• The first model of atom was proposed by J. J. Thomson in 1898.

According to this model, the

positive charge of the atom is uniformly distributed throughout the volume of the atom and the
negatively charged electrons are embedded in it like seeds in a watermelon. This model was
picturesquely called plum pudding model of the atom. However subsequent studies on atoms, as
described in this chapter, showed that the distribution of the electrons and positive charges are
very different from that proposed in this model.

• Ernst Rutherford was engaged in experiments on α-particles emitted by some radioactive

elements. According to this the entire positive charge and most of the mass of the atom is
concentrated in a small volume called the nucleus with electrons revolving around the nucleus just
as planets revolve around the sun.

• In the early nineteenth century it was also established that each element is associated with a
characteristic spectrum of radiation, for example, hydrogen always gives a set of lines with fixed
relative position between the lines. This fact suggested an intimate relationship between the
internal structure of an atom and the spectrum of radiation emitted by it. Rutherford’s nuclear
model was a major step towards how we see the atom today. However, it could not explain why
atoms emit light of only discrete wavelengths. How could an atom as simple as hydrogen,
consisting of a single electron and a single proton, emit a complex spectrum of specific
wavelengths?

α-particle scattering and Rutherford Atomic model: -

• In one of their experiments, as shown in Figure, they directed a beam of 5.5 MeV α-particles
emitted from bismuth radioactive source at a thin metal foil made of gold. Figure shows a
schematic diagram of this experiment.

• Alpha-particles emitted by a bismuth radioactive source were collimated into a narrow beam by
their passage through lead bricks. The beam was allowed to fall on a thin foil of gold of thickness
2.1 × 10⁻⁷ m. The scattered alpha-particles were observed through a rotatable detector consisting
of zinc sulphide screen and a microscope.

• The scattered alpha-particles on striking the screen produced brief light flashes or scintillations.
These flashes may be viewed through a microscope and the distribution of the number of
scattered particles may be studied as a function of angle of scattering.

• A typical graph of the total number of α-particles scattered at different angles, in a given interval of
 time, is shown in Figure. The dots in this figure represent the data points and the solid curve is the
theoretical prediction based on the assumption that the target atom has a small, dense, positively
charged nucleus. Many of the α-particles pass through the foil.

• It means that they do not suffer any collisions. Only about 0.14% of the incident α-particles scatter
by more than 1° and about 1 in 8000 deflect by more than 90°. Rutherford argued that, to deflect
the α-particle backwards, it must experience a large repulsive force. This force could be provided if
the greater part of the mass of the atom and its positive charge were concentrated tightly at its
centre. Then the incoming α-particle could get very close to the positive charge without
penetrating it, and such a close encounter would result in a large deflection. This agreement
supported the hypothesis of the nuclear atom. This is why Rutherford is credited with the discovery
of the nucleus

• The trajectory traced by an α-particle depends on the impact parameter, b of collision. The impact
parameter is the perpendicular distance of the initial velocity vector of the α-particle from the
centre of the nucleus. A given beam of α-particles has a distribution of impact parameters b, so
that the beam is scattered in various directions with different probabilities . (In a beam, all particles
have nearly same kinetic energy.) It is seen that an α-particle close to the nucleus (small impact
parameter) suffers large scattering. In case of head-on collision, the impact parameter is minimum
and the α-particle rebounds back (θ π). For a large impact parameter, the α-particle goes nearly
undeviated and has a small deflection (θ 0)

• The fact that only a small fraction of the number of incident particles rebound back indicates that
the number of α-particles undergoing head on collision is small. This, in turn, implies that the mass
of the atom is concentrated in a small volume. Rutherford scattering therefore, is a powerful way to
determine an upper limit to the size of the nucleus

Example-In a Geiger-Marsden experiment, what is the distance of closest approach to the nucleus
of a 7.7 MeV α-particle before it comes momentarily to rest and reverses its direction?

Outcomes of Rutherford’s model-

• In Rutherford’s nuclear model of the atom, the entire positive charge and most of the mass of the
atom are concentrated in the nucleus with the electrons some distance away.

