1.3. Concrete Repair Materials

STORM WATER & SUBSOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEM
3 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE (SECTION 03300)

3.1 Part 1 General
3.1.1 Related Documents
Section 01300-Submittals
Section 01400-Quality Control
Section 01600-Materials and equipment
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Section 01700-Contract Close out
Section 03100-Concrete Formwork
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Section 03200-Concrete Reinforcement
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Section 03700-Joints in Concrete
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3.1.2 References
ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete.
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ASTM C920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants.
ASTM D994 Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for Concrete. (Bituminous

Type)
ASTM D1751 Preformed Expansion Joint Fillers for Concrete Paving and
Structural Construction. (Non-extruding and Resilient
Bituminous Types)
ASTM D1752 Preformed Sponge Rubber and Cork Expansion Joint Fillers
for Concrete Paving and Structural Construction.
BS 4254 Specification for two-part polysulphide-base sealants.
BS 5215 Specification for one-part gun grade polysulphide-base

sealants.
BS EN 1992 Design of Concrete Structures.
Cement
ASTM C150 Specification for Portland cement.
BS EN 197-1 Cement. Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for

common cements.
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DIVISION 03 - SECTION 03300 FIRST EDITION -DECEMBER 2016

STORMWATER & SUBSOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS VOLUME IV- TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
BS 410 Specification for Test Sieves.
BS 4027 Specification for sulfate-resisting Portland cement.
BS 4550-0 Methods of testing cement. General introduction.
BS 4550-3.1 Methods of testing cement. Physical tests. Introduction.
BS 4550-3.4 Methods of testing cement. Physical tests. Strength tests.
BS 4550-3.8 Methods of testing cement. Physical tests. Test for heat of

hydration.
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BS 4550-6 Methods of testing cement. Standard sand for mortar cubes.
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
BS EN 15167-1 &15167 Specification for ground granulated blast furnace slag

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for use with Portland cement.
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Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA)
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BS EN 450-1 Pulverized-fuel ash. Specification for pulverized- fuel ash for
use with Portland cement.
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BS EN 450 Fly ash for concrete. Definition, requirements and quality

control.
Silica Fume
ASTM C1240 Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious

Mixtures.
Aggregates
ASTM C88 Standard test method for soundness of aggregates by use of

sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate.
ASTM C123 Standard test method for lightweight particles in aggregate.
ASTM C127 Standard test method for density, relative density (specific
gravity) and absorption of coarse aggregate.
ASTM C128 Standard test method for density, relative density (specific
gravity) and absorption of fine aggregate.
ASTM C131 Standard test method for resistance to degradation of small

size coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los
Angeles machine.
ASTM C142 Standard test method for clay lumps and friable particles in
aggregates.
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ASTM C227 Standard test method for Test for potential alkali reactivity of
cement-aggregate combinations. (mortar bar method)
ASTM C289 Standard test method for potential alkali-silica reactivity of

aggregates. (Chemical method)
ASTM C535 Standard test method for Resistance to Degradation of Large

size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and impact in the Los
Angeles Machine.
ASTM C1260 Standard test method for potential alkali reactivity of
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aggregates. (Mortar-bar method)
BS 812-105.1 Testing aggregates. Methods for determination of particle

shape. Flakiness index.
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BS 812-109 Testing aggregates. Methods for determination of moisture
C content.
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BS 812-112 Testing aggregates. Method for determination of aggregate
impact value.
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BS 882 Specification for Aggregates from Natural Sources for

Concrete.
BS EN 933-1 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates. Determination

of particle size distribution. Sieving method.

of particle size distribution. Test sieves, nominal size of
apertures.

of shell content. Percentage of shells in coarse aggregates.
BS EN 1367-4 Tests for thermal and weathering properties of aggregates.

Determination of drying shrinkage.
BS EN 1744-1 Tests for chemical properties of aggregates. Chemical

analysis.
BS 1305 Specifications for batch type concrete mixers.
Concrete admixtures
ASTM C494 Chemical Admixtures for Concrete.
BS EN 480-1 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods.

Reference concrete and reference mortar for testing.
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BS EN 480-2 Admixtures for concrete mortar and grout. Test methods.

Determination of setting time.

Determination of bleeding of concrete.

Determination of capillary absorption.

Infrared analysis.
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Determination of the conventional dry material content.

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Determination of water soluble chloride content.
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BS EN 480 11 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods.
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Determination of air void characteristics in hardened concrete.

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Determination of the alkali content of admixtures.
BS 5075 Concrete admixture
Water
ASTM D512 Standard test methods for chloride ion in water.
ASTM D513 Standard test methods for total and dissolved carbon dioxide in
water.
ASTM D516 Standard test method for sulfate in water.
BS 3148 Methods of test for water for making concrete.
DIN 1048-5 Testing Concrete – Water Permeability
Concrete
ACI 301 Structural Concrete for Buildings
ACI 304 Recommended Practices for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting

and Placing Concrete.
ACI 305R Hot Weather Concreting.
ACI 308 Standard Practices for Curing Concrete.
ASTM C33 Specifications for Concrete Aggregate.
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ASTM C94 Ready-Mixed Concrete.
ASTM C138 Standard test method for density (unit weight), yield and air
content (gravimetric) of concrete.
ASTM C143 Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Cement

Concrete.
ASTM C173 Standard test method for air content of freshly mixed concrete
by the volumetric method.
ASTM C231 Standard test method for air content of freshly mixed concrete
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by the pressure method.
ASTM C232 Standard test methods for bleeding of concrete.
ASTM C497M
C - Standard test methods for concrete pipe, manhole sections, or
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C tile. (Metric version)
ASTM C1064 Standard test method for temperature of freshly mixed

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hydraulic-cement concrete.
ASTM C1202 Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete’s

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ability to resist chloride ion penetration.
BS 1704 Specification for Solid-stem general purpose thermometers
BS 1881 Testing Concrete
BS 6089 Assessment of in-situ compressive strength in structures and

precast concrete components
Part 101 - Method of sampling fresh concrete on site.
Part 102 - Method for determination of slump.
Part 103 - Method for determination of compacting factor.
Part 114 – Method for determination of density of hardened concrete.
Part 115 – Specification for Compression testing machines for concrete.
Part 116 – Method of determination of compressive strength of concrete

cubes.
BS 8500 Concrete.
BS EN 206 Concrete. Specification, performance, production and

conformity.
BS EN 12350-2 Testing fresh concrete. Slump test.
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BS EN 12350-6 Testing fresh concrete. Density.
BSEN12390-2 Testing hardened concrete. Making and curing specimens for

strength tests.
BS EN 12390-3 Testing hardened concrete. Compressive strength of test

specimens.
BS EN 12309-7 Testing hardened concrete. Density of hardened concrete.
BS EN 12390-8 Testing hardened concrete. Depth of penetration of water

under pressure.
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BS EN 12504-1 Testing concrete in structures. Cored specimens. Taking,
examining and testing in compression.
BS EN 1997
C - Foundation
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DIN 4235
C Compacting Concrete by Vibrating.
Curing compounds
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ASTM C309 Standard specification for liquid membrane forming
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compounds for curing concrete.
General
ISO 9000 Quality management systems
3.1.3 Design Requirements

A. Design a mix for each grade of concrete as indicated in Table 3-1 to be used
throughout the course of work.
B. Use concrete class A, or B, or C for different type of concrete works as indicated

in Table 3-3 unless otherwise noted elsewhere. All structural elements shall
comply with the requirements of durable concrete utilizing supplemental mineral
additive such as GGBS, fly ash, and/or silica fume, as necessary
C. Maintain and control the water content in the concrete mix to the minimum
required to obtain a workable concrete suitable for the nature of the work to be
executed. Ensure that the free water cement ratio does not exceed 0.45 for Class
A concrete and B concrete and 0.5 for Class C concrete.
D. Ensure that the addition of proprietary admixtures intended to change the flow
characteristics cohesion or rate of setting of the concrete should not be made
without the approval of the Engineer. Ensure that the chloride content is NIL to BS
5075.
E. Ensure that the concrete mixes are to produce concrete cube strength at 28 days
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of not less than 40 MPa for grade C40 concrete and 20 Mpa for grade C20
concrete together with all other property requirement.
F. Produce a workable non-segregated concrete when handled, transported and

compacted.
3.1.4 Submittals for Review

A. Section 01300 – Submittals: Procedures for submittals.
B. Submit concrete mix design on S.S.D. (Saturated Surface Dry) basis for each
class of concrete to be used for the specific project. Include:
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a. Name and qualification of the supplier.
b. Location of the supplier plant.
c.
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Certification of quality assurance.
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d.
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Quality control facility.
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e. Mix design ingredients and its proportion.
f. Certificate and test reports on concrete ingredient.

