REVISED CURRICULUM

OF
VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY

Curriculum Development Project

Sponsored by
Ministry of Science and Technology
Islamabad

UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION

H-9, ISLAMABAD
2001

1
 CURRICULUM DIVISION, UGC

Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shaikh Director General (C&T)

Mr. Muhammad Javed Khan Director Curriculum
Malik Ghulam Abbas Deputy Director
Miss Ghayyur Fatima Research Associate
Mr. Zaheer Ahmad Awan Education Officer

Composed by Ghafoor Ahmad, UGC, Regional Centre, Lahore

2
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 7
2. SCHEME OF STUDIES (Vet. Microbiology for DVM) 11
3. DETAIL OF COURSES -do- 12
4. SCHEME OF STUDIES (Postgraduate Cources) 26
5. DETAIL OF COURSES -do- 27
6. MINOR, DEFICIENCY & REFRESHER COURSES 49
7. POSTGRADUATE REFRESHER COURSE IN 50
Bacteriology Virology, Immunology & Epizootiology
6. RECOMMENDATIONS 53

3
 PREFACE
Curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a
nation. By looking at the curriculum of a subject, one can judge the state
of intellectual development and the state of progress of a nation. The
world has turned into a global village, new ideas and information are
pouring in a constant stream. It is, therefore, imperative to update our
curricula by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields of
knowledge.
In exercise of the powers conferred by Sub-section (1) of section
3 of the Federal Supervision of Curricula Textbooks and Maintenance of
Standards of Education Act 1976, the Federal Government vide
Notification No.D773/76-JEA (Cur.), dated December 4, 1976, appointed
University Grants Commission as the Competent Authority to look after
the Curriculum Revision Work beyond Class XII at Bachelor level and
onwards to all Degrees, Certificates and Diplomas awarded by Degree
Colleges, Universities and other Institutions of higher education.
In pursuance of the above decisions and directives, the
Commission is continually performing curriculum revision in collaboration
with the Universities. According to the decision of the 44th Vice-
Chancellors’ Committee, curriculum of a subject must be reviewed after
every 3 years. For the purpose, various Committees are constituted at
the national level comprising senior teachers nominated by the
Universities. Teachers from local degree colleges and experts from user
organizations, where required, are also included in these Committees.
The Curriculum Revision Committee on Veterinary Microbiology
in its meeting held in June, 2001 at the UGC, Regional Centre, Lahore
finalized the draft curriculum after due consideration of the comments
and suggestions received from the Universities and Colleges where the
subject under consideration is taught.
The Final draft prepared by the Curriculum Revision Committee
duly approved by competent authority is being circulated for
implementation by the Universities.

(PROF. DR. ALTAF ALI G. SHAIKH)

ADVISER (C&T)
June, 2001

4
5
6
INTRODUCTION
A meeting of the National Curriculum Revision Committee for
Veterinary Microbiology to finalize the draft syllabus prepared in its
preliminary meeting was held on June 21-23, 2001 at UGC, Regional
Centre, Lahore. The following attended the meeting:

1. Prof. Dr. M. Akram Munir Convener

Department of Vet. Microbiology
College of Veterinary Sciences,
Lahore.

2. Dr. Laique Ahmed Siddiqui Member

Chairman
Department of Veterinary Microbiology
Sindh Agriculture University,
Tandojam.

3. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Siddique Member

Department of Veterinary Microbiology
University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad.

4. Dr. M. Afzal, Member

CSO, Animal Sciences Division
Pakistan Agriculture Research Council,
P.O. NIH, Islamabad.

5. Dr. Mirza Ali Khan Member

Research Officer
Department of Microbiology,
Directorate of Veterinary Research Institute,
Government of NWFP,
Peshawar.

6. Dr. Abdul Salam Akhtar Member

Nominee of PVMC,
House No. 4, Street No.7,
Sector F-8/3, Islamabad.

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7. Dr. Masood Rabbani Member
Assistant Professor
Department of Veterinary Microbiology,
College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore.

8. Dr. Saeedullah Member

Department of Veterinary Microbiology
Institute of Animal Husbandry and Vet. Sciences,
Gomal University, D.I. Khan

9. Dr. Iftikhar Hussain Member

Associate Professor,
Department of Vet. Microbiology,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

10. Ms. Sumeera Akhtar Member

Lecturer,
Department of Microbiology,
College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore.

11. Dr. M. Safdar Anjum, Member/Secretary

Assistant Professor,
University College of Agriculture,
Rawalakot, AJK.

The meeting started with recitation from the Holy Quran by Dr.
Laique Ahmed Siddiqui.
Mr. Muhammad Javed Khan, Director Curriculum, UGC, welcome
the participants and briefed them of the obligations of the Commission for
review, revision and development of curricula beyond class-XII as per
provisions of the Act of Parliament, 1976. He suggested the committee to
go through the draft curriculum of Veterinary Microbiology which forms an
integral part of scheme of study for DVM, a specialization at MSc (Hons.)
and PhD degrees and review the same in light of comments and
suggestions as received from different universities/institutions and finalize
its recommendations to make it available to universities before 30th June,
2001. He stated that the objectives behind the whole exercise of reviewing
Vet. Sciences curricula to inculcate the latest knowledge amongst the
future graduates in the field of Veterinary Microbiology which occupies a

8
very important position and study of which helps in the productivity and
welfare of livestock, poultry and pet animals. The Director informed the
members that the present exercise of curriculum revision for Agriculture,
Basic Sciences, Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Animal
Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences is being carried out with the financial
support of Ministry of Science and Technology.
Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shaikh, Adviser (Curriculum and Training)
introduced the members of the committee of the different academic
programmes of the commission aimed at enhancing the academic
capabilities of in-service university/ college teachers. He suggested to the
members to devise the minimum baseline curriculum which every
university/college imparting education in this economically important sector
should offer. He emphasized inclusion of latest books in the list of
suggested readings so that new concepts and ideas are imparted to the
future graduates.
After opening remarks by the Director Curriculum and the Adviser
(C&T) the committee took up regular agenda. Prof. Dr. M. Akram Munir
was unanimously appointed as convener and Dr. M. Safdar Anjum as
Secretary of the Committee.
The Convener briefed the committee of the percentage of Animal
Husbandry and Veterinary Science courses in a composite DVM degree
programme offered at Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam v/v that
offered at other Universities/ institutions which have relatively lower weight-
age for animal husbandry courses and more emphasis on veterinary
sciences. It was, however, felt that the problem of two sets of the systems
of Veterinary Education be resolved at national level and if it is not possible
the courses of study for DVM degree be so adjusted so as to contain
reasonable percentage of courses on animal production. Likewise the
duration of the degree programme may also be adjusted if deemed
necessary. The contents of enclosed syllabi need to be taught to a
professional veterinary graduate, however, every university/institutions may
teach the syllabi under any title and number of credit hours. After
deliberating the problem at length, it was agreed to recommend the
syllabus, which in opinion of the committee may form minimal baseline and
latest available books be added for imparting the latest knowledge
amongst the students.