• The electrons would be moving in orbits about the nucleus just as the planets do around the sun.

• Most of an atom is empty space. With the atom being largely empty space, it is easy to see why
most α-particles go right through a thin metal foil. However, when α-particle happens to come near
 a nucleus, the intense electric field there scatters it through a large angle. The atomic electrons,
being so light, do not appreciably affect the α-particles.

• The Rutherford nuclear model of the atom which involves classical concepts, pictures the atom as
an electrically neutral sphere consisting of a very small, massive and positively charged nucleus at
the centre surrounded by the revolving electrons in their respective dynamically stable orbits. The
electrostatic force of attraction, Fe between the revolving electrons and the nucleus provides the
requisite centripetal force (Fc ) to keep them in their orbits. Thus, for a dynamically stable orbit in a
hydrogen atom

Overview of Rutherford model: -

airspeeds

Limitation of Rutherford model: -

1. As per Electro-magnetic wave theory if any charged particle is accelerated then it emits certain
waves known as Electro-magnetic waves.

Due to Emission of these EM waves, the energy of the system continuously decreases, so does its
radius and hence it keeps on coming closer to nucleus ultimately falling Inside it.

2. It was seen that every element had a characteristic wavelengths (spectrum) that it keeps on
emitting. These set of wavelengths were different for different atoms and this was known as
characteristic Spectrum. Rutherford couldn’t explain this spectrum.

Example Choose the correct alternative from the clues given at the end of the each statement:

(a) The size of the nucleus in Thomson’s model is .......... the atomic size in Rutherford’s model. (much
greater than/no different from/much less than.)

(b) In the ground state of .......... electrons are in stable equilibrium, while in .......... electrons always
experience a net force. (Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)

(c) A classical atom based on .......... is doomed to collapse. (Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)

(d) An atom has a nearly continuous mass distribution in a .......... but has a highly non-uniform mass
distribution in .......... (Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)

(e) The positively charged part of the atom possesses most of the mass in .......... (Rutherford’s
model/both the models.)

Example- An alpha particle of energy 5MeV is scattered through 180° by a fixed uranium nucleus.
The distance of closest approach is of the order of

1. 10⁻¹⁰ m

2. 10⁻¹⁰ cm

3. 10⁻¹² cm

4. 10⁻¹⁵ cm

Bohr's Model: -

It was Niels Bohr (1885 – 1962) who made certain modifications in this model by adding the ideas of
the newly developing quantum hypothesis. Niels Bohr studied in Rutherford’s laboratory for several
months in 1912 and he was convinced about the validity of Rutherford nuclear model. Faced with the
dilemma as discussed above, Bohr, in 1913, concluded that in spite of the success of
electromagnetic theory in explaining large-scale phenomena, it could not be applied to the processes
at the atomic scale. It became clear that a fairly radical departure from the established principles of
classical mechanics and electromagnetism would be needed to understand the structure of atoms
and the relation of atomic structure to atomic spectra. Bohr combined classical and early quantum
concepts and gave his theory in the form of three postulates. These are :

(i) Bohr’s first postulate was that an electron in an atom could revolve in certain stable orbits without
the emission of radiant energy, contrary to the predictions of electromagnetic theory. According to
this postulate, each atom has certain definite stable states in which it can exist, and each possible
state has definite total energy. These are called the stationary states of the atom.

(ii) Bohr’s second postulate defines these stable orbits. This postulate states that the electron
revolves around the nucleus only in those orbits for which the angular momentum is some integral
multiple of h/2π where h is the Planck’s constant (= 6.6 x 10⁻³⁴ J s). Thus the angular momentum (L)
of the orbiting electron is quantised. That is

L = nh/2π

(iii) Bohr’s third postulate incorporated into atomic theory the early quantum concepts that had been
developed by Planck and Einstein. It states that an electron might make a transition from one of its
specified non-radiating orbits to another of lower energy. When it does so, a photon is emitted
having energy equal to the energy difference between the initial and final states. The frequency of the
emitted photon is then given by

hγ = Ei – Ef

• The complete Bohr's model is only valid for a Single Electron System (Hydrogen-like atoms): -

Radius of nth orbit-

Velocity of Electron in nth orbit: -

Angular velocity of electron in nth orbit-

Frequency of Electron in nth orbit: -

Time period of Electron in nth orbit

Effective current in nth orbit: -

Magnetic moment of Electron in nth orbit: -

Energy of Electron in nth orbit: -

Example- In Bohr model of hydrogen atom, the ratio of the kinetic energy to the total energy of the
electron in a quantum state n is..................