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g. Sources of concrete ingredients.
h. Production capacity.
i. C.V. of the quality control personnel.
Product Data: Provide data on concrete ingredient, attachment accessories, and

admixtures
C. Method of statement: Submit method statement during the mobilization period,

detailing the proposals for the organization of concrete activities on site.
1. Plant proposed.
2. Layout of concrete production facility.
3. Proposed method of organization of the concrete production facility.
4. Quality control procedures for concrete and concrete materials.
5. Transport and placing of concrete.
6. Details of formwork and procedure of temporary support for beams and

slabs.
Submit quality assurance and quality control plan and procedures for the ready
mix plant proposed to use for the specific job.
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3.1.5 Submittals for Information

Section 01300 – Submittals: Procedures for submittals.
Manufacturer’s Casting Instructions: Indicate installation procedures and interface

required with adjacent Work.
Manufacturer’s Certification: Submit manufacturer’s certification of compliance for

each consignment of cement certifying compliance with the relative standard.
3.1.6 Submittals at Project Closeout

Section 01700 – Contract Closeout.
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A.
B. Submit accurate record and as-built drawings of embedded utilities and

components, which are concealed from view.
3.1.7
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Quality Assurance
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A.
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Perform Work in accordance with ACI 301.
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B. Maintain one copy of each document on site.
C. Acquire cement and aggregate from same source for all work.
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D. Conform to ACI 305R when concreting during hot weather.
E. Develop and observe strict quality control procedures.
3.1.8 Qualifications of Off-Site Ready-Mix Plant

A. All ready-mix plant must be off-site commercial plant unless otherwise approved by
the Engineer or allowed in the contract document.
B. Aggregate bins compartments must adequately separate the different type of

aggregates.
C. Ready-mix plant must contain a mechanical batching mixer approved by the

Engineer.
D. Ready-mix plant must have cement and aggregates weight batchers.
1. Submit recent certified calibrations for weight batching systems.
2. Perform calibration tests for the weight batching systems as requested by the
engineer.
E. Ready-mix plant must have a computerized batching system with print out as per
the latest requirements of Abu Dhabi Municipality and a delivery ticket, which must
print out the minimum following information:
1. Name of batching plant
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2. Serial number of the ticket

3. Date
4. Name of purchaser
5. Project designation
6. Class or designation of concrete
7. Weights and quantities of each concrete ingredient
8. Time of loading
9. Time of departure
10. Amount of concrete batched
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11. Type and amount of admixture
12. Slump at plant and site
13. Proposed concrete strength
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14. Vehicle number
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15. Driver’s name
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16. Concrete Temperature at plant and site
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17. Time of adding water for the first time in the mix.
F. The Ready-mix plant must be equipped with separate automatic dosing

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dispensers for each type of admixture, and feeds a fixed quantity of additive into
the mixing water before the water is discharged into the mix
G. The batching plant shall comply with the following tolerance limits for ready-mixed
concrete ingredients:
Table 3-1: Tolerance limits for ready-mix concrete ingredients
No Ingredients Individual Batch (%) Load Cumulative (%)
1 Coarse aggregate (20mm) ±2 ±1
2 Coarse aggregate (10mm) ±2 ±1
3 Fine aggregate (5mm) ±2 ±1
4 Dune Sand ±2 ±1
5 Cement ±2 ±1
6 Water ±1 ±1
7 Ice ±1 ±1
8 Liquid Admixture(s) ±3 ±3
H. Plant must be equipped with a sufficient capacity water chillier capable of
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maintaining the water temperature in the water storage tank to 5°C during the hot
weather. There shall be facilities to monitor the temperature of cement in the silos
and water.
I. Plant must have an automatic computer controlled flaked ice supply.
J. Qualified personnel at the ready-mix plant.
K. Sufficient number of concrete mixing trucks and concrete pumps capable to

maintain the smooth flow of the concrete to the job site during the concrete pours.
L. A fully equipped testing laboratory.
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M. Back up facilities.
3.1.9 Mock-Up
A.
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Section 01400 - Quality Control: Requirements for mock-up.
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B
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Construct and erect a field sample for architectural concrete surfaces receiving
special treatment or special formwork finish.
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C. Sample Panel: Sufficient size to indicate special treatment or finish required.
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Include all items such as stiffeners, sheet, ties, etc.
D. If requested by Engineer, cast concrete against sample panel. Obtain acceptance

of resultant surface finish prior to erecting formwork.
E. Accepted sample panel is considered basis of quality for the finished work. Keep
sample panel exposed to view for duration of concrete work.
F. Mock-up may remain as part of the work with the approval of the Engineer.
3.1.10 Delivery and Storage

A. Material and Equipment: Transport, handle, store, and protect products to the
requirements of Section 01600.
B Storage of cement, aggregates, and admixtures.
1. Cement:
a. Store and protect cement from deterioration and contamination.
b. Store above the ground in filtered or an approved ventilation dust

control dry waterproofed silos.
c. Provide separate cement silos for each consignment of cement. Do

not mix cement consignments.
d. Maintain the temperature of cement in the silo at less than 45 degrees

C. This can be accomplished be shading the silos and painting white
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to reflect sunrays.
e. Store bagged cement above ground on wooden slats or duckboards to

allow the efficient circulation of air around the bags in a dry
waterproofed storage facility.
2. Aggregates:
a. Store in a special bin or on a specially prepared shaded and covered

concrete platform. The heap of the aggregate must be capable of
draining freely.
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b. Maintain a separate storage facility for different type or grade of
aggregates. Prevent contamination of aggregates.
3. Admixtures: Store in waterproofed shaded closed container fitted with a

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circulation pump.
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3.1.11 Concrete Mix Design
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A. The Contractor shall provide concrete that is described by the Engineer by
reference to a combination of characteristic properties.
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B. Mixes for structural concrete shall be designed by the Contractor to meet the
performance requirements specified in clause 1.11.A above.
C. The Contractor is responsible to the Engineer for demonstrating that the proposed
mix meets with the performance requirements.
D. Concrete shall comply with BS EN 1992-3. Sampling for test purposes shall
comply with BS 1881 Part 101 (on site) & Part 125 (in laboratory).
E. If air-entrainment is specified, the average air content at the time of placing

measured in accordance with either Method A or Method B of BS 1881 Part 106
shall be 5% ± 1% for concrete containing 20mm maximum size aggregate.
F. Concrete for water-retaining elements shall be watertight and shall comply with the
recommendations of BS EN 1992-3.
G. Concrete for paving or precast units shall be tested to BS 1881 Part 118.
H. If concrete specimens are cured at higher temperatures or for longer periods than
BS 1881 Part 111 requires, the adjusted Characteristic Compressive Strength
(CCS) shall be calculated as follows:
100f'/f = A + B log {24D (T+12)/1000} where

f' = adjusted CCS
f = specified CCS
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T = curing temperature in ºC
D = age at testing in days
A&B = are coefficients given in the following table
The equation applies only to OPC, MSRPC and SRPC.

