Complete the sentences with the present simple or present continuous form of the verbs in brackets.

Use contractions
where possible.
She_____________________________ (run) because she's late for her lesson.
Our teacher always_____________________________ (give) us lots of homework.
We_____________________________ (not want) to go to the concert.
What time_____________________________ (you / meet) Pete tomorrow?
I_____________________________ (not work) today. I'm on holiday.
English _____________________________ (speak) in Jamaica.
Archie_____________________________ (not use) his computer at the moment.
_____________________________ (Tony / live) near the park?

Dynamic Verbs and Stative Verbs

1. Actually, that _____________________________ (sound) wonderful.
2. We _____________________________ (cook) right now.
3. I _____________________________ (promise) to be back soon.
4. Frank and his wife _____________________________ (disagree) on this matter.
5. He _____________________________ (own) several large companies.
6. _____________________________ you _____________________________ (hear) Richard's voice now?

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple, Past Continuous or Past Perfect
Simple.
1. They .................................... (get) to the airport as the plane was landing.
2. The shoes ..................................... (buy) the previous day.
3. I fell while/as I .................................... (run) for the bus.
4. What .................................... she .................................... (say) when he asked her to marry him?
5. When I was a student, I .................................... (not have) much money.
6. I was happy to see her, because we .................................... (not see) each other for years.
7. By the time we got to the shop, a long queue .................................... already .................................... (form) outside.

Choose present perfect simple or continuous 2

1) I _________________________________________ (not/do) the housework yet.
2) They _________________________________________ (study) very hard recently.
3) She _________________________________________ (promise) to help many times.
4) He _________________________________________ (clean) the kitchen. Everything is sparkling clean.
5) She _________________________________________ (write) her essay and
_________________________________________ (send) it to her professor.
6) He _________________________________________ (see) the film 'The King's Speech' about six times.
7) We _________________________________________ (paint) our living room. I think it looks a lot better.
8) She _________________________________________ (take) French lessons lately.

Past perfect simple / continuous

1. He (marry) _________________________________________ her two years before we met.

2. I (want / always) _________________________________________ to travel. That's why I was delighted to go abroad with
them.

3. She was no stranger to him. They (be introduced) _________________________________________ to each other a few
days before.
 4. We (stay) _________________________________________ there since 1980, you know.

5. I (stay / never) _________________________________________ in London before. How expensive hotels are!

6. Did I tell you that when I saw you, I realized that we (meet / already) _________________________________________?

7. James told me you (buy) _________________________________________ the old vicarage two years before your son's
birth.

Complete the sentences for situations in the past. Decide which tense you need to use.

1. A plumber (come) _________________________________________ to our house yesterday.

2. He (want) _________________________________________ to repair our washing machine that (break)
_________________________________________ a few days before.
3. Before he (ring) _________________________________________ at my door, he (look)
_________________________________________ for a parking space for about ten minutes.
4. While the plumber (repair) _________________________________________ the washing machine, I (watch)
_________________________________________ the news.
5. Suddenly, I (realize) _________________________________________ that they (show)
_________________________________________ our street on TV.
6. The reporter (say) _________________________________________ that a car (crash)
_______________________________________ into a stop sign just before reaching the crossroads.
7. While I (listen) _________________________________________ carefully to what (happen) , someone (knock)
_________________________________________ at my door.
8. I (open) _________________________________________ the door and (see)
_________________________________________ a police officer standing there.
9. He (ask) _________________________________________ for the plumber.

10. As it (turn) _________________________________________ out, it

(be)_______________________________________ our plumber’s car that
(roll)________________________________________ down the street.
11. In his haste, the plumber (forget) ______________________________________ to put the handbrake on.

Sense verbs (Hear, see, etc.) + object + infinitive or –ing

We can use either the infinitive without to or the -ing form after the object of verbs such as hear, see, notice, watch. The
infinitive without to often emphasizes the whole action or event which someone hears or sees. The -ing form usually
emphasizes an action or event which is in progress or not yet completed.
Compare

He saw her drive off with a young man in the passenger seat. The speaker observed the whole event.

Maria heard him coming up the stairs towards her room, and The action was in progress, happening, but not
felt scared. completed.