It
Example- In Bohr model of hydrogen atom

1. The radius of nth orbit is proportional to n²

2. The total energy in nth orbit is inversely proportional to n

3. The angular momentum of the electron in an orbit is an integral multiple of h/2π

4. The magnitude of potential energy of electron in any orbit is greater than it’s kinetic energy

4
Example- The mass number of a nucleus is

1. Always less than its atomic number

2. Always more than its atomic number

3. Sometimes equal to its atomic number

4. Sometimes more than and sometimes equal to its atomic number.

Example- How many electrons, protons and neutrons are there in the atom of atomic number 11 and
mass number 24?

t.nl
Example-The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential
energies of the electron in this state?

KE 13.6 U 27
Example-Using the Bohr’s model calculate the speed of the electron in a hydrogen atom in the n = 1,
2, and 3 levels. (b) Calculate the orbital period in each of these levels.

Example -The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3×10⁻¹¹ m. What are the
radii of the n = 2 and n = 3 orbits?

Example-In accordance with the Bohr’s model, find the quantum number that characterises the
earth’s revolution around the sun in an orbit of radius 1.5 × 10¹¹ m with orbital speed 3 × 10⁴ m/s.
(Mass of earth = 6.0 × 10²⁴ kg.)

1. Find the radius and energy of a He+ ion in the states (a) n=1 (b) n=4 (c) n=10.

2. What is the energy of a hydrogen atom in the first excited state if the potential energy is taken to
be zero in the ground state?

3. Find the maximum angular speed of the electron of a hydrogen atom in a stationary orbit.

4.Calculate the magnetic dipole moment corresponding to the motion of the electron in the ground
state of a hydrogen atom.

5.Show that the ratio of the magnetic dipole moment to the angular momentum is a universal
constant for hydrogen like atoms are ions. Find its value.

6. If the atom ₁₀₀Fm²⁵⁷ follows the Bohr’s model and the radius of ₁₀₀Fm²⁵⁷ is n times the Bohr radius,
then find n. (2003)

(A) 100

(B) 200

B M Y
(C) 4

(D) 1/4

7- Highly excited states for hydrogen- like atoms( also called Rydberg states) with nuclear charge Ze
are defined by their principal quantum number n, where n >>>1. Which of the following Statements
are true:-

1. Relative change in the radii of 2 consecutive orbitals does not depend on z

B M 13
2. Relative change in the radii of 2 consecutive orbitals varies as 1/n

3. Relative change in the energy of 2 consecutive orbitals varies as 1/n³

4. Relative change in the angular momentum of 2 consecutive orbitals varies as 1/n

8. In the Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom, (1984)

(A) the radius of the nth orbit is proportional to n² .

(B) the total energy of the electron in the nth orbit is inversely proportional to n.
B M 16
(C) the angular momentum of the electron in an orbit is an integral multiple of h/π.

(D) the magnitude of the potential energy of the electron in any orbit is greater than its kinetic energy.

Paragraph for Questions 9-11 The key features of Bohr’s theory of spectrum of hydrogen atom is the
quantisation of angular momentum when an electron is revolving around a proton. We will extend this
to a general rotational motion to find quantised rotational energy of a diatomic molecule assuming it
to be rigid. The rule to be applied is Bohr’s quantisation condition. (2010)

9. A diatomic molecule has moment of inertia I. By Bohr’s quantisation condition its rotational energy
in the nth level (n = 0 is not allowed) is

B M 17 to 19

10. It is found that the excitation frequency from ground to the first excited state of rotation for the

1
CO molecule is close to 4 π × 10¹¹ Hz. Then the moment of inertia of CO molecule about its centre of
mass is close to [Take h = 2π × 10⁻³⁴ J s.]