Table 3-2: Coefficients for adjusted CCS Calculations
Recorded Cube Strength (MPa) A B
Less than 15 10.0 67.5
15 to 35 20.0 60.0
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Greater than 35 30.0 52.5
This calculation may be applied for curing at temperatures up to 27oC.
I. Before placing concrete the Contractor shall obtain approval of the mixes
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proposed for each class of concrete and the average target strengths. The mixes
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shall be designed to achieve the minimum workability for the Contractor to place
and compact the concrete with the equipment proposed for use.
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J. The design mean strength shall exceed the minimum CCS specified in the
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performance requirements by a margin of 1.64 times the standard deviation

expected from the concreting plant, except that no standard deviation less than
3.5 MPa shall be used as a basis for designing a mix.
3.1.12 Preliminary Mix Tests

A. Perform preliminary mix tests before commencement of the main concreting
operation.
B. Determine for each class of concrete, minimum water-cement ratio, and the actual
mix proportions of the fine and coarse aggregates required.
C. Determine accurately the weight of materials in the preliminary mix test;

allowances must be made for the moisture content of the aggregates.
D. Test the preliminary mix design for strength and workability.
E. Repeat and adjust proportions of the preliminary mixes as necessary until

concrete mixes meet the relevant requirements.
3.1.13 Concrete Trial Mixes

A. Preliminary laboratory tests shall be carried out to determine if the mixes satisfy
the Specification with the approved materials.
B. Trial mixes shall be tested to determine the following properties of mixes proposed
for initial field tests:
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1. Bleeding in accordance with ASTM C232 (non-vibrating) shall not exceed

0.5%.
2. Drying shrinkage in accordance with BS 812 Part 120.
3. Air content if applicable BS 1881 Part 106.
4. Free water/cement ratio.
5. Workability tests BS 1881 Part 102, 103, 104 and 105.
6. Fresh and hardened concrete densities BS 1881 Parts 107 and 114
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respectively.
7. Compressive strength BS 1881 Part 116. The CCS of the concrete shall be
determined on test specimens obtained and prepared in accordance with BS
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1881 Part 108.
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8.
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Tensile strength BS 1881 Part 118.
9. Water Permeability DIN 1048.

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10. Water absorption BS 1881 Part 122.
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11. Initial surface absorption BS 1881 Part 5.
12. Chloride Permeability to AASHTO T277.
13. Chloride and sulphate levels to BS 1881 Part 124.
14. Coefficient of linear expansion to US Army Corps of Engineers CRD-C 39-

81.
15. Heat of hydration BS 8110-97 Part 1 clause 6.2.4.2 – Point (d).
16. Other tests as dictated by concrete performance requirements or directed by

the Engineer.
C. If the values obtained do not comply with the Specification or are not to the full
satisfaction of the Engineer then the mixes shall be re-designed.
D. Before commencement of concreting approved trial mixes shall be prepared under

full-scale site conditions and tested in accordance with the relevant standards.
E. Three trial batches of each mix shall be made and from each batch, a minimum of
6 cubes shall be tested for strength. Three cubes shall be tested at 7 days and
three cubes at 28 days by a laboratory approved by the Engineer. The results shall
be submitted to the Engineer within 24 hours of testing. Additional cubes shall be
required as instructed by the Engineer for durability testing.
F. Further trial mixes shall be made if the range (the maximum minus the minimum of
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the three cube results in any batch) exceeds 15% of the average of that batch, or if
the range of the three batch averages exceeds 20% of the overall average of the
batches.
G. Actual Characteristic Strength
1. The average 28 day cube strength achieved in the trials shall be designated as
the Target Mean Strength and from this the Actual Characteristic Strength
shall be calculated for each mix.
2. The Actual Characteristic Strength equals the Target Mean Strength minus a
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margin of 1.64 times the standard deviation, except that the margin shall not
be less than 4MPa.
3. In no case shall the Actual Characteristic Strength be less than the minimum
CCS specified in the performance requirements.
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4. The Actual Characteristic Strength so determined shall be used throughout the
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duration of the project as the primary indicator of control of mix proportions
and water/cement ratio.
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H. The Engineer will review the Contractor's trial-mixes and all test results. The
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Engineer will then determine which of the trial mixes shall be used. If none of the
trial mixes for a class of concrete meets the Specifications, the Engineer will direct
the Contractor to prepare additional trial-mixes. No class of concrete shall be
prepared or placed until its job-mix proportions have been approved by the
Engineer.
I. The approval of the job-mix proportions by the Engineer in establishing those

proportions, in no way relieves the Contractor of the responsibility of producing
concrete which meets the requirements of these Specifications.
J. The Engineer may also require practical tests to be made on the site by filling trial
moulds incorporating the reinforcing details to confirm the suitability of the mix for
the Works. In these tests, the type of plant used for mixing, the method of placing
and compaction used and the type of formwork intended for use in the Works shall
be used.
K. All costs connected with the preparations of trial-mixes and the design of the job-
mixes shall be borne by the Contractor.
L. When the mix has been approved, no variations shall be made in the proportions,
the source of the cement and aggregates, or in the type, size and grading zone of
the latter without the consent of the Engineer who prior to giving such consent may
require further tests to be made.
M. The heat of hydration test sample shall comprise a 1m x 1m x 1m test cube,
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insulated with polystyrene. Temperature measurements shall be carried out in

accordance with the Specification clauses for controlling heat and shall determine
the peak temperature generated within the test sample.
3.1.14 Concrete Under Water

A. Ensure that the actual mix proportions and selection of aggregates for concrete to
be placed in or under water will result in a concrete with a good flow and cohesion
characteristics.
B. Provide the concrete for under water including piles with cement content of 10%
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greater than for a comparable mix for use in dry conditions. Use a mix designs
capable of producing minimum works cube strength for all concrete as given in
Table 3-3 for the comparable mixes for use in dry conditions.
C.
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The slump of the concrete must not be less than 125 mm when tested in the dry
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condition in accordance with BS 1881.
3.2 Part 2 Products

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3.2.1 Concrete Materials
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A. Cement: Comply with ASTM C150 Type I & Type II – Ordinary Portland Cement
and Moderate Sulphate Resisting Cement, respectively.
1. Use Type I Ordinary Portland cement throughout the works except for the
substructures, piling and sanitary related structure where moderate
sulphate-resisting cement type II shall be used unless otherwise stated on
the contract documents or drawings or dependent on soil conditions as
determined by the Engineer.
B. Fine and Coarse Aggregates: Shall be examined for classification by petro graphic
examination and shall comply with the requirements of Section 02207 and the
following:
1. Hard strong and durable. Contain no harmful material in sufficient quantity

to affect adversely the strength or the durability of the concrete or in the
case of reinforced concrete to attack the reinforcement.
2. Clay, silt and dust shall be to the minimum level acceptable in accordance
with BS 882.
3. Coarse aggregates: Crushed quarried gabbro type, or limestone that

meets the physical requirements and chemical properties specified
hereinafter.
4. Fine aggregates: Natural gabbro sand or Crushed quarried gabbro or lime
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stone types that meet the physical requirements and physical properties
specified hereinafter.
5. Physical requirement:
a. Weight of voided shells in fine aggregates not to exceed 3 percent.
b. Clay, silts, and dust content not to exceed the following limits:
 Coarse aggregates 1 percent by weight.
 Crushed stone sands 5 percent by weight.
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 Natural sands 3 percent by weight.
c. Combined Flakiness index of coarse aggregates not to exceed 35

percent as determined in accordance with BS 812
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d. Combined Elongation index of coarse aggregates not to exceed 35
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percent as determined in accordance with BS 812.
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e. Absorption of fine and coarse aggregates not to exceed 2.5 percent as
determined in accordance with BS 812.
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f. 10% fines value of coarse aggregates shall not be less than 75KN as
determined in accordance with BS 812-111.
g. Los Angeles abrasion value shall not exceed 30% as determined to

ASTM C131 or C535.
h. Nominal size of coarse aggregates except otherwise stated in the

contract document to be as follow:
 Concrete class 'A' 10 mm.
 Concrete class 'B' 20 mm.
 Concrete class 'C' (unreinforced) 20 mm.
6. Except as may be modified hereunder, the aggregate (fine and coarse) for
all types of concrete shall comply in all respects with BS 882 "Concrete
aggregates from natural sources" and shall also comply with local
regulations.
7. The aggregates used in the permanent works shall be naturally occurring

crushed materials obtained only from approved sources. Aggregates
subject to high drying shrinkage such as quartz shall not be used.
Aggregates shall be clean, hard, and durable and shall not contain iron
pyrites, iron oxides, mica, shale, coal or other laminar, soft or porous
materials or hollow shells.
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8. Before any material from a particular source is used, the Contractor shall
obtain representative samples of fine and coarse aggregates and carry out
the necessary tests and analyses to show that the samples comply with
the Specification. During the progress of the Works, the grading and
chemical characteristics shall be checked at frequent intervals.
9. The results of these tests shall be submitted to the Engineer and his
approval shall be obtained before any of the material is used in the Works.
Part of each sample will be required for concrete trial mixes and part shall
be retained for comparison with subsequent deliveries.
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10. Sampling for testing and analysis shall be carried out, where applicable, in
accordance with BS 812 Part 102.
11.
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The maximum size of the aggregate shall not be larger than:
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a.
C
20% of the narrowest dimension between sides of the member for
which the concrete is to be used.
C
b. 75% of the maximum clear distance between reinforcing bars or the
side form.
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c. The nominal aggregate size specified for the mix.
12. Fine Aggregate shall be clean sharp natural and/or crushed sand and shall
be within BS882 Table 4 zones C and M only.
13. Beach sand shall not be used in concrete mixes.
14. Coarse aggregate shall be crushed aggregate obtained from a quarry