The -ing form can also emphasize that an action or event is repeated:
We watched them running back and forth, loading and unloading the trucks and taking boxes in and out of the building.
After can or could with one of these verbs, we always use the -ing form, not the infinitive:
I can hear people talking. They must be in the next room.
Not: I can hear people to talk.

should/ ought to/had better

There are three auxiliary verbs that you can use to give advice. They are should, ought to, and had better.
You should put cool water on a burn.
You ought to put cool water on a burn.
You had better put cool water on a burn.
Although all three have the meaning of should, "had better" is stronger because it implies a negative consequence if you
don't follow the advice. Another difference is that usually ought to and had better are not used with questions.
Should I put cool water on a burn?
Ought I to put cool water on a burn?
Had better I put cool water on a burn?
There is a difference in the negative form as well. You can make a contraction only with the verb should, not the other two
(see examples below). Also, note the position of the word not in the negative sentence below. The word not goes
after should and had better but in the middle of ought to ("ought not to").
Negative Sentence Contraction

You should not put hot water on a burn. You shouldn't put hot water on a burn.

You ought not to put hot water on a burn. (There is no contraction.)

You had better not put hot water on a burn. (There is no contraction.)

Practice
Write sentences to give advice. Use the verb and the information in parentheses.
example
What should I do if someone's heart stops beating? (should/do CPR)
You should do CPR.

1. What should I do if someone is bleeding a lot? (should/apply a bandage and put pressure on the wound)

____________________________________________________________________________

2. What should I do if someone has a sprain? (ought to/put ice and a bandage on the joint)

_________________________________________________________________________

3. What should I do if someone is choking and can't breathe? (had better/do abdominal thrusts)

_________________________________________________________________________

4. What should I do if someone has a bee sting? (had better/remove the stinger)

_________________________________________________________________________

5. What should I do if someone goes into shock? (ought to/lay the victim on his back and elevate his legs)

_________________________________________________________________________

To, in order to, so as to, so that… (can/ could)

These structures express purpose and answer the question why something is done.
To We use 'to + verb' to say why we do something.
Examples: I'm going to Ireland to visit my family.
I went to the post office to buy some stamps.

In order to

So as to We can also use 'in order to' or 'so as to'.

Examples: I'm going to Ireland in order to visit my family.

I went to the post office so as to buy some stamps.

Note 1- 'in order to' and 'so as to' are more common before stative verbs like: be, have,
know, appear, seem, understand, etc.

Example: she left work early in order to be at home with the children.

2- Before a negative infinitive, we normally use 'so as' or 'in order'.

Example: I am leaving now so as not to be late. (not: I am leaving now not to be late).
3- Do not use 'for' before the infinitive of purpose.
Example: I phoned Jenny to invite her to dinner. (not: I phoned Jenny for invite her to dinner).

So that This structure is also frequently used to talk about purpose.

It is normally followed by modal such as can or will.

Example: I am saving money so that I can buy a new car.

1. I'm studying very hard at the moment____________________ pass my exams next month.

2. I bought a dictionary____________________ help with my vocabulary.

3. I went to bed early ____________________ I wouldn't be tired in the morning.

4. I have to get up early. I set the alarm for five o'clock ____________________ oversleep.

5. I waited for an hour____________________ I could meet her.

6. Some people do not eat before exercises____________________ feel nauseated.

7. Do exercise regularly ____________________ have excellent health and well-being.

8. My sister gave English lessons____________________ earn some pin money.

9. Jenny is a very nice person. She is always prompt____________________ help her friends.

10. They took the taxi____________________ waste time.

11. I'm going to Australia ____________________ forget my English.

12. Make sure your bags are tagged ____________________ you can identify them later.

The difference between the gerund and the present participle

Since the simple gerund and the present participle have the same form (verb-ing), sometimes it can be
difficult to decide whether an -ing form is a gerund or a present participle.
It may be worth remembering that a gerund always functions as a noun:

Function Example sentence

Subject Hiking can be a relaxing and rewarding activity.

Gerund as a noun (object or subject of a sentence).

Complement What I really like is travelling to other countries.

Object of a verb Jill suggested going for a drink.

Gerund as a verb to connect two clauses.

Object of a preposition He rushed out of the room without saying a word.

Object of a prepositional verb Could you give up smoking?

Part of a compound noun We had no drinking water left.