9
 The committee after discussing the existing curricula of Vet.
Microbiology at graduate and postgraduate levels, agreed to the uniform
draft curricula as detailed in the next pages:

10
 SCHEME OF STUDIES
OF
VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY FOR DVM

Title of the Courses

General Microbiology and Immunology
Systematic Bacteriology and Mycology
General Virology
Systematic Virology
Veterinary Epidemiology
Animal Food Hygiene
Poultry Health Monitoring

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 DETAIL OF COURSES

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

Theory

a) General Microbiology
Introduction to Microbiology: Definition and branches of
Microbiology, historical introduction including work of Pasteur, Koch, Lister
and recent developments. Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes.
Bacterial morphology: Shape, size, arrangement and differential
staining. General plan of the bacterial cell; nuclear apparatus, bacterial
cytoplasm, intracellular granules; cell wall and membrane, capsule,
endospore, flagella, fimbriae or pili, protoplast, spheroplast, L-forms, etc.
Bacterial Growth and Multiplication: Physico-chemical
requirements; pH, temperature, oxidation reduction potential, gaseous and
nutritional requirements, etc. Types of culture media; Bacterial
multiplication and growth curves, continuous culture. Bacterial
preservation.
Bacterial genetics: Mutation and mutagenesis: transposons,
conjugation, transformation, transduction, plasmids and their importance,
lysogeny, introduction to genetic engineering.
Fungi: Introduction to fungi, moulds and yeasts, growth
requirements and modes of replication.

b) Immunology
Introduction to immunity. Innate (non specific) immunity: natural
barriers of defense, phagocytes and complement system, etc. Acquired
immunity; types, immune responses.
Antigens and antigenicity: Essential features of antigens, epitope,
cross-reactivity, macrophage and antigen processing and presentation,
other antigen presenting cells, fate of foreign materials within the body.
Cells and organs of the immune system (birds and animals): B and
T lymphocytes, cell interactions, immuno-regulators, regulation of immune
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system, immune tolerance. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC): MHC
of domestic animals.
Immunoglobulins: Structure, isotypes, theories of antibody
formation, monoclonal antibodies and hybridomas, immunoglobulins of
domestic animals.
Complement system: Classical and alternative complement
pathways.
Hypersensitivity: Types and mechanisms with examples of
veterinary importance.
Vaccines and vaccination; Types of immunization procedures,
methods of vaccine production, vaccine administration, adverse
consequences of vaccination.
Immunomodulations: Suppression of immune system,
immunostimulants and immunopotentiators, adjuvants. Autoimmunity and
autoimmune diseases.

Practical
Safety in the microbiological laboratory, demonstration of
laboratory equipments, their basic functions and handling.
Microscope and microscopy: Bright field, dark field, phase
contrast, fluorescent, etc.
Sterilization and disinfection: Physical agents including moist heat,
dry heat, ionizing radiation, filtration, etc. Chemical agents including types,
factors influencing activity, evaluation of antimicrobial activity (phenol
coefficient).
Bacteriological media: Preparation and demonstration of various
culture media: (basic, enriched, selective, differential, enrichment, transport
and storage media).
Stains and staining: Simple (Loeffler's methylene blue staining,
differential (Gram's and acid fast), special (flagella, capsule, spores, etc.)
Methods of bacterial cultivation and growth.
Bacterial colonies: Types and characteristics.
Morphology: Shape and arrangement, micrometry and motility.
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 Antibiotic sensitivity testing.
Methods of antigen and hyperimmune sera preparation.
Demonstration of sero-diagnostic methods like precipitation and
agglutination.
Demonstration of delayed hypersensitivity testing.

Books recommended
1. Jawetz, E., 2000. Medical Microbiology 21th Ed, Prentice-Hall Intl, Ltd.,
London.
2. Dawes, I.W. and I. W. Sutherland. 1999. Microbial Physiology. 2nd
Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publ., Philadelphia.
3. Tizzard, I.R. 1999. An Introduction to Veterinary Immunology. W.B.
Saunders Co., London.
4. Khushi, M., A.R. Rizvi and M. Siddique, 1998. Manual of General
Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
5. Tortora, G.J., B.R. Funke and C.L. Case. 1997. Microbiology - An
Introduction. 6th Ed., Addison and Wesley Longman Inc., California.
6. Virella, G. 1997. Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 3rd Ed.,
Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore.
7. Cappuccino, J.G. and N. Sherman. 1996. Microbiology - A
Laboratory Manual. 4th Ed. Benjamin/Cum Publ. Co., California.
8. Talaro, K. and A. Talaro. 1996. Foundation in Microbiology. 2nd Ed.
Win C. Brown Publ., Iowa.
9. Vollum, R.L., D.G. Jamison and C.S. Cummins. 1994. Fairbrother’s
Textbook of Bacteriology 13th Ed. William Heinemann Medical
Books Ltd., London

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 SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY AND MYCOLOGY

Theory
a) Bacteriology
An overview of classification and nomenclature of bacteria.
Morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical activities,
resistance to physico-chemical agents, antigenic properties, toxins,
association with animal diseases, diagnosis and immuno-prophylaxis for
the following genera/groups:
Aerobic G+ve cocci; Streptococcus (equi, pyogenes, agalactiae,
dysgalactiae, faecalis, pneumoniae, uberis, etc). Staphylococcus (aureus,
intermedius, hycus, etc.), etc.
Facultative anaerobic G-ve rods: Escherichia coli, Salmonella
(gallinarum, pullorum, dublin, typhimurium, enteritidis, abortus, equi, etc.),
Shigella, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Yersinia, Vibrio, Pasteurella
(multocida, hemolytica), Haemophilus (paragallinarum, etc.), etc.
Aerobic non-spore forming G+ve rods: Corynebacterium
(diphtheriae, bovis, ovis, equi, renale, pyogenes), Listeria monocytogenes.
Erysipilothrix incidiosa.
Acid-fast bacteria: Mycobacterium (tuberculosis, bovis, avium and
murium), M. johnei, M. leprae and atypical mycobacteria, Nocardia.
Aerobic and anaerobic G+ve sporeforming rods: Bacillus anthracis
and anthracoides, Clostridium (tetani, botulinum, oedematiens, septicum,
chauvoei, welchii, etc.) Dermatophilus congolenses, etc.
Anaerobic G-ve rods: Bacteriodes, fusobacterium,
Actinomycetes: Actinomyces bovis, etc.
Aerobic and Anaerobic spirochaetes: Borrelia anserina, Leptospira
(canicola, pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, etc). Treponema and Spirillum
species.
Aerobic/Microaerophilic G-ve helical rods: Campylobacter (foetus,
veneralis, intestinalis, bubulas, jejuni, coli), etc.

15
 Aerobic G-ve rods and cocci: Actinobacillus lignieresi, Brucella
(abortus, melitensis suis, ovis, canis), Francicella tularensis. Moraxella.
Pseudomonas (aeruginosa, mallei, pseudomallei), Bordetella. Chlamydial
diseases in animals.
Aerobic cell wall free bacteria: Mycoplasma (mycoides,
bovigenitalium, capri, agalactiae, argini, canis, gallisepticum, synoviae,
maleagridis, etc.). Acholeplasma, Ureaplasma, etc.

b) Mycology
An overview of classification of fungi.
General characteristics, natural habitat, disease association and
laboratory diagnosis of the following:
Dermatophytes: Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton.
Pathogenic yeasts: Candida, Trichosporum, Dimorphic fungi;
Sporothrix, Blastomyces, Histoplasma, Cocciodioides, etc.
Zygomycetes: Absidia, Mucor, Rhizopus, etc.
Mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses: General features, mycotoxin
formation, characteristics of mycotoxins, mycotoxicosis including
aflatoxicosis, fusarium toxicosis, ochratoxicosis, etc.

Practical
Collection, preservation and submission of material/samples for
laboratory diagnosis of bacterial and mycotic infections.
Specimen selection, direct microscopy, isolation, identification
(colony characteristics, biochemical tests), antibiotic sensitivity test,
serological tests and animal inoculation tests of the following:
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Salmonella, Proteus,
Corynebacterium, Listeria, Mycobacterium, Bacillus, Clostridium,
Leptospira, Campylobacter, Mycoplasma, Brucella, Pasteurella,
Pseudomonas, etc.
Isolation and identification of common fungi contaminants and
dermatophytes.

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 Preparation and evaluation of bacterins, toxoids, etc.
A study tour to a Diagnostic Lab./Research Institute.

