affected Population (PAP) 1,070 1,462 37%
Total
 Project Affected Families (PAF) 396 489 23%
 Project Affected Population (PAP) 1,956 2,503 28%

The socio-economic condition of the Project Affected Population of Sitios and

Barangays in General Nakar and Infanta in Quezon and those in Morong, Taytay, Teresa
and Antipolo in Rizal is described in Table A5.63 based on the 2003 JICA Study.

(b) Infrastructure Development

The infrastructure development in the Project area as of 2011 data shows that there are
42 day-care centers, 11 elementary schools, 4 high schools, 9 barangay multipurpose
halls, 8 health centers and 8 multipurpose covered courts. These new community
structures should be considered in the updating of the resettlement plan.

(c) Social Impact

The social impact in the construction of the Agos Dam Reservoir and the waterways will
have a direct impact to the people who are living within the 19 Sitios in Infanta and
General Nakar in Quezon. Also to be affected are people living within the waterway
facilities (water treatment plant, service reservoirs, pumping stations and pipelines) that
will need to be relocated. Specifically, it is estimated that in 2011 the social impact of
the Project will have an effect on the following:
 Inundation of 19 Sitios which will directly affect 225 families with 1,042 people
located in Infanta and General Nakar in Quezon Province. The PAFs will lose their
houses, home lots, farm lots, livelihood, permanent crops, community facilities and
offices, business establishments, private and publicly owned structures.
 Relocation of 264 families affecting 1,462 people located in Morong and Antipolo in
the Province of Rizal.
 Agos is home to 6,294 Indigenous People (IP) Dumagat and Remontados who have
an approved Certificate of Ancestral Domain (CADT No. R04-TAN 0709-130)
covering the Project Area. Portion of the ancestral domain will be inundated thus
affecting the culture, lifestyle and ancestral properties of the IPs. There is no
specific enumeration on the number of IPs who will be directly affected by the
Project.
 Loss of land estimated at 123 ha for the inundation of the 19 Sitios in the dam
reservoir construction
 Loss of 174 ha in the construction of various waterway infrastructure affecting the
264 families in Morong and Antipolo
 Around Php. 12,817,56659 worth of properties (houses, small huts, toilets, stores,

59
Feasibility Study Report, JICA, Feb.2003

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 rice mill, shed, pigpen, chicken pens, warehouses and fishponds) will be submerged.
 Around Php. 1,403,800 60 worth of public and communal structures will be
submerged.
 Around Php. 3,445,20061 worth of livelihood and income will be affected.
(d) Resettlement

The resettlement data of 2003 identified 174 households along the Agos Dam/ Reservoir
that will be inundated and 222 households along the waterway area. It is estimated that
in 2011, the number of affected households along the Agos Dam/Reservoir has increased
to 225 PAFs with 1,042 PAPs while in the waterway there are 264 PAFs with 1,462 PAPs.
For the whole project, the total number of PAFs is 489 with 2,503 PAPs.

It is estimated that in 2010, the total land acquisition and resettlement cost, including
cost for the holding of the Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) from the CADT area
of the Indigenous People will amount to Php. 712.57 Million. Detailed cost estimation
is included in Sub-section 5.3.1: Cost Estimation.

(e) Social Issues

 Considering the increase in number of affected families and people and new
structures that had been built, a detailed resettlement plan should be prepared which
will update the policies and compensation package, site development, livelihood
program with build-up period, financial assistance for actual relocation and an
Indigenous People’s Development Plan. The census and inventory of losses should
be conducted to update the 2003 data on the actual number of affected families and
people, the affected houses, home lot, farm lot, community structures, crops and trees
and loss to income and livelihood. The resettlement site should be selected and
finalized and a clear resettlement plan should be developed.

 Project area for the construction of the dam/reservoir is within the approved ancestral
domain (CADT No. R04-TAN 0709-130) of the Dumagats and Remontados with
6,294 claimants. MWSS should secure a Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC)
before the resumption of construction work in the Project. Based on the FPIC
Guidelines of 2006, there is a need to secure the consent of the ICC/IPs for any
project that will be implemented within their ancestral domain. The FPIC is given
by the concerned ICCs/IPs upon the signing of the Memorandum of Agreement
(MOA) containing the conditions/requirements, benefits as well as penalties of
agreeing parties as basis for the consent62.

60
2003 Estimated Cost, Feasibility Study, JICA
61
2003 Estimated Cost, Feasibility Study, JICA
62
The Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) Guidelines of 2006, NCIP Administrative Order No. 1, Series of 2006

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(10) Tayabasan River Water Supply Project
(a) Population Profile of the Service Area

The target service area of the project is Antipolo City. Based on the ecological profile
2010, Antipolo has a total land area of 1,175.96 km2 and a total population of 470,866 in
2000. Population had increased by 34.64% to 633,971 persons in 2007. The annual
population growth rate from 2000-2007 is 4.22%. The population density in 2000 is
1,538 persons/km2 in 2000 and had increased to 2,071 persons/km2 in 2007. Presented
in Table 5.50 is the population profile of Antipolo City:

Table 5.50 Population, Growth Rate and Population Density in 2000 and 200763
Population Indicators 2000 2007
Population 470,866 633,971
Annual Growth Rate 4.22
Population Density 1,538 2,071

Antipolo City is located in Rizal Province which is comprised of 13 municipalities and 1

city. It has the second largest land area of 30,608 ha. The City is divided into District
1 with 8 Barangays and District 2 with 8 Barangays. Presented in Table 5.51 is the
population per barangay:

Table 5.51 Population per Barangay and Growth Rate

CENSUS YEAR
AREA
Barangays 1995 2000 2007
(ha) AGR: 11.52% AGR: 6.86% AGR: 4.19%
DISTRICT 1
1. Bagong Nayon 301.34 27,050 33,787 41,715
2. Beverly Hills 28.76 1,476 1,973 1,940
3. De la Paz 597.99 38,922 45,185 58,559
4. Mambugan 70.34 23,881 31,305 43,563
5. Mayamot 540.74 26,593 40,784 46,949
6. Muntindilaw 473.11 5,038 7,922 9,483
7. San Isidro 479.70 28,991 39,242 54,842
8. Sta Cruz 725.52 29,510 35,061 47,536
Sub-Total 3,217.50 181,461 235,259 304,587
DISTRICT 2
1. Calawis 5,581.12 1,979 2,510 3,978
2. Cupang 568.23 34,771 56,131 76,247
3. Dalig 406.48 24,089 31,109 41,047
4. Inarawan 959.90 8,193 11,040 17,740
5. San Jose 13,778.77 36,647 55,136 86,667
6. San Juan 3,326.69 3,626 5,583 8,488
7. San Luis 502.99 26,359 37,667 44,371
8. San Roque 723.25 28,387 36,431 50,846
Sub-Total 25,847.43 164,051 235,607 329,384
Total 29,064.93 345,512 470,866 633,971