The present participle has the following functions:

Function Example sentence

Continuous aspect I wasn't listening.

What have you been doing?
You must be joking.
I happened to be passing your house.
Adjective The survey revealed some worrying results.
The results of the survey were/seemed worrying.

Participle clauses The man driving the car was not injured.
Tom lost his keys (while) walking through the park.
Opening the envelope, I found two concert tickets.
Having nothing left to do, Paula went home.

Gerund after: when – while – before – after

After opening the envelope, I found two concert tickets.

Distinguishing between Participles and Gerunds - Exercise 3

Directions: identify the verbal as a present participle or gerund. If the verbal is a participle, write the noun that it
is modifying. If the verbal is a gerund, write its function (subject, direct object, appositive, object of preposition,
subjective complement).

1. The candidate getting the most votes wins the election.

2. After resting for an hour, you will feel much better.

3. Reading a good novel always gives me pleasure.

4. Clearing his throat, Bill began to give his speech.

5. They enjoyed taking long walks on the trail.

6. We won't eat any of the turkey roasting in your oven.

7. His profession, teaching English to immigrants, occupied a great deal of his time.

8. The magazine's cover, appealing to younger readers, will undoubtedly boost sales this month.

9. The judges, talking at length among themselves, finally gave the award to the Beagle.

10. Mary's downfall is eating snacks between meals.

I wish / if only- present

1. Bruce wishes he _________________________________ (have) more money so he could buy a new sweater.

2. I wish I _________________________________ (be) taller so that I could be in the basketball team.

3. I wish you _________________________________ (stop) watching television while I am talking to you.

4. I wish you _________________________________ (do) that. It annoys me.

5. I wish the holidays _________________________________ (come) so we could go off to the seaside.

Past
Expressing regret:If only / I wish + past perfect
Example:If only I had woken up early. (I didn't wake up early and I missed my bus.)

Use:
To express a regret.
The action is past.

WISH OR REGRET?
I wish I _________________________________ to him yesterday. (talk)
I need help badly. If only you _________________________________ help me. (can)
My old car often breaks down. I wish I __________________________ a new car. (can- buy)
He didn't pass the exam. If only he_________________________________ hard. (study)
She was absent. I wish she _________________________________ the conference. (attend)
What a beautiful house! I wish I ___________________________a house like this one. (have)

Future Continuous and Future Perfect

Read the grammar explanation and do the exercise.

The future continuous (will be + ‘ing’ form) and the future perfect (will have + past participle) tenses are used to
talk about events in the future.

Future continuous
Don’t ring at 8 o’clock. I’ll be watching Who Wants to be a Millionaire.
This time tomorrow we’ll be sitting on the beach. I can’t wait!
We use the future continuous to talk about something that will be in progress at or around a time in the future.

Don’t phone grandma now, she’ll be having dinner.

The kids are very quiet. They’ll be doing something wrong, I know it!
These sentences are not about the future but we can use the future continuous to talk about what we assume is
happening at the moment.

Future Perfect
Do you think you will have finished it by next Thursday?
In 5 years time I’ll have finished university and I’ll be able to earn some money at last.
We use the future perfect to say that something will be finished by a particular time in the future.

We often use the future perfect with ‘by’ or ‘in’

I think astronauts will have landed on Mars by the year 2020.

I’ll have finished in an hour and then you can use the computer.
‘By’ means ‘not later than a particular time’ and ‘in’ means 'within a period of time’. We don’t know exactly when
something will finish.

I promise I’ll have done all the work by next Saturday.

We don’t know exactly when he will finish the work – maybe Thursday, maybe Friday – but definitely before
Saturday.
Perfect Modal Verbs: modal verb + have + past participle
Unless is an alternative subordinating conjunction for some conditional clauses. It has a negative meaning, often
the same as If....... not. Unless can only be used in real conditions.

If you don’t hurry, you will be late

- Unless you study hard this term, you are unlikely to pass the exam.
= If you don’t study hard this term, you are unlikely to pass the exam.

REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES, USING UNLESS INSTEAD OF IF ...NOT.