approved by the Engineer.
15. Unless otherwise authorised by the Engineer coarse aggregate shall be

delivered to the batching plant in separate sizes according to the maximum
specified aggregate size for each grade of concrete.
16. Coarse aggregate shall be prepared as single sized aggregate and

blended to produce normal size grading. The combined grading shall be
within the appropriate grading limits given in BS 882.
17. The Contractor may mechanically wash aggregate to remove salts and
other impurities in order to meet the requirement specified.
18. No part of the aggregates shall contain any mineral known to have a
potential to cause alkali silica, alkali silicate, alkali carbonate, or any other
damaging chemical reaction between alkalis and aggregates. The
Contractor shall demonstrate to the Engineer's satisfaction that the
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cement-aggregate combination will be stable and not liable to excessive

internal expansion due to alkali-aggregate reaction. The Contractor's
proposals for demonstrating this shall be submitted and shall take account
of the time necessary for any testing. Under exceptional circumstances,
the demonstration may be based on previous long-term experience of the
materials. Otherwise, the Contractor shall undertake a programme of tests
using an independent testing laboratory in accordance with the following
requirements:
a. Aggregates shall comply with the requirements of Table 3-3.
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b. Aggregates shall be initially assessed for reactivity in accordance with
ASTM C289 and C1260 and if potential reactivity is indicated, then
tests in accordance with ASTM C227 and C586 shall be carried out.
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19.
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The Contractor shall carry out routine testing of aggregates for compliance
with the Specification during the period in which concrete is being
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produced for the Permanent Works. The tests set out below shall be
performed on aggregates from each separate source.
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C. Water: Comply with the requirement of BS 3148.
1. Potable, clean, fresh, and free from sand grit and all mater, this is
detrimental to concrete.
2. PH of water in concrete work not be less than 5 and no more than 9.
3. The maximum content of acid soluble chlorides (as NaCl) in any concrete
mix not to exceed 0.4 % by weight of cement.
Table 3-3: concrete classification, mix design, and material specification
No Item Class of concrete
A B C
1 Typical applications Reinforced Unreinforced
Shall be Anchor Circular Infilling soft
used in blocks shafts areas
congested Slabs  and over break.
areas at the 250mm thick. Blinding & pipe
discretion of Precast Work surround.
the Slabs <
Engineer. 200mm thick
Columns and
beams.
Chambers,
manholes
,inlet catch
PAGE 39


A B C
basins,
outfalls, pump
stations and
all RC
members.
2 Grade C40 C20
2
3 Minimum Cube Strength N/mm
7 Days 30 min 15
op V1
28 Days 40 min 20
4 Cement
Type Above GL OPC
Below GL MSRC MSRC
C -
y
Content Minimum 390 250
Kg/m 3
C
Maximum 450 325
Age >
| 3 months
C
5 Aggregate
Nominal Size(mm) 10 20
Q
% Fine 30-45 45-55

Combined Flakiness > | 35%
Index
Combined Elongation > | 35%
Index
10% fines value ≥75kN
>
Los Angeles abrasion > | 30%
value
Grading Fine >
| 10% > 5mm
Coarse >
| 5% > > | 5% > 20mm >
| 10% < 5mm
10mm
>
| 10% <
5mm
Clay Lumps (by Fine >
| 3% Coarse > | 1% by Weight
weight)
Absorption >
| 2.5%
Voided Shells >
| 3.0%
Chlorides Fine >
| 0.06% Coarse > | 0.03%
Sulphates >
/ 0.4%
Soundness Loss of Na3SO4 > | 10% & MgSO4 > | 15%
Alkali Reaction None
Thermal Expansion >
| Low
Friable Particles (by Fine >| 1% Course > | 0.5% by Weight
weight)
6 Water
PAGE 40


A B C
Free Water/Cement >
| 0.40 >
| 0.5
Ratio
Ph 7 < pH < 9
Chlorides >
| 0.025%
Sulphates >
| 0.035%
Alkali Carbonates & >
| 0.05%
Bicarbonates
TDS >
| 0.2%
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7 Density
Minimum Kg/m3 2400 2300
8 Slump To be determined during design mix tests but normal range
75-125mm
C - Strictly in accordance with manufacturer’s
y
9 Admixtures N/A
C instructions with CaCl2 content zero
10 Temperature
C
Cement >| 45oc when entering mixers
Concrete At Placement > | 32oc
| 40oc & Rising or < 43oc & Falling
Q
Shade >
11 Quality Control on fresh and hardened concrete in accordance with clause 3.10 of this
section
3.2.2 Admixtures
A. Chemical: ASTM C494 and BS 5075.
1. Do not use admixtures containing chlorides.
2. Use water-reducing admixture, retarding admixture, and accelerating

admixture in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation.
3. Conduct trial mixes in the presence of the Engineer and the manufacturer
representative.
4. Do not use admixture together with other admixture in the same mix.
5. Do not use admixture intended to change the flow characteristics,

cohesion or rate of setting of the concrete without the approval of the
Engineer.
3.2.3 Accessories
A. Bonding Agent: Polymer resin emulsion, Polyvinyl Acetate, Latex emulsion, two
component modified epoxy resin, Non-solvent two-component polysulfide epoxy,
Mineral filled polysulfide polymer epoxy, Mineral filled polysulfide polymer epoxy
PAGE 41

resin, cured epoxy.
B. Vapour Retarder: 0.25 mm or 0.5 mm thick clear polyethylene film type, for below
grade application.
C. Non-Shrink Grout: Premixed compound consisting of non-metallic aggregate,

cement, water reducing and plasticizing agents; capable of developing minimum
compressive strength of 17 MPa in 48 hours and 48 MPa in 28 days;
D. Curing Compounds: High efficiency curing compound to ASTM C309, or Water

base concrete curing compound ASTM C309.
op V1
1. Store, handle, and apply curing compound in accordance with the
manufacture's specification and instructions.
2. Must be capable of retaining moisture and water in the fresh concrete and
C -
y
provide an effective barrier to acidic atmospheric gases and water borne
C
salts responsible for the corrosion mechanism of concrete.
3.2.4 Joint Devices and Filler Materials

C
A. Joint Filler: ASTM D 1751; ASTM D 994; Bitumen impregnated fibreboard, for use
Q
in dry structures.
B. Joint Filler: ASTM D 1752; High performance cross-linked, closed cell, non-
absorbent, polyethylene for use in liquid bearing structures.
C. Joint Sealant: Non-degradable for its particular application, suitable for use in hot
climates, elastoplastic, with a movement accommodation factor of at least + 12
percent.
1. Joint sealer suitable for sealing movement, control, or construction joints in

liquid bearing structures. Resistant to aerobic and anaerobic
bacteriological attack, acids, alkalis and UV to ASTM C 920, Type S,
Grade NS, class 25.
2. Joint sealer suitable for sealing movement, control, or construction joints in

dry structures:
a. Polyurethane to ASTM C 920, Grade NS, Class 25, type M.
b. Polysulphide- to ASTM C 920, Grade NS, Class 25, Type M, and BS

4254 gun grade.
3.2.5 Batching and Mixing Of Concrete

A. Cast-in-place concrete shall be ready mixed concrete, batched off the site,
generally as defined in BS EN 206 and BS 8500 but as amended in these
PAGE 42