63
Rizal Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan 2008-2013

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 (b) Social Impact

Based on the river hydraulic analysis, Sitio Apia at the elevation 140m will not be
flooded after dam construction but is on verge of flooding.64 Based on the 2009
Feasibility Study, Sitio Apia which is located in Barangay Calawis will have about 300
households that will be directly affected by the project. Results of the socio-economic
survey/social acceptability survey indicated:

 High level of project awareness among the surveyed respondents

 Project acceptance is relatively high because of the water supply improvement for
Antipolo City. The project is perceived to bring benefits to the Barangays and
Sitios within Antipolo City.
 In Sitio Apia which is the directly affected area of the project, the respondents
perceived that the project will bring road improvement, livelihood opportunities and
provision of water supply and electricity.
 The perceived disadvantages of the project are the threat of flooding and the effect
on their livelihood of those living within the dam site area.

(11) 300MLD Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project

(a) Population in Service Area

When MWSS was privatized in 1997, one commitment it made to Maynilad Water
Services Inc. was to supply this Concessionaire with 300 MLD of treated water at a take-
off point in Barangay Putatan, Muntinlupa City for the consumption of residents of
Paranaque, Las Pinas, Muntinlupa as well as 5 towns in the Province of Cavite.65

Comparing the data from the 2003 JICA Study and the latest data from the National
Statistics Office (NSO) show the difference in the population projection for 2011 of the
service area from 2,728,653 to 2,811,222. Based on the latest NSO data, the population
to be served within the 9 municipalities has increased by 10% from 2007 to 2011.

Table 5.52 Population in Service Area of Putatan WTP

Year Population to be Served Change (%)
2000 2,072,833
2007 2,548,803 23
2011 2,811,222 10

Based on 2011 target, MWSS will be able to serve 72% to 100% of its users in the
various cities and municipalities that it plans to serve.

(b) Resettlement Concerns

There were no resettlement issues that happened during the construction of the water
treatment plant since it was constructed within the NIA property and the existing

64
Feasibility Study Report for the Tayabasan River Water Supply Project, 2009
65
Final Report for the 300 MLD Bulk Water Supply Project, Marine Environment and Resources Foundation Inc. & UP
Science Institute, Oct 1999.

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 irrigation canals of NIA were rehabilitated and used for water conveyance. A
Memorandum of Agreement had been signed in November 2008 between NIA and
MWSS regarding the utilization of NIA properties and facilities in Putatan, Muntinlupa
for the establishment of a water production distribution and treatment facility allowing
MWSS to use the facilities for 20 years.66.

(c) Social Impacts

Based on the previous studies conducted in 2001 and 2002, the construction of the Water
Treatment Plant in Putatan will affect the following Barangays.

Table 5.53 Population Affected by Putatan WTP Construction

Barangay Population (2007) Population (2011)
Alabang 59,512 65,639
Bayanan 35,865 39,557
Putatan 88,073 97,140
Buli 8,842 9,752
Cupang 63,149 69,650
Poblacion 69,600 76,765
Sucat 52,174 57,545
Tunasan 55,502 61,216
Ayala Alabang Village 20,226 22,308
Total 452,943 499,574

Note: (1) 300 MLD Putatan Water Treatment Plant Initial Environmental Examination Report,
Maunsell-Aecom, Nov. 2008
(2) NSO 2007 Data computed using geometric method and Annual Growth Rate of
Muntinlupa City based on 2010 PSY

These Barangays are located within Muntinlupa City which is the southwestern coast of
Laguna Lake. It has a total land area of 4,670 ha and a total population of 499,574
which is an increase of 10% based on 2007 population data. Barangay Putatan has the
most number of subdivisions and is largely of residential use.

The identified social impacts in terms of benefit and adverse effects are presented below:

(i) Benefits

 The project will directly benefit the consumers who are residents of Paranaque,
Las Pinas, Muntinlupa and 5 towns in the Province of Cavite.
 The project generated employment during the construction period.

(ii) Adverse Effects

 Around 65,000 to 80,000 fisherfolks operating within the Laguna Lake may be
threatened of displacement and the effect on their source of livelihood. They
also fear that the salinity of the water will be affected thus affecting their fish
production and fish catch. The fear is also that the project will cause flooding

66
Memorandum of Agreement between NIA and MWSS regarding the utilization of the NIA properties and facilities in
Putatan , November 2008

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 during rainy season and will dry out the Lake during dry season.67
 There are multiple water users of the Lake and the sectors who will be directly
or indirectly affected by the project are: 1) Fisheries; 2) Agriculture use for
irrigation; 3) Human settlement; 4) Domestic water supply where local folks
used the water for drinking, bathing and watering their crops; 5) Transportation;
6) Floodwater reservoir; 7) Industrial cooling; 8) Research and education.
Laguna Lake is considered the most important resource of the Laguna Lake
region which encompasses six provinces and sixty (60) municipalities and
cities.68

Figure 5.10 100 MLD Putatan Water Treatment Plant (Covered Barangays)

67
Final Report for 300 MLD Bulk Water Supply Project,, Marine Environment and Resources Foundation and UP Marine
Science Institute, 25 October 1999
68
Environment Impact Assessment Report of the 300 MLD Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project, UP Engineering
Research and Development Foundation, Inc. March 2002

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(12) Sierra Madre Hydropower and Bulk Water Supply Project
(a) Background Information

The Sierra Madre Hydropower and Bulk Water Supply Project were proposed by the
Sierra Madre Water Corporation (SMWC) under PPP program.

(b) Social Impact

Based on the environment impact assessment (EIA) conducted for the proposed project,
there will be around 100 families that will be affected during the dam construction. The
following are the identified social impact for the project69:

 It is estimated that there will be 100 PAFs to be relocated

 750 ha of land will need to be purchased for the dam site. Most lands are idle from
CARP beneficiaries which cannot make the land productive because of harsh and
wet growing conditions within a secondary forest area
 Right of way for tunnels will be minimized with the construction of most tunnels
below ground. It is also presented in the report that installation of submarine
pipelines will have no problem in obtaining consent from the communities and local
government units. The study had reported that the Local Government Units have
agreed to help in land purchase for lands that will need to be acquired.
 There is no mention in the report on the presence of Indigenous People. The area
should be reviewed on whether it falls within the approved Certificate of Ancestral
Domain granted to the Indigenous People in Quezon.