(A) 2.76 × 10⁻⁴⁶ kg m² (B) 1.87 × 10⁻⁴⁶ kg m² (C) 4.67 × 10⁻⁴⁷ kg m² (D) 1.17 × 10⁻⁴⁷ kg m²

11. In CO molecule, the distance between C (mass = 12 u) and O (mass = 16 u), where 1 u = 5/3 ×
10⁻²⁷ kg, is close to

(A) 2.4 × 10⁻¹⁰ m (B) 1.9 × 10⁻¹⁰ m (C) 1.3 × 10⁻¹⁰ m (D) 4.4 × 10⁻¹¹ m

Free and Bounded Systems: -

Ionisation → The process of removing an electron from the boundation of nucleus is known as
Ionisation.

Ionisation energy- The amount of energy required to remove an electron from the boundation of
nucleus is known as ionisation energy.

Ionisation Potential→ The potential difference through which an electron must be accelerated, so
that it attains a kinetic Energy equivalent of Ionisation Energy is termed as Ionisation Potential.

Example-Find the binding energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom in the state n = 2. What is the
energy required for ionisation of the electron. If we supply double the ionisation energy what will be
the energy of ejected electron.

f3me
Example-A positive ion having just one electron ejects it if a photon of wavelength 228 Å or less is
absorbed by it. Identify the ion.

Excitation : -

The process of excitation always takes place if you supply the exact difference of energy between
the shells. We cannot absorb a partial photon or more than 1 photon so energy supplied should be
neither less nor more.

Example- A single electron orbits a stationary nucleus of a charge +Ze where Z is the atomic number
and A is mass number. It requires 47.2eV to excite the electron from second Bohr’s orbit to third
Bohr’s orbit. Find:-

1. The value of Z

2. The energy required to excite it from 3rd shell to 4th shell

3. The wavelength required to remove the electron from first orbit.

4. The kinetic energy, potential energy and the angular momentum in the first orbit.

5. The radius of first orbit.

De-excitation:-

• Stability of an electron is inversely proportional to its energy. Shells with higher n have higher
energy and lower stability and vice versa.

• Whenever any excitation takes place an electron jumps from a lower state( more stable) to a
higher state( less stable).

• It has a tendency to return back to return to the most stable state termed as ground state(n=1) and
this happens generally after an interval of 10⁻⁸ s after excitation.

• This process is known as de-excitation and the energy released in this process is equal to the
difference in the energy of states. This energy is released in the form of photons.

Example-A group of hydrogen atoms are prepared in n = 4 states. List the wavelengths that are
emitted as the atoms make transitions are return to n = 2 states.

Example-Find the wavelength of the radiation emitted by hydrogen in the transitions (a) n = 3 to n =
2, (b) n = 5 to n = 4 and (c) n = 10 to n = 9.

io aTaE
Example-Calculate the smallest wavelength of radiation that may be emitted by (a) hydrogen, (b) He+
and (c) Li++

Example-Radiation coming form transitions n = 2 to n = 1 of hydrogen atoms falls on helium ions in n

= 1 and n = 2 states. What are the possible transitions of helium ions as they absorb energy from the
radiation?
Example-A hydrogen atom in a state having a binding energy of 0⋅85 eV makes transition to a state
with excitation energy 10⋅2 eV. (a) Identify the quantum numbers n of the upper and the lower energy
states involved in the transition. (b) Find the wavelength of the emitted radiation.

on 41878nm 656nm 486nm

Example-A hydrogen atom in state n = 6 makes two successive transitions and reaches the ground
state. In the first transition a photon of 1⋅13 eV is emitted. (a) Find the energy of the photon emitted in
the second transition. (b) What is the value of n in the intermediate state?

in
Spectrometer, Absorption spectrum and Emission spectrum:-

• Spectrometer is a device which takes EM wave as an input, identifies whichever wavelengths are
present it and marks those wavelengths as bright and other wavelengths are marked dark. The
output is seen on a scale known as Spectrum.