Specifications
B. The weighing and water-dispensing mechanisms shall be maintained in good

order. Their accuracy shall be maintained within the tolerances described in BS
1305 and checked against accurate weights and volumes when required by the
Engineer.
C. The mass of cement and of aggregate indicated by the mechanism employed shall
be within a tolerance of 2% of the respective mass per batch agreed by the
Engineer. The mass of the fine and coarse aggregates shall be adjusted to allow
op V1
for the free water contained in them. The water to be added to the mix shall be
reduced by the quantity of free water contained in the fine and coarse aggregates,
which shall be determined by the Contractor by a method approved by the
Engineer immediately before mixing begins and further as the Engineer requires.
C -
y
C
D. Unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, concrete shall be mixed in a batch type
mixer manufactured in accordance with BS 1305. The mixing blades of pan mixers
C
shall be maintained within the tolerances specified by the manufacturer of the
mixer and the blades shall be replaced when it is no longer possible to maintain
Q
the tolerance by adjustment. The period of mixing, judged from the time that all the
ingredients including water are in the mixing drum shall be as ordered by the
Engineer's representative and shall be in accordance with the mixer
manufacturer’s recommendations.
E. Mixers that have been out of use for more than 30 minutes shall be thoroughly
cleaned before any fresh concrete is mixed.
F. The method of discharge from the mixer shall be such as to cause no segregation
whether partial or otherwise of the concrete materials.
G. The Contractor shall ensure that the constituent materials of the concrete are
sufficiently cool to prevent the concrete from stiffening in the interval between its
discharge from the mixer and compaction in its final position. Precautions shall
include the shading of aggregate stockpiles and the use of chilled water.
H. The Concrete shall be carried in purpose-made agitators, operating continuously,

or truck mixers. The concrete shall be compacted and in its final position within 1
hour of the introduction of cement to the aggregates, unless a longer time is
agreed by the Engineer. The time of such introduction shall be recorded on the
delivery note together with the weight of the constituents of each mix.
I. Concrete shall only be mixed at a batching plant approved by the Engineer.
J. Unless specially authorised by the Engineer, the concrete shall be mixed and the
PAGE 43

water added to the mixer at the batching plant. No additional water shall be added
at any stage from batching to placing. When the Engineer is asked to authorise dry
batching, he will require to be satisfied that appropriate steps will be taken to
ensure the quality, consistency and strength of the concrete as placed and that the
water will be added to the dry ingredients under properly controlled conditions.
K. Truck mixer units and their mixing and discharge performance shall be to the
satisfaction of the Engineer. Mixing shall continue for the number and rate of
revolutions recommended in the manufacturer's instructions, in the absence of
which mixing shall continue for not less than 100 revolutions at a rate of not less
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than 7 revolutions per minute.
L. Pumping concrete through delivery pipes may be permitted but only with the prior
approval of the Engineer.
C -
y
C
M. Re-mixing of concrete that has commenced to set shall not be allowed and in no
case shall such concrete be used in the Works.
C
3.3 Part 3 Execution
3.3.1 Examination
Q
A. Verify site conditions under provisions of Section 01039.
B. Verify requirements for concrete cover over reinforcement.
C. Verify that anchors, seats, plates, reinforcement and other items to be cast into
concrete are accurately placed, positioned securely, and will not cause hardship in
placing concrete.
3.3.2 Preparation
A. Prior to the commencement of concrete works, the Contractor shall provide the
Engineer with fully detailed proposals of the method of placing, compacting,
finishing and curing the concrete. The method statements, which shall be subject
to the approval of the Engineer, shall cover all principle types of concrete
elements, e.g. foundations, walls, columns, beams, slabs etc.
B. As a minimum requirement, preparations for concreting shall follow the guidelines

given in ACI 305R-91 Section 4.
C. The concrete-mixing plant, mixers, pipelines, pumps chutes and transport

equipment shall be shaded and/or painted white. Pump lines and other surfaces
shall be kept cool by insulating them or by covering them with hessian kept damp
by spraying with water.
D. Surfaces on which concrete is to be placed shall be moist but free of standing
PAGE 44

water at the time of concreting. This shall be achieved by spraying the forms and
reinforcement prior to placing concrete. Shading shall be provided to prevent solar
heat gain of forms and reinforcement and to prevent evaporation / drying.
E. When daytime temperature and drying conditions are critical the concreting shall
be scheduled to begin during the late afternoon to prevent the occurrence of
severe thermal effects. Consideration should also be given to nighttime
concreting.
F. The Contractor shall give the Engineer at least 24 hours written notice before
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concreting to allow time for final inspection and approval.
3.3.3 Concrete Transport and Placing

A. The method of transport and placing concrete shall be to the approval of the
C -
Engineer. Concrete shall be so transported and placed that contamination,
y
C
segregation or loss of the constituent materials does not occur.
B. All formwork and reinforcement shall be clean and free from standing water
C
immediately before placing concrete.
Q
C. Prior to placing any concrete on natural surfaces, a blinding layer of concrete shall
be laid to a minimum of 75 mm thickness unless otherwise specified on the
drawings. This blinding shall be suitably cured prior to subsequent concrete
placement. The blinding shall be clean and free from any dust or impurities prior to
subsequent concrete placement.
D. No concrete shall be placed in a foundation until the extent of excavation and the
character of bearing material have been approved and no concrete shall be placed
in any structure until the placement of reinforcing steel and the adequacy of the
forms and false work have been approved.
E. Concrete shall not be placed in any part of the Works until the Engineer's approval
has been given. If concrete has not started within 24 hours of such approval being
given, approval shall again be requested. Concreting shall then proceed
continuously over the area between construction joints. Fresh concrete shall not
be placed against in-situ concrete that has been in position for more than 30
minutes unless a construction joint is formed in accordance with the Specification.
When the concrete has been in place for 4 hours, or less as directed by the
Engineer, further concrete shall not be placed against it for at least a further 20
hours.
F. Concreting in Hot Weather
1. Hot weather is defined as any combination of the following conditions that
PAGE 45

tend to impair the quality of the freshly mixed or hardened concrete:
a) High ambient temperature.

b) High concrete temperature.
c) Low relative humidity.
d) Wind velocity.
e) Solar radiation.
2. When the rate of evaporation of surface moisture from concrete is expected

to approach 1 kg/m²/hr (using Fig. 2.1.5 in ACI 305R-91) or when the shade
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air temperature is 35ºC and rising, precautions shall be taken, including the
following:
a) Dampening the forms.
C -
b) Reducing the concrete temperature to the lowest practical level by
y
C
procedures such as: shading the aggregate; cooling the mixing water
before use and screening the mixing plant and transporting vehicles from
C
wind, rain and sun.
c) Erecting wind breaks and sunshades at the concrete placing location.
Q
d) Reducing the time between the placing of the concrete and the start of
curing to the minimum possible.
e) Minimising evaporation (particularly during the first few hours subsequent
to placing the concrete) by suitable means such as applying moisture by
fog spraying or use of evaporation retarders.
3. All precautions to be taken shall be subject to the Engineer's approval and

the Contractor shall demonstrate that all approved precautions are available
for use prior to the Engineer granting approval to any concreting operations.
4. In the event that conditions become such that these requirements cannot be
met, concreting shall be suspended immediately and not resumed until the
requirements can be met again. Under such circumstances, additional
precautions shall be taken to avoid the hot weather concreting conditions
being exceeded on future pours.
G. Control of Temperature
1. The temperature of the concrete when placed shall not exceed 32ºC nor
shall concrete be mixed or placed when the shade air temperature is 40ºC or
above, or is expected to reach such a level during concreting and 3 hours
after placing, without special permission from the Engineer.
2. For all concrete sections the Contractor shall take precautions to limit the
effects of heat of hydration.
PAGE 46