(c) Estimate of Resettlement Cost

It is estimated in the 1997 Sierra Madre Report that the resettlement cost will amount to
Php. 64,566,998 which will directly affect 150 households, 9,000 m2 of homelots, 525 ha
of farmland, 132 wooden houses, 20 bamboo houses, 2 school buildings. However, the
estimates provided did not include cost for resettlement sites and land acquisition for
reservoir and pipelines. The broad estimate on resettlement cost was based on the
result of the socio-economic survey. The indicative figures can be used for impact
evaluation but not for detailed planning. Thorough study should be undertaken to
conduct economic and financial analysis for resettlement of displaced population before
any earthmoving activity starts. Such analysis is important to ensure that the displaced
households will regain or improve their previous standard of living. (Refer Table 5.54)

69
Sierra Madre Hydro Power and Bulk Water Supply Project Briefing Material, 2011

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 Table 5.54 Estimated Resettlement Cost70
Unit Cost Total Amount
Resettlement Items Number of Units
(Peso, 1990) (Php)
1. Census of Affected Population P600/Household 150 Households 90,000
2. Land Survey and Property Inventory P500/Household 150 Households 750,000
3. Individual Compensation:
3.a. Homelot P50/m2 9,000 m2 450,000
3.b. Farm Land P50,000/m2 525 ha 26,250
3.c. Structures:
3.c.1. Wood and concrete P50,000/structure 132 houses 6,500,000
3.c.2 Cogon/Bamboo P15,000/structure 20 houses 300,000
4. Farm Production Loss P5,692,982/year 3 years 17,078,946
5. Fishing Production Loss P3,151,920/year 3 years 9,455,760
6. Forestry Production Loss P226,130/year 3 years 678,390
7. Livestock Production Loss P140,981/year 3 years 422,943
8. Public Schools P150,000/building 2 building 300,000
9. Water Source P500,000/site 3 sites 1,500,000
10. Site Assistance for Receiving Areas
10.1. Transfer Assistance:
a. Transportation Cost P5,000/household 150 households 750,000
b. Replacement of Housing and P60,816/household 150 households 9,122,438
Productive Resources
c. Reconstruction of infrastructure on 1,800,000 1,800,000
public facilities
10.2 Transition and Dev.
a. Development Packages P1,000,000 - 1,000,000
b. Environment Exhaust P1,000,000 - 1,000,000
c. Administrative Overhead
Sub-Total 52,724,727
Other costs 11,842,271
Total 64,566,998

(13) Wawa River Water Supply Project (SLRB)

The Wawa River Water Supply Project is being proposed under the Private-Public-
Partnership (PPP) development program for the development of the Wawa River. San
Lorenzo Ruiz Water Power Development Corporation (SLRWPDC or SLRB) had been
granted a water right on the Wawa River by NWRB which allowed the diversion of
approximately 300 MLD.

There were no specific data provided on socio-economic data and social impact of the
proposed project. Based on the meeting held last October 17, 2011 between the Study Team
and the SLRWPDC, there had been meetings conducted with Local Government Officials on
Barangays that will be affected by the project. According to their assessment, there will be
no relocation or resettlement activities in Phase 1 of the project (300 MLD). However this
information will need to be validated by conducting a socio-economic study and census and
inventory of the project affected area and population.

(14) Manila Northeast Water Supply Project

This project was formulated to mainly supply the domestic water to three city/municipalities,
Marikina City, San Mateo Municipality and Montalban (Rodriguez) Municipality. Firstly,
the water source was explored from the groundwater in and around the service area together

70
Sierra Madre Water Supply Project, Engineering Feasibility, Volume 4-Environment Impact Statement, 14 February 1997.

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 with the improvement of Balara Water Treatment Plant, and secondly the development of
surface water source by means of dam construction was studied. As for the groundwater
development, it was partially undertaken, and the improvement of Balara WTP enabled to
supply to the area.

The locations where surface water development was studied overlaps with those in Marikina
Multipurpose Dam Project, Wawa River Water Supply Project (SLRB) and Tayabasan River
Water Supply Project. Further, the study did not mention any significant social impact to
the population nor the need for any resettlement. Possible right of way will have to be
negotiated along the waterways and conveyance facilities along Rodriguez going to Erap City
and from Erap City along the roadway to San Mateo. Therefore, the social conditions are
described under these projects.

5.3.7 Summary of Social Conditions of Water Source

The updated social conditions of proposed water sources are summarized to assess the projects doable
and implementable from the viewpoint of social impacts.

Table 5.55 Summary of Social Conditions of Proposed Water Sources

Within Resettlement
Source
Water Source/ Project Name CADT IPs Cost
No. PAP (PAF)
? (No. of Family) (Php mil)
1 Sumag River Diversion O - -
2 Balintingon Multipurpose Dam O 223 (52) n.a. 14.82
3 Bayabas Dam O 24 – 116 (12 – 58) n.a. 94.01
4 Maasim Dam - 1,120–1,680 (224–336) - 335.14

5 50 MLD Wawa Dam - - -

6 Laiban Dam O 12,282 (3,168) -1,310 20,283.00
7 Kanan No. 2 Dam O 500 (100) 106
8 Kaliwa Low Dam O - -
9 Agos Dam O 2,503 (489) 712.57
10 Tayabasan River Water Supply - - - 57.51
11 Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply - - -
12 Sierra Madre Hydropower & - 750 (150) - 64.57
Bulk Water Supply
13 Wawa Water Supply (SLRB) - n.a. n.a. n.a.
14 Manila Northeast Water Supply - n.a. n.a. n.a.
15 Marikina Multipurpose Dam - n.a. n.a. n.a.
16 Raising Angat Dam Full Storage - n.a. n.a. n.a.
Level (FSL)

The comparative analysis of each water source using the social impact as a basis provides a
preliminary assessment on which water source has the least adverse effect on the Population.

Based on World Bank Involuntary Resettlement Sourcebook, infrastructure development often

requires the acquisition of land and other assets that are privately owned. Such acquisition can
adversely affect the socio-economic well being of the people whose assets are acquired as well as the
communities they live in. These impacts include physical relocation, disruption of livelihood and
potential breakdown of communities. The development of a resettlement plan is required if it
involves:

5-102
  Land acquisition affecting 200 people
 Takes more than 10% of the land holding
 Involves physical relocation of the population

Taking into consideration the social impacts of the proposed projects on the affected population, it is
then important to analyze the level of impact of the project to be implemented. Presented below in
Table 5.56 are the criteria in analyzing the social impact per water source.

