Instructional Material: Learning Objectives

Course Code: Document Code:
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL IT III QR–SET–033-001

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Issued Date: Effectivity Date:
1 June 2011 1st Semester, SY 2012-2013
COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND BASIC COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
LESSON I DATA PROCESSING
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing the chapter, the students should be able to :

1. Identify the different categories of Data Processing
2. Describe the areas of Data Processing
3. Interpret the Evolution of Computers
4. Explain Electronic Data Processing
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
“ Man is still the most extraordinary computer of all”
- John F. Kennedy -
DATA PROCESSING
Data – any collection of facts

Example:
Sales Reports , Inventory figures customer’s names and addresses
-Data may be numerical or non-numerical
Data Processing – manipulation of data into a more useful form

--includes not only numerical calculations but also operations such as
classification of data
Data Processing System – refers to the equipment or devices and procedures by which the result
is achieved
DATA PROCESSING CYCLE
Input Processing Output
1. Input
 Initial data or input data are prepared in some convenient form of processing
2. Processing
 Input data are changed , and usually combined with other information, to
produce data in a more useful form
3. Output
 The results of the preceding processing steps are collected
EXPANDED DATA PROCESSING CYCLE


Origination
Input
Processing Storage
Output
Distribution
1. Origination
 Refers to the process of collecting the original data
 Original recording of data is called a source document
2. Distribution
 Refers to the distribution of the output data
 Recordings of the output data are often called report documents
3. Storage
 Data processing results are frequently placed in storage to be used as input data
for further processing at a later date
AREAS OF DATA PROCESSING
1. Business Data Processing (BDP)

 Characterized by the need to establish, retain and process files of data for
producing useful information.
 Generally, it involves a large volume of input data , limited arithmetical
operations and a relatively large volume of output
2. Scientific Data Processing (SDP)

 In science, data processing involves a limited volume of input and many logical
or arithmetic calculations.
 Most of the scientific problems are non-repetitive, requiring a “ont-time”
solution
DATA PROCESSING OPERATIONS
1. Recording
 Refers to the transfer of data onto some form or document
 It relates to the documentation of intermediate figures and facts
2. Verifying
 Checking of recorded data for any errors

3. Duplicating
 Reproducing the data onto many forms of documents
 Duplicating may be done while the data are being recorded manually or
afterwards by some machine
4. Classifying
 Identifying and arranging items with like characteristics into groups or classes
5. Sorting
 Arranging data in a specific order
6. Calculating
 Arithmetic operation of data
7. Summarizing and Reporting

 A collection of data is condensed and certain conclusions from the data are
represented in a meaningful format
8. Merging
 Takes two or more sets of data, all sets having been sorted by the same key and
puts them together to form a single sorted set of data
9. Storing
 Placing similar data into files for future references
10. Retrieving
 Recovering stored data and/or information when needed
11. Feedback
 Comparison of the output and the goal set in advance; any discrepancy is
analysed, corrected and fed back to the proper stage in the processing operation
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
-“abacus” – earliest recorded computer

-In early days, computers are primarily for mathematical computations or calculations
Milestones of the development of Computers
1550- 1617 John Napier

-“Napier’s Bones – abacus-like computing device
- can perform multiplication and division calculations
1592- 1635 Wilhelm Schickard

-invented first known mechanical calculator

- inventions are called “speeding clock” or “calculating clock”
1623-1662 Blaise Pascal

-made his version of mechanical calculator which helped his father in his work as tax
collector
-can only perform addition and subtraction
-invention was known as “Pascaline”
1646-1716 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

-mechanical calculator called “stepped reckoner” and can perform four basic operations
- has 8 digit input portion and display results up to 16 decimal digits
1791-1871 Charles Babbage

-regarded as “father of computer”
-first programmable machine called the “analytical engine”
-uses punched cards to store programs and run the machine
-invented to reduce errors in computing
1800’s Augusta Ada Byron

-regarded as the “first computer programmer”
-developed concepts of decision structures, loops and library procedures
1860-1929 Herman Hollerith