Emission spectrum for hydrogen: -

E 13.6 3.4 10.2 e V
Lyman Series n n teen _i
o n 3 Ez 13.6 1.51 12.09e V
o 37 n 6
0.54 n 5 Ez 13.6 o 85 12.75 e V
o.gs n 4
1.51 n 3 Em 13.6 O 54 13.06 eV

13 G
y T v v ne Es 13.6 0.37 13.23 ev
t
reine
Aline
p line E east 13.6
I f f o 13 Sev
Lx Lp Ly
lo 2eU E Eph E 13.6e V

10.2EV E 12400 E 13 GeV

MA

E
13.612400 E
12400 A

12400 3 XL A 312400
lo 2 13.6

UV Range c 1215 60A 3 KAI 3911.7 A

Balmer Series In _n to n 21
O n O E 3.4 1.51 I 89 ev
o 37 n 6
0.54 n 5 Ez 3.4 0.85 2.55 V
0.85 n 4
y.gg
34 y F n 2
f ne En 3 4 O 37 3.03 V
13.6 i
i

E east _3.4 o 3 4 ev

f 89EV E Eph E 3.4 eV

1 89 eve E 3 4eV
12,4

12400 3 X 3 12400
1 89 3.4
 3647
I
mostly in visible Range

PaschanSeries In n to n 3
E 1.51 0.85 0.66EV
O n o
O 37 n 6 Ez I 51 0.54 o 97 EV
O54 n 5
4 I 51 O 37 1 the V
o.gs n Ez
1.51 n 3
34 n _2 Eleast 1.51 O I 51 EV
f ne
13 b E 1.51 e U
0.66 EVE Ep
0.66eV 12400 e l 51 EV
XloA

12400 s X OA 3 12400
O 66 151

18787.870A 3 X OA 38211.9 A

t
IR Range

Bracket Series In _n to n n
E 0.85 O 54 0 31 e V
O n
O37 n g Eze 0.85 0.37 0.48 eV
0.54 n 5 i
o 85 n y
1.51 n 3 Eeast O 85 O 0.85C V
3.4 ne 2
O31EV E E E o 85 eV
3G n I

O 31EV E 12h00 E 0.85 e V

Clearly from the range Paschan coal
and Bracket Series start to 12h00 AKA 3 12400
O 31 O 85
overlap
IR Raney 40,0000A XC A 3 14588 23

Pfund series n n ton _57

o nee E O 54 O 37 0 17 e V
O37 n s
0.54 n 5 E east 0.54 O O 54 e U
 o 85 n he
1.51 n 3 O 17 E E E O 54 EV
3.4 ne 2
n I OMeV E
124,00pA E O 54eV
13.6

12400 7 X 7 12400
1
Pfund series overlaps with 054

Bracket series 72941.170A X 3 22962.96 A

d
Humphrey Series n n ton _6 IR Range
Example-Whenever a photon is emitted by hydrogen in Balmer series, it is followed by another
photon in Lyman series. What wavelength does this latter photon correspond to ?

Example-The largest wavelength in the UV region of the hydrogen spectrum is 122nm. The smallest
wavelength in the IR region of hydrogen spectrum( to the nearest integer ) is

1. 802 nm

2. 823 nm

3. 1882 nm

4. 1648 nm

Example-The wavelength of the first spectral line in the balmer series of hydrogen atom is 6561°A.
The wavelength of the second spectral line in the Balmer series of singly ionised helium atom is

1. 1215 °A

2. 1640 °A

3. 2430 °A

4. 4687 °A
Example-The transition from n=4 to n=3 in a hydrogen like atom results in uv range. IR radiation will
be obtained in

1. 2 to 1

2. 3 to 2

3. 4 to 2

4. 5 to 4

Example-A hydrogen atom emits ultraviolet radiation of wavelength 102⋅5 nm. What are the quantum
numbers of the states involved in the transition?