Books Recommended
1. Jawetz, E. 2000. Medical Microbiology, 21st Ed. Prentice Hall Ltd.
London.
2. Anonymous, 1999. A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation and
Identification of Avian Pathogens, 6th Ed. American Association of
Avian Pathologists, Iowa State University Press, Ames., Iowa.
3. Buchanan, R. E. and Others (Eds). 1999. Bergey’s Manual of
Systematic Bacteriology. Williams and Wilkens, Baltimore.
4. Cappuccino, J.G. and N. Sherman. 1996. Microbiology - A
Laboratory Manual. 4th Ed. Benjamin/Cum Publ. Co., california.
5. Quinn, P.J., M.E. Carter, B.K. Markey and G.R. Carter. 1990. Clinical
Veterinary Microbiology, Wolf, London.
6. Carter G.R. and J.R. Cole Jr. 1990. Diagnostic Procedures in
Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology. 5th Ed., Academic Press, New
York.
7. Merchant, I.A. and R.A. Packer. 1984. Veterinary Bacteriology and
Virology. 7th Ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.

GENERAL VIROLOGY
Theory
Fundamental characteristics of viruses: Definition and history of
virology; general properties of viruses; methods for studying viruses;
purification of viruses; determination of particle size. Virus classification.
Virus replication: adsorption-receptors/ligand, entry, mechanisms,
uncoating, biosynthesis of virus components-transcription and translation,
assembly, release, replication of RNA, DNA and oncogenic viruses,
defective viruses.
Properties of animal viruses at cellular level: infection of cell with
more than one virus; recombination (reassortment); exaltation, dormancy

17
and reactivation; interference, mechanisms of haemagglutination,
haemadsorption and elution.
Interferon: properties, types, mode of action, biological
significance, antibodies vs interferons, antiviral agents. Factors affecting
success and failure of viral vaccines.
Introduction to bacteriophages and its typing.

Practical
An introduction to equipments used in virological work.
Collection, storage and preparation of sample for virus studies.
Purification and concentration of virus (ultracentrifugation,
precipitation and ultrafiltration).
Cultivation of viruses; animal inoculation, embryonated egg
inoculation, cell culture preparation and inoculation, demonstration of
cytopathic effects (CPE).
Virus identification methods: Electron microscopy, HA,
precipitation, HI, IHA, ELISA, FAT, haemadsorption and VN tests.
Demonstration of electron micrographs of various viruses.
Demonstration of preparation of viral antigen.
Virus titration; determination of LD50, ID50, EID50, CCID50
Preservation and storage of viruses (low temperature, freeze
drying, etc.).
Visit to a research institute.

Books Recommended
1. Rabbani, M. and M. A. Muneer. 2001. Techniques in Virology, 1st Ed.,
College of Veterinary Sciences, (University of Agriculture), Lahore.
2. Virella, G. 1997. Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 3rd Ed.,
Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
3. Talaro, K. and A. Talaro. 1996. Foundation in Microbiology. 2nd Ed.
Win C. Brown Publ., Iowa.

18
4. Fenner, F.J., E.P. Gibbs, F.A. Murphy, M.J. Studdert and D.O.
White.1993. Veterinary Virology. 2nd Ed., Academic Press, London.
5. Burleson, F.G., M.T. Chanbes and D.Wioedbrnk. 1992. Virology – A
Laboratory Manual, Academic Press, London.
6. Franckie, R.I.B., C.M. Fauquel, D.L. Knudson, and F. Brown.1991.
Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses, Report of International
Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Springer-Verlag Wien., New York

SYSTEMATIC VIROLOGY

Theory
Description including morphology, cultivation, physico-chemical
characteristics, isolation and identification, immunity and disease
association of following (RNA/DNA) viruses:
Orthomyxoviridae: influenza type A, B and C.
Paramyxoviridae: Newcastle disease virus. Parainfluenza virus,
Mumps virus, Measles virus, Canine distemper virus, Rinderpest virus,
PPR virus, Respiratory syncytial virus.
Rhabdoviridae: Vesicular stomatitis virus, Rabies virus, Bovine
ephemeral fever virus, infectious hematopoietic virus, Spring viremia of
carp, etc.
Filoviridae: Ebola virus, etc.
Caliciviridae: Vesicular exanthema virus, Feline calici virus.
Picornaviridae: Foot and mouth disease virus, Simian and bovine
entero viruses, Avian encephalitis virus, Human, bovine and equine
rhinovirus, etc.
Birnaviridae: Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, infectious bursal
disease virus, etc.
Reoviridae: Reovirus of mammals/birds, African horse sickness
virus, Blue tongue virus, Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus of deer;
Rota viruses, etc.
Toroviridae: Breda virus, Berne virus.

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 Togaviridae: BVD, Western, Eastern and Venezualan equine
encephalitis viruses, Sindbis virus, Equine arteritis virus, Swine fever virus,
etc.
Retroviridae: Feline leukaemia virus, Avian leukosis virus, Simian
virus, Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis virus, Human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV), Visna virus, Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, Equine
infectious anemia virus, Bovine immuno-deficiency virus, etc.
Coronaviridae: Avian infectious bronchitis virus, Transmissible
gastroenteritis virus, Haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, Feline
infectious peritonitis virus, Canine corona virus, bovine corona virus, etc.
Arenaviridae: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LMC) virus, Lassa
fever virus.
Bunyaviridae: Akabane virus, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
virus, Nairobi sheep disease virus, Rift valley fever virus, etc.
Flaviviridae: Yellow fever virus, Dengue haemorrhagic fever virus,
Simian haemorrhagic fever virus, etc.
Poxviridae: Vaccinia virus, Monkeypox virus, Cowpox virus,
Infectious ectromelia virus, Camelpox virus, Taterapox virus, Usin Gishu
disease virus, Orf virus, Pseudocowpox virus, Bovine papular stomatitis
virus, Sheeppox virus, Goatpox virus, Lumpy skin disease virus. Fowlpox
virus, Myxoma virus, Rabbit fibroma virus, etc.
Herpesviridae: Pseudorabies virus, feline rhinotracheitis virus,
Avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus, Herpes simplex virus, Varicella
zooster virus, Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, African malignant
catarrhal fever virus, Marek's disease virus. Equine herpes virus, etc.
Adenoviridae: Human, Simian, Bovine, Ovine, Canine and Equine
adenoviruses. Avian adenoviruses (CELO virus, IBHV, HPS, Egg drop
syndrome virus, Haemorrhagic enteritis virus of turkey, etc).
Hepadnaviridae: Infectious canine hepatitis virus, etc.
Iridoviridae.
Circoviridae.
Papovaviridae: Papilloma and polyoma viruses.

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 Parvoviridae: Human, Bovine, Canine, Equine and Avian,
parvoviruses, Feline panleukopenia virus. Adeno associated viruses of
bovine, canine, avian, equine and ovine.
Unclassified group: African swine fever virus.
Prions and Viroids: Prions (Proteinacious infectious particles);
Scrapie, bovine and other spongiform encephalopathies, viroids. Rickettsia

Practical
Collection and transportation of morbid material. Preparation of
sample for virus isolation/cultivation.
General sketch for isolation and identification of viruses from
diseased animals.
Source of sample, sample collection, virus cultivation, EM and
sero-characterization of atleast following viruses of veterinary importance:
ND virus, canine parvo virus, FMD virus, sheep pox virus, etc.
Preparation and evaluation of live and inactivated virus vaccines
(e.g. NDV).
Visit to diagnostic laboratory/research institute.

Books Recommended
1. Rabbani, M. and M. A. Muneer. 2001. Techniques in Virology, 1st Ed.,
College of Veterinary Sciences, (University of Agriculture), Lahore.
2. Anonymous, 1999. A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation and
Identification of Avian Pathogens, 6th Ed. American Association of
Avian Pathologists, Iowa State University Press, Ames., Iowa.
3. OIE. 1999. Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines.
Off. Intl. des Epiz., Paris.
4. Quinn, P.J., M.E. Carter, B.K. Markie and G.R. Carter. 1994. Clinical
Veterinary Microbiology. Wolf, London.
5. Fenner, F.J., E.P. Gibs, R. Roitt, M.S. Studders and D.O. White. 1993.
Veterinary Virology, 2nd Ed Academic Press, London.