1. If you don’t know the answer to the question, don’t put your hand up.
Unless you know the answers to the question, don’t put your hand up.
2. If it doesn’t rain tonight, we’ll water the trees tomorrow.
____________________________________________________
3. If he doesn’t wear his scarf and his jumper, he will catch a cold.
____________________________________________________
4. A man can’t join the army if he isn’t good health.
____________________________________________________
5. If you don’t phone me from London twice a week, I will be really upset.
______________________________________________________
6. If the bridge hasn’t been repaired, we won’t be able to cross the river.
_______________________________________________________
7. We will be late if we don’t take a taxi.
_______________________________________________________
 REPORTED SPEECH
OR DERS AND REQUESTS - introducing verbs: order, tell, ask

Look at the blackboard, EXERCISE 1

children!
1.- ‘Kevin, don’t touch my things again’ – his

brother said

______________________________________
The teacher ordered the children to look at the blackboard.
______________________________________
Don’t leave your things all over
the place, Sue!
2.- ‘Can you lend me your car for the weekend,
Mum?’ – Cathy said
______________________________________

______________________________________

Her mother told Sue not to leave her things all over the place 3.- ‘Leave your umbrellas outside the museum,

please’ – the guide said

Will you take me out for a walk, please? ______________________________________

______________________________________

4.- ‘Don’t park here, sir’ – the policeman said

______________________________________
The dog asked me to take him out for a walk
______________________________________

Mum, give me something to

eat!
5.- ‘Could you show me that blue sweater in the

shop window, please?’ – the woman said

______________________________________

______________________________________

The boy told her mother to give him something to eat

6.- ‘Will you come with me to Susan’s party,

Don’t close your mouth,
Mr. Jones, please. John?’ – Mary said

______________________________________

______________________________________

The dentist asked Mr. Jones not to close his mouth.

7.- ‘Will you please not come with your dog into

the restaurant?’ – the waiter said

______________________________________

______________________________________

8.- ‘Don’t say anything to your parents, ok?’ – she

said
 STATEMENTS - introducing verbs: say, tell, explain, think, etc. ...

EXERCISE 2
Sorry, Mr. Jones is
out this morning. 1.- ‘I think there is a bus at five o’clock’

– my brother said
______________________________________

______________________________________
The secretary told me that Mr. Jones was out
that morning.
You have to fill in this form 2.- ‘She broke the glasses when she
and submit it in the office
was washing up’ – he said
upstairs
______________________________________

______________________________________

3.- ‘They can’t come because they are busy’

– Susan said
The clerk explained to
me that I had to fill in that form and submit it ______________________________________
in the office upstairs.
______________________________________

I have been
promoted. 4.- ‘I’ll do my homework tomorrow’ – the

child told his mother

______________________________________

______________________________________

5.- ‘We have been to Paris twice’ – she said

The clerk told his wife that he had been
promoted ______________________________________

______________________________________
I know the answer

6.- ‘The boys are playing in the garden now’

– she said
______________________________________

______________________________________
The girl said that she knew the answer

7.- ‘I don’t know your new boyfriend’ – she

told Sheila
______________________________________

______________________________________

8.- ‘Someone brought a parcel for you last

week’ – she told me

______________________________________
 QUESTIONS - introducing verbs: ask, wonder, want to know

What’s your name and

address, sir?

EXERCISE 3

1.- ‘Where do you live, Mr. Sallies?’ – the policeman

The policeman wanted to know what my name and address was. asked

______________________________________
Where’s my coffee? ______________________________________

2.- ‘Are you busy, Tom?’ – Mary asked

He wondered where his coffee was. ______________________________________

______________________________________

Are you coming to my

party next Friday, 3.- ‘Have you seen my brother?’ – she asked me
Susan?
______________________________________

______________________________________

She asked Susan if she was coming to her party the following 4.- ‘How are you going to Italy?’ – he asked me
Friday.
______________________________________

______________________________________
Did you see the match last
night?
5.- ‘Do you like classical music, Sue?’ – I asked

______________________________________

He asked me if I had seen the match the night before. ______________________________________

6.- ‘How much did you pay for that car?’ – he asked
How many miles have
we run? me

______________________________________

______________________________________

She wanted to know how many miles they had run.

7.- ‘When are you going on holiday?’ – she asked

her brother

______________________________________

______________________________________

ALL TYPES
8.- ‘Did you close the windows last night, Terry?’ –
EXERCISE 4
his mother asked
1.- ‘Do you wear a uniform at school?’
Peter asked me ... 2.- ‘Do______________________________________
these exercises for tomorrow, children’
The teacher told the children ...
______________________________________

9.- ‘Why are you still in bed?’ – I asked her

 18.- ‘When did you sell your old car?’
3.- Harry, don’t play with matches’ He wanted to know …
His mother told Harry ...