Example-A gas of a hydrogen-like ions is prepared in a particular excited state n. It emits photons
having wavelength equal to the wavelength of the first line of the Lyman series together with photons
of five other wavelengths. Identify the gas and find the principal quantum number of the state n.
 Xin
Example- A hydrogen like atom of atomic number Z is in an excited state of 2n. It can emit a
maximum energy photon of 204 eV. It makes a transition from state 2n to state n and releases an
energy of 40.8 eV. Calculate n and Z in this process.

Example- Consider a hydrogen atom with its electron in the nth orbital. An electromagnetic radiation
of wavelength 90nm used to ionise atom. If the kinetic energy of the ejected electron is 10.4eV, then
the value of n is ( hc= 1242eV nm)

Example - A hydrogen-like atom (described by the Bohr’s model) is observed to emit six
wavelengths, originating from all possible transitions between a group of levels. These levels have
energies between -0.85 eV and -0.544 eV( including both the values)

1. Find the atomic number of the atom

2. Calculate the smallest wavelength emitted in these transitions.

( Take hc= 1240 eV-nm , ground state energy of hydrogen atom =-13.6 eV)

2 3

Example- A gas of identical hydrogen like atoms has some atoms in the lowest( ground ) energy level
A and has some atoms in a particular upper ( excited ) energy level B and there are no atoms in any
other energy level. The atoms of the gas make transition to a higher level by absorbing
Monochromatic light of photon of energy 2.7 eV. Subsequently the atom emits radiation of only six
different photons energies. Some of the emitted photons have energy equal to 2.7 eV, some
1989 8M have
energy more and some have energy less than 2.7eV.

1. Find the principle quantum number of initially excited state B.

2. Find the ionisation energy for the gas atoms.

3. Find the minimum and maximum energies of emitted photons.

Example- A particle of charge equal to that of an electron i.e -e and mass 208 times mass of an
electron (called Mu-meson) moves in a circular orbit around a nucleus of charge +3e.(Take the mass
of nucleus to be infinite). Assuming that the Bohr model of atom is applicable
1986 toGM
this system.

1. Derive an expression for the radius of the nth Bohr orbit.

2. Find the value of n for which the radius of orbit is approximately the same as that of the first Bohr
orbit of hydrogen atom.

3. Find the wavelength of photon emitted when Mu-meson jumps from n=3 to n=1.

Example- A doubly ionised lithium atom is hydrogen-like with an atomic number 3.

1. Find the wavelength of the radiation required to excite the electron in Li++ from first orbit to 3rd
orbit.

2. How many spectral lines are observed in the spectrum of the above excited system.

HI

c
Example-Suppose, in certain conditions only those transitions are allowed to hydrogen atoms in
which the principal quantum number n changes by 2. (a) Find the smallest wavelength emitted by
hydrogen. (b) List the wavelengths emitted by hydrogen in the visible range (380 nm to 780 nm).

1.Average lifetime of a hydrogen atom excited to n = 2 state is 10⁻⁸ s. Find the number of revolutions
made by the electron on the average before it jumps to the ground state.

cnns 8 LI
2.A beam of light having wavelengths distributed uniformly between 450 nm to 550 nm passes
through a sample of hydrogen gas. Which wavelength will have the least intensity in the transmitted
beam?
Ans

487nI

4.A parallel beam of light of a wavelength 100 nm passes through a sample of atomic hydrogen gas
in ground state. (a) Assume that when a photon supplies some of its energy to a hydrogen atom, the
rest of the energy appears as another photon moving in the same direction as the incident photon.
Neglecting the light emitted by the excited hydrogen atom in the direction of the incident beam, what
wavelengths may be observed in the transmitted beam? (b) A radiation detector is placed near the
gas to detect radiation coming perpendicular to the incident beam. Find the wavelengths of radiation
that may be detected by the detector.

la 100 nm 560 nm 3880mm b 103mm 121mm 654nm

5. Consider the spectral lines resulting from the transition n=2 to n=1 in the atoms and ions given
below. The shortest wavelength is produced by:-
Ans d
1. Hydrogen atom

2. Deuterium atom

3. Singly ionised helium

4. Doubly ionised lithium

6. As per bohr’s model, the minimum energy( in eV) required to remove an electron from ground state
of doubly ionised lithium (z=3) is
Ans d
1. 1.51