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6. Burleson, F.G., T. M. Chanbes and D.I. Wiedrank. 1992. Virology - A
Laboratory Manual, Academic Press, London.
7. Castro, A.E. and W.P. Henschele. 1992. Veterinary Diagnostic
Virology. Mosby Year Book Inc., Baltimore.

VETERINARY EPIDEMIOLOGY

Theory
General concepts of epidemiology: Definitions and uses of
epidemiology. Population and its types, Koch's and Evan's postulates for
cause of disease. Variables and types of association. Causal models and
formulation of causal hypothesis. Measures of disease occurrence like
prevalence, incidence, mortality rate, case fatality rate and attack rate.
Temporal and spatial distribution of disease.
Determinants of disease: Classification of determinants associated
with host, agent and environment and their interaction.
Identification of disease determinants: Definitions, Surveys, Types
and size of sampling. Epidemiological Studies: Cross-sectional, case
control and cohort studies.
Sources and transmission of infection: Horizontal transmission,
vertical transmission. Maintenance of infection.
Animal Health economics and productivity schemes: Value of
economic analysis, Structure of health and productivity schemes. Dairy
health productivity scheme.
Epidemiological data and various statistical methods: Sources of
data, representation (coding) of data. Computerized and non computerized
recording techniques. Epidemiological information on livestock/poultry
diseases in the country.
Types of epidemiological investigation: Descriptive, analytical,
experimental, clinical, sero-epidemiological and molecular.
Evaluation of diagnostic tests: specificity, sensitivity, efficacy, etc.
Control of Animal diseases: Definition of control and eradication.
Herd infection and immunity; heterogenity of herds at risk, control of

22
infection, concept of disease free zones, OIE pathways for freedom from
disease.

Books Recommended
1. Blaha, T. 1999. Applied Veterinary Epidemiology. Elsevier Sci.
Publ., London.
2. OIE. 1999. Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines.
Off. Intl. des Epiz., Paris.
3. Thrushfield, M. 1996. Veterinary Epidemiology, Butterworth & Co. Ltd.,
London.
4. Schulte, P.A. and F.P. Perera. 1993. Molecular Epidemiology:
Principles and Practices, Academic Press, California.
5. Knapp R.G. and M.C. Miller. 1992. Clinical Epidemiology and
Biostatistics. National Medical Series, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
6. Wayne, M.S., A.H. Meek and P. Willegerg. 1992. Veterinary
Epidemiology - Principles and Methods. Iowa State University Press,
Ames., Iowa.

ANIMAL FOOD HYGIENE

Theory
Milk and milk by-products hygiene: Types of bacteria in milk,
bacteriological grading of milk, Infections (animal and human pathogens
transmitted through milk), and intoxications associated with milk,
Adulteration of milk, Measures to control the milk-borne diseases. Methods
of increasing safety of milk supply (pasteurization, sterilization (UHT) and
preservation of milk), Quality control of dried milk. Infection and intoxication
associated with cream, yoghurt and cheese. Defects and spoilage of
cheese.
Water, air and sewage hygiene: Environmental hygiene of air,
water and sewage. Bacteriological analysis of water, plate count and
coliform count. Water-borne diseases.

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 Meat, Fish, Shellfish and Eggs/Egg products hygiene: Diseases
transmitted through meat, fish, shellfish, eggs, etc. Principles of
serodiagnostic tests for identification of meat of different animal species.
Zoonosis: Direct zoonosis, cyclozoonoses, metazoonosis, saprozoonoses
etc., important diseases and their significance.
Residues of drugs and pesticides in milk, meat, fish, shellfish,
eggs and their effect on human health. World Trade Organization and its
different agreements relating to import of different animals and their
products.

Practical
Collection, transportation of samples of milk, meat, water,
eggs/egg products and air for bacterial isolation.
Schematic sketch for isolation and characterization of bacteria
from the samples.
Isolation and identification of the pathogenic organisms from
experimentally contaminated eggs, meat, fish and milk samples.
Bacteriological examination of water and milk. Qualitative and
quantitative methods. (most probable number (MPN), plate count, coliform
count, confirmed and completed tests, resazurine methylene blue
reduction test).
Sero-characterization of meat of different animal species.
Visit to a milk industry/ plant and a modern slaughter house.

Books Recommended
1. Frazier, W.C. 1995. Food Microbiology. 5th Ed. McGraw Hill Intl Co.,
New York.
2. Rheinheimer, G. 1994. Aquatic Microbiology, 4th Ed. John Wiley &
Sons, New York.
3. Yadav, E.J.S. 1993. Comprehensive Dairy Microbiology, Saunders
Book Co., Philadelphia.

24
4. Corry, J.E.L., D. Roberts and F.A. Skinner, 1992. Isolation and
Identification of Food Poisoning Organisms. Academic Press Inc.,
London.
5. Woolcock. J.B. 1991. Microbiology of Animals and Animal products.
World Animal Science. New York.

POULTRY HEALTH MONITORING

Practical
Strategies for tackling the poultry disease outbreaks.
Diagnosing a poultry outbreak.
Identification of source of infection.
Devising methods for the control of poultry diseases.
Vaccination and sero-monitoring.
Hatchery hygiene monitoring.
Biosecurity.
Visit to afflicted poultry farms for disease investigation and control
in the face of an outbreak.

Books Recommended
1. OIE 1999. Manual of Standards of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines.
Office International des Epizooties, Paris.
2. Calnek, B.W., H.J. Barnes, C.W. Beard, W.M. Reid and H.W. Yoder,
1998. Diseases of Poultry, 10th Ed. Wolf Pub. Co., Ltd., London.
3. Jordan, F. T. W. and M. Pattison. 1996. Poultry Diseases. 4th Ed. W.B.
Sanders Co. Ltd., London.
4. Quinn P.J, M.E. Carter, B.K. Markey and G.R. Carter. 1995. Clinical
Veterinary Microbiology. Wolfe Publ. Co., Ltd., London.

25
 SCHEME OF STUDIES
FOR
POST GRADUATE COURSES
Title of Course
Advanced General Bacteriology
Advanced Immunology
Advanced Systemic Bacteriology
Advanced Virology
Mycology
Microbial Physiology
Cell Culture Techniques
Oncogenic Viruses
Molecular Biology of Bacterial Viruses
Advanced Anaerobiology
Advanced Spirochaetology
Immunological Techniques
Techniques in Molecular Biology
Advanced Veterinary Epidemiology
Vaccines and Vaccinology
Introduction to Microbial Genetics
Avian Immunology
Advanced Readings in Immunology
Advanced Readings in Bacteriology
Advanced Readings in Virology
Advanced Readings in Mycology

MINOR, DEFFICIENCY AND REFRESHER COURSES

MINOR, DEFICIENCY AND REFRESHER COURSES
Microbiological Techniques
Postraduate Refresher Course in Bacteriology, Virology, Immunology &
Epizootiology

26
 DETAIL OF COURSES

ADVANCED GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY

Theory
Microscopy: Light, dark field, fluorescent, polarizing, phase
contrast and electron microscopes.
Taxonomy of Bacteria: Basis of taxonomy, taxonomy of bacteria,
origin and evolution of bacteria, species concept in bacteria.
Dyes and Staining: Light and colour, absorption spectrometry,
general chemistry of dyes, indicators, nature of staining processes, factors
influencing staining, staining of living cells, determination of isoelectric
points of cell structure by staining, differential and special stains.
Structure of Eubacteria: Slime layer, cell wall, protoplast,
cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, cytoplasmic inclusions and vacuoles,
the nucleus, flagella, fimbrae, the bacterial endospores, cytoplasm.
Growth requirements of bacteria: Bacterial nutrition and other
requirements, physical factors affecting bacteria growth like surface
tension; osmotic concentration, sonic energy; biofilms; radiation;
temperature, mechanism of death caused by heating; heat in-activation of
bacterial endospores.
Bacterial genetics: Genetic analysis, transfer of genetic material,
mutations and mutagenesis, genetic variation.
Chemotherapy of bacterial infections.
Quantifications of bacteria: Turbidometry and estimation of
bacterial population.