-mechanical tabulator for United States Census Bureau
-based on punched cards to tabulate large volume of statistical data and uses electricity
-Hollerith – founder of Tabulating Machine Company
1946 John William Mauchly and John Presper Eckert

- developed the first general-purpose electronic digital computer called ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
-built and used by the military
1947 John Von Neumann

-designed the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
-with memory to hold stored program and data
-executes “conditional control transfer”
1949 Sir Maurice Wilks

-built a stored-program computer called EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator)
1951 John William Mauchly and John Presper Eckert

-created UNIVAC ( Universal Automatic Computer)
- uses magnetic tape for storing data
- was produced commercially and 48 machines were sold
1960 Minicomputers
-smaller , more powerful and cheaper machines
* Integrated Circuit (IC) small electronic circuit and was used in minicomputers
* Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI)- replacing electronic circuit components into a
chip
1976 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak


- produced Apple I computer
1977 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

- produced Apple II- became a benchmark for Personal Computers (PC)
August 1981 International Business Machines (IBM)

-launched their version of CP that was “copied” or “cloned” by manufacturers
1982 Steve Chen

-designed the supercomputer Cray X-MP and became the world’s fastest computer from
1983-1985
- uses multiple processors to speed up processing data
1983 Manuel Fernandez

-invented Gavilan SC , the starting point of laptop computers
- uses Intel 8088 processor, has a floppy disk drive, LCD screen and used an MS-DOS OS
1984 Psion Organizer

-first personal digital assistant (PDA) and uses keypad to enter text
1993 Newton
-first popular brand of PDA produces by Apple Computers
EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
Four Generations of Computer
1. First Generation (1951-1959)

-started with UNIVAC I
-used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums for data storage
- each computer has a binary coded program called “machine language” that
told it how to operate
- computers are difficult to program with limited versatility and speed
2. Second Generation (1959-1965)

-development of high level programing languages such as FORTRAN (Formula
Translator) and COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language).
-Operating Systems and Compilers are developed
-used magnetic tape and disk for data storage
-transistor replaced vacuum tubes
- Computers are smaller, faster, and more reliable
-replaced machine language with assembly language
-new types of careers began (programmer, analyst, computer systems expert)
3. Third Generation (1965-1970)

-use of Integrated Circuits which reduced size of computers
- introduction of IBM 360
-use of operating system
4. Fourth Generation (1971-PRESENT)

-use large scale integration (LSI) and development of microprocessors and
microcomputers

- more high level of programming languages are introduced

-notable improvements in data communications , operating systems, compilers
-computers were commercially available
ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
 Consists of hardware, software and peopleware
HARDWARE
 Refers to the physical equipment or components of an electronic data
processing system
 Also refers to the machinery that performs the mechanics of operations. Each
component is designed to perform one or more of the following functions: data
preparation, input , processing, storage and output.
SOFTWARE
 Includes programs as well as any operating aids that extend the capabilities of
the computer.
PEOPLEWARE
 Represents the personnel involved in systems analysis, programming , computer
operations , system maintenance and the like
LESSON II COMPUTER SYSTEMS HARDWARE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Record the different classification of computers
2. List the capabilities of computer
3. Describe the Computer System
4. Explain and list the different Input/Output Units
Computer
-root word “compute” - to calculate
- computing devices can perform 4 basic operations: adding , subtracting, multiplying
and dividing
- electronic device and programmable machine
-a machine for manipulating data according to a sequence of instructions
Two principal characteristics of computer:

1. Responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner
2. Can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (program)
Hardware –actual machine - wires, transistors and circuit

Software – Instructions and data
Types of Computers:

1. Analog Computers
-used for measuring scientific, engineering, and process-control purposes
- fast but not accurate and can only give estimated results
Example:
-Speedometer
2. Digital Computers
-perform calculations and accurate results
Example:
-calculator
3. Hybrid Computers
-mix of analog and digital computer
4. Special Purpose
-designed to perform a specific job or function
Classification of Digital Computer Systems
I. MICROCOMPUTERS
-most familiar kind of computer
a. Personal Computer (PC’s)
-“desktop machines, easy to use and affordable
Examples:
-Acer, Aspire, Compaq
b. Workstations
-expensive, powerful machines used by engineers, scientists
- runs complex programs and more sophisticated operating system
-powerful processor that produces more results than PC’s
Examples:
-Sun, Hewlett-Packard, IBM
c. Portable Computers
-miniature version of personal computers, smaller and more powerful
1. Laptops/Notebooks
- AC-powered, battery-powered or both
-mobile PC
2. Subnotebooks
- for frequent flyers and on-the-road professionals
3. Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
-much smaller than subnotebooks
-combine pen input, writing recognition, personal organizational tools in very
small package
II. MINICOMPUTERS
-slower and have less storage capacity than mainframe computer
-work well with Distributed Data Processing (DDP)
III. MAINFRAMES
-can process several million instructions per second
- handles large program with large data
- used by insurance companies, banks, airline and railway reservation systems
IV. SUPERCOMPUTERS

-fastest calculating device ever invented

- can operate at speeds measured by nanoseconds or picoseconds
-used by government agencies to quickly process huge amounts of data
- consists of thousands of integrated microprocessors
V. NETWORK COMPUTERS
-minimal memory , disk storage, and processor designed to connect a network,
especially the Internet
NATURE OF COMPUTERS
Capabilities of Computers:
a. Speed
- can process data faster than any machine
-can do more jobs than a regular worker with accuracy
b. Reliability
- extremely reliable because most errors are committed by person’s mistakes
c. Storage Capability
- can store tremendous amount of data –sorting , finding, retrieving at lightning speed
Limitations of Computers
a. Can’t generate information of its own
-still needs human to program it
b. Can’t correct wrong instructions
- humans still need to enter correct instructions
c. Dependent on prepared Instructions
- limited to the instructions given by the programmer
WHY COMPUTERS SOMETIMES FAIL?
1. Input Errors
2. Errors in Instructing a Computer
3. The Communication Gap
4. Improper Controls
5. Lack of Standards
6. Lack of Adequate Manufacturer Support
THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Consists of four types of function units:

1. Central processing unit
2. Input unit
3. Output Unit
4. Auxiliary or Secondary Storage unit
Computer Hardware
-all the physical aspects and machinery associated with the computer system
Four basic operations of computer: Specific Hardware
 Input of data -Input Hardware
 Processing of data -Processing and Memory Hardware
 Storage of Information - Secondary Storage Hardware

 Output of Information - Output Hardware
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
All operations performed by the computer system are controlled by the physical device called
the central processing unit. It is the “brain” of the computer system. It contains the arithmetic
and logic unit, control unit , and internal storage unit.
a. Control Unit
 Supervises or monitors the functions by the entire computer system according
to the conditions set forth by the stored program
 Fetches instructions from main storage and other system units to perform
certain operation at appropriate times
 Acts as a “central nervous system” but performs no actual processing operations
of data
b. Arithmetic / Logic Unit

 Performs operations such as addition , subtraction , multiplication and division,
as well as moving , shifting and comparing data
 Also has the ability to test conditions encountered during processing and take
action accordingly.
c. Memory Unit
 Where the computer program and data are stored during processing. This unit is
a random-access storage device consisting of thousands of storage locations ,
each of which can be directly reached by the control unit
Auxiliary
Storage
Unit
Input CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT Output

Unit Unit
Relationship Between Auxiliary Storage and the Components
OPERATIONS PERFORMED BY THE CPU
1. Input Operation - one that signals an input device to read data and automatically transmits
that data to the central processing unit
2. Processing Operations – Data transfer, arithmetic and logic operations are functions that
operate on the input data
3. Output Operation – causes information to be transmitted from the output area to an output
device where it is written out or recorded
INSIDE THE COMPUTER: FOCUS ON PC HARDWARE


Learning objectives:
At the end of the lesson , the student will be able to:

1. Learn the components of the motherboard.
2. Discuss the functions of these components
MOTHERBOARD AND ITS PARTS
Motherboard
 Large circuit board where everything else plugs into
 Carries the data between the various parts as the information is processed. The
various parts that may be included or plugged into it are the modem, video
card, network card and others.
 Plugs are called ports and are usually at the back of the CPU box
 Collection of devices that control the flow of data and operating electricity for all
the primary components in a PC
 Most important part of the PC since it is the source from which all
communications and work come to and from your computer.
 The motherboard, without all the cards and components or devices connected
to it simply handles the interconnection of the CPU, the BIOS, the RAM and the
I/O
CPU RAM BIOS
I/O
Data is placed in the computer via the I/O. The CPU processes this data in a scheduled
sequence. The data that is not processed and also that has been processed stays in the
RAM waiting to be called to be shown in an output device. The BIOS is a built-in
software that determines what a computer can do without accessing programs from a
disk.
A. Basic Input / Output System (BIOS)

 The BIOS chip controls the most basic functions of the computer and performs a
self-test every time you turn it on.
B. Chips
 chips or Integrated Circuits are hundreds of transistors packed in a small
package and they perform some functions. These chips in the motherboard are:
a. Read Only Memory (ROM) chips which store Basic Input / Output System
and other programs
b. CMOS storage which contains user-defined data used by the setup program

c. Controllers which put together certain important functions. Some of these

controllers are for video, disk and other devices.
C. Northbridge and Southbridge

 These two bridges connect the CPU to other parts of the computer
1. The Northbridge
- handles all the data flows to and from the main memory plus all the
CPUs transactions
-the main function is to handle the memory, CPU and AGP data transfe
duties
-handles mission-critical jobs , as control of the CPU and memory makes
up a high percentage of overall system activity
2. The Southbridge
-handles the data for most of the ports (PCI, ISA, IDE, USB, etc)
-slower than the northbridge and information from the CPU has to go
through the Northbridge before reaching the Southbridge.
-handles miscellaneous , lower priority tasks.
D. SLOTS
 ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) is an older technology for connecting
computer peripherals. Common current devices include modems and sound
cards.
 PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) is a high-speed connection for devices
including SCSI cards , video cards , sound cards , modems , video capture cards.
 AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is an interface specification that enables 3D
graphics to display quickly on ordinary PCs. AGP is designed to convey 3D images
much more quickly and smoothly.
 PCI-E (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) are connections for video,
sound and video capture cards as well as multitude of other cards.
E. Plugs, Connectors and Ports

 Allow external devices to be connected
LESSON III NUMBER SYSTEMS
DATA REPRESENTATION IN COMPUTERS
In computer , data is recorded as electronic signals or indicators. Computer components can be

in only one of the two possible conditions at any given time .
Representing data within the computer is accomplished by assigning a specific value to each
binary component.
BINARY SYSTEM

The binary system is the positional numeration system to the base 2. Binary notation
uses only two symbols: 0 and 1. In any position of the notation, the symbol 0 represents the
absence of an assigned value; the symbol 1 , represents the presence of an assigned value.
Gottfried W. von Leibniz – 17th century German mathematician was known to be an advocate of
the binary system
The symbols in a binary notation (0 and 1) are called bits. Binary numbers that have no fractional
part are called binary integers.
Power of Two Decimal Value

5
2 32
24 16
23 8
22 4
21 2
20 1
2-1 ½ = 0.5
2-2 ¼ = 0.25
2-3 1/8 = 0.125
DECIMAL – BINARY CONVERSION
One approach is to use the division-multiplication method.

Rule:
Divide that number repeatedly by the value of the base to which the number is being
converted. The division operation is repeated until the quotient is zero. The remainders
– written in reverse of the order in which they were obtained , form the new equivalent
numeral.
Example: Convert the decimal numeral 139 to its binary equivalent
DIVISIONS QUOTIENTS REMAINDERS

139 / 2 69 1
69 / 2 34 1
34 / 2 17 0
17 / 2 8 1
8/2 4 0
4/2 2 0
2/2 1 0
1/2 0 1
Therefore: 13910 = 10010112
BINARY - DECIMAL CONVERSION


Binary numerals can be converted to decimal by the use of expanded notation. When
this approach is used, the position values of the original numeral are written out.
a. 101 = 1x22 +0x21 + 1x20

=4+0+1
=5
b. 1100 = 1x23 + 1x22 +0x21 + 0x20

= 8 + 4 +0 + 0
= 12
LESSON POST TEST
Convert the following decimal numerals into its binary equivalent. Show your solution.
1. 27
2. 85
3. 1024
4. 9
5. 256
Convert the following binary numerals into its decimal equivalent. Show your solution.
1. 100110
2. 1111
3. 11000
4. 111111
5. 10001
CONVERSION OF FRACTIONS: DECIMAL TO BINARY

A decimal fraction may be converted into its equivalent binary notation. A much simpler method
consists of repeatedly doubling the decimal fraction and noting the integral part of the product.
Example: Convert the following decimal fractions to its binary equivalent : 0.375 and 0.40625
a. MULTIPLICATIONS INTEGRAL PARTS

0.375 x 2 = 0.75 0
0.75 x2 = 1.5 1
1.5 x2 = 1.0 1
Therefore: 0.37510 = 0.0112
b. MULTIPLICATIONS INTEGRAL PARTS


0.40625 X 2 = 0.8125 0
0.8125 X 2 = 1.625 1
0.625 X 2 = 1.25 1
0.25 X 2 = 0.5 0
0.5 X 2 = 1.0 1
Therefore: 0.40625 10 = 0.011012
CONVERTING DECIMAL NUMBERS WITH INTEGRAL AND FRACTIONAL PARTS INTO ITS BINARY
EQUIVALENT
Example: Convert the decimal number 24.625 to its binary equivalent
1st Step: Converting the Integral Part

DIVISIONS QUOTIENTS REMAINDERS
24 / 2 12 0
12 / 2 6 0
6/2 3 0
3/2 1 1
1/2 0 1
Therefore: 2410 = 110002
2nd Step: Converting the fractional part

MULTIPLICATIONS INTEGRAL PARTS
0.625x 2 = 1.25 1
0.25 x 2 = 0.5 0
0.5 x 2 = 1.0 1
Therefore: 0.62510 = 0.1012
3rd Step : The Binary equivalent of 24.625 is simply the sum of these two equivalents. Thus
2410 + 0.62510 = 110002 + 0.1012
24.62510 = 11000.1012
CONVERTING BINARY NUMBERS WITH INTEGRAL AND FRACTIONAL PARTS INTO DECIMAL
EQUIVALENTS
The expanded notation is still used, only this time we also consider the place values of
the fractional part which are the negative powers of two.
a. 0.101 = 1x2-1 + 0x2-2 + 1x2 -3

= ½ + 0 + 1/8
= 0.5 + 0 + 0.125
= 0.625
b. 11.011 = 1x21 + 1x20 + 0x2-1 +1x2 -2 + 1x2-3


= 2 + 1 + 0 + ¼ + 1/8
= 3 + 0.25 + 0.125
= 3.375
LESSON POST TEST
Convert the following Decimal numerals into its equivalent Binary numerals. Show your
solution.
1. 0.78125
2. 0.390625
Convert the following Decimal numerals with integral and fractional part into its equivalent
Binary numerals. Show your solution.
1. 156.4375
Convert the following Binary numerals with integral and fractional part into its decimal
equivalent. Show your solution.
1. 101.1011
2. 11.011
BINARY ADDITION
Table for Binary Addition
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 0 Plus carry-over of 1
Example:
a. BINARY DECIMAL
11 3
+ 100 + 4
111 7
b. BINARY DECIMAL
11.01 3.25
+101.11 +5.75
1001.00 9.00
c. BINARY DECIMAL
101 5
100 4
+ 10 + 2
1010 10
1110 14
? 35
The binary sum is obtained as follows:

101 (1st number)
+ 100 (2nd number)
1001 (1st sub-total)
+ 10 (3rd number)
1011 (2nd sub-total)

+ 1010 (4th number)

10101 (3rd sub-total)
+ 1110 (5th number)
100011 (final total)
Check:
100011 = 1x20 + 1x2 1 + 0x2 2 + 0x23 + 0x24 + 1x25
= 1+2+0+0+0+32
= 35 (checks)
BINARY SUBTRACTION
0–0=0
1–0=1
1–1=0
0 – 1 = 0 with a borrow of 1
Example:
a. BINARY DECIMAL
1010 10
- 100 - 4
110 6
b. BINARY DECIMAL
1000.11 8.75
- 11.01 - 3.25
101.10 5.50
c. BINARY DECIMAL
101 5
- 111 - 7
- 010 - 2
BINARY SUBTRACTION BY COMPLEMENTING
The following examples illustrate the process of binary subtraction using ones complement
a. BINARY DECIMAL
110011 51
- 11101 - 29
? 22
Solution using ones complement:
110011
+ 00010 (complement of the subtrahend 11101)
110101 (binary sum)

+ 1 (end-around carry)
10110 (answer)
b. BINARY DECIMAL
1100.01 12.25
- 1010.10 - 10.50
? 1.75
Solution using ones complement:

1100.01
+ 0101.01 (complement of the subtrahend 1010.10)
10001.10 (binary sum)
+ 1 (end-around carry)
1.11 (answer)
BINARY MULTIPLICATION
0x0=0 0x1=0
1x0=0 1x1=1
Example:
a. BINARY DECIMAL
111 (multiplicand) 7
X 101 (multiplier) x 5
111 (1st partial product) 35
000 (2nd partial product)
111 (3rd partial product)
100011 (column sums yield the answer)
b. BINARY DECIMAL
11.0
3.0
X 10.10 X 2.5
0000 150
1100 60
0000 7.5
1100
111.100 (ANSWER)
BINARY DIVISION
0/1=0
1/1=1
The following example illustrate the process of binary division
a. BINARY DECIMAL
11 (quotient) 12 / 4 = 3
100 1100 (dividend)
(divisor) 100
100
100

000 (remainder)
The above problem could also be solved by the process of repeated subtraction.
a. BINARY DECIMAL
1100 12 / 4 = 3
- 100 (1ST subtraction)
1000
-100 (2ND subtraction)
100
-100 (3rd subtraction)
000 (remainder)
LESSON POST TEST
A. Binary Addition. Produce the sum of the given binary numbers below. Show your solution.
1. 1010 and 1100
2. 101011 and 110011
3. 110011 and 110110
B. Binary Subtraction. Produce the difference of the given binary numbers below. Show your
solution.
1. 1111 and 1000
2. 100011 and 1111
3. 10011 and 1110
C. Binary Multiplication. Produce the product of the given binary numbers below. Show your
solution.
1. 10101 and 101
2. 11000 and 110
D. Binary Subtraction. Produce the difference of the given binary numbers below. Show your
solution
1. 11010010 and 1010
OCTAL SYSTEM
The octal number system has a base , or a radix of eight . The eight basic digits of the octal
system are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.
DECIMAL – OCTAL CONVERSION

When converting from decimal to octal, we divide the decimal number by eight and note
the remainders after each division.
a. DIVISIONS REMAINDERS
18 / 8 = 2 2
2/8=0 2
Therefore: 1810 = 228

b. DIVISIONS REMAINDERS
255 / 31 7
31 / 8 7
3/8 3
Therefore: 25510 = 3778
OCTAL – DECIMAL CONVERSION
a. 258 = 2x81 + 5x8 0

= 16 + 5
= 2110
b. 15.358 = 1x81 + 5x8 0 + 3x8 -1 + 5x8 -2

= 8 + 5 + 3/8 + 5/64
= 13.45312510
OCTAL FRACTIONS
MULTIPLICATION CARRY OVER

0.2575 X 8 = 2.06 2
0.06 X 8 = 0.48 0
0.48 X 8 = 3.84 3
0.84 X 8 = 6.72 6
0.72 X 8 = 5.76 5
Therefor: 0.257510 = 0.203658
BINARY NUMBER 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
OCTAL NUMBER 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
OCTAL – BINARY CONVERSION
a. 458 = (?)2 Since: 48 = 1002 and 58 = 1012

Therefore: 458 = 100 1012
b. 124.578 = (?)2 Since: 18 = 0012 , 28 = 0102 , 48 = 1002 , 58 = 1012, and 78 = 1112

Therefore: 124.578 = 001 010 100. 101 1112
BINARY – OCTAL CONVERSION
a. 101101112 = (?) 8
Grouping the bits into threes:
101101112 = 010 110 1112 or 2678
b. 1011.01101 = (?) 8
Grouping the bits into threes:
1011.01101 = 001 011. 011 010 2 or 13.32
LESSON POST TEST
Convert the following Decimal numeral into its Octal equivalent. Show your solution.
1. 396510

2. 345
Convert the following Octal numeral into its Decimal equivalent. Show your solution.
1. 4608
2. 28.138
Convert the following Octal numeral into its Binary equivalent. Show your solution.
1. 7328 = (?)2
Convert the following Binary numeral into its Octall equivalent. Show your solution.
1. 1010100.1011112 = (?)8
2. 1100110001012 = (?)8
HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM
This system is a combination of the ten numbers , 0 through 9, and a choice of six letters of the
alphabet , which are also treated as numbers. It uses a base, a radix, of 16 and the place values
are the powers of 16.
The letters representing digits 10 through 15 may be the alphabet sequence A through F. Any
other six alphabet could be used equally well, as long as the total adds up to 16 symbols to
represent the 16 possible combinations of 4 bits.
DECIMAL – HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION
a. DIVISION REMAINDERS
58 / 16 = 3 10 (or A)
3 / 16 = 0 3
Therefore: 5810 = 3A16
HEXADECIMAL – DECIMAL CONVERSION
a. 4B616 = 4x162 + 11x161 + 6x160

= 1024 + 176 + 6
= 120610
Therefore: 4B616 = 120610
HEXADECIMAL – BINARY CONVERSION
a. 2C8516 = (?)2
Since: 216 = 00102 816=10002
C16 = 11002 516 =01012
Therefore: 2C8516 = 101100100001012
BINARY – HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION

a. 1011101100100112 = (?)16
Grouping the bits into fours:
1011101100100112 = 0101 1101 1001 00112 or 5D9316
Hexadecimal Number Binary Number

0 0000

1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
C 1100
D 1101
E 1110
F 1111
LESSON POST TEST
Convert the following Decimal numerals into its Hexadecimal equivalent . Show your solution.
1. 36210
2. 972010
Convert the following Hexadecimal numerals into its Decimal equivalent . Show your solution.
1. BC516
2. 4139.B816
Convert the following Hexadecimal numerals into its Binary equivalent . Show your solution.
1. 8A.5B16
Convert the following Binary numerals into its Hexadecimal equivalent . Show your solution.
1. 1011010110110010112
2. 110001010.011011102
LESSON IV COMPUTER SYSTEMS SOFTWARE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Identify the importance of software in a computer system

2. Use productivity software according to one’s needs.
Computer Software
-computer programs stored in a computer
Categories of Software

I. System Software
-program that runs and manages the computer, known as Operating System
II. Application Software

-different computer programs that allows user to perform different tasks
For single user purposes:

a. Word Processors
- used for typing documents
-documents can be edited, printed and formatted depending on the user’s
specifications
b. Spreadsheets
-used in creating financial reports and other accounting functions
-used in analyzing data through the use of graphs
c. Presentations
-can create colorful slides to be used in delivering a message in front of an audience
d. Photo Editors and Moviemakers

-edits photographs and used to create movie presentation
e. Web Browsers
-used to access web or internet
f. Database
-used to store , retrieve and update different types of data
THE PROGRAMMING CYCLE
Steps in the programming cycle:

1. Defining the problem
2. Planning a solution to the problem
3. Coding the solution
4. Checking out the program by debugging and testing
5. Documentation
DEFINING THE PROBLEM

 The task of making sure what has to be done or what problem has to be solved.
 The programmer must know exactly what the program is supposed to do before
it is written
 All aspects of the program should be clarified during this stage
PLANNING THE SOLUTION

 Involves determining the sequence of processing steps within individual
programs
 The programmer constructs the flow chart to lay-out the program logic.
 Selecting the appropriate programming language is the final step of program
planning.
CODING THE SOLUTION


 The programmer converts the steps depicted in the program flow chart into
readable instructions that make up the actual program
CHECKING OUT THE PROGRAM

 Perform debugging , and testing the program using representative input data
DOCUMENTATION
 Write up the full specifications for other program users
Program
-coded sequence of instructions to be carried out by the computer
Programming Language
- Software used in developing computer programs
2 types of programming language

a. Low-level Language
-written in a language easy for the machine to understand
1. Machine Language
-Programs coded in Binary
2. Assembly Language
- symbolic coded sequence of instructions
b. High-Level Language
-easy to understand and write since they use the word from the English
language
1. C and C++
-good programming language to start , strengthens the programming
logic of a programmer
2. BASIC
- easy-to-use, instructions resemble English keywords like LET, READ,
IF, THEN, GO TO.
3. HTML
- created by the World Wide Web consortium
- first programming language designed for Web Applications
4. Java
-object-oriented programming language
- used for web development, games, etc.
5. MySQL
- database program and run on servers
Programming Language Components

1. Lexicon –correct words of the programming language for coding
-different sets of words and commands
2. Syntax –grammar rules that we use whenever we write the programming codes
3. Semantics – function of the command

Instructional Material: Learning Objectives

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Course Code: Document Code:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL IT III QR–SET–033-001

COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND BASIC COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

LESSON I DATA PROCESSING

After completing the chapter, the students should be able to :

Data – any collection of facts

Data Processing – manipulation of data into a more useful form

DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

Input Processing Output

EXPANDED DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL IT III QR–SET–033-001

COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND BASIC COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

AREAS OF DATA PROCESSING

1. Business Data Processing (BDP)

2. Scientific Data Processing (SDP)

DATA PROCESSING OPERATIONS

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL IT III QR–SET–033-001

COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND BASIC COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

7. Summarizing and Reporting

-“abacus” – earliest recorded computer

Milestones of the development of Computers

1550- 1617 John Napier

1592- 1635 Wilhelm Schickard

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL IT III QR–SET–033-001

COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND BASIC COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

- inventions are called “speeding clock” or “calculating clock”

1623-1662 Blaise Pascal

1646-1716 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

1791-1871 Charles Babbage

1800’s Augusta Ada Byron

1860-1929 Herman Hollerith

1946 John William Mauchly and John Presper Eckert

1947 John Von Neumann

1949 Sir Maurice Wilks

1951 John William Mauchly and John Presper Eckert

1976 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL IT III QR–SET–033-001

COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND BASIC COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

- produced Apple I computer

1977 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

August 1981 International Business Machines (IBM)

1982 Steve Chen

1983 Manuel Fernandez

1984 Psion Organizer

EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING

Four Generations of Computer

1. First Generation (1951-1959)

2. Second Generation (1959-1965)

3. Third Generation (1965-1970)

4. Fourth Generation (1971-PRESENT)

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL IT III QR–SET–033-001

COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND BASIC COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

- more high level of programming languages are introduced

ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING

 Consists of hardware, software and peopleware

LESSON II COMPUTER SYSTEMS HARDWARE

After completing the chapter, the students should be able to :

Two principal characteristics of computer:

Hardware –actual machine - wires, transistors and circuit

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL IT III QR–SET–033-001

COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND BASIC COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

Classification of Digital Computer Systems