PART 3B

 Identify material behavior: creep, fatigue, corrosion and

degradation, fracture
 When a metal or an alloy is under a constant load
or stress, it may undergo progressive plastic
deformation over a period of time.
 Defined as the time-dependent and permanent of
materials when subjected to a constant load or
stress
 Example: turbine rotors in jet engines
 creep is normally an undesirable phenomenon and
is often the limiting factor in the lifetime of a
part.
 It is observed in all materials types; for metals
it becomes important only for temperatures
greater than about 0.4 Tm
 A typical creep test consists of subjecting a
specimen to a constant load or stress while
maintaining the temperature constant
 Typical creep curve of strain
versus time at constant
stress and constant elevated
temperature.
 The minimum creep rate is
the slope of the linear
segment in the secondary
region. Rupture lifetime tr is
the total time to rupture.
 Primary or transient creep-typified by a
continuously decreasing creep rate. This suggests
that the material is experiencing an increase in
creep resistance or strain hardening
 Secondary creep@steady-state creep - rate is
constant; the plot becomes linear. This is the
stage of creep that is of the longest duration. The
constancy of creep rate is explained on the basis
of a balance between the competing processes of
strain hardening and recovery
 tertiary creep - there is an acceleration of the
rate and ultimate failure. This failure is
frequently termed rupture and results from
microstructural and/or metallurgical changes; for
example, grain boundary separation, and the
formation of internal cracks, cavities, and voids,
just prior to failure (or rupture)
 Both temperature and applied stress level
influence creep behavior.
 Increasing either of these parameters produces
the following effects:
(1) an increase in the instantaneous initial
deformation;
(2) an increase in the steady-state creep rate;
and
(3) a diminishment of the rupture lifetime.
Influence of stress and temperature on
creep behavior.
 The failures which occur under repeated or cyclic
stresses
 For many metals and alloys, stress diminishes
continuously with increasing number of cycles at failure.
 subjected to dynamic and fluctuating stresses
 Example: bridges, aircraft, and machine components)
 fatigue strength and fatigue life are the parameters
used to characterize the fatigue behavior of
materials.
 fatigue is catastrophic and insidious, occurring very
suddenly and without warning.
Schematic diagram of fatigue-testing apparatus for
making rotating bending tests.
 Data are plotted as stress S versus the logarithm of
the number N of cycles to failure for each of the
specimens. The values of S are normally taken as
stress amplitudes
 the higher the magnitude of the stress, the smaller
the number of cycles the material is capable of
sustaining before failure
 the fatigue response is specified as fatigue strength,
which is defined as the stress level at which failure
will occur for some specified number of cycles
 fatigue life is the number of cycles to cause failure
at a specified stress level, as taken from the S–N plot
 Factors that affect fatigue life:
a. Mean stress - increasing the mean stress
level leads to a decrease in fatigue life.
b. Surface effects – more stress
concentration and more residual stresses
on surface occurs leading to fatigue
failure
 Destruction or deterioration of material
because of reaction with its environment.
 Can be fast or slow depends on
composition of material, exposure time
and temperature.
 The physical of material will change:
rusted and decrease in mass
 Classification of corrosion
a. Dry corrosion-absence of a
liquid phase or above the
dew point of the
environment.
b. Wet corrosion-Occurs when
a liquid present(aqueous
solutions or electrolytes)
 Anode metal is
more corrosive
to the cathode
metal in
electrolyte
environment.
Types of corrosion
a. Uniform attack
b. Crevice corrosion
c. Pitting corrosion
d. Intergranular corrosion
e. Selective leaching
f. Erosion corrosion
g. Stress corrosion
h. Hydrogen damage
Corrosion Prevention
a. Materials selection
b. Alteration of environment
c. Design
d. Cathodic and anodic protection
e. coatings
 fracture is the separation of a body into two or more
pieces in response to an imposed stress that is static
(i.e., constant or slowly changing with time) and at
temperatures that are low relative to the melting
temperature of the material.
 Fracture
a. Highly ductile
b. Ductile – after
extensive plastic
deformation
c. Brittle –little
plastic
deformation
Stage of cup and cone
fracture
a. Initial necking
b. Cavity formation
c. Coalescence of cavity
d. Crack propagation
e. Final shear fracture at
45° related to tensile
direction
 Toughness is a measure of the amount of energy a
material can absorb before fracturing.
 Measured by impact test – Izod or Charpy