Practical
Quantification of bacteria.
Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and related antibiotic testing
procedures.
Tests for carcinogensis (Ames test, Devoret’s test, etc.).

27
 Bacterial transformation test (Griffith experiment).
Induction and selection of bacterial mutants.
Tests for estimation of bacterial nutrition, using defined media, etc.
Induction of spore formation.

Book Recommended
1. Collins, C.H., P. M. Lyne and J.M. Grange. 2000. Microbiological
Methods. 8th Ed., Butter Worth Heinemann, Oxford.
2. Jawetz, E. and W. Levinson. 2000. Medical Microbiology and
Immunology. 5th Ed., Prentice Hall Ltd., London.
3. Parker. M.T. and L.H. Collin. 1998. Topley and Wilson’s Principles of
Bacteriology. Virology & Immunity. 9th ed., Edward Arnold, London.
4. Schaechter, M., G. Medoff and D. Schlessinger. 1997. Mechanism
of Microbial Diseases. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
5. Madigon, M.T., A.J. M. Martinko and J. Parker. 1997. Biology of
Microorganism. 8th Ed. Prentice Hall Intl., New York.
6. Talaro, K. and A. Talaro. 1996. Foundation in Microbiology. 2nd Ed.
Win C. Brown Publ., California.
7. Cappuccino, J.G. and N. Sherman. 1996. Microbiology - A
Laboratory Manual. 4th Ed., Benjamin/Cum Publ. Co., California.
8. Malik, B. S. 1992. A Laboratory Mannual of Veterinary Bacteriology,
Mycology and Immunology, 3rd Ed., CBS Publ., Delhi.
9. Lois, B. 1991. Microbiology in Practice. 5th Ed. Harper Collian
Publication Inc., New York.

ADVANCED IMMUNOLOGY
Theory
Overview of immune system
Phagocytosis.
Complement system.

28
Hybridoma and monoclonal antibodies
Organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes.
Major histocompatibility complex
Antigen (processing and presentation)
B and T cell differentiation and maturation, B and T cell receptors
Immunoregulation and tolerance.
Autoimmunity.
Immunodeficiency diseases.
Transplantation
Tumor immunology.
Induction of mucosal immunity

Practical
Tests for phagocytosis
Determination of immunocompetence (cellular and humoral)
Isolation of B and T cells
Serological Tests
Purification of antibodies.

Books Recommended
1. Jawetz. E. and W. Levinson. 2000. Medical Microbiology and
Immunology. 6th Ed., Prentice Hall, London.
2. Tizzard, I. 1999. Veterinary Immunology - An Introduction, 6th Ed.,
W.B. Saunders Co., London.
3. Elgert, K.D. 1996. Immunology: Understanding the Immune System.
John Wiley & Sons Inc. Publ., New York.
4. Kuby, J. 1996. Immunology. 2nd Ed. W.H. Freeman and Co., New
York.

29
5. Gershwin, L.J., S. Krakowka and R.G. Olsen. 1994. Veterinary
Immunology and Immunopathology, 2nd Ed., Mosby, Saint Louis,
Missouri.
6. Abbas, A.K., H.L. Andrew and S.P. Jordan. 1991. Cellular and
Molecular Immunology. W.B. Saunders Co., London.
7. Lewis, R.M. and C.A. Picat. 1989. Veterinary Clinical Immunology. Lea
& Febiger, Philadelphia.
8. Roitt, I.M. 1988. Essential Immunology, 6th Ed., ELBS/Blackwell
Scientific Pub., London.

ADVANCED SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY

Theory
Methods of obtaining pure cultures, morphology, staining
reactions, cultural characteristics, resistance, biochemical properties,
antigenic structures and pathogenicity of following groups:
Actinobacillus, Listeria, Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium,
Streptococci, Staphylococci, Proteus, Escherichja, Salmonella, Salmonella,
Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Pasteurella, Haemophillus, Bacillus, Brucella,
Bordetella, Clostridium, Actinomyces, Leptospira, Mycoplasma, Borrelia,
Bacteroides, etc.

Practical
Isolation and identification of various bacterial strains of veterinary
importance.

Books Recommended
1. Collins, C.H., P. M. Lyne and J.M. Grange. 2000. Microbiological
Methods. 8th Ed., Butter Worth Heinemann, Oxford.
2. Breeds, R.S., E. G.D. Murray and N.R. Smith.1999. Bergey’s Manual
of Systemic Bacteriology. 11th Ed. William and Wilkins Company,
Baltimore.

30
3. Parker. M.T. and L.H. Collin. 1998. Topley & Wilson’s Principles of
Bacteriology. Virology & Immunity. 9th Ed., Edward Arnold, London.
4. Virella, G. 1997. Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 3rd Ed.,
Williams and
5. Wilkins, New York.
6. Sharma, S.N. 1996. Text Book of Veterinary Microbiology. CBS
Publications, Dehli.
7. Quinn, P.J, M.E. Carter, B.K. Markey and G.R. Carter. 1990. Clinical
Veterinary Microbiology, Wolf, London.

ADVANCED VIROLOGY
Theory
Origin and nature of viruses, taxonomy and basis for classification,
ultrastructure of virus.
Techniques of virus isolation, purification and identification. In situ
virus detection,
Virus replication: Different models.
Viral genome analysis
Chemotherapy of viral infections: Virus inhibiting analogues, amino
acid analogues, protein inhibitors, actinomycin-D, nucleic acid inhibitors.
Virus-host interaction: Cellular level, interference phenomenon,
interferon, viral immunity.
Viral families of veterinary importance (family characteristics,
epideminology and pathogenicity).

Practical
Assay for bacteriophages. Infectivity assays of animal viruses,
cultivation of viruses.
Plaque reduction test, virus neutralization and other serological
tests.
Viral protein isolation and analysis.
31
Books Recommended
1. Rabbani, M. and M. A. Muneer. 2001. Techniques in Virology, 1st Ed.,
College of Veterinary Sciences, (University of Agriculture), Lahore.
2. Kahrs, R.F. 1998. Viral Diseases of Cattle. 2 nd Edi. Iowa State
University Press, Iowa.
3. Parker, M.T., & L.H. Collier. 1998. Topley & Wilson’s Principles of
Bacteriology, Virology & Immunity. 9th Ed., Edward Arnold. Pub.
London.
4. Della-porta, A. J. 1995. Veterinary Viral Diseases – Their significance
in South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. Academic Press, Sydney.
5. Fenner, F.J., E.P. Gibbs, F.A. Murphy, M.J. Studdert and D.O.
White.1993. Veterinary Virology. 2nd Ed., Academic Press, London.
6. Castro, A.E. and W.P. Henschele. 1992. Veterinary Diagnostic
Virology. Mosby Year Book Inc., Missouri.

MYCOLOGY
Theory
Fungi, their general characteristics and classification, morphology,
cultural characteristics, identification, reproduction, diagnosis of different
pathogenic fungi, systematic study of diseases caused by the important
genera of Phycomycetes groups (Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus),
Blastomycetes (Blastomyces Cryptoccoccus, Candida), Dermatophytes
(Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton), Fungi imperfecti
(Sporotrichum, Histoplasma, Coccidioides) and others like Aspergillus, etc.
Immunity against fungi, prevention and treatment of mycotic
infections. Mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis.