A preliminary assessment of social impacts for each water source shows that the social impacts of
Laiban Dam, Kanan No.2 Dam and Agos Dam projects are high as three project areas are involved in
the approved CADT area and the water will be impounded by the high dam. The projects to be
located outside of the CADT area are usually low, which indicates that the new water sources
development shall prepare any means to support and compensate the lives of IPs.

Table 5.56 Proposed Criteria for Social Impacts by Water Source

Impact Ranking Interpretation
Low  Less than 200 PAF with not more than 10% of their landholdings to be affected
 Not within the CADT/CALT Area
 No Barangays to be submerged
 With Land Acquisition but no Resettlement
Moderate  200 or more but less than 1,000 PAFs
 More than 200 but less than 1,000 IPs
 1 -2 Barangays to be submerged
 With Land Acquisition and Resettlement
 No CADT and CALT
High  1,000 PAFs or more
 1,000 ICCs/IPs or more
 3 or more Barangays to be submerged
 With Land Acquisition and Resettlement (Need Land Acquisition and
Resettlement Plan, Livelihood Plan, and Indigenous Peoples Development Plan)
 With CADT and CALT (Need FPIC)

Table 5.57 Preliminary Assessment on Social Impacts for New Water Sources
Source No. Name of Water Source/Project Social Impact Intensity
1 Sumag River Diversion Project Low (conditional)
2 Balintingon Dam Project Moderate
3 Bayabas Dam Project Low (conditional)
4 Maasim Dam Project Moderate
5 50 MLD Wawa Dam Project Low
6 Laiban Dam Project Very High
7 Kanan No.2 Dam Project High (conditional)
8 Kaliwa Low Dam Project Low
9 Agos Dam Project High
10 Tayabasan River Water Supply Project Low
11 300 MLD Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project Low (conditional)
12 Sierra Madre Hydropower & Bulk Water Supply Project (SMWC) Low (conditional)
13 Wawa Water Supply Project (SLRB) n.a.
14 Manila Northeast Water Supply Project n.a.
15 Marikina Multipurpose Dam Project Moderate
16 Raising Angat Dam FSL Low (Expansion Works)
Note: “Conditional” means that there may be changes of number of PAFs and the impacts shall be also depend on the
preparation of the project proponents, the National Governments as well as LGUs concerned.

5-103
The social development plan presents an assessment on the status and extent of socio-economic and
resettlement data for each water source. It also presents the social activities to be conducted if the
project will be selected for implementation. These social activities are basically the application for a
Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) at the start of the project for which area falls within the
Ancestral Domain of the Indigenous Peoples, the preparation and conduct of an Information,
Education and Communication (IEC) Plan, the conduct of Census and Socio-Economic Survey on the
Project Affected Population (PAP) and Resettlement Planning if the extent of impact affects more than
200 families.

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 Chapter 6. Road Map

6.1 Conditions of Water Source Development Plan

The guideline for new water source development is cited by MWSS is:

 The water (or water supply) is not only one of the basic human needs but also the one of the
fundamental sources to ensure the region’s economic and social well-being and overall security.
Therefore, it shall always full-fill the demands of the region and people therein.

 As stated in the Water Code that: “All waters that belong to the State cannot be the subject of
acquisitive prescription.” accordingly, all water rights for the new water sources shall be owned
by the State.

 In the face of climate change as well as unforeseen disasters affecting the current water supply
capacity relying on Angat – Umiray System by 97%, new water sources shall be developed to
provide water security to the Metro Manila and surrounding areas, and further provide
redundancy to the System, even the existing water sources of Angat-Umiray System may well
be maintained and developed to its optimum potential.

6.1.1 Water Demand and Supply

Comparison between the water demand projections of the Low, Medium and High to the present water
supply capacity of 4,100 MLD is shown in Figure 6.1 and Table 6.1 below:

7,000

High
6,000

5,727
Medium
Presen t Supply
C apacity: 4,100 M LD Low
5,000
Total Demand (MLD)

4,054,433

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0
2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

2031

2032

2033

2034

2035

2036

2037

Year

Figure 6.1 Annual Water Demand and Present Supply Capacity

6-1
 Table 6.1 Differences between Water Demand and Present Water Supply
Total System Demand 2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2037
Present Capacity -
438 517 259 156 133 68 56
Low Projection
Present Capacity -
122 200 -89 -206 -234 -307 -320
Medium Projection
Present Capacity -
High Projection 57 13 -470 -796 -1,069 -1,454 -1,539
Note: Figures show that [Water Supply: 4,100 MLD] – [Water Demand]

The projected water demand will exceed the existing supply capacity of 4,100 MLD in 2016 and 2019
by High and Medium projection, respectively, while by Low projection the water demand will be met
by the existing supply capacity.

As discussed in Chapter 3, the present water supply capacity of which 97% from Angat-Umiray
System has been decreasing and will be decreased due to the reservoir sedimentation and impacts of
climate change. Therefore, the water source development plan is proposed on condition that the
supply capacity shall always attain to be more than the water demand of High Projection. Eventually,
the water source development is required to augment the supply capacity of about 700 MLD by 2024
and 1,700 MLD by 2037.

6.1.2 Screening of New Water Sources

The new water sources are aligned through the assessment from technical, financial, economic,
environmental and social view points. (Details are also shown in Table A6.1.)

Table 6.2 Summary of Development Aspects of Proposed Water Sources

Unit Cost Socio-economic Indicator Environmental Impact
Water Supply Impl'n
Water Sources/ EIRR No. of Family of
Source Capacity Period Raw Treated Within Within Endangered
Project Name Resettlement CADT Protected Species to be
No.
(MLD) (Years) (Php/m3) (%) Total IP Area Area Affected

1. Sumag River Diversion 188 2 1.08 3.27 74.66 - - -

2. Balintingon Multipurpose Dam 1,300 7 2.42 n.a. - 52 n.a.
3. Bayabas Dam 330 6 2.98 5.31 13.33 12 - 58 - - -
4. Maasim Dam 130 6 2.43 4.96 18.44 224 - 336 - - - -
5. 50 MLD Wawa Dam 50 5 n.a. 8.54 38.07 - - - - -
6. Laiban Dam 1,900 10 3.06 3.97 15.68 3,168 1,310
7. Kanan No. 2 Dam 3,310 13 2.31 4.80 11.85 100 n.a.
8. Kaliwa Low Dam 550 10 5.36 12.30 6.48 - - -
9. Agos Dam 3,000 13 2.53 5.91 14.56 489 -
Tayabasan River Water
10. 175 5 3.26 5.73 23.23 - - - -
Supply
300 MLD Laguna Lake Bulk
11. 200 4 n.a. n.a. n.a. - - - - -
Water Supply
12. Sierra Madre (SMWC) 400 2 9.00 15.50 n.a. 150 - - - -
Wawa River Water Supply
13. 300 2 n.a. 10.80 n.a. n.a. - - -
(SLRB)
Manila Northeast Water
14. 260 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. - - - -
Supply
15. Marikina Multipurpose Dam 700 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. - - -
16. Raising Angat Dam FSL 270 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. - - - - -

6-2
For an initial assessment of new water sources with the supply capacity of less than 1,700 MLD, the
following conditions shall be taken into consideration.