3. The Contractor shall determine the expected heat of hydration for the
concrete batch by testing at least 1m3 insulated concrete cubes, in
accordance with the Specification clauses for the trial mixes.
4. For concrete sections greater than 1000 mm thick, the Contractor shall
submit to the Engineer for approval detailed proposals of the measures to be
taken. These measures shall include but are not limited to: building mock-
ups; control of concrete mix constituents; curing water; formwork type;
surface insulation; and, cooling by embedded pipes. All submissions shall be
based on measured values of heat of hydration generated by the proposed
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mix to meet the criteria set out below:
a) Maximum temperature difference between the core and the surface of

any pour. Design target 15ºC. Field maximum 20ºC.
C -
y
b) Maximum temperature difference between a new pour and a previous
C
pour. Design target 12ºC. Field maximum 15ºC.
c) Absolute maximum temperature anywhere in a pour. Design target
C
60ºC. Field maximum 70ºC.
d) The Contractor shall install instrumentation in the Works to verify
Q
compliance with the above criteria. Temperature measurements shall

be made by means of thermocouples positioned in a line
perpendicular to the concrete faces. The thermocouples shall be fixed:
at the concrete faces; at the centre of the section; and at equal
intervals of approximately 300mm.
e) Temperatures shall be measured and logged continuously from the
start of the pour until instructed to stop by the Engineer. The
Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for approval details of the
proposed methods and equipment for the measuring and logging of
temperatures. An automatic data logger or other suitable device shall
log data. The equipment shall be capable of reading all thermocouples
in less than one minute and results shall be submitted to the Engineer
on a daily basis.
H. If temperature measurements exceed any of the criteria above then action shall be
taken in accordance with the clauses on defective concrete.
I. Concrete shall be compacted in its final position within 30 minutes of discharge

from the mixer unless carried in purpose made agitators operating continuously,
when the time shall be within 1 hour of the introduction of cement to the mix and
within 30 minutes of discharge from the agitator.
J. Precautions shall be taken to ensure that the loss of slump due to temperature rise
PAGE 47

during transport, pumping and placing does not exceed 25mm.
K. Except where otherwise agreed by the Engineer, concrete shall be deposited in

horizontal layers to a compacted depth not exceeding 400mm where internal
vibrators are used or 300mm in all other cases.
L. Unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, concrete shall not be dropped into
place from a height exceeding 2m. When trunking or chutes are used, they shall
be kept clean and used in such a way as to avoid segregation. Where steep
slopes are required for placing concrete with chutes, the chutes shall be equipped
op V1
with baffle boards or be in short lengths that reverse the direction of the
movement. Chutes and the use of chutes must be approved by the Engineer. All
chutes shall be kept clean and free from coating of hardened concrete by
thoroughly flushing with water after each run. The water used for flushing shall be
C -
y
discharged clear of the concrete already in place.
C
M. Concrete shall not be pumped through aluminium alloy conduits.
C
N. No concrete shall be placed in flowing water. Underwater concrete shall be placed
in position by tremie or by pipeline from the mixer.
Q
O. Full details of the method proposed shall be submitted in advance to the Engineer
and his approval obtained before placing begins. Where the concrete is placed by
the tremie, its size and method of operation shall be in accordance with BS EN
1997. During and after concreting under water, pumping or dewatering operations
in the immediate vicinity shall be suspended until the Engineer permits them to be
continued.
P. Approved measures shall be taken to avoid premature stiffening of concrete

placed in contact with hot, dry surfaces. Surfaces including reinforcement against
which concrete is to be placed shall be shielded against the direct rays of the sun
and shall be sprayed with water to prevent excessive absorption by the surfaces of
water from the fresh concrete.
Q. A complete pour record shall be kept of the date, time, temperature and conditions
of placing, the concrete in each portion of the work and shall be available for
inspection by the Engineer at any time.
R. No concrete shall be mixed or placed when the light is insufficient, unless an

adequate and approved artificial lighting system is operated and such night work is
approved by the Engineer.
3.3.4 Extent of Pours

A. The limit of individual pours and the height of lifts shall be as approved by the
PAGE 48

Engineer. The sequence of pours shall be arranged to minimise thermal and

shrinkage strains.
B. The Concrete Works have been designed as continuous construction in

accordance with BS EN 1992-3. Therefore, consideration should be given to
maximising the size of pours and minimising the number of construction joints.
3.3.5 Compaction of Concrete

A. All concrete shall be compacted to produce a dense homogeneous mass. Unless
otherwise agreed by the Engineer, it shall be compacted with the assistance of
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vibrators. Sufficient vibrators in serviceable condition shall be on site so that spare
equipment is available in the event of breakdown. A 50mm diameter internal
vibrator shall be deemed capable of compacting 20 m3/hr. Internal vibrators shall
C -
be capable of producing not less than 10,000 cycles per minute.
y
C
B. Vibration shall not be applied by way of the reinforcement. Where immersion
vibrators are used, contact with reinforcement and all inserts shall be avoided.
C
C. Vibrators shall be so manipulated as to work the concrete thoroughly around the
reinforcement and embedded fixtures and into corners and angles of the forms.
Q
Vibrators shall not be used as a means to cause concrete to flow to its position in
lieu of placing. The vibration at any point shall be of sufficient duration to
accomplish compaction. After initial set of the concrete, the forms shall not be
jarred and no strain shall be placed on the ends of projecting reinforcement.
D. External vibration shall not be used unless permitted by the Engineer for special
circumstances.
3.3.6 Concrete Blinding Layer

A. Place a concrete blinding layer immediately upon completion of the excavation
and where shown on the drawings or ordered by the engineer, to prevent
deterioration of the formation and to form a clean working surface for the structure.
B. Place a concrete Class C blinding layer of a minimum thickness of 100 mm or to

the depth shown on the contract drawing
3.3.7 Separate Floor Toppings

A. Prior to placing floor topping, roughen substrate concrete surface and remove
deleterious material. Broom and vacuum clean.
B. Place required dividers, edge strips, reinforcing and other items to be cast in as
shown in the drawings.
C. Apply sand and cement slurry coat on base course, immediately prior to placing
PAGE 49

toppings.
D. Place concrete floor toppings to required lines and levels.
E. Screed toppings level, maintaining surface flatness of maximum 1:1000.
3.3.8 Concrete Finishing

A. See section 03300 - 3.14. Schedule - Concrete types and finishes
3.3.9 Curing and Protection

A. Immediately after compaction and for 14 days thereafter, concrete shall be
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protected from the harmful effects of weather, including rain and rapid
temperature changes, and from drying out. The methods of protection shall be
subject to the Engineer’s approval. The Engineer's approval will be conditional
C -
upon the proposed curing method proving to be satisfactory on site.
y
B.
C
The method of curing used shall minimise the loss of moisture from the concrete.
On concrete surfaces that are to be waterproofed or coated, curing membranes
C
shall not be used unless agreed by the Engineer. Details of all curing methods to
be used shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer.
Q
C. Concrete surfaces shall be kept damp using soaked hessian sheeting. Polythene
sheet covering shall be used where directed by the Engineer to minimise
evaporation. The hessian sheeting shall be maintained continuously damp for a
minimum period of 14 days after casting, using water of the same quality as that
allowed in mixing the concrete. Water used for curing purposes shall be within 5ºC
of the placed concrete temperature.
D. Subject to the approval of the Engineer, curing with an approved proprietary

product may be used as an alternative to curing with water except that the curing
product shall not be applied to surfaces of concrete from which the shuttering has
been struck, until the concrete has been inspected and approved by the
Engineer's representative. The curing material shall not be detrimental to
concrete.
E. The concrete curing compound shall be of an approved type, which shall be

readily distinguishable upon the concrete surface for at least four hours after
application. The curing compound shall be compatible with concrete admixtures
and with subsequent surface finishes. The curing compound shall be removed
using a method approved by the Engineer prior to application of the finishes. The
colour, if any, shall become inconspicuous within seven days after application.
PAGE 50

3.3.10 Field Quality Control

A. Independent Testing Laboratory
1. Comply with pertinent provisions of Section 01400 – Quality Control.
2. Comply with pertinent requirements of the authorities having jurisdiction.