Practical
Isolation and identification of the yeasts and moulds.
Skin scrapings and identification of dermatophytes.
Single cell protein production and evaluation of various substrates.
Demonstration of various mycotoxins in feed, etc.
32
Books Recommended
1. Kurstak, E. 1999. Immunology of Fungal Diseases. Marcel Dekkar,
Inc., New York.
2. Rippon, J.W. 1998. Medical Mycology- The Pathogenic Fungi and
Pathogenic Actomomycetes. W.B. Sanders Co., Philadelphia.
3. Haley, L. D. and C.S. Callaway. 1998. Laboratory Methods in
Mycology. Health Education and Welfare Publ. Co. CDC, Atlanta,
Georgia.
4. Larone, D. H. 1997. Medically Important Fungi – A guide to
Identification. Elsevier Sci. Publ. New York.
5. Evans, E.G.V. 1995. Essentials of Medical Mycology. Churchill
Livingstone, New York.
6. Raper, K.B. and D.I. Fennell. 1995. The Genus Aspergillus. Williams
and Wilkins Co. Baltimore.
7. Carter, G.R. 1993. Microbial Diseases: A Veterinarian Guide to
Laboratory Diagnosis. Butter Worth Publ., New York.
8. Kaufman, L. 1991. Laboratory Diagnosis of Candidiasis, American
Society for Microbiology, Washington DC.

MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY
Theory
Nutrient requirements of Microorganisms: Inorganic elements,
sources of energy, sources of carbon, sources of nitrogen, growth factors,
vitamins, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines and other organic compounds.
Physical environment:. pH, temperature, osmotic pressure,
radiation and gases.
Physiological and nutritional requirements during different phases
of microbial growth.
Microbial fermentation: Glycolysis, Embden-Meyerhoff Pernas
(EMP) Pathway, Warburg Dickens Pathway (Pentose Phosphate
Pathway), The Entner-Doudoroff Pathway, Strokes-Cambell Pathway,
yeast alcohol fermentations, bacterial alcohol fertmentation, lactic acid
fermentation, propionic acid fermentation and enterobacter fermentation.
33
 Aerobic mechanisms (Respiration of bacteria): Tricarboxylic Acid
(TCA) cycle or Kreb’s Cycle, energetics of fermentation and respiration
Lipid metabolism including VFA synthesis by ruminal microbes.
Protein metabolism.

Practical
Bacterial growth curves.
Fermentation assays: Lactic acid, alcohol, etc.
Effects of various types of nutrients on the growth of bacteria.

Books Recommended
1. Dawes, I.W. and I. W. Sutherland. 1999. Microbial Physiology. 2nd
Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publ, London.
2. Parker, M.T., and L.H. Collier. 1998. Topley and Wilson’s Principles of
Bacteriology, Virology & Immunity. 9th Ed., Edward Arnold. Pub.,
London.
3. Albert, C.M. and J.W. Foster. 1996. Microbial Physiology. 3rd Ed. John
Wiley & Sons, New York.
4. Kumar, H.D. and L.C. Rai. 1986. Microbes & Microbial Processes.
E.W.P., New Delhi.
5. Moat, A.G. and J.W. Foster. 1988. Microbial Physiology. A Wiley
Interscience Publ. New York.

CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES

Theory
Historical developments
Principles of cell culture: Over view of cell structure.
The cell: Division, types and tissues.

34
Behaviour of cell culture: Growth, differentiation and metabolism, primary,
secondary and established lines, cell alteration or transformation, kinetics
of cell growth, interaction among cell.
Cellular environment: Physical factors, nutritional factors, hormones and
other growth factors.
Cell culture media: Plasma, serum, physiological fluids and tissue extracts.
Defined media: General consideration, balanced salt solutions, partially
complete and complete synthetic media, special purpose media, media for
pokoilotherms, media for invertebrates, media for plants.
Design of a tissue culture Laboratory
Special techniques: Primary explant, (tissue culture, organ, embryo),
disaggregation methods, cell lines,
Large scale culture methods: Cultivation of cells in vitro
Transplantation, preservation, storage, transportation of living tissues and
cells.
Applications: General morphological techniques, quantitative techniques.
Tissue culture in research: Genetics, virology, host-parasite relationship,
cancer, (tumor virus, transformation assays, cytotoxicity assays)
Standards cell lines mostly used for studying viruses of veterinary
importance.
Biohazards

Practical
Laboratory layout for tissue culture work, special instruments for
tissue culture, preparation of glassware for tissue culture, preparation of
tissue culture media, harvesting of organs for tissue cultures, preparation of
tissue cultures, quantitation of various viruses in tissue culture system and
cytopathic effect of various viruses on tissue culture.

Books Recommended
1. Rabbani, M. and M. A. Muneer. 2001. Techniques in Virology, 1st Ed.,
College of Veterinary Sciences, (University of Agriculture), Lahore.
35
2. Anonymous, 1999. A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation and
Identification of Avian Pathogens, 6th Ed. American Association of
Avian Pathologists, Iowa State University Press, Ames., Iowa.
3. Freshney, R.I. 1997. Animal Cell Culture. I.R.L. Press, Oxford,
London.
4. Paul, J. 1995. Cell and Tissue Culture. 8th Ed. Churcill Livingstone,
London.
5. Versteeg, J. 1995. Color Atlas of Virology. Year Book Medical Publ.
Ltd. London.
6. Carter, G. R. and A. W. Roberts. 1993. Outline of Veterinary Virology.
5th Ed. Lucas Brothers Publ., Los Angeles.
7. Castro, A.E. and W.P. Henschele. 1992. Veterinary Diagnostic
Virology. Mosby Year Book Inc., St. Louis, Missouri.
8. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 1984. Manual of
Veterinary Investigation Laboratory Techniques, London.

ONCOGENIC VIRUSES
Theory
General consideration: DNA/RNA oncogenic viruses. Viral and
cellular oncogenes. transplantation of tumour in animals by cell graft.
Mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The search for oncogenic viruses in
humans and working hypothesis on the aetiology of cancer. T and B cell
Lymphomas. Virus induced tumours of veterinary importance.

Practical
Transformation of cells
Various methods for detection of transformed cells.
Detection of tumour antigens.
Induction of shope rabbit papilloma.

36
Books Recommended
1. Jawetz, E. and W. Levinson.2000. Medical Microbiology and
Immunology, 5th Ed., Appleton & Lange, Stampord, New York.
2. Fraenkel-conrat, H., P.C. Kimball and J. A. Levy. 1998. Virology.
Prentice Hall, Inc. New Jersey.
3. Fenner, F.J., E.P. Gibbs, F.A. Murphy, M.J. Studdert and D.O.
White.1993. Veterinary Virology. 2nd Ed., Academic Press, London.
4. Masseyeff, R. F., W.H. Albert and N. A. Staines. 1993. Methods of
Immunological Analysis VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mblt, Weinheim,
German.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF BACTERIAL VIRUSES

Theory
Bacteriophages: Historical perspective, evolution, taxonomy, lytic
cycle and lysogeny.
Biology and uses of DNA and RNA bacteriophages.
Bacteriophages used in the typing of bacteria.

Practical
Bacteriophage plaque assay, determination of one step growth
curve, isolation and identification of different bacteriophages,
bacteriophage typing of bacteria.

Books Recommended
1. Old R.W. and S.P. Primose. 1997. Principles of Gene Manipulation -
An Introduction to Genetic Engineering. 3 rd Ed., Blackwell Scientific
Publications, London.
2. Freifelder, D. 1996. Molecular Biology. 3rd Ed., Jones & Bartlet
Publishers, Inc., Boston.