2. 13.6

3. 40.8

4. 122.4

7. Imagine an atom made up of a proton and a hypothetical atom of double the mass of the electron.
Apply bohr’s model and consider all possible transitions of this hypothetical particle to the first
excited state. The longest wavelength photon that will be emitted has a wavelength λ ( given in terms
of Rydberg constant R for hydrogen atom ) is equal to

1. 9/(5R)
Ans c
2. 36/(5R)

3. 18/(5R)

4. 4/R

8. The electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition from an excited state to ground state. Which
of the following statements is / are true:-

1. It’s kinetic energy increases and total and potential energy decrease

2. It’s kinetic energy decreases, potential energy increases and total energy remains same

3. It’s kinetic and total energy decreases but potential energy increases.

4. It’s kinetic, potential and total energy decreases.

Ans

10. A hydrogen atom and a Li++ ion are both in their second excited state. l₁ and l₂ are their
respective electronic angular momenta and E₁ and E₂ are modulus of their energies then

1. l₁ > l₂ and E₁ > E₂

2. l₁ = l₂ and E₁ < E₂

3. l₁ = l₂ and E₁ > E₂

4. l₁ < l₂ and E₁ < E₂

Aus

11. If the atom ₁₀₀Fm²⁵⁷ follows the bohr’s model and the radius of ₁₀₀Fm²⁵⁷ is n times Bohr radius
then find n

1. 100

2. 200

3. 4

4. 1/4

CAI

14. The electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition n₁ to n₂ where n₁ and n₂ are principal
quantum numbers of the 2 states. Assume the bohr’s model to be valid. The time period of electron
in the initial state is eight times that in the final state. Find the possible values of n₁ and n₂.

1. n₁=4 and n₂=2

2. n₁=8 and n₂=2

3. n₁=8 and n₂=1

4. n₁=6 and n₂=3

Ans a

15. The radius of the orbit of a hydrogen like atom is 4.5 a₀, where a₀ is the bohr’s radius. It’s orbital
angular momentum is 3h/2π. It is given that h is planks constant and R is Rydberg constant. The
possible wavelengths when the atom de- excites are

1. 9/32R

2. 9/16R

3. 9/5R

4. 4/3R
Ans

16. Hydrogen atom in its ground state is excited by the means of monochromatic radiation of
wavelength 975°A. How many different lines are possible in resulting spectrum. Calculate the longest
wavelength amongst them. You assume the ionisation energy for hydrogen atom as 13.6 eV.

5l
lsinyl.se
Passage- The key feature of bohr’s theory of spectrum of hydrogen atom is the quantisation of
angular momentum when an electron is revolving around a proton. We will extend this to a general
rotational motion to find quantised rotational energy of the diatomic molecule assuming it to be rigid.
The rule to be applied is bohr’s quantisation condition.

17. A diatomic molecule has a moment of inertia I. By bohr’s quantisation condition it’s rotational
energy in the nth level( n = 0 is not allowed ) is

1. h²/(8π²n²I)

2. h²/(8π²nI)

3. nh²/(8π²I)

4. n²h²/(8π²I)

inns
18. It is found that the excitation frequency from the ground to first excited state of rotation for CO
molecule is close to 4/π ×10¹¹ hz. The moment of inertia of the CO molecule about its centre of mass
is close to ( take h= 2π × 10⁻³⁴ Js)

1. 2.76 x 10⁻⁴⁶ kgm²

2. 1.87 x 10⁻⁴⁶ kgm²

3. 4.67 x 10⁻⁴⁷ kgm²

4. 1.17 x 10⁻⁴⁷ kgm²

inns
19. In a CO molecule, the distance between C( mass = 12 a.m.u ) and O ( mass = 16 a.m.u ), where 1
a.m.u = 5/3 10⁻²⁷ kg is close to

1. 2.4 x 10⁻¹⁰ m

2. 1.9 x 10⁻¹⁰ m

3. 1.3 x 10⁻¹⁰ m

4. 4.4 x 10⁻¹¹ m

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20. An electron is in an excited state of Li++ ion has angular momentum 3h/2π. The de Broglie
wavelength of the electron in this state is pπa₀ ( where a₀ = Bohr’s radius ). The value of p is