 Balintingon Multipurpose Dam Project is exclusively to compensate the conditional

allocation of 15 m3/s for the MWSS Service Area. Therefore, this is not considered as a new
water source for the MWSS Service Area71.
 Bayabas Dam and Maasim Dam projects will originally serve for irrigation requirements.
Swap allocation may bring conflicts with irrigation water supply for NIA72. Eventually, these
two water sources are not considered as new water sources for the MWSS Service Area.
 50 MLD Wawa Dam Project, Wawa Water Supply Project (SLRB) and Manila Northeast
Water Supply Project of which the proposed dam sites are all located on the mainstream of
Wawa River, so that they shall be integrated into the one and optimum dam development; the
Marikina Multipurpose Dam Project. The Marikina Multipurpose Dam Project which has
been discussed mainly for flood regulation to protect Metro Manila shall have a full-blown
study to assess the capacity of water supply quantitatively and qualitatively.
 Kaliwa Low Dam Project is proposed as a part of the 1st stage development followed by Agos
Dam (2nd stage) and demolished after the completion of Agos Dam. Then the dam with a
height of 30 m is proposed as a temporary structure. As this project shows the highest unit
water cost and the temporary dam may bring the high risk to the downstream area, the Kaliwa
Low Dam is not considered as the new water source.
 Additional development of 200 MLD by Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project is rather
promising and implementable water source in the near future, while there is still a problem of
water quality making the treatment cost high.
 Raising Angat Dam FSL is expected to augment the supply capacity with further investigation
to confirm the safety of dam and the cost to provide another spillway.
 Sierra Madre Hydropower & Bulk Water Supply Project is not included in the road map
since it will be developed by the private entity and shows the high unit water cost.
 Improvement of NRW Rate in the western zone is considered one of the water sources to
increase supply capacity. NRW rate in the eastern zone (MWCI) is recorded at 11% in 2011,
while that in the western zone (MWSI) is still high estimated at 46% in 2010. The concession
agreement says that NRW rate of MWCI will be maintained at 12% and that of MWSI will be
improved to be 20% in 2037. However, the reduction of NRW rate is assumed only
implementable as agreed due to the current conditions of the distribution system in the western
zone. Therefore, the improvement of NRW rate is not included in the road map.

For the large dams, the exploitable water with 90% dependability is estimated as follows:

Table 6.3 Exploitable Water of Large Dam

Name of Reservoir Water Level (EL. M) Exploitable Water

Water Source FSL MOL (MLD) (m3/s)
Laiban Dam 270 237 1,900 22.0
Kanan No.2 Dam 310 278 3,300 38.2
Agos Dam 159 133 5,210 60.3
Source: JICA 2003 Study

71
Through the recent communication among NIA, MWSS and other stakeholders, the development of Balintingon Dam will
be undertaken exclusively for the irrigation water supply and other purposes benefitting to those in Nueva Ecija Province
where the Dam will be located. Therefore, the swapping to conditional use of 15 m3/s will not be materialized by this Dam.
72
Recently NIA prepared the irrigation expansion programs in and around AMRIS.

6-3
Through the initial assessment, the water sources including large scale water sources with the capacity
of more than 1,700 MLD will be the candidates for inclusion in the development plan, as follows:

Table 6.4 Water Sources for Development Plan

Capacity Implementa Remarks
Source No. Water Source/ Project Name
(MLD) -tion Period (Development Status)
1. Sumag River Diversion Project 188 2 years FS (2008), originally included in UATP.
6. Laiban Dam Project 1,900 10 years FS/DD (1981), Construction of Diversion
Tunnel (1985), Review (1997)
Review Study (2007)
7. Kanan No. 2 Dam Project 3,300 13 years Pre-FS (2003)
9. Agos Dam Project 3,000 13 years FS (2003)
10. Tayabasan River Water Supply Project 175 5 years FS (2009) c/o MWCI
11. Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project 200 2 years for each Based on 2 years implementation for
100 MLD completed 100 MLD plant
16. Raising Angat Dam FSL 270 5 years 2 years for FS & DD added to
implementation period of 3 years

Note: Water sources; “Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply” and “Raising Angat Dam FSL” are provided with neither investment
cost nor operation & maintenance cost, as the former has not submitted the actual costs to MWSS and the latter is under the
on-going study.

6.1.3 Selection of Water Sources for Development Plan

The development plan of new water sources is categorized into two: one is to meet the increase of
demand in 4 to 13 years (2015 to 2024) in the short-term development by small scale water sources,
and the other is to meet the long-term supply requirement after 13 years and forward, rather to assure
the water security and redundancy to Angat-Umiray System.

Although the water demand – at the High water demand projection is estimated growing by
approximately 60 MLD to 70 MLD every year, the water source development may not be undertaken
in the same way with the water demand. As enumerated in Table 6.3, the proposed water sources
range 175 MLD to 3,300 MLD of their supply capacities and 2 years to 13 years of the
implementation periods.

(1) Water Sources for Short-Term Development

Sumag River Diversion Project (188 MLD) and Tayabasan River Water Supply Project
(175 MLD) are primarily considered since the Long Run Average Costs (LRAC) of Sumag
and Tayabasan are estimated at the lowest and next to the lowest, and the economic
evaluation on these two water sources show high EIRRs of 37.03% and 23.23%, respectively.
Another 200 MLD of Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply is considered to augment the supply
capacity within 4 to 5 years. Further, Raising Angat Dam FSL which is expected to
increase the reservoir yield by some 200 to 300 MLD can be considered for the short-term
development.

On the other hand, it is recognized that Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project may be
assigned for the western zone (MWSI) and Tayabasan River Water Supply Project is for the
eastern zone (MWCI) owing to their locations. Sumag River Diversion and Raising Angat
Dam FSL are to augment supply capacity covering the MWSS Service Area.