Obtain approvals from these authorities.
3. The Contractor shall provide a qualified independent testing laboratory,

experienced with local construction conditions and materials, to conduct
tests and submit reports for the concrete mixes to ensure compliance with
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the Specification. The use of the proposed laboratory is subject to the
approval of the Engineer.
4. Constituent materials shall be obtained from suppliers operating quality

C -
y
systems in accordance with Section 01400 - Quality Control.
C
B. Transporting and Curing of Samples
C
1. Samples shall be taken on site at the point of delivery. Test cubes shall be
made, cured, stored, transported and tested to BS 1881 Parts 108, 111 and
Q
116.
2. The Contractor shall establish a site curing facility. Test cubes shall not to be
de-moulded at periods of less than 24 hours and shall not be transported
before 48 hours have elapsed.
C. Sampling Cubes
1. A sample of concrete shall be taken at random on eight separate occasions

during the first five days of using a mix, at least one sample being taken
each day.
2. Thereafter one sample shall be taken at random for each class of concrete in
accordance with Table 3-7 of the Specification.
3. In addition to the above requirements, at least one sample shall be taken

from each individual structural unit, or part of a unit, when the latter is the
product of a single pour.
4. From each sample, three cubes shall be made for testing at 28 days and one
for testing at 7 days for control purposes.
5. The frequency of sampling may be required to be varied if directed by the

Engineer.
6. The procedures shall be repeated when materials or design mixes are
PAGE 51

changed.
D. Cube Strength Results
1. The results will be acceptable only if both of the conditions below are met:
a) The mean field cube strength at age of 28 days shall exceed the Actual
Characteristic Strength given in par. 3.1.3.7 by a margin of 1.64 times the
Standard Deviation, except that no Standard Deviation lass than 4Mpa
shall be used in calculation.
b) If the above criteria are not satisfied, the unit represented by the sample is
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questionable and any or all of the following actions may be instructed by
the Engineer at the Contractor’s expense:
a) Changing the mix.
b) Improving quality control.
C -
y
c) Cutting and testing cores from placed concrete.
C
d) Non-destructive testing of placed concrete.
e) Cutting-out and replacing defective concrete.
C
2. If any individual 28 day cube strength from a sample exceeds the Target
Q
Mean Strength achieved in the trial mixes by more than 10 MPa then any or
all of the actions listed above may be instructed by the Engineer at the
Contractor’s expense.
3. In the event cutting and testing of cores are required, the Contractor shall cut
cores from approved locations, and test them to BS1881 as modified by BS
6089.
E Flexural Tensile Strength Tests
1. Samples shall be taken and two beams cast to determine the tensile
strength of the concrete at 7 days and 28 days, as specified in BS 1881
Part 118.
2. The samples shall be taken in accordance with the minimum test
requirements for concrete in the Specification and shall coincide with
samples taken for test cubes.
F Durability Tests
1. Samples shall be taken in accordance with the minimum test requirements

for concrete in the following section and shall coincide with samples taken
for test cubes. The concrete shall be tested for durability properties as
directed in the following table.
PAGE 52

Table 3-4: Durability Properties for Concrete Tests
Fume
Concrete (WPC)
GGBS Concrete
TYPE OF CONCRETE
OPC Concrete
PFA Concrete
Concrete (SF)
Waterproof
Silica
DESCRIPTION
OF TEST
Rapid Chloride Permeability (RCP) to
AASHTO T277 Max Charge Pass 3,800 1,000 1,200 1,200 800
(Coulombs) at 28 days
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Water Permeability (SWP) to DIN 1048
20 10 10 10 8
Max Penetration (mm) at 28 days
Initial Surface Absorption Test (ISAT) to
C -
BS 1881 Part 208: Maximum ISAT at 28 0.3 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.02
y
C
days: 10 minute test (ml/m²/s)
30 Minute Absorption (WA) to BS 1881
C
Part 122: 30 minute test (at 7 days 2.0% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.0%
unless noted otherwise)
Q
2. The durability test results will be deemed to be acceptable only if both of

the following conditions are met:
a. The average value of all of the results for each test on each type of
concrete is less than or equal to the pertinent value in the above table.
b. Each test shall be given a weighting of unity and the overall score of
the four durability test results on each set of samples shall be
evaluated in accordance with the following formula:
Score = (RCP/800)+(DIN/8)+(ISAT/0.02)+(WA/1.0)
Where
RCP = measured value from the Rapid Chloride Permeability test to
AASHTO T277 in Coulombs
DIN = measured value from the Water Permeability test to DIN 1048
in mm
WA = measured value from the Water Absorption test to BS1881
Part 122 expressed as a percentage
ISAT = measured value from the Initial Surface Water Absorption test
to BS1881 Part 208 expressed in ml/ (mm².s)
The score for each set of samples shall comply with the following
values:
PAGE 53

Table 3-5: Set of Samples Values

Type of Concrete Score to be less than or equal to
OPC 20
SF 10
GGBS 12
PFA 12
WPC 4
3. For blended mixes, such as OPC/SF/GGBS or OPC/SF/PFA, the most

onerous test conditions shall apply.
4. The chloride and sulphate levels in the concrete mix to BS 1881 Part 124
op V1
shall be in accordance with the table below:
Table 3-6: Chloride & Sulphate levels
Type of Concrete Chlorides Sulphates
C - as Cl (a) as SO3 (a)
y
C
For reinforced concrete
- made with OPC/MSRPC 0.10 3.70
- made with SRPC 0.06 3.70
C
Prestressed concrete & heat-cured 0.06 3.70
reinforced concrete.
Q
For mass concrete(b) 0.10 3.70
5. When silica fume is used it shall not be included as cement binder for the
purpose of chloride and sulphate limitations.
6. The OPC and MSRPC cements can also contain chlorides, the relevant
standard BS 12 allows up to 0.1% Cl. Therefore, any chloride content
present in the cement has to be taken into account while computing total Cl
in the mix.
G. Other Tests
1. The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for approval his proposed methods for
complying with the creep strain criteria of the performance requirements of the
Specification. These shall include, but are not limited to:
a. Tests to establish the strength of the concrete and the static modulus of
elasticity of the concrete to BS 1881: Part 121 at 7 days, 28 days, 3
months and 6 months.
b. Sufficient tests shall be undertaken to allow an accurate assessment of

the creep strain to be made prior to, and during, the concreting
operations. These tests shall only cease when directed by the
Engineer.
PAGE 54

2. When instructed by the Engineer concrete shall be tested for drying shrinkage and
wetting expansion, for which 75x75mm prisms shall be prepared and tested in
accordance with BS 812 Part 120. The maximum acceptable limits shall be:
a. Drying Shrinkage: 0.04%.
b. Wetting Expansion: 0.03%.
3. Cubes may be required and trials carried out to determine stripping times for
formwork, the duration of curing and to check testing and sampling errors.
4. The air content of air-entrained concrete shall be determined in accordance with
op V1
ASTM C231 for each batch produced until consistency has been achieved, when one
in five batches may be tested. The maximum value shall not exceed 2%.
5. Compaction factor, slump, Vebe or other workability tests shall be carried out as
C -
required during concreting of permanent Works to control workability at the batching
y
C
plant and at the site of the pour. For each sample the temperature of the concrete
shall be measured and recorded with the time the test was performed. The degree of
C
workability shall be as for the trial mixes; permitted tolerances shall be in accordance
with BS 5328.
Q
H. Minimum Test Requirements for Concrete
1. Samples shall be taken and 4 (four) cubes made for strength testing for each class of
concrete and for each particular application at a frequency shown in Table 3-7:
Table 3-7: Rate of Sampling Concrete
Type of Structure Element Sampling To Represent a
Volume of Concrete (m3)
Cube Strength Durability
Tests Tests
Critical elements Columns, piles 10 50
Normal structural elements General 50 250
Heavy concrete construction Raft 100 500
2. The point of sampling of fresh concrete shall be at delivery into the Works unless
otherwise directed by the Engineer.
3. Cement: One 2 kg sample for quality testing to ensure compliance with Part 2 of the
Specification shall be taken from each 1,500 bags or equivalent weight or one day’s
output of the cement plant for each class of cement, whichever is the lesser.
4. Water: One 5 litre sample shall be obtained prior to use from each source for quality
testing in accordance with the “Water For Concrete” section of the Specification.
5. Samples of concrete, cement and water shall be taken and tested as described in the
above sub-section at least once a week during concreting operations.
6. In addition to the cubes made for strength testing, samples shall be taken and
PAGE 55

specimens made for durability testing.
I. Testing frequencies and reference standards for Fresh Concrete.