21. A hydrogen atom in its ground state is irradiated by light of wavelength 970⁰Α. hc/e =1.237 x10⁻⁶
eV m and the ground state energy of hydrogen atom as -13.6 eV, the number of lines present in the
emission spectrum is

22. If 13.6 eV energy is required to ionise the hydrogen atom, the the energy required to remove an
electron from n = 2 is

1. 10.2 eV

2. 0 eV

3. 3.4 eV

4. 6.8 eV
Ans c

23 which of the following have lowest ionisation potential?

1. Nitrogen

2. Ceasium

3. Argon

4. Oxygen
Ans b

24. Which of the following transitions in hydrogen atoms emit photons of highest frequency?

1. n=1 to n=2

2. n=2 to n=6

3. n=6 to n=2
Ans d
4. n=2 to n=1

Example-A hot gas emits radiation of wavelengths 46⋅0 nm, 82⋅8 nm and 103⋅5 nm only. Assume
that the atoms have only two excited states and the difference between consecutive energy levels
decreases as energy is increased. Taking the energy of the highest energy is increased. Taking the
energy of the highest energy state to be zero, find the energies of the ground state and the first
excited state.

18

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Matter waves(Dual nature of matter): -

Example- A particle of mass M at rest decays into two particles of masses m₁ and m₂ respectively
having non zero velocities. The ratio of de-broglie’s wavelength of these particles λ₁/λ₂ is

1. m₁/m₂

2. m₂/m₁

3. 1

4. √m₂/√m₁

Example- A proton has kinetic energy E=100keV which is equal to that of a photon. The wavelength
of photon is λ₂ and that of proton is λ₁. The ratio of λ₂÷λ₁ is proportional to

1. E²

2. √E

3. E⁻¹

4. 1/√E

I
Example- An α particle and a proton are accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 100
volts. After this their debroglie wavelength are λα and λp respectively. Find the ratio λp/λα to nearest
integer.

Example- If the kinetic energy of a free electron doubles, its debroglie wavelength changes by a
factor of

1. 2

2. 1/2

3. √2

4. 1/√2

Example- Photon of frequency γ has a momentum associated with it. If the speed of light is c, then
what is the momentum.

Example-A neutron having kinetic energy 12⋅5 eV collides with a hydrogen atom at rest. Neglect the
difference in mass between the neutron and the hydrogen atom and assume that the neutron does
not leave its line of motion. Find the possible kinetic energies of the neutron after the event.

Example-A hydrogen atom moving at speed u collides with another hydrogen atom at kept at rest.
Find the minimum value of u of which one of the atoms may get ionised . The mass of a hydrogen
atom = 1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg.

Example-A neutron moving with a speed u strikes a hydrogen atom in ground state moving towards
it with the same speed. Find the minimum speed of the neutron for which inelastic (completely or
partially) collision may take place. The mass of neutron ≈ mass of hydrogen = 1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg.

Example-When a photon is emitted by a hydrogen atom, the photon carries a momentum with it. (a)
Calculate the momentum carried by the photon when a hydrogen atom emits light of wavelength
656⋅3 nm (b) With what speed does the atom recoil during this transition? Take the mass of the
hydrogen atom = 1⋅67 ⋅ 10⁻²⁷ kg (c) Find the kinetic energy of recoil of the atom.

Example-When a photon is emitted form an atom, the atom recoils. The kinetic energy of recoil and
the energy of the photon come form the difference in energies between the states involved in the
transition. Suppose, a hydrogen atom changes its state from n = 3 to n = 2. Calculate the fractional
change in the wavelength of light emitted, due to the recoil.

Debroglies wavelength for Electron:-

• Consider an electron (mass m, charge e) accelerated from rest through a potential V. The kinetic
energy K of the electron equals the work done (eV) on it by the electric field:

KEelectron _eV 662 6110

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p p through 2xq.li x.iTv
which it was all 1.227 nm