6-4
 Through the recent information, some issues are indicated for:

 Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project: As described before, the water quality of
Laguna Lake has been generally deteriorated year by year due to rapid urban
development in the lake basin and insufficient waste water treatment. Therefore, the
O&M cost has increased since the third treatment (RO) is required to meet the PNSDW.
The implementation of another 200 MLD bulk water development may be deferred.
 Tayabasan River Water Supply Project which shows economic and financial
superiorities, however it is necessary to acquire the water rights to increase water
extraction in dry season. Further, other permitees who have the water rights in the
downstream of the project site in the same river system have claimed on the water
rights in the upstream area.
(2) Water Sources for Long-Term Development

There are the three (3) large scale water sources for the long-term development, namely
Laiban Dam, Kanan No.2 Dam and Agos Dam. Their locations are shown below:

Connecting Tunnel

Figure 6.2 Locations of Three Large Dams

The three dams are originally proposed with the stage wise development. As Laiban Dam is
under Phase 1 and Kanan No.2 Dam is under Phase 2. After completion of Laiban Dam, the
waterway will be connected from Kanan No.2 Dam to Laiban Dam. For Agos Dam, this is
under Phase 2 after completion of Kaliwa Low Dam (temporary dam for three years
operation until Agos Dam will be implemented), and the intake structure and waterway for
Kaliwa Low Dam would be utilized by the Agos Dam.

The Laiban Dam – Kanan No.2 Dam development scheme may not coexist with the Kaliwa
Low Dam – Agos Dam Development Scheme, since:

 Agos Dam is located at the confluence of Kaliwa and Kanan rivers, so that Agos Dam
development may be ineffective for impoundment of runoff water together with Laiban
Dam and/or Kanan No.2 Dam developments.

6-5
  Laiban Dam is located on the Kaliwa River and Kanan No.2 Dam is located on the
Kanan Dam. Therefore, Laiban Dam and Kanan No.2 Dam may coexist and
developed severally and serially.
73
Therefore, Laiban Dam, Kanan No.2 Dam and Agos Dam are the three large scale
developments which will meet a long-term water requirement and provide the water security
for Metro Manila as well as redundancy to the Angat-Umiray System.

Due to the geography of three dams, their water supply schemes to the MWSS Service Area
are shown as below, off-taking at mainly the proposed Taytay Service Reservoir and
branching to the Antipolo Service Reservoir, connecting by the waterways (tunnels). The
water transmission will be undertaken mostly by gravity except for towards the Antipolo
Service Reservoir, as shown in Figure A5.20.

Transbasin
Connecting Tunnel
Tunnel Kanan No.2 Dam

Antipolo
Reservoi Laiban-WTP Laiban Dam
Tunnel

Taytay
Reservoir P Agos Dam
Kaliwa-Angono Waterway
(Tunnel)

Figure 6.3 Off-take Point and Water Transmission Scheme of Three Large Dams

As shown in Table 6.3, the exploitable water by the Agos Dam is estimated at 5,200 MLD,
out of which only 3,000 MLD will be allocated to water supply, while the remaining 2,200
MLD will be used for other beneficial purpose such hydropower generation and irrigation.

For the Agos Dam, a stage-wise development is assumed referring to the concept of Kaliwa
Low Dam (1st Stage) – Agos Dam (2nd Stage) scheme on the following conditions:

 A headwork (intake structure) will be constructed at around the Kaliwa Low Dam site,
where the water head could be secured to transmit the raw water to the designated
water treatment plant by gravity flow.
 The headwork will be of permanent structure and utilized for the water intake after the
completion of Agos Dam.
 The waterway route will be the same as proposed in the JICA 2003 Study, while the
capacity will be of 3,000 MLD or more.

The 1st Stage will develop the water of 600 MLD and the 2nd Stage with the Agos Dam will
increase to be 3,000 MLD in total. Including the headworks and water treatment plant of
600 MLD, the waterway construction is expected to be 10 years.

73
Kanan No.2 Dam Project is proposed as an independent water source assuming the waterway of Laiban Dam to the
Antipolo and Taytay reservoirs will be constructed without Laiban Dam.

6-6
 Including the stage-wise development of Agos Dam Project, the three dam projects are lined
up with the supply capacity, unit water cost and other factors for each of the three large scale
developments are shown in Table 6.5 below:

Table 6.5 Supply Capacity, Unit Water Cost for Treated Water and Other Factors
Supply Treated Environ-
Large Scale Water Capacity Water Unit LRAC*1 EIRR*2 mental Social
MLD Costs Impacts Remarks
Source Impacts
(Endangered
(m3/s) (Php/m3) (Php/m3) (%) Species)
1,900 Diversion tunnel
Laiban Dam 4.64 6.76 15.68 Non Very High
(22.0) completed
3,300 Additional waterway from
Kanan No.2 Dam 12.98 7.94 15.22 Detected High
(38.3) Laiban Dam to Reservoir
3,000 Excess capacity of
Agos Dam 6.22 7.82 15.53 Detected High
(34.7) 2,200 MLD
*1: Discounted at 5%
*2: Assuming the production water could be the same of billed water volume.

6.1.4 Selection of Large Scale Water Source Development

(1) Condition

For the short-term development, small scale water sources: Sumag (188 MLD, 2-year),
Tayabasan (175 MLD, 5-year) are prioritized owing to their financial and economic
advantages. Laguna Lake Bulk Water (200 MLD, 4-year) and Raising Angat Dam FSL
(270 MLD, 6 years) are assumed to be options. For the long-term development by the year
2037, large scale water source: Laiban, Agos or Kanan No.2 is expected to develop 1,100
MLD. To meet the demand projection, the large scale water source shall develop 600 MLD
as the 1st stage within 11 years and another 500 MLD by the year 2037.

9,000 9,000

8,000 1st Stage Development 8,000

600 MLD 2nd Stage Development
7,000 500 MLD 7,000
Laguna-2
100 MLD

6,000 Laguna-1 6,000

100 MLD

Tayabasan
5,000 5,000
175 MLD
Sumag
4, 188 MLD
000 4,000
Total Demand
(Medium Population
3,000 Growth) 3,000

2,000 2,000

1,000 1,000

0 0

Figure 6.4 Water Source Development Scheme

6-7
(2) Selection of Large Water Source

Among the three large dams, the optimum one is selected from the aspects of economic
feasibility, scalability/reliability and environmental/social impacts.

Economic Efficiency

The water source will supply initially 600 MLD within 10 years as Stage 1. Therefore, the
cost estimation only includes the costs of treatment and distribution for 600 MLD.