Table 3-8: Testing Frequencies & Reference Standards for Fresh Concrete
No. Test Frequency Standard
1 Temperature Every load for structural & every ASTM C1064 or
alternative load for non-structural BS 1704
concrete
2 Slump Every load for structural & every ASTM C143 or BS
alternative load for non-structural EN 12350-2
concrete
op V1
3 Unit Weight During trial mixes and further up to ASTM C138 or BS
the engineer EN 12350-6
4 Air Content During trial mixes for structural ASTM C231 or
concrete and further up to the ASTM C173
C - Engineer
y
5
C
Identification of Every load for all grades None/ by washing
aggregates
C
6 Bleed During trial mixes for structural ASTM C232
concrete and once every month
Q
J. Testing frequencies and reference standards for Hardened Concrete
Table 3-9: Testing Frequencies & Reference Standards for Hardened Concrete
No. Test Frequency Standard
1 Density All cylinders and cubes required for ASTM or
compressive strength BS1881 Pt.
114
2 Compressive Min. one set per casting per day and ASTM or BS
strength every 50m3 for structural concrete. 1881Pt. 116
Min. one set every 100m3
cumulative for non-structural
concrete
3 Concrete coring As directed by the Engineer ASTM or BS
from structure
4 Non-destructive Up to the engineer As per contract
(NDT) requirements
5 Water One set for every 100m3 cumulative BS EN 12390-8
permeability for structural concrete or DIN 1048
6 Water absorption As directed by the Engineer ASTM C497M
test Method B
7 Rapid Chloride Up to the engineer ASTM C1202
Test or AASHTO
T277
3.3.11 Early Loading

A. During the first 28 days after compaction, the concrete shall at no time be subject to
loading, including its own weight, which will induce a compressive stress in it
PAGE 56

exceeding 0.25 of its compressive strength at the time of loading or of the specified
28 day strength whichever is lower. The strength of the concrete and the stresses
produced by the loads shall be subject to the agreement of the Engineer.
B. No load shall be placed until the Engineer so permits, but in no case shall any load of
any kind be placed until the curing has been completed. The Contractor shall not
place any temporary loads or open any section of the Works to traffic or construction
equipment until permitted by the Engineer.
C. In addition to the above, the Contractor is responsible for conforming to the
performance requirements for concrete in general and for the creep requirements in
op V1
particular.
3.3.12 Patching
A. Allow the Engineer to inspect concrete surfaces immediately upon removal of forms.
C -
y
B. Excessive honeycomb or embedded debris in concrete is not acceptable. Notify the
C
Engineer upon discovery.
C. Patch imperfections as directed in accordance with ACI 301.
C
D. Do not treat concrete surfaces until the Engineer's inspection is completed.
Q
3.3.13 Defective Concrete

A. The action to be taken in the event of non-compliance of test results with the
Specification, including but not limited to cube results, shall be determined by the
Engineer and may range from qualified acceptance to rejection and removal of all or
part of the affected works as described in the “Field Quality Control” section of the
specification.
B. The Contractor shall provide at his own expense all tests and rectification works
including records, samples, including core samples, and their results as may be
required by the Engineer, whether the concrete be finally accepted or not.
3.3.14 Schedule - Concrete Types and Finishes

A. See Table –3-3 for concrete type.
B. Provide qualities of finish as indicated in the description of the works. Ensure that
the quality of finish is not inferior to those described below. Any defective concrete
finish will be rejected and the Engineer may, at his discretion, order the defects to
be cut out and made good to his satisfaction. Do not allow fins and featheredges
in the concrete surfaces.
C. Apply the following requirements for the finish of concrete surfaces as appropriate:
1. Exposed surfaces and surfaces in contact with liquid other than upper
surfaces: Surface texture to be obtained from the use of formwork of a
PAGE 57

smooth impervious face of metal or the like.
2. Concealed surfaces: Surface texture required to be obtained from the use

of formwork of sawn close jointed timber or the like.
3. Exposed upper surfaces and upper surface in contact with liquid: Surface
to be floated with a steel trowel to a smooth finish.
4. Other exposed upper surfaces to have a smooth finish with a wood trowel.
The troweling shall be executed so that an excessive amount of fine
material is not brought to the surface.
op V1
5. Tanked surfaces: Surface texture required to be obtained from the use of
formwork of the "mechanical face" of hardboard or the like.
6. Road and hard standing surfaces: Surface finish to be obtained by the

C -
y
conventional use of a hand tamper or vibrating beam.
C
7. Rendered or surfaces areas: Areas to be subsequently rendered or to
C
receive a surfacing other than as (3) must be adequately scored to provide
an effective key.
Q
8. Surfaces adjacent to block work: All necessary wall ties to be cast in to

concrete faces against which block work is to be subsequently built. Space
the ties 400 mm vertically and 800 mm horizontally.
9. Non-slip surfaces: Surface texture to be obtained by the use of a wood

float. Stipple the concrete whilst wet to roughen it.
10. Exposed arises: To be formed with a 20mm by 20mm chamfer.
Plastering of defective concrete as a means of making good will not be permitted,

except in the case of minor surface porosity when the Engineer may approve a
surface treatment by running in cement and sand mortar of the same richness as
the concrete. Perform this treatment immediately after removing the formwork.
3.3.15 Testing for Water tightness Of Water-Retaining Structures

A. This shall be done in accordance with Section 03800 ‘Testing of Water Retaining
Structures.
END OF THIS SECTION
PAGE 58

1.3. Concrete Repair Materials

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STORM WATER & SUBSOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEM

3 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE (SECTION 03300)

Section 01400-Quality Control

Section 01600-Materials and equipment

Section 03100-Concrete Formwork

ASTM C920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants.

ASTM D994 Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for Concrete. (Bituminous

BS 4254 Specification for two-part polysulphide-base sealants.

BS 5215 Specification for one-part gun grade polysulphide-base

BS EN 1992 Design of Concrete Structures.

ASTM C150 Specification for Portland cement.

BS EN 197-1 Cement. Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for

DIVISION 03 - SECTION 03300 FIRST EDITION -DECEMBER 2016

BS 410 Specification for Test Sieves.

BS 4027 Specification for sulfate-resisting Portland cement.

BS 4550-0 Methods of testing cement. General introduction.

BS 4550-3.1 Methods of testing cement. Physical tests. Introduction.

BS 4550-3.4 Methods of testing cement. Physical tests. Strength tests.

BS 4550-3.8 Methods of testing cement. Physical tests. Test for heat of

Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)

BS EN 15167-1 &15167 Specification for ground granulated blast furnace slag

BS EN 450 Fly ash for concrete. Definition, requirements and quality

ASTM C1240 Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious

ASTM C88 Standard test method for soundness of aggregates by use of

ASTM C123 Standard test method for lightweight particles in aggregate.

ASTM C131 Standard test method for resistance to degradation of small

DIVISION 03 - SECTION 03300 FIRST EDITION -DECEMBER 2016

ASTM C289 Standard test method for potential alkali-silica reactivity of

ASTM C535 Standard test method for Resistance to Degradation of Large

ASTM C1260 Standard test method for potential alkali reactivity of

BS 812-105.1 Testing aggregates. Methods for determination of particle

BS 882 Specification for Aggregates from Natural Sources for

BS EN 933-1 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates. Determination

BS EN 933-2 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates. Determination

BS EN 933-7 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates. Determination

BS EN 1367-4 Tests for thermal and weathering properties of aggregates.

BS EN 1744-1 Tests for chemical properties of aggregates. Chemical

BS 1305 Specifications for batch type concrete mixers.

ASTM C494 Chemical Admixtures for Concrete.

BS EN 480-1 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods.

DIVISION 03 - SECTION 03300 FIRST EDITION -DECEMBER 2016

BS EN 480-2 Admixtures for concrete mortar and grout. Test methods.

BS EN 480-4 Admixtures for concrete mortar and grout. Test methods.

BS EN 480-5 Admixtures for concrete mortar and grout. Test methods.

BS EN 480-6 Admixtures for concrete mortar and grout. Test methods.

BS EN 480-10 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods.

BS EN 480-12 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods.

Determination of the alkali content of admixtures.

BS 5075 Concrete admixture

ASTM D512 Standard test methods for chloride ion in water.

ASTM D516 Standard test method for sulfate in water.

BS 3148 Methods of test for water for making concrete.

DIN 1048-5 Testing Concrete – Water Permeability

ACI 301 Structural Concrete for Buildings

ACI 304 Recommended Practices for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting

ACI 305R Hot Weather Concreting.

ACI 308 Standard Practices for Curing Concrete.

ASTM C33 Specifications for Concrete Aggregate.

DIVISION 03 - SECTION 03300 FIRST EDITION -DECEMBER 2016

ASTM C94 Ready-Mixed Concrete.

ASTM C143 Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Cement

ASTM C232 Standard test methods for bleeding of concrete.

ASTM C1064 Standard test method for temperature of freshly mixed

ASTM C1202 Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete’s