37
3. Work, T.S. and E. Work. 1993. Laboratory techniques in Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology. Vol.II, Elservier Biomedical, Oxford.
4. Fenner, F.J., E.P. Gibbs, F.A. Murphy, M.J. Studdert and D.O.
White.1993. Veterinary Virology. 2nd Ed., Academic Press, London.
5. Fritsh, S.T. and T.E. Maniatis. 1991. Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory
Manual. Coldspring Harbor Laboratory, New York.

ADVANCED ANAEROBIOLOGY
Theory
Introduction to anaerobiasis: Special physiological characteristics
of anaerobes, anaerobic respiration; life without oxygen.
Methods of measuring respiratory activity: Barber’s method,
thumburg method. measurements of oxidation reduction intensity.
Methods of cultivation of anaerobes: Simple methods, (special
media, infusion broth thioglycollate, etc.), method requiring special
apparatus, cultivation of microaerophils and biochemical differentiation of
anaerobes (special methods).
Epidemiology, Toxin production, diagnosis and
immunoprophylaxis of clostridial diseases.
Anaerobes in rumen. Other anaerobes. Microaerophils.

Practical
Isolation and identification of anaerobes from rumen, etc.
Isolation and identification of clostridial species.
Identification and purification of toxin and preparation of toxoids.

Books Recommended
1. Buchanan, R. E. and Others (Eds). 1999. Bergey’s Manual of
Systematic Bacteriology. Williams and Wilkens, Baltimore.

38
2. Parker, M.T. & L.H. Collier. 1999. Topley & Wilson’s Principles of
Bacteriology, Virology & Immunity. 9th Ed., Edward Arnold. Pub.,
London.
3. Mackie, R.I., R.A. White and R.E. Ishaacson. 1997. Gastrointestinal
Microbiology. Chapman and Hall Publ., New York.
4. Postgate, J. 1996. Microbes and Man. 3rd Ed., Cambridge University
Press, New York.
5. Greenwood D., R.C.B. Slack and J.F. Pentherer. 1992. Microbiology.
14th Ed., ELBS, London.

ADVANCED SPIROCHAETOLOGY
Theory
History, General considerations and classification. Physiology
epidemiology, serotypes, diagnosis and prophylaxis of Leptospira, Borrelia,
Treponema, etc.

Practical
Staining and darkfield microscopy of the spirochaetes, isolation
and identification of Leptospirae and Borrelia, serological tests for
Spirochaetes.

Books Recommended
1. Jawetz, E. 2000. Medical Microbiology, 21st Ed. Prentice Hall Ltd.
London.
2. Parker, M.T. & L.H. Collier. 1999. Topley & Wilson’s Principles of
Bacteriology, Virology & Immunity. 9th Ed., Edward Arnold. Pub.,
London.
3. Buchanan, R. E. and Others (Eds). 1999. Bergey’s Manual of
Systematic Bacteriology. Williams and Wilkens, Baltimore.
4. Calnek, B.W., H.J. Barnes, C.W. Beard, W.M. Reid and H.W. Yoder,
1998. Diseases of Poultry, 10th Ed. Wolf Pub. Co., Ltd., London.

39
5. Greenwood D., R.C.B. Slack and J.F. Pentherer. 1992. Microbiology.
14th Ed., ELBS, London.

IMMUNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
Practical
Bio-safety in an immunology laboratory. Techniques of antigen
preparations: Particulate, soluble and subunit antigens, adjuvanting antigen
and hapten, estimation of protein concentration, isolation and purification of
bacterial and viral antigens.
Techniques in antibodies: Raising of polyclonal sera, purification of
antibodies in serum samples and other secretions such as colostrums,
preparation of dye and enzyme conjugated antisera, radio-labelling of
soluble proteins, electrophoresis and electrofocussing, monoclonal
antibodies.
Basic Cell Techniques: Isolation of lymphocytes from blood and
lymphoid organs, separation of B and T cells, phagocytic cells, adherence
of cells to sephadex, phagocytosis of iron powder, peritoneal and alveolar
cell collection and characterization. Immunohistochemical techniques.

Books Recommended
1. Clausen, J. 1998. Immunological Techniques for Identification and
Estimation of Macromolecules. 4th Ed., Elsevier Scientific Publishers,
London.
2. Masseyeff, R. F., W.H. Albert and N. A. Staines. 1993. Methods of
Immunological Analysis VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mblt, Weinheim,
German.
3. Work, T.S. and E. Work. 1993. Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, Vol.II, Elservier Biomedical, Oxford.
4. Hudson, L and F.C. Hay. 1991. Practical Immnology, 3rd Ed.,
Blackwell Scientific Publication, London.

40
 TECHNIQUES IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Theory
Safety guidelines in molecular biology, applications of molecular
biology.
Protein profiling and amino acid sequencing.
Overview of physical and chemical structure of DNA, DNA
replication, gene expression and DNA repair mechanisms in prokaryotes
and eukaryotes.
Restriction enzymes: Isolation, purification, nomenclature, types and their
use.
Cloning vectors, plasmids, bacteriophages, phagemids, cosmids;
cloning strategies, genomic cloning into lamda phage and plasmid; DNA
library construction, screening libraries, cloning into yeast.
PCR, LCR, and RFLP, etc. Chromosome walking and hopping,
DNA finger printing, satellites and gene distancing.
Nucleic acid hybridization, labelling of probes, Northern and
Southern blots, DNA sequencing.
Gene transfer into mice, gene transfer into farm animals, use of
recombinant techniques in production of vaccines and biologics of
veterinary importance.

Practical
Isolation of plasmid DNA, isolation of phage and lambda DNA,
cloning genes into plasmids, transformation of E. coli with recombinant
plasmid, rapid plasmid isolation from recombinants, western immunoblot,
southern blot hybridization, methods for sequencing of DNA. PCR, LCR
and RFLP

Books Recommended
1. Old. R. W. and S. R. Primrose. 1999. Principles of Gene Manipulation-
An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, 5th Ed. Blackwell Scientific
Publ., London.

41
2. Freifelder, D. 1998. Molecular Biology. 3rd Ed., Jones, & Bartlet
Publishers, Inc., Boston.
3. Kumar, H. D. 1993. Recent Advances in Molecular Biology. Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Sambrook, J., Fritsh and T. E. Maniatis. 1991. Molecular Cloning-A
Laboratory Manual. Clodspring Harbor Laboratory, New York.

ADVANCED VETERINARY EPIDEMIOLOGY

Theory
Overview of Basic Principles: Epidemiologic concepts, sampling
methods, measurement of disease determinants and frequencies.
Diseases in animal populations: Disease causation, surveys and
analytical observational studies, design of field trials.
Sero-epidemiology: Expressing amounts of antibodies, serological
estimation and comparison in populations, interpretting serological tests,
flock profiling, serum banks. Designing a sero-epidemiological survey.
Molecular epidemiology: Overview, strain differentiation and bio
markers, different methods.
Economics of disease: Livestock and poultry production as an
economic process, economic analysis of animal diseases, assessing the
cost of diseases, cost benefit analysis of disease control.
Health and productivity schemes: Development of standards of
health and productivity.
Applied epidemiology: Rationale, surveillance and monitoring of
disease, strategies and concepts of control and eradication of diseases,
emergency preparedness.

Practical
Designing of questionnaire for disease surveillance, village search
for disease, storage, analysis and interpretation of data, analysis and
interpretation of passive surveillance data of veterinary hospitals. Hands on
training of computer software for epidemiology.

42
Books Recommended
1. Blaha, T. 1999. Applied Veterinary Epidemiology. Elsevier Sci. Publ.
London.
2. OIE. 1999. Manual of Standard for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines.
Office Intl. des. Epizooties, Paris.
3. Leech, F.B. and K.C. Sellers. 1997. Statistical Epidemiology in
Veterinary Science. Charles Griffin and Co. Ltd., London.
4. Martin, S.W., A.H. Meek and P. Willeberg. 1997. Veterinary
Epidemiology. Principles and Methods. Iowa State University Press,
Ames, Iowa.
5. Friedman, G.D. 1994. Primer of Epidemiology. 4th Ed. McGraw-Hill
Inc., Singapore.
6. Schulte, P.A. 1993. Molecular Epidemiology: Principles and Practices.
Blackwell Publ. Co., London.
7. Knapp, R.G. and M.C. Miller. 1992. Clinical Epidemiology and
Biostatistic, William and Wilkinsons, Baltimore.
8. Thrushfield, M. 1992. Veterinary Epidemiology. Butterworth and Co.,
Ltd., London.