19.- ‘Can you tell me where the station is, sir?’

4.- There is a question I want to ask’ She asked the man …
Sue said ...

20.- ‘Is this today’s newspaper, Sue?’

5.- ‘We’ll have a party next weekend’ Sue’s father asked her …
She said ...

21.- ‘George, go to the blackboard and don’t be a

6.- ‘Nobody knows the answer’ nuisance’
He said ... The teacher told George …

7.- ‘How many questions are there?’ 22.- ‘Those flowers are very nice. I like them’
John asked ... Mary said ...

8.- ‘Have you been to Italy, Mary?’ 23.- ‘Will you buy the paper on your way to work, please?’
Mr. Jones asked Mary ... My mother asked me ...

9.- ‘Don’t touch any of my things, Mark’ 24 ‘Can you buy some bread on your way back home,
She ordered Mark ... please?’
She asked me ...

10.- ‘It’s going to rain soon’

I said ... 25.- ‘Don’t switch off the radio’
She told me ...

11.- ‘I lost my handbag yesterday’

She said … 26.- ‘Where did you go on holiday?’
She asked me ...

12.- ‘Listen to those birds in the garden’

Susan told her friend … 27.- Look at him. He’s playing the fool again’
Susan told me ...

13.- ‘Could you do me a favour?’

Tom asked Susan ... 28.- Open the window. It’s hot in this room’
His mother told him…

14.- ‘Can you give me something to eat, madam?’

The beggar asked the woman ... 29.- ‘Give me a sandwich, please. I’m hungry’
Tom told his mother ...

15.- ‘How much is this box of chocolates?’

The customer asked me … 30.- Where have you been all day?’
My father asked me ...

16.- ‘This exercise is a bit difficult, but you won’t have any
problem if you pay attention’ 31.- ‘Don’t drop those plates’
The teacher explained … Sheila told her friend ...

32.-‘I know what you mean’

He said ...

17.- ‘Can you keep this secret, Susan?’

Susan’s friend asked her ...

ALL TYPES
EXERCISE 5

1. Are you going to study for the exam? - she asked

3. Can you wait for a while, please? - he said

2. Can you ride a horse, Sue? - he asked
 25. I’m going to show you something very interesting
4. Did you enjoy yourself at the party last - Susan told me
Saturday? - she asked him

26. I’ve got up at six o’clock this morning and I’m

5. Did you go shopping last Saturday? - she asked very tired - Terry said

6. Do you know my brother Harry? - he asked me 27. It may be too late - he said

7. Don’t argue with me! - his father said 28. Learn all these new words for tomorrow - the
teacher said

8. Don’t ask me any more questions, Mary - Susan

said 29. Mary, pass me the sugar, please - Harry said

9. Don’t laugh at him - my mother told me 30. She left the office two hours ago - he said

10. Don’t make plans for your holiday yet - he told us 31. Show me your new CDs, David - I said

11. Don’t talk to me when I’m studying - she told me 32. Soldiers, don’t leave your position! - the sergeant
said

12. Everybody is hungry - she said

33. Susan, stop crying - her mother said

13. Have you got any brothers or sisters? - I asked

him 34. The postman didn’t deliver yesterday - she said

14. Have you seen Peter today? - the teacher asked 35. There’s been a terrible accident at the crossroads
the students - John said

15. How much is this sweater? - she asked the shop 36. They are getting married next week - she said
assistant

37. This exercise is terrible. I can’t do it now - she

16. How old is your new boyfriend, Sue? - her father said
asked

38. Tom, the phone is ringing - she said

17. I can run faster than anyone - the boy told his
friends
39. We’ll go in this car - they said

18. I didn’t break it - the child said

40. We’ll visit you when we go to Scotland next
summer - they told me
19. I haven’t finished eating yet - he said

20. I met him here two days ago - he said

21. I think she will be very happy in England - he

said

22. I want to play with you, Sue - he said

23. I won’t be able to finish it by tomorrow - he said

24. I’ll finish soon - she told us