HEAT TRANSFER WITH AGITATED VESSEL

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

1. PRAJAPATI HITESH I. (120220119027)

2. SOJITRA MANISH K. (120220119045)
3. CHAUDHARI BHARAT R. (130223119003)
4. SONI JIMIT D. (130223119020)

In fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Government Engineering College, Patan

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad

October, 2015

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 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PATAN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
2015

CERTIFICATE
Date: / /

This is to certify that the PSAR reports, submitted along with the
project entitled “HEAT TRANSFER WITH AGITATED VESSEL” has
been carried out by Prajapati Hitesh I. (120220119027), Sojitra Manish K.
(120220119045), Chaudhari Bharat R. (130223119003) and Soni Jimit D.
(130223119020) under my guidance in partial fulfillment for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering 7th Semester of
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad during the academic year
2015-16.

Internal Guide Head of the Department

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 EXAMINER’S CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The project entitled “HEAT TRANSFER WITH AGITATED

VESSEL” is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of G.E.C
PATAN for the award of the degree.

1. PRAJAPATI HITESH I. (120220119027)

2. SOJITRA MANISH K. (120220119045)
3. CHAUDHARI BHARAT R. (130223119003)
4. SONI JIMIT D. (130223119020)

Date: / /

EXAMINERS:

1. EXTERNAL EXAMINER:

2. INTERNAL EXAMINER:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We acknowledge with sincere thanks to our project in charge Professor V. D. Patel for excellent
guidance and the entirely selfless efforts. Without their co-operative attitude, constant inspiration and
dedicated each and every stage of this project, it would not possible to make this project complete.

We are highly thankful to our project guides for their encouragement.

We would also like to express our gratitude & thanks towards the staff and H.O.D of Mechanical
Engineering Department for their continuous support.

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 ABSTRACT

This study is carried out to understand, heat transfer during agitation. Heat transfer between fluids
covers so many application like power plants, chemical industries, pharmaceutical industries, dairy
industries, petroleum industries etc. Heat transfer enhancement and energy saving are necessities for
present time of energy crisis. All industries listed above are always trying to utilize energy with best
effectiveness. Heat transfer with agitation is occurring in chemical industries as well as dairies.

This work is carried out to compare heat transfer between two fluids with and without agitation. The
experiment involves a simple and inexpensive apparatus with necessary basic components. The
experiment deals with the experimental determination of the heat transfer rates and the overall heat
transfer coefficient between hot water and cold water in an agitated vessel.

This study include six chapters. In second chapter literature review about heat transfer with agitation
is discussed. Third chapter described basic components and maintenance of experimental setup. In
forth chapter procedure and calculation of heat transfer and overall heat transfer with and without
agitator for different mass flow rate are carried out. Fifth chapter is about results and discussion,
which includes comparison of heat transferred rate and over-all heat transfer coefficient for different
mass flow rate with and without agitation.

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 INDEX
Title Page 1
Certificate 2
Examiner’s Certificate of Approval 3
Acknowledgement 4
Abstract 5
Table of Contents 6
List of Figures 9
List of Tables 10

1. Introduction 11

1.1. Basic of heat transfer 11

1.2. Heat transfer mechanism 12
1.3. Conduction 13
1.3.1. Thermal conductivity 14
1.3.2. Thermal diffusivity 15
1.4. Convection 15
1.5. Radiation 17
1.6. Heat transfer with agitated vessel 18

2. Literature Review 24

2.1. Introduction 24
2.2. Literature Review 24

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3. Description and Maintenance of Experiment Setup 28

3.1. Schematic Diagram of Experiment Setup 28

3.2. Experiment Setup 29
3.3. Description of component 30
3.3.1. Agitated Vessel 30
3.3.2. Rotameter 30
3.3.3. Thermocouple 31
3.3.4. Impeller 31
3.3.5. Coil 33
3.3.6. Electrical Motor 34
3.3.7. Heater 34
3.3.8. Pump 35
3.3.9. Controlling and Indicating Device 36

3.4. Maintenance of Experiment Setup 37

3.4.1. Motor 37
3.4.2. Heater 38
3.4.3. Rotameter 38
3.4.4. Coil 38
3.4.5. Demonstrator 39

4. Experiment Procedure and calculation 41

4.1. Heat transfer in vessel without agitation 41

4.1.1. Objective 41
4.1.2. Apparatus 41
4.1.3. Procedure 42
4.1.4. Theory 42
4.1.5. Observation 42
4.1.6. Calculation 43

4.2. Heat transfer through submerged coil in agitated vessel 45

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 4.2.1. Objective 45
4.2.2. Theory 45
4.2.3. Procedure 47
4.2.4. Given data 47
4.2.5. Observation 48
4.2.6. Calculation 48

5. Result and Discussion 50

5.1. Result of heat transfer without agitation 50

5.2. Result of heat transfer with agitation 51
5.3. Discussion 52

6. Conclusion 53

7. References 54

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Fig. Name Page No.

Fig. 1.1 Heat transfer mechanism 12

Fig. 1.2 Heat conduction through a large plane wall 13
Fig. 1.3 Heat transfer from the surface of hot block through convection 16
Fig. 1.4 Agitated vessel with immersed helical coil 18
Fig. 1.5 Resistance of heat transfer through a coil 19
Fig. 3.1 Schematic diagram 28
Fig. 3.2 Experiment setup 29
Fig. 3.3 Agitated vessel 30
Fig. 3.4 Rotameter 30
Fig. 3.5 Thermocouple 31
Fig. 3.6 Impeller 32
Fig. 3.7 Types of impeller 32
Fig. 3.8 Helical coil 33
Fig. 3.9 Electrical motor 34
Fig. 3.10 Heater 35
Fig. 3.11 Pump 35
Fig. 3.12 Control panel 36
Fig. 3.13 Maintenance of motor 37
Fig. 3.14 Maintenance of heater 38
Fig. 3.15 Maintenance of Rotameter 38
Fig. 3.16 Maintenance of coil 39
Fig. 3.17 Maintenance of Demonstrator 39

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Name Page No.

Table No. 3.1 Component of Experiment setup 28

Table No. 3.2 Specification of agitated vessel 30
Table No. 3.3 Specification of Rotameter 30
Table No. 3.4 Specification of Thermocouple 31
Table No. 3.5 Specification of Impeller 32
Table No. 3.6 Specification of Helical coil 33
Table No. 3.7 Specification of Pump 36
Table No. 4.1 Observation table 43
Table No. 4.2 Result table 44
Table No. 4.3 Observation table 48
Table No. 4.4 Result table 49

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 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Basics of heat transfer

The science of thermodynamics deals with the amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes a
process from one equilibrium state to another, and makes no reference to how long the process will
take. But in engineering, we are often interested in the rate of heat transfer, which is the topic of the
science of heat transfer.

We present the three basic mechanisms of heat transfer, which are conduction, convection, and
radiation, and discuss thermal conductivity.

Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent,
less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the particles.

Convection is the mode of heat transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is
in motion, and it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion.

Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a
result of the changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules.

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1.2 HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS

We defined heat as the form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another as a result
of temperature difference.

A thermodynamic analysis is concerned with the amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes a
process from one equilibrium state to another. The science that deals with the determination of the
rates of such energy transfers is the heat transfer.

The transfer of energy as heat is always from the higher-temperature medium to the lower-
temperature one, and heat transfer stops when the two mediums reach the same temperature.

Heat can be transferred in three different modes: conduction, convection, and radiation.
All modes of heat transfer require the existence of a temperature difference, and all modes are from
the high-temperature medium to a lower-temperature one.

Fig.1.1:- Heat transfer mechanism

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1.3 CONDUCTION

Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent
less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the particles.

Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, or gases. In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the
collisions and diffusion of the molecules during their random motion. In solids, it is due to the
combination of vibrations of the molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by free electrons. A
cold canned drink in a warm room, for example, eventually warms up to the room temperature as a
result of heat transfer from the room to the drink through the aluminum can by conduction. The rate
of heat conduction through a medium depends on the geometry of the medium, its thickness, and the
material of the medium, as well as the temperature difference across the medium.

We know that wrapping a hot water tank with glass wool (an insulating material) reduces the rate of
heat loss from the tank. The thicker the insulation, the smaller the heat loss. We also know that a hot
water tank will lose heat at a higher rate when the temperature of the room housing the tank is
lowered. Further, the larger the tank, the larger the surface area and thus the rate of heat loss Consider
steady heat conduction through a large plane wall of thickness Δx = L and area A, as shown in Fig. 1.2

Fig.1.2:- Heat conduction through a large plane wall

The temperature difference across the wall is ΔT = T2 - T1.

Experiments have shown that the rate of heat transfer Q through the wall is doubled when the
temperature difference ΔT across the wall or the area A normal to the direction of heat transfer is

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doubled, but is halved when the wall thickness L is doubled. Thus we conclude that the rate of heat
conduction through a plane layer is proportional to the temperature difference across the layer and the
heat transfer area, but is inversely proportional to the thickness of the layer. That is,

Where the constant of proportionality k is the thermal conductivity of the material, which is a
measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat.
In the limiting case of Δx→0, the equation above reduces to the differential form

Which is called Fourier’s law of heat conduction after J. Fourier, who expressed it first in his heat
transfer text in 1822. Here dT/dx is the temperature gradient, which is the slope of the temperature
curve on a T-x diagram (the rate of change of T with x), at location x. The relation above indicates that
the rate of heat conduction in a direction is proportional to the temperature gradient in that direction.
Heat is conducted in the direction of decreasing temperature, and the temperature gradient becomes
negative when temperature decreases with increasing x. The negative sign in Eq. ensures that heat
transfer in the positive x direction is a positive quantity.17

1.3.1 Thermal Conductivity

We have seen that different materials store heat differently, and we have defined the property specific
heat Cp as a measure of a material’s ability to store thermal energy. For example, Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg ·
°C for water and Cp = 0.45 kJ/kg · °C for iron at room temperature, which indicates that water can
store almost 10 times the energy that iron can per unit mass. Likewise, the thermal conductivity k is a
measure of a material’s ability to conduct heat. For example, k = 0.608 W/m · °C for water and k =
80.2 W/m · °C for iron at room temperature, which indicates that iron conducts heat more than 100
times faster than water can. Thus we say that water is a poor heat conductor relative to iron, although
water is an excellent medium to store thermal energy.

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1.3.2 Thermal Diffusivity

The product ƍCp, which is frequently encountered in heat transfer analysis, is called the heat capacity
of a material. Both the specific heat Cp and the heat capacity ƍCp represent the heat storage capability
of a material. But Cp expresses it per unit mass whereas ƍCp expresses it per unit volume, as can be
noticed from their units J/kg · °C and J/m3 · °C, respectively.

Another material property that appears in the transient heat conduction analysis is the thermal
diffusivity, which represents how fast heat diffuses through a material and is defined as

Note that the thermal conductivity k represents how well a material conducts heat, and the heat
capacity Cp represents how much energy a material stores per unit volume. Therefore, the thermal
diffusivity of a material can be viewed as the ratio of the heat conducted through the material to the
heat stored per unit volume. A material that has a high thermal conductivity or a low heat capacity
will obviously have a large thermal diffusivity. The larger the thermal diffusivity, the faster the
propagation of heat into the medium. A small value of thermal diffusivity means that heat is mostly
absorbed by the material and a small amount of heat will be conducted further.

1.4 CONVECTION

Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that
is in motion, and it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion. The faster the fluid
motion, the greater the convection heat transfer. In the absence of any bulk fluid motion, heat transfer
between a solid surface and the adjacent fluid is by pure conduction. The presence of bulk motion of
the fluid enhances the heat transfer between the solid surface and the fluid, but it also complicates the
determination of heat transfer rates.

Consider the cooling of a hot block by blowing cool air over its top surface. Energy is first transferred
to the air layer adjacent to the block by conduction. This energy is then carried away from the surface
by convection, that is, by the combined effects of conduction within the air that is due to random
motion of air molecules and the bulk or macroscopic motion of the air that removes the heated air
near the surface and replaces it by the cooler air.

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 Fig.1.3:- Heat transfer from the surface of the hot block
through convection

Convection is called forced convection if the fluid is forced to flow over the surface by external
means such as a fan, pump, or the wind. In contrast, convection is called natural (or free) convection
if the fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces that are induced by density differences due to the
variation of temperature in the fluid. For example, in the absence of a fan, heat transfer from the
surface of the hot block in Fig.1.3 will be by natural convection since any motion in the air in this
case will be due to the rise of the warmer (and thus lighter) air near the surface and the fall of the
cooler (and thus heavier) air to fill its place. Heat transfer between the block and the surrounding air
will be by conduction if the temperature difference between the air and the block is not large enough
to overcome the resistance of air to movement and thus to initiate natural convection currents.

Heat transfer processes that involve change of phase of a fluid are also considered to be convection
because of the fluid motion induced during the process, such as the rise of the vapour bubbles during
boiling or the fall of the liquid droplets during condensation.

Despite the complexity of convection, the rate of convection heat transfer is observed to be
proportional to the temperature difference, and is conveniently expressed by Newton’s law of cooling
as

Where h is the convection heat transfer coefficient in W/m2 · °C or Btu/h · ft2 · °F,

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1.5 RADIATION

Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a
result of the changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules. Unlike conduction
and convection, the transfer of energy by radiation does not require the presence of an intervening
medium.

In fact, energy transfer by radiation is fastest (at the speed of light) and it suffers no attenuation in a
vacuum. This is how the energy of the sun reaches the earth.