VACCINES AND VACCINOLOGY

Theory
Overview of natural resistance to disease, antibodies, antigens,
immune cells, cell-mediated immunity.
Principles of vaccine production; Production of killed, live
attenuated, subunit and recombinant vaccines of veterinary importance,
immune reactions associated with different vaccines. Master seed and
working seed. Fermentation technology in vaccine production (batch and
continuous system), Handling and storage of vaccines, adjuvants and
immuno-potentiators.
Vaccination: methods, schedules for different production systems,
vaccination for mucosal immunity, immune responses on population basis,
evaluation of vaccines.

43
 Vaccinal failure, factors associated with host, vaccine and
vaccination, return to virulence.
Products for passive immunity; hyperimmune sera, colostrum and
colostrum immunoglobulins, non-specific protein therapy and immunity.
Quality control in vaccine production.
Vaccine certification: Requirements and produces.

Practical
Layout of a biological production facility, preparation of live
attenuated, killed vaccines and toxoid, fermentation: Batch and continuous
flow systems, determination of required dose (ED50) of vaccine.
Evaluation of vaccines (sterility, safety and potency), Study visit to a
vaccine production facility.

Books Recommended
1. OIE. 1999. Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines,
2nd Ed., Office International des Epizooties, Paris.
2. Isaacson, R.E. 1999. Recombinant DNA Vaccines: Rational and
Strategy. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
3. Peters, A. R. 1998. Vaccines for Veterinary Applications. Butter
Worth, Heinemann, Oxford.
4. Pandey, R., S. Hogland and G. Prasad. 1998. Veterinary Vaccines.
Vol-4. Springer Verlag Inc. New York.
5. British Pharmacopoeia (Veterinary). 1993. Veterinary Vaccines,
London.

MICROBIAL GENETICS
Theory
Bacterial nucleoid and DNA packing in prokaryotes, bacterial DNA
replication, transcription; RNA processing, types and functions of RNAs,
modifying enzymes, translation in E. coli, degradation of abnormal proteins,
44
antibiotics that affect nucleic acids and protein synthesis, polarity of the
genetic material of viruses, reverse transcription mechanism.
Transfer of genetic information; mechanism of transformation and
transfection in bacteria, conjugation and F and R plasmids, conjugal
transfer process, barriers to conjugation, Hfr formation, F-prime formation,
cis-trans complementation test, lethal zygosis, conjugation and
pheromones in streptoccocci, transduction, lysogenic conversion,
recombination and genetics of spontaneous nature of mutational events.
DNA repair systems, photoreactivation, excision repair, mismatch
repair, DNA glycosylases, methylating and ethylating agents, post-
replication daughter gap repair, SOS- inducible repair, Weigle reactivation
and mutagenesis.
Regulation of prokaryotic gene expression; transcriptional control,
the lac operon, catabolic control, the gal operon, the ara operon, the trp
operon, the arginine control, membrane mediated regulation,
recombination regulation of gene expression, translation repression, global
control. Genetic control of SOS: heat shock response, aerobic, anaerobic
stimulons. Regulation and gene expression in lambda, M13 and Mu
phages, restriction and modification system of prokaryotic DNA.

Books Recommended
1. Old, R. W. and S. B. Primrose. 1998. Principles of Gene Manipulation
- An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, 4th Ed. Blackwell Scientific
Publ. London.
2. Freifelder, D. 1997. Microbial Genetics, Boston, Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, Inc., New York.
3. Kumar, H. D. 1993. Recent Advances in Molecular Biology. Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Sambrook, J., Fritsh and T.E., Maniatis, 1991. Molecular Cloning - A
Laboratory Manual. Coldspring Harbor Laboratory, New York.

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 AVIAN IMMUNOLOGY
Theory
Avian Immune System: Cells and tissues with special emphasis on
bursa, thymus, spleen, Peyer's patches, Harderian gland.
Humoral and cell-mediated immune response: induction and
effector mechanisms. Ontogeny of avian immune system. Maternally
derived antibodies.
Poultry vaccines and vaccinations: types and methods,
troubleshootings, vaccine failure.
Flock profiling and interpretations; Serum and egg yolk antibodies,
immunomodulation.

Practical
Flock profiles: (at least 10 different flock profiles will be shown and
discussed)
Methods of vaccination.
Determination of yolk and serum antibodies
Effect of removal of lymphoid organs.
Devising, implementing and monitoring of a vaccination schedule for
chickens.

Books Recommended
1. OIE. 2000. Manual of Standard for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines.
Office Intl. Des Epizooties, Paris.
2. Tizzard, I. 1999, Veterinary Immunology- An Introduction, 7th Ed.,
W.B. Saunders Co., London.
3. Calnek, B.W., H.J. Barnes, C.W. Beard, W.M. Reid and H.W. Yoder,
1998. Diseases of Poultry, 10th Ed. Wolf Pub. Co., Ltd., London.
4. Pandey, R., S. Hogland and G. Prasad. 1998. Veterinary Vaccines.
Vol-4. Springer Verlag Inc. New York.

46
5. Peters, A. R. 1998. Vaccines for Veterinary Applications. Butter
Worth, Heinemann, Oxford.
6. Rose, M. E., L. N. Payne and B. M. Freeman. 1998. Avian
Immunology. British Poultry Sci. Ltd., Edinburgh.
7. Gershwin, L.J., S. Krakowka and R.G. Olsen. 1994. Veterinary
Immunology and Immunopathology, 2nd Edition. Mosby, New York.
8. Anonymous 1993. Veterinary Vaccines, British Pharmacopoeia
(Veterinary). London.
9. Hudson, L. and C.H. Frank, 1992. Practical Immunology, 3rd Ed.,
Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.

ADVANCED READINGS IN IMMUNOLOGY

Review and critique of the paper published in recent journals on
selected topics. The students will present the detail of techniques used,
results obtained and his/her own critique on the validity, use of results and
conclusions with his/her recommendations.

ADVANCED READINGS IN BACTERIOLOGY

Review and critique of the paper published in recent generals on
selected topics. The students will present the detail of techniques used,
results obtained and his/her own critique on the validity, use of results and
conclusions with his/her recommendations.

ADVANCED READINGS IN VIROLOGY

Review and critique of the paper published in recent generals on
selected topics. The students will present the detail of techniques used,
results obtained and his/her own critique on the validity, use of results and
conclusions with his/her recommendations.

ADVANCED READINGS IN MYCOLOGY

Review and critique of the paper published in recent generals on
selected topics. The students will present the detail of techniques used,

47
results obtained and his/her own critique on the validity, use of results and
conclusions with his/her recommendations.

48
 MINOR, DEFICIENCY AND REFRESHER COURSES

MICROBIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
(Note: Minor course for students other than microbiology department)
Biosafety in microbiology Laboratory, sterilization methods,
cultivation of bacteria, culture media, growth of bacteria and their
characteristics, counting of bacteria, bacteriological examination of sputum,
pus, faeces, urine, tissue, blood, food, water, milk, air, etc., biochemical
tests for characterization of bacteria, evaluation of antimicrobial agents and
disinfectants. isolation and identification of fungi, isolation and identification
of virus, serological tests.

Books Recommended
1. Collins, C.H., P. M. Lyne and J.M. Grange. 2000. Microbiological
Methods. 8th Ed., Butter Worth Heinemann, Oxford.