Table 6.6 Comparison of Investment Cost

Unit: Mil. USD
No. Item Laiban Agos Kanan No.2
1 Dam including Access Road 180.87 297.61 296.70
2 Intake 7.85 16.38
3 Waterway (Tunnel and Pipeline) 201.19 447.17 685.47
4 Water Treatment Plant 38.98 38.98 38.98
5 Water Distribution 169.49 169.49 169.49
6 Other Project Costs 41.47 77.97 102.20
7 Land Acquisition 30.63 22.92 22.48
8 Resettlement Cost incl. Compensation 295.57 41.91 43.53
9 Environmental Cost 1.80 3.28 4.27
10 Total of 1. to 9. 960.00 1,107.18 1,379.50
11 Total of 10 and Contingencies 1,161.60 1,339.69 1,669.20
12 Total of 11 and VAT 1,253.37 1,490.57 1,859.29

The economic analysis is made for the three large dams based on the following assumptions:

 The analysis is over 35 years after the completion with the residual value of 50%.
 The annual economic benefit is computed assuming the water value to be 0.80 USD/m3
with annual increase rate of 3%.
 The O&M cost is assumed to be 0.10 USD/m3 with annual increase rate of 3%.

As shown in Table 6.7 below, the Laiban Dam is the most advantageous from economic and
financial viewpoints followed by the Agos Dam, as 1) the location of dam is nearest to the
MWSS Service Area, 2) the design was already completed and 3) diversion tunnel was also
completed. This result is similar to that in which the economic analysis is made for the full
development scheme for the three large scale water sources as shown in Tables 5.23 and
5.24.

Table 6.7 Result of Economic Analysis

Supply LRAC at 8%
Water Source EIRR (%)
Capacity (MLD) (USD/m3)
Laiban 1,900 14.5 0.70
Agos 3,000 14.0 0.77
Kanan No.2 3,300 12.5 0.89

6-8
 Scalability and Reliability

All three (3) schemes in Table 6.5 may assure at least an additional capacity of 1,700 MLD
which is the increase in High water demand projection by 2037. Further, Agos Dam has an
exploitable water of 5,200 MLD. Laiban Dam will be expanded by developing Kanan No.2
Dam as the 2nd stage, as indicated in JICA 2003 Study, and then Laiban – Kanan No.2 dams
will develop also 5,200 MLD in total.

Environmental and Social Impacts

For Laiban Dam, the number of families to be relocated is estimated at 3,168 which include
1,310 of IPs in 200774. Moreover, the resettlement site: Barangay San Ysiro has been
occupied by the farmers under the program of CARP (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program), and the project proponents shall repeat the compensation payment, which is
against the Government Accounting Law. This fact shows the Laiban Dam Project show
very high social impacts, which has been main cause of the suspension of the project
implementation.

Water Rights, Conflicts of Water Uses, etc

As for the water right, as of September 2011, MWSS is granted water rights at 23 m3/s for
Kaliwa River (Laiban Dam) and 38 m3/s for Kanan River (Kanan No.2 Dam). For the
development of Agos Dam it is already approved by NWRB that the water rights for Kaliwa
River and for Kanan River will be combined to be 61 m3/s. Therefore, no conflicts are
expected in the development of the three large dams. All three dams are also proposed to
have hydropower generation with the capacities of 25 MW, 54 MW and 51 MW for Laiban
Dam, Kanan No.2 Dam and Agos Dam, respectively.

Selection of Large Scale Water Source

Laiban Dam is the most economic among the three large scale water sources but has big
social costs. If Laiban Dam could not be implemented, Agos Dam will be the next option.

6.2 Water Source Development Plan

6.2.1 Scenarios for Water Source Development

Scenario for water source development is proposed taking consideration of the demand and supply
referring to Figure 6.4 and factors for selecting the priority water sources in the foregoing.

(1) Since the development of one of the three water sources is indispensable not only for meeting the
water demand in the long-term but also for providing water security to the Metro Manila, the
large water source shall be developed.

(2) Sumag River Diversion Project is expected firstly to complete and augment the supply capacity,
as the project is already scheduled for implementation within two years starting in 2012. From

74
Laiban Dam Project, 2007, DARUMA

6-9
 the Demand and Supply Curve (Figure 6.4), the Sumag shall be completed by 2016.

(3) Tayabasan River Water Supply Project will be secondly put on the implementation, while it will
augment the supply in the eastern zone. The detailed engineering will be in 2013 and
construction shall be completed in 2018.

(4) Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply for another 200 MLD will be implemented. First 100 MLD
will be availed by 2020 and second 100 MLD will be implemented by 2021, which will augment
the supply in the western zone.

(5) Raising Angat Dam FSL is considered as an optional water source, of which development may
augment the supply capacity for the MWSS Service Area. However, it is not included in the
scenario until such time as the feasibility could be confirmed.

There are two scenarios are proposed where the water development for supply by one of the three
large scale water sources is adjusted not to have excessive supply capacity meeting to the water
demand. For reducing over supply capacity, the construction timing and capacity of WTP are
adjusted to minimize it on condition that the construction schedule of WTP shall be cost effective.

(1) Scenario 1: Sumag + Tayabasan + Laguna + Laiban Dam

Laiban Dam is adopted for the long-term water source after the small scale water sources are
implemented. With the completion of Sumag in 2016, the demand could be met by the year
of 2017 so that the development of Tayabasan and Laguna may be implemented earlier than
the scheduled unless there are some strong needs locally. Tayabasan will be completed in
2018, 1st 100 MLD of Laguna in 2020 and 2nd 100 MLD of Laguna in 2021. The road map of
Scenario 1 is shown below:

9,000 9,000

Laiban
8,000 WTP #1: 600 MLD 8,000

Laiban
7,000 Laguna-2 WTP #2: 500 MLD 7,000
100 MLD

Laguna-1
6,000 6,000
100 MLD

Tayabasan
5,000 175 MLD 5,000
S umag
18 8 MLD
4,000 4,000
T otalDemand
(Me diumPop ulation
3,000 Growth) 3,000

2,000 2,000

1,000 1,000

0 0

Figure 6.5 Road Map of Scenario 1

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(2) Scenario 2: Sumag + Tayabasan + Laguna + Agos

Instead of Laiban Dam, Agos Dam will be implemented. For Agos Dam, Agos-Stage 1
(intake and waterway together with WTP-1: 600 MLD) will be completed in 2022, and Agos-
Stage 2 (Agos Dam construction with WTP-2: 500 MLD) will be in 2031. The road map of
Scenario 2 is shown below:

9,000 9,000

Agos Stage 1
8,000 8,000
WTP #1: 600 MLD
Agos Stage 2
Laguna-2 WTP #2: 500 MLD
7,000 7,000
100 MLD
Laguna-1
6,000 100 MLD 6,000

Tayabasan
5,000 175 MLD 5,000
Sumag
188 MLD
4,000 4,000
Total Demand
(Medium Population
3,000 Growth) 3,000

2,000 2,000

1,000 1,000

0 0

Figure 6.6 Road Map of Scenario 2

(3) Development Cost

Total investment costs are estimated at Php. 63,578 million for Scenario 1 and
Php. 73,054 million for Scenario 2 for total development capacity of approx. 1,700 MLD by
the year 2037. It is noted that there are still excess supply capacities of 800 MLD and 1,900
MLD for Scenario 1 (Laiban Dam) and Scenario 2 (Agos Dam), respectively.

Table 6.8 Investment Cost of Proposed Water Source Development

Development Capacity Investment Cost
Water Source
3 (Php. Million) (USD Million)
MLD (m /s)
Scenario 1
Sumag River Diversion 175 (2.0) 2,659 61.84
Tayabasan River Water Supply 188 (2.2) 4,645 108.02
Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply** 200 (2.3) 2,000 46.51
Laiban Dam 1,100 (12.7) 49,119 1,142.30
Total 1,663 (19.2) 63,578 1,478.56
Scenario 2
Sumag River Diversion 175 (2.0) 2,659 61.84
Tayabasan River Water Supply 188 (2.2) 4,645 108.02
Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply** 200 (2.3) 2,000 46.51
Agos Dam* 1,100 (12.7) 63,750 1,482.56
Total 1,663 (19.2) 73,054 1,698.93
Note*: The cost of dam construction is with a full scale.
**: Information of the construction cost for Putatan WTP from MWSI

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6.2.2 Conclusion

Throughout the review and update of previous studies and proposal for alternative water sources to
augment the supply capacity of and provide water security and redundancy to the Metro Manila and its
surrounding areas, a water source development plan is formulated.

The development plan to meet the High Water Demand Projection is proposed below:

Through the overall evaluation on the water source development plan, Scenario 1: Sumag – Tayabasan
– Laguna – Laiban Dam becomes the most economically advantageous plan.

On the other hand, Agos Dam Project, which is one of the optional large scale water sources, is also
advantageous water source from the viewpoints of its scalability to provide water security for the
Metro Manila and its surrounding areas and less environmental and social impacts comparing to
Laiban Dam.

Laguna Lake and Tayabasan River are located away from the Angat Dam, so that they may also
function as the water security. However, the development capacities of the both water sources are
hardly comparable to the Angat Dam, and the Laguna Lake water has been suffered from pollution
and the water extraction from the Tayabasan River is still under legislative conflict.

6.2.3 Recommendation

The following actions are recommended to undertake the sufficient water supply in the next decade
and secure the water for Metro Manila and its surrounding areas in another decade.

(1) Definitive Plan Study on Agos Multipurpose Dam Project

There are two technical aspects to be studied and clarified before implementation of Agos
Dam. The one is to confirm the feasibility of stage-wise implementation as the Stage 1:
Construction of Intake structure (headworks), Waterways and WTP, and Stage 2:
Construction of dam and appurtenant structures. The other is to conduct and formulate the
multipurpose development of Agos Dam Project. In the road map: water source
development plan, only 1,800 MLD (20.8 m3/s) out of the exploitable water 5,200 MLD
(60.2 m3/s) will be allocated to the water supply. Together with the water supply discharge,
the excess water could be utilized for hydropower generation. Inclusive of other utilization of
excess water, the multipurpose development will be formulated.

(2) Implementation

 Sumag River Diversion Project seems to be on the schedule of implementation.

Therefore, it shall be kept for successful implementation.

 Tayabasan River Water Supply Project would be provided with the detailed
engineering design in 2012 to catch up the schedule.

 The smooth operation of Laguna Lake Bulk Water Supply Project for another 200
MLD predominantly depends on the water of intake site in the lake. Therefore, the

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 water quality survey and detailed investigation will be necessary in collaboration with
LLDA before the review of detailed design and procurement.

(3) Environmental Impacts Mitigation

In the inclusion of any of the new water sources in the road map, it should be pointed out that
the most important part of the mitigation measures can be summarized into three (3)
mitigation works.

 The first mitigation works is the formulation of a watershed management plan that will
address the following potential problems: unregulated land conversion of forest within
the watershed or river basin into other uses; decline of forest cover due to illegal
logging or massive practice of Kaingin system; and institutionalization of a co-
management system among key stakeholders and users of the watershed on watershed
land use regulation and implementation of the formulated watershed management plan.

 Environmental conservation works and programs are imperative element of the

environmental management plan since most of the catchment areas of identified new
water sources are being inhabited by some endangered and threatened species. In this
case, the project proponent should be able to launch IEC and advocacy on biodiversity
conservation. Funding support for these programs should be co-shared by the project
proponent and other key stakeholders such as the concessionaires, LGUs and
government agencies with strong support from grass root levels or watershed
communities.

 Water quality management which will bring the water quality of new water sources to
at the least Class A (Public Water Supply Class II - sources of water supply that will
require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection) or
if possible Class AA (Public Water Supply Class I – water source within watersheds
that are uninhabited and otherwise protected and which require only approved
disinfection in order to meet the PNSDW standards). Complimentary management
measures that will aid in the management of water quality within catchment area or
river basin of new water source are (1) the assiduous implementation of watershed
management plan and (2) the strict implementation of forest land use plan or the
comprehensive land use plan at LGU levels to shield the watersheds of new water
source (especially the periphery of the dam and upstream catchment areas) from build-
up of settlement areas and miscellaneous industrial, agricultural and commercial
operations.

In this Study, the expected cost for the mitigation works are included as a part of the project
cost, assuming that the environmental impact assessment and the mitigation works will be
conducted through the project implementation.

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(4) Social Development Plan

 Preparation works for Laiban Dam implementation such as FPIC and communication
with the LGUs concerned shall be promptly started since the project will not only
augment the supply capacity but also secure the water for Metro Manila when Angat-
Umiray System is not able to supply water. For this purpose, a social development plan
shall be formulated, that presents the social activities that will need to be implemented
if a Project will be selected for implementation.

 These social activities are basically the application for a Free and Prior Informed
Consent (FPIC) at the start of the project for those whose area fall within the Ancestral
Domain of the Indigenous Peoples, the preparation and conduct of an Information,
Education and Communication (IEC) Plan, the conduct of Census and Socio-Economic
Survey on the Project Affected Population (PAP) and Resettlement Planning if the
extent of impact affects more than 200 families. (Major activities in the Social
Development Plan are outlined in the ANNEX-2)

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