In heat transfer studies we are interested in thermal radiation, which is the form of radiation emitted
by bodies because of their temperature. It differs from other forms of electromagnetic radiation such
as x-rays, gamma rays, microwaves, radio waves, and television waves that are not related to
temperature.

All bodies at a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal radiation.

Radiation is a volumetric phenomenon, and all solids, liquids, and gases emit, absorb, or transmit
radiation to varying degrees. However, radiation is usually considered to be a surface phenomenon for
solids that are opaque to thermal radiation such as metals, wood, and rocks since the radiation emitted
by the interior regions of such material can never reach the surface, and the radiation incident on such
bodies is usually absorbed within a few microns from the surface.
The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface at an absolute temperature Ts (in K
or R) is given by the Stefan–Boltzmann law as

Where σ = 5.67 × 10-8 W/m2. K4 or 0.1714 × 10-8 Btu/h · ft2 · R4 is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant.

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1.6 Heat transfer with Agitated vessel

In the industry many operations are carried out in agitated vessels, and in some cases the addition or
removal of heat is necessary. Heat transfer can take place by means of a coils or plates or vertical tube
baffles inserted in the agitated vessel.

Reynolds number (Re) is use into the heat transfer equation for vertical tube baffles. Reynolds
number is suitable for correlating heat transfer coefficient data for helical coils in Newtonian liquids
agitated by a turbine impeller.
Heat transfer processes that is widely employed in the industry, namely heat transfer in an agitated
vessel. Mixing and heat transfer in agitated vessels, in both batch and continuous processes, are very
important operations for many industrial processes; including: petroleum, mining, pharmaceutical,
pulp and papers, food and wastewater treatment. Therefore, agitated vessels represent an important
unit operation in the industry, in which the process yield and/or production is influenced by heat
transfer.

Fig.1.4:- Agitated vessel with immersed helical coil for heat transfer

Immersed coils are used to provide heat transfer surface in process vessels and to augment available
jacketed surface, often in preference to jacketed surface because of lower cost and the ability to
accommodate higher pressures in a coil or circulate fluids at higher velocities and thus attain higher
heat transfer coefficients. Coils offer the most practical heat transfer surface for ceramic lined vessels

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in corrosive service. An immersed coil in an agitated vessel, with or without baffles, takes one of two
forms (a) the helical type or (b) the vertical baffle type.

In process equipment shown in Figure 1.4, heat transfer is primarily conduction and convection. In
general, the two modes of heat transfer in such cases are superimposed. One mode may predominate
depending on conditions.

The rate of heat transfer to or from an agitated liquid mass in such process equipment is a function of
the physical properties of the agitated liquid and the heating or cooling medium (inside the coil), the
vessel geometry, coil geometry, and the degree of mixing. The resistance or film theory adequately
describes this process of heat transfer.

Cold water in the inner side of coil is being heated by a heating medium, such as hot water in the
vessel. An element of the coil wall is shown in Figure 1.5. Figure 1.5 is a graphical representation of
the temperature trend for the exchange of heat from a hot water to a cold water through a vessel wall.
In addition to the agitated liquid batch, the cooling media is assumed to be in fluid flow. The transport
mechanism for heat transfer to or from the heating medium is convective heat transfer.

Fig.1.5:- Resistance to heat transfer through coil

The rate of convection heat transfer, QA, from the hot water to the cold water is defined as equal to the

temperature driving force divided by the resistance to exchange heat. The temperature driving force is
the difference between the hot water temperature, T1, and temperature at outside coil wall, TW1.
Temperature of the cold water temperature is T2 and inside coil wall is TW2. The resistance to heat
exchange, R1, is the reciprocal of the product terms area, A1, and heat transfer coefficient, h1.
Expressed mathematically, the temperature of driving force is:

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 ΔT1= (T1 – TW1) (1)
And the resistance equation across the hot fluid is:
R1 = 1 / (h1 * A1) (2)

The resistance equations for the cold fluid is:

R2 = 1 / (h2 * A2) (3)

The heat transfer through the coil is based on conduction through the coil material of thickness ΔX,
with a material thermal conductivity of kC. The conduction transport mechanism for heat transfer is

based on the physical contact of one substance to another. The resistance equation for conduction
includes a thickness term, ΔX, of the material transferring heat as well as the wall material thermal
conductivity term:
RW = ΔX / (kW * AW) (4)

The quantity of heat being transferred by the hot water 1 is obtained by combining equations (1) and
(2) yields the convective form of the steady-state heat transfer rate equation:

Q1 = (T1 – TW1) / (1 / (h1 * A1))

Q1 = (T1 – TW1) / R1 (5)

Likewise for the cold fluid heat gain and the vessel wall heat transfer:

Q2 = (TW2 – T2) / R2 (6)

QW = (TW1 – TW2) / RW (7)

Equations (5), (6), and (7) are the Fourier form of the steady-state heat transfer equations which
assume a constant temperature driving force across each resistance. If we rearrange equation (5) using
its basis equations, (1) and (2), we get:
ΔT1 = Q1 * R1 (8)

Likewise for equations (6) and (7) we can derive:

ΔT2 = Q2 * R2 (9)

ΔTW = QW * RW (10)

Combining equations (8), (9), and (10) yields:

(ΔT1 + ΔT2 + ΔTW) = (Q1 * R1) + (Q2 * R2) + (QW * RW) (11)

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At steady state, by definition, the heat transfer through each mechanism is equal and can be
represented by Q Over-all, the over-all heat transfer rate:

QA = QB = QW = Q Over-all (12)

Substituting equation (1) back into the left-hand side of equation (11) for ΔT1, along with the

respective equivalents for ΔT2 and ΔTW results in the wall temperature terms cancelling out. Using

equation (12) in equation (11) results in:

Q Over-all = (T1 – T2) / (R1 + R2 + RW) (13)

Which implies that the heat transfer rate is equal to the temperature difference divided by the sum of
the individual resistances:
Q Over-all = ( T1 – T\2 ) / ROver-all (14)

Where each resistance is calculated as the reciprocal of the product term of area and individual heat
transfer coefficient.
Σ R Over-all = Σ 1 / (hi * Ai) (15)

Equation (13) can also be restated as relating the over-all heat transfer to the over-all temperature
difference divided by the over-all system resistance.
Q = ΔT / Σ R (16)
Over-all Over-all

The heating and cooling of agitated batches can be operated process-wise to maintain the constant
temperature driving force. The hot water in vessel has a constant temperature, T1.

In most cases agitated batches, however, are not constant temperature driving force processes, and heat
transfer must be calculated using a transient, non-steady state application equation. An example of this
situation follows.
A jacketed vessel is supplied with condensing steam to heat an agitated liquid batch from 70 to 150
deg F. While the steam can be assumed to be at its constant saturation temperature, the liquid batch
temperature is changing throughout the heating time. The driving force during this time is not
constant, but variable.

The important concept from the steady-state rate equation derivation is the definition of the over-all
resistances as the sum of the individual resistances. This will use in developing the application
equation for over-all heat transfer coefficients in agitated vessels.

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Accordingly, an over-all coefficient, UOver-all may be defined as a function of the total resistance,

ΣROver-all, and transfer area, A, consistent with the definition of UOver-all as:

1 / (UOver-all * A) = Σ R Over-all (17)

From Figure 1.6, Equation (17) becomes for the agitated liquid batch and heating/cooling medium
convective resistances, along with the jacket wall conductive resistance:

Σ R Over-all = 1 / (UOver-all *A) = 1 / (h1*A2) + ΔX / (KW*AW) + 1 / (h2A2) (18)

Where:
UOver-all = over-all heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hr-sq. ft-deg F. This course will assume that it is

constant. It is understood, however, that the coefficient does in fact vary with the temperature of
the fluids. It is assumed that its change with temperature is gradual, so that when the
temperature ranges are moderate the assumption of constancy is not in error significantly. Based
on this, all individual coefficients will be calculated by determining the fluid properties at an
average temperature.
A1 or A2 or AW = transfer area of the hot, cold water and the jacket wall, sq. ft.

h1 = heat transfer coefficient for the hot water, Btu/hr-sq. ft of hot phase transfer

area-deg F.
h2 = heat transfer coefficient for the cold water, Btu/hr-sq. ft of cold phase

transfer area-deg F.
kW = thermal conductivity of the vessel wall material, Btu/hr-sq. ft-(deg F/ft).

ΔX = thickness of the coil wall, ft.

Simplification of Equation (18)

For the case where the coil wall is composed of a material such as iron, steel, copper or aluminium,
and the operating pressures are not high, the coil wall thickness will be relatively small and the
thermal conductivity will be relatively high. This ratio of thickness to thermal conductivity will be
almost a magnitude smaller than the other resistances and can be assumed negligible.
ΔX / (KW*AW) = 0 (19)

Another simplifying assumption can be made relative to the heat transfer areas. For vessels operating
at 150 psig jacket pressures with a 3-foot diameter or larger, the ratio of outside-to-inside heat transfer
surface areas for 3/8” thick vessel wall is less than 2 percent difference. For a 9-foot vessel, the
difference drops to less than 0.7%. This analogy will also be extended to the fouling deposit areas.
Therefore it will be assumed that the relative areas are equal

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 A1 = A2 = AW = A (20)

and the simplified over-all heat transfer coefficient equation becomes:

Σ R Over-all = 1/U Over-all = 1/h1 + 1/h2 (21)

Application Equations
Over-all heat transfer coefficient for the Agitated Batch Liquid general case:
1 / (U Over-all *A) = 1 / (h1*A2) + ΔX / (KW*AW) + 1 / (h2*A2) (18)

Over-all heat transfer coefficient for the simplified case in agitated vessels:
1 /U Over-all = 1/h1 + 1/h2 (23)

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Literature review provides the scope for the present study. It works as guide to run this analysis. This
chapter will play a part to get the information about heat transfer with agitated vessel and will give
idea to operate the test and Form the early stage of the projects; various literature studies have been
done. Research journals, books, printed or online conference article were the main sources of
guidance and used as a supporting material in the project. This chapter includes almost the whole
operation including the test, history, fluid properties and results. Literature review section works as
reference, to give information and guidance based on journal and other source in the media.

2.2 Literature Review

Nashaat N. Nassar and Anil K. Mehrotra [2011], Works deals with the experimental determination
of the heat transfer rates and the overall heat transfer coefficient between steam and water in an
agitated vessel. The apparatus can be operated under both static and flow conditions, which affords
the student an improved understanding of heat transfer during transient and steady-state modes.
Further, student is trained to study the effect of the impeller speed and water flow rate on the rate of
heat transfer. By performing the experiment, the student is able to determine the overall heat transfer
coefficients experimentally, and compare the results with those obtained from theoretical calculations
using correlations available in the literature. In addition, while working in groups, students develop
team work and technical writing skills in preparing a comprehensive laboratory report. The use of an
in-house designed, developed and fabricated laboratory apparatus involving a jacketed agitated vessel
has been found to be an excellent tool for teaching some important concepts of heat transfer. The
experiential learning acquired by the student through this experiment complements their classroom
education. In particular, two important concepts are demonstrated in this experiment, namely: heat
transfer under transient and steady state conditions. Experimental variables that may have effects on
the heat transfer rate are tested through a series of planned experiments; these include impeller speed

24
and water flow rate. As indicated by their formal and informal feedback, the student enjoyed the
laboratory experience, especially by using a robust experimental apparatus. The flexibility and
benefits of this laboratory experiment make it a great tool to capture students’ imagination and
enthusiasm.

Jagadeesh Babu P.E [2010], Investigated heat transfer ho in a cylindrical agitated vessel using
immiscible liquid system was made at different operating condition. Spiral helical coil was used
inside in the agitated vessel as a provision of cooling water system. The effect heat transfer coefficient
ho on the fundamental parameter viz., agitator speed, liquid properties (volume percent of dispersed
phase), cooling water flow rate and the position of agitator were analysed in the present study and a
generalized empirical correlation was proposed for heat transfer coefficient in terms of Nusselt
number (NNu) combined with the Reynolds number (NRe), Prantle number (NPr) and volume ratio and
the depth of turbine. Heat transfer studies in immiscible liquid mixtures in agitated vessel using
helical coil and six blade turbine impeller at different position. A generalized empirical correlation for
the estimation of heat transfer coefficient ho as a function of the geometrical parameters of helical
coil, proportion of immiscible liquid mixture and also the depth of the agitator.

M. Kamil, A. Bushra and A. Ahmad [2000], Investigation deals with the determination of the
minimum agitation speed, for complete liquid–liquid dispersion in mechanically agitated liquid–liquid
mixtures sparged with a gas phase. The minimum impeller speed needed to completely disperse a
liquid–liquid system was accurately predicted by the Skelland and Ramsay correlation. An effort has
been made to develop a new dimensionless correlation for turbine impeller using visually observed
minimum agitation speed for complete liquid-liquid gas (three-phase system) dispersion. The form of
the equation is fairly general, however, its applicability to other systems and impellers may have to be
substantiated with more experimental data.

E DE MAERTELEIRE [1997], Investigated heat transfer from mechanically agitated gas-liquid

dispersions to a helical cooling coi1 has been carried out was sparged into six different Newtonian
liquids and agitation was provided by a four-bladed paddle impeller. An equation which is of the
forced convection type used in single-phase heat transfer experiments, was developed from over 520
measurements correlating the Influence of Important process parameters such as the superficial gas
velocity and indirectly the power consumption of the stirrer. The experimental heat transfer data in
two-phase gas liquid dispersions has been subjected to a multiple linear regression analysis which
results in the correlation in equation. This equation is of the type used m single-phase heat transfer
experiments and correlates the influence of important process parameters such as superficial gas
velocity and directly power consumption of the stirrer. There are reasons to believe that the type of

25
Impeller has little or no Influence on the value of the exponent of the Reynolds number in gas-liquid
systems. External coil heat transfer coefficients are higher in gas-liquid systems than in single-phase
systems. This is apparently due to an Increase in turbulence intensity caused by the swarmed gas-
bubbles and resulting in an erosion of the laminar sub-layer at the cooling surface. The influence of
gas velocity is more pronounced at lower Reynolds numbers than at higher values. The reason is that
the swirling gas bubbles only marginally. Increase the turbulence Intensity which mainly depends on
the rotational speed of the Impeller.

G. HAVAS, A. DEAK and J. SAWINSKY [1983], Experimental data on vertical baffle tube wall
heat transfer in Newtonian liquids obtained in a cylindrical vessel with turbines of various sizes
indicate that the impeller size has a considerable effect on the rate of heat transfer. A regression
relation was obtained which is suitable both for heating and for cooling applications within the range
of the variables investigated. The heat transfer coefficients measured for seven different arrangements
(i.e. for various Models and/or various d/D ratios) were subjected separately to regression using the
equation. The deviation from 0.667 of the values of the exponent found for the modified. Reynolds
number was not significant; therefore the exponent for the modified Reynolds number was taken to be
0.667.

G HAVAS, A DEAK and J SAWINSKY [1981], Investigated Heat transfer coefficients for vertical
tube baffles in an agitated vessel in model vessels of three different dimensions. A modified Reynolds
number has been introduced in to the heat transfer equation which contains the product dn
representing the fluid velocity at the tube baffle and the external tube diameter do. Thus Reynolds
number is suitable for the correlation of experimental data for tube baffles of different geometrical
proportions. Experiments have been carried out with Newtonian liquids. Heat transfer coefficients for
a vertical tube baffle in a stirred tank were first investigated by Rushton. Then relation are not
dimensionless and do not contain the dependence of heat transfer coefficient on geometrical
parameters, and cannot be compared with our results.

R. K. JHA and M. RAJA RAO [1966], Investigated effect of the dimensions of the helical coil on
the outside-film and inside-film heat-transfer coefficients, and also the effect of the location of the
agitator within the vessel. The parameters studied with 5 different coils were coil-tube diameter [(i) do
= 1.91 cm, di = 1.27 cm, (ii)do = 1.27 cm, di = 0.953 cm, (iii) do = 0.96 cm, di = 0.635 cm] mean
helix diameter of the coil [(i) 248 cm, (ii) 20.4 cm, (iii) 158 cm, (iv) 24.1 cm], speed of agitation
(202-603 rev/min), and depth of the agitator in the vessel (Ha = 9.5 cm, 11.8 cm, 16.8 cm, and 22.3
cm). For heat transfer through coiled tubes in agitated vessels, using flat-blade turbine agitator, the
proposed correlation, could estimate h, values as a function of the geometrical parameters of helical

26
coil and also the depth of the agitator for the standard configuration of the vessel. Further, the
modified Dittus-Boelter equation with the included correction factor, β could be satisfactorily used for
predicting the inside film heat-transfer coefficient, hi, of any helical coil.

27
 DESCRIPTION AND
MAINTENANCE OF
EXPERIMENT SETUP

3.1 Schematic Diagram of Experiment setup

Fig.3.1 Schematic Diagram

Table 3.1:- Components of experiment setup

No. Component
1 Cold water Inlet tank
2 Pump

28
 3 Overflow valve
4 Rotameter
5 Motor
6 Agitator vessel
7 Baffle
8 Helical coil
9 Heater
10 Impeller
11 Outlet tank

3.2 Experimental setup

Fig.3.2 Experiment setup

29
3.3 Description of Components

3.3.1 Agitated vessel

Table.3.2:- Specification of agitated vessel

Material S.S. 304

Outer MOC Powder coated MS
Inner diameter 340 mm
Outer diameter 400 mm
Hight 300 mm
Capacity 25 litre
Heater 6 kw rating
Insulation 30 mm glass wool

Fig.3.3 Agitated vessel

3.3.2 Rotameter
A rotameter is a device to measure the mass flow rate of fluid flows inside the tube. A rotameter
consists of a tapered tube made of acrylic glass with a 'float', actually a particular shaped weight.
Float pushed up by the drag force of the flow and pulled down by gravitational force. Flow of fluid
through a given area increases flow speed & drag force, so the float will be pushed upwards.
Commonly floats are made of many different shapes as spheres and ellipsoids. The float may be
diagonally grooved and partially colored. Float rotates axially as the fluid passes through Rotameter.
Readings are generally taken at the top of the widest part of the float and the center for an
ellipsoid, or the top for a cylinder. The "float" must not float in the fluid: it has to have a higher
density than the fluid; otherwise it will float to the top even if there is no flow

Table.3.3:- Specification of Rotameter

Name Rotameter
Glass tube Borosilicate
Float Pre calibrated SS 316
Capacity 10 LPM
Valve Integral needle type
Fig.3.4:- Rotameter

30
3.3.3 Thermocouple:-
A thermocouple is an instrument consisting of two different conductors that produce a voltage,
proportional to a difference of temperature between either ends of the two conductors.
Thermocouples have two ends, one is joined end that is called the sensing junction or hot junction &
other is the terminated end that is called the reference junction or cold junction. The temperature at
the reference junction is called reference temperature and it is always maintained constant. When the
hot junction and the cold junction are at different temperatures, a potential difference is produced
and this causes a flow of current in the circuit. The voltage produced is due to the different binding
energies of the electrons to the metal ions. The voltage is produced only because of the closed circuit
between the two metals. This phenomenon is known as “See beck Effect”. For choosing particular
type of thermocouple, properties such as resistance to corrosion may also be important
consideration. The measurement point is far from the measuring instrument so the intermediate
connection can be made by extension wires which are less costly than the materials used to make the
sensor. Type J (iron – constantan) has a more restricted range than type K (−40 °C to +750 °C), but
J-type thermocouple has higher sensitivity of about 50 μV/°C. Different alloys are used for different
temperature ranges.
Table.3.4:- Specification of Thermocouple

Type J type thermocouple

Wire Materials Iron(+), Constantan (-)
Quantity 3 Nos.
Rang 0 to 199.90 C
Accuracy 0.10 C
Indicator Digital temperature
indicator

Fig.3.5:- Thermocouple

3.3.4 Impeller

The shaft is driven by a geared driven motor. The speed of impeller was varied by speed reducing
controller. The height of the impeller from the bottom of the vessel is equal to the impeller diameter.

31
 Fig.3.6:- Impeller

Table 3.5:- Specification of Impeller

Type Axial flow

impeller
Diameter 65 mm
Height 50 mm
Blade 3 Nos.
Material SS 304

There are two types of impellers, depending on the flow regime created (see figure 3.7):

 Axial flow impeller

 Radial flow impeller

Fig.3.7:- Types of Impeller

32
Radial flow impellers impose essentially shear stress to the fluid, and are used, for example, to mix
immiscible liquids or in general when there is a deformable interface to break. Another application of
radial flow impellers are the mixing of very viscous fluids.

Axial flow impellers impose essentially bulk motion, and are used on homogenization processes, in
which increased fluid volumetric flow rate is important.

3.3.5 COIL

Immersed coils are used to provide heat transfer surface in process vessels and to augment available
jacketed surface, often in preference to jacketed surface because of lower cost and the ability to
accommodate higher pressures in a coil or circulate fluids at higher velocities and thus attain higher
heat transfer coefficients. Coils offer the most practical heat transfer surface for ceramic lined vessels
in corrosive service. An immersed coil in an agitated vessel, with or without baffles, takes one of two
forms (a) the helical type or (b) the vertical baffle type.

Fig.3.8:- Helical coil

Table 3.6:- Specification of helical coil

Types Helical coil

Material Copper
Number of turns 7
Pitch 3 mm
Coil diameter 120 mm
Helix diameter 270 mm
Immerged Length 5937 mm

33
In process equipment shown in Figure 3.8, heat transfer is primarily conduction and convection. In
general, the two modes of heat transfer in such cases are superimposed. One mode may predominate
depending on conditions.

The rate of heat transfer to or from an agitated liquid mass in such process equipment is a function of
the physical properties of the agitated liquid and the heating or cooling medium (inside the coil), the
vessel geometry, coil geometry, and the degree of mixing. The resistance or film theory adequately
describes this process of heat transfer.

3.3.6 Electrical Motor

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Electric motors are used to produce linear or rotary force (torque), and should be distinguished from
devices such as magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers that convert electricity into motion but do not
generate usable mechanical powers, which are respectively referred to as actuators and transducers.

Fig.3.9:- Electrical motor

3.3.7 Heater

Electric heating is any process in which electrical energy is converted to heat. Common applications
include space heating, cooking, water heating and industrial processes. An electric heater is
an electrical device that converts electric current to heat.[1] The heating element inside every electric
heater is an electrical resistor, and works on the principle of Joule heating: an electric current passing
through a resistor will convert that electrical energy into heat energy. Most modern electric heating
devices use nichrome wire as the active element; the heating element, depicted on the right, uses
nichrome wire supported by ceramic insulators.

34
 Fig.3.10:- Heater

3.3.8 Pump

The pump is a mechanical device which conveys liquid from one place to another place. It can be
defined as a Hydraulic machines which convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy
(pressure energy of fluid).

The pressure energy is increased by creating a region of low pressure near the inlet of the pump and
higher pressure at outlet of the pump. Due to this low inlet pressure, the liquid rise to the pump from a
lower level reservoir. The high pressure created delivery side of pump by means of piston/plunger,
impeller, propeller, gear/screw depending upon types of pump.
.

Fig.3.11:- Pump

35
 In our apparatus centrifugal pump are used in which mechanical energy is converted into
pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting on fluid, for conveying liquid from one place to
another place.
Table 3.7:- Specification of pump

Type Single phase ac induction

motor
Material SS
Capacitor Start and run type
Size 25*25 cm2
Head range 7-13 m
Capacity 80 lpm
Speed 2750 rpm
Horse power 0.5 HP
Power 0.37 kw
Current 3.5 A
CAP 10 MFD’440 V
Frequency 50 Hz
Voltage 220’6-15% V

3.3.9 Controlling and indicating devices

Fig.3.12:- Control panel

36
  Right side On-Off switch is used as a main switch.
 Left side On-Off switch is used for start and stop the heater.
 Temperature indicator indicate temperature of cold water at inlet and outlet and
temperature of hot water in vessel.
 Speed regulator is used for controlling speed of agitator.
 Demonstrator is used for controlling voltage for heater.
 Voltmeter is used for indicating voltage given to the heater.
 Ammeter is used for indicating current passing through heater circuit.

3.4 Maintenance of experiment setup

As we had started working towards our project, in initial step as we all are beginner, we first initiated
to check proper functioning of project apparatus.

As we came across precisely with apparatus, we find some problem that we first needed to fix before
go ahead. We have described those problem as under.

3.4.1 Motor
Motor was stucked initially, so its shaft was not rotated. It was fall of dust. Therefore we had to clean
up the motor first, then we had oiling the shaft, and replaced bearing. So motor came in working
condition.

Fig.3.13:- Maintenance of motor

37
3.4.2 Heater

Heater was not in working condition. So we had taken action on it and repaired wire circuit and
inspect and finally we take heater in action perfectly.

Fig.3.14:- Maintenance of heater

3.4.3 Rotameter

It was not indicating mass flow rate of water at desired level. It has heavy leakage problem. So it was
not performing its function properly. Rotameter was no longer to use, hence we had to change it.

Fig.3.15:- Maintenance of rotameter

3.4.4 Coil

Coil was bended, so it was resisting the flow of water. Hence we took action on it by suppressing it by
means of plier. So it resolve the problem and water was circulating freely.

38
 Fig.3.16:- Maintenance of coil

3.4.5 Demonstrator

Demonstrator was not performing its function properly, its coil was burnt out. So we had first tried to
repair and fix that problem but after some trial we had find that it was not repaired properly. So we
purchase it accordingly and replace the same.

Fig.3.17:- Maintenance of demonstrator

39
40
 EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
AND CALCULATION

4.1 Heat transfer in vessel without agitation

4.1.1 Objective

(a) To determine overall heat transfer coefficient (U) for different mass flow rate in given agitated
vessel.
(b) Determination of heat transfer coefficient while transferring heat from an agitated liquid in a
vessel to cold water flowing through the coil, submerged in the vessel under steady state
conditions.

4.1.2 Apparatus

1. Start the pump. Adjust the flow rate of the cooling water at the desired level by adjusting its
speed regulator.
2. Start the heaters in the agitated vessel and set the desired temperature on the thermostat, so as
to keep temperature in the agitated vessel at a constant level.
3. An agitated vessel fitted with an electrical heater, a cooling coil in liquid of the vessel.
4. Two digital thermometers with 0.1oC accuracy for measuring the inlet and outlet
temperatures of the cooling water circulating through cooling coil.
5. Liquid in glass thermometer to measure the bath temperature.
6. Variable speed-pump to circulate cooling water through cooling coil at a various flow rate.
7. Rotameter is measure the flow rate of cooling water.

41
4.1.3 Procedure

1. Fill the given agitated vessel with the given test liquid to about 85-90 % of its capacity.
2. Connect the inlet of the cooling water circulation pump to cooling water supply line, and
given set of readings keep this temperature at this level.
3. Allow sufficient time for the steady state to be attained. After steady state is attained note
down inlet and outlet temperatures of the cooling water. Also measure the flow rate of the
cooling water.
4. Repeat step (3) for different flow rates of the cooling water keeping.

4.1.4 Theory

Tube coils afford one of the cheapest means of obtaining heat transfer surface. They are usually made
by rolling lengths of copper, steel or alloy tubing into helixes or double helix coils in which inlet and
outlets are conveniently located side by side. Helical coils of either type are frequently installed in
vertical cylindrical vessels without an agitator, although free space is provided between the coil and
the vessel wall for circulation. . However very limited data are available for predicting heat transfer
coefficient from submerged coil to the surrounding fluid in natural convection although the
coefficients are undoubtedly lower.

As far as the inside coefficient for the coil is concerned because of the increased turbulence due to
circulatory path the heat transfer coefficient will be greater than those calculated for straight pipes.

4.1.5 OBSERVATIONS

1) Length of the coil immersed in the agitated vessel (L) = 5.937 m

2) Inside diameter of the coil tube (di) = 0.009 m
3) Outside diameter of the coil tube (do) = 0.012 m
4) Area of coil available for heat transfer = π x do x L = 0.2238 m2
5) Coil helix diameter = 0.270 m
6) Specific heat of water (Cp) = 4.182 KJ/kg OC

42
 Table 4.1:- Observation table

Obs. Mass flow Temperature Inlet Outlet

No. rate of water of liquid in temperature temperature
[lpm] the agitated of cold of cold
vessel water water
(T) [oC] t1 [oC] t2 [oC]

1 2 70 33 50
2 4 70 33 45
3 6 70 33 40
4 8 70 33 38

4.1.6 CALCULATIONS

1. Mass flow-rate of water (m) = lpm x 60

= 2 x 60
= 120 kg/hr.

2. Δt = t2 – t1
= 50 - 33
= 17 oC

3. Q = m x Cp x Δt
= 120 x 4.182 x 17
= 8531.28 KJ/hr.

4. ΔT1 = T – t1
= 70 - 33
= 37 oC

5. ΔT2 = T – t2
= 70 – 50
= 20 oC

43
 (ΔT1− ΔT2)
6. LMTD (ΔTlm) =
[ln(ΔT1/ΔT2)]

(37− 20)
=
[ln(37/20)]

= 27.63 oC
Q
7. U =
A x ΔTlm

8531.28
=
0.2238 x 27.63

= 1379.66 KJ/hr. m2. OC

Table 4.2:- Result table

Obs. Mass flow Amount of Log mean Overall heat 1/U

No. rate (m) heat temperature transfer
Kg/hr transferred difference coefficient
Q [KJ/hr] [oC] [KJ/hr m2 oC]

1 120 8531.28 27.63393506 1380.045865 0.000725

2 240 12044.16 30.60895851 1758.93593 0.000569
3 360 10538.64 33.37775261 1411.398121 0.000709
4 480 10036.8 34.43952874 1302.747136 0.000768

44
4.2 Heat transfer through submerged helical coil in agitated vessel

4.2.1 Objective

Determination of overall heat transfer coefficient through submerged helical coil in the vessel under
steady state conditions.

4.2.2 Theory

Tube coils offer a substantial amount of heat transfer area at a considerably low cost. Coils have lower
wall resistance & higher coil side HT coefficient. Because of turns of helix geometry turbulence is
generated inside the tube and hence the helical coil arrangement’s heat transfer coefficient is better
than corresponding straight coil. Advantages of a helical coil heat exchanger lie in its compact size
and less expensive

The tubes are coiled into helices in which inlet and outlet are conveniently located side by side. When
such coils are used with mechanical agitation they tend to increase the side wall heat transfer
coefficient. We use the Sieder Tate Correlation, and not the Dittus-Boelter Equation because though
the Dittus - Boelter is easier to solve, it is less accurate when there is a large temperature difference
across the fluid, i.e., when the temperature differences between bulk fluid and heat transfer surface are
large, this equation fails to give accurate results.

As far as mechanical agitation is concerned, heat transfer through the conducting surface improves
with agitation as contact with the heat transfer area is improved. The correlation describing the
Nusselt no. for heat transfer to fluids in vessel with mechanical agitation heated or cooled by
submerged coils is as follows:

45
Known as Chilton, Drew and Jebens correlation

Where,
d= inside diameter of the agitated vessel [m]
hc= coil side heat transfer coefficient [kcal/hr-m2-C]
L = agitator diameter [m]
N = agitator speed [rev/sec] or rev/hr
ρ = density of fluid in the vessel [kg/m3]
K = thermal conductivity of fluid in the vessel [Kcal/hr-m-OC]
μ = viscosity of fluid in the vessel [kg/m-hr]
μw = viscosity of fluid in the vessel at coil wall temp [kg/m-hr]

General heat transfer equation:

The thermal conductivity of pipe material is very high so the above expression is reduced to:

Combining overall heat transfer coefficient equation and the Sieder Tate equation, we get straight line
1 1 1 1
equation in term of and , Plot of v/s give the outer heat transfer coefficient.
𝑈 V0.8 𝑈 V0.8

For calculating experimentally, we use the relation between U and N:

Taking logarithms we will get slope of ln U vs ln N as 2/3.

As far as the inside coefficient for the coil is concerned because of the increased turbulence due to
circulatory path the heat transfer coefficient will be greater than those calculated for straight pipes.
For ordinary use McAdams suggested that straight tube equations such as Dittus-Boelter equation or

46
Sieder-Tate equation can be used, when the value of ‘h’ so obtained is multiplied by 1 + 3.5[D/DC]
where D is the inside diameter of the tube and DC is the diameter of the coil helix.

4.2.3 Procedure

1. Fill the given agitated vessel with the given test liquid to about 85-90 % of its capacity. Start
the agitator motor and set its speed at the desired r.p.m. by manipulating its speed regulator.
2. Connect the inlet of the cooling water circulation pump to cooling water supply line, and start
the pump. Adjust the flow rate of the cooling water at the desired level by adjusting its speed
regulator.
3. Start the heaters in the agitated vessel and set the desired temperature on the thermostat, so as
to keep temperature in the agitated vessel at a constant level. Throughout the given set of
readings keep this temperature at this level.
4. Allow sufficient time for the steady state to be attained. After steady state is attained note
down inlet and outlet temperatures of the cooling water. Also measure the flow rate of the
cooling water.
5. Take six readings for different flow rate of the cooling water keeping the agitation speed
constant.
6. Now keeping the flow rate constant, vary the agitator speed and note down inlet and outlet
temperatures of the cooling water.

4.2.4 Given Data

Specific Heat of water (CP) = 4.182 KJ/kg⁰ C

Thermal conductivity of water k = 0.58 W/m K

Viscosity of water at 30⁰C -40⁰C= 0.798 E-3 Ns/m2

Viscosity of water at 60⁰C = 0.464 E-3 Ns/m2

Liquid in the agitated vessel: Water

Length of coil immersed in the agitated vessel=L = 5.937 m

47
Inside diameter of the coil tube=di = 0.009m

Outside diameter of the coil tube=do = 0.012m

4.2.5 Observation

Temperature of liquid in the agitated vessel = 70 ⁰C

Angular Speed of the agitator = 95 rpm

Table 4.3:- Observation table

Sr. No. Cold fluid Flow Cold fluid inlet Cold fluid outlet
Rate temperature t1 temperature t2
(lpm) (⁰C) (⁰C)
1 2 33 55
2 4 33 49
3 6 33 44
4 8 33 42

4.2.6 Calculation

1. Mass flow-rate of water (m) = lpm x 60

= 2 x 60
= 120 kg/hr.

2. Δt = t2 – t1
= 55 - 33
= 22 oC

3. Q = m x Cp x Δt
= 120 x 4.182 x 22
= 11040.48 KJ/hr.

48
4. ΔT1 = T – t1
= 70 - 33
= 37 oC

5. ΔT2 = T – t2
= 70 – 55
= 15 oC

(ΔT1− ΔT2)
6. LMTD (ΔTlm) =
[ln(ΔT1/ΔT2)]

(37− 15)
=
[ln(37/15)]

= 24.36 oC
Q
7. U =
A x ΔTlm

11040.48
=
0.2238 x 24.36

= 2024.55 KJ/hr. m2. OC

Table 4.4:- Result table

Obs. Mass flow Amount of Log mean Overall heat 1/U

No. rate heat temperature transfer
(m) transferred difference coefficient
kg/hr (Q) [oC] (U)
[KJ/hr] [KJ/hr m2 oC]

1 120 11040.48 24.36680337 2025.403021 0.000494

2 240 16058.88 28.24881326 2541.189792 0.000394
3 360 16560.72 31.17724943 2374.452433 0.000421
4 480 20073.6 31.73786588 2827.285086 0.000354

49
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Results of Heat transfer without agitation

From table 4.2 we can plotted graph, Mass flow rate VS Heat transferred as shown follows.

Amount of
heat
transferred
Q [KJ/hr]
14000 12044.16
12000 10538.64 10036.8
10000 8531.28
8000
Q

6000
4000
2000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Mass flow rate (m)

Graph 5.1:- Mass flow rate VS Heat transferred without agitation

From above graph show that up to certain limit heat transfer is increase with mass flow rate and after
that heat transferred is decrease with increase mass flow rate.
From result table 4.2 we plot a graph, Mass flow rate VS Over-all Heat transfer coefficient as shown
follows:

50
 Overall heat
transfer
coefficient (U)
[KJ/hr m2 oC]
2000 1758.93593

1380.045865 1411.398121
1500 1302.747136

1000
U

500

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Mass flow rate (m)

Graph 5.2:- Mass flow rate VS Over-all Heat transfer coefficient without agitation

From above graph show that up to certain limit Over-all heat transfer coefficient is increase with mass
flow rate and after that Over-all heat transfer coefficient is decrease with increase mass flow rate.

5.2 Results of Heat transfer with agitation

From result table 4.4 we can plotted graph, Mass flow rate VS Heat transferred as shown follows:

Amount of
heat
transferred
Q [KJ/hr]
25000
20073.6
20000 16058.88 16560.72

15000 11040.48
Q

10000

5000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Mass flow rate (m)

Graph 5.3:- Mass flow rate VS Heat transferred with agitation

From above graph show that heat transfer is increase with mass flow rate.
From result table 4.4 we can plotted graph, Mass flow rate VS Heat transferred as shown follows:

51
 Overall heat
transfer
coefficient (U)
[KJ/hr m2 oC]
2827.285086
3000 2541.189792
2374.452433
2500 2025.403021
2000
1500
U

1000
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Mss flow rate (m)

Graph 5.4:- Mass flow rate VS Over-all Heat transfer coefficient with agitation

From above graph show that over-all heat transfer coefficient is increase with mass flow rate.

5.3 Discussion

From graph 5.1 and 5.3 we can say that heat transferred is higher in case of agitation effect, and also
from graph 5.2 and 5.4 show that over-all heat transferred coefficient is higher in case of agitation
effect.

Due to effect of turbulence produce by agitator in vessel is increase of whirling effect which increase
heat transfer and over-all heat transfer coefficient (from graphs).

52
 CONCLUSION

After performing the experiment we concluded that heat transferred and over-all heat transferred
coefficient both are higher in with agitation compare to without agitation in vessel.

Due to effect of turbulence produce by agitator in vessel is increase of whirling effect which increase
heat transfer and over-all heat transfer coefficient.

53
 REFERENCES

1. G. HAVAS, A. DEAK and J. SAWINSKY, “The effect of the impeller diameter on the heat
transfer in agitated vessels provided with vertical tube baffles”, The Chemical Engineering
Journal, 27 (1983) 197 – 198.

2. Nashaat N. Nassar, Anil K. Mehrotra, “Design of a laboratory experiment on heat transfer

in an agitated vessel”, chemical engineers 6 ( 2 0 1 1 ) e83–e89.

3. R. K. JHA and M. RAJA RAO, “HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COILED TUBES IN

AGITATED VESSELS”, ht. J. Heat Mass Transfer. Vol. II), pp. 395.-397, Pergamon Press
Ltd. 1967.

4. “Heat transfer studies in agitated vessels”, chemical engineering science, Vol. 35, pp. 1486-
1494, Pergamon Press Ltd. 1980.

5. “Heat transfer in agitated vessels”, Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 49, pp. 1480-1483,
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6. M. Kamil, A. Bushra, A. Ahmad, “Minimum agitation speed for liquid–liquid–gas

dispersion in mechanically agitated vessels”, Chemical Engineering and Processing 40 (2001)
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7. E DE MAERTELEIRE, “HEAT TRANSFER TO A HELICAL COOLING COIL IN

MECHANICALLY AGITATED GAS-LIQUID DISPERSIONS”, Chemical Engineering
Science, Vol. 33, pp. 1107-1113, 1978.

8. Ponna Ettiyappan Jagadeesh babu, “Heat transfer studies in agitated vessel using
immiscible liquid mixtures”, National Journal on Chembiosis, vol. 1, March 2010.

9. G. HAVAS, A. DEAK and J. SAWINSKY, “Heat Transfer to Helical Coils in Agitated

Vessels”, the Chemical Engineering Journal, 35 (1987) 61 – 64.

10. G. HAVAS, A DEAK and J SAWINSKY, “Heat Transfer Coefficients in an Agitated Vessel
Using Vertical Tube Baffles”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 23 (1982) 161 – 165.

11. K. K. SETH E. P. STAHEL, “Heat Transfer from Helical Coils Immersed in Agitated
Vessels”, INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY, VOL. 61, NO. 6, JUNE 1 9 6
9

12. Heat and Mass transfer book by Cengel.

13. Heat and Mass transfer book by R. K. Rajput.

54
14. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1749772811000054

15. http://www.che.iitb.ac.in/online/system/files/92/course_details/HT+305.pdf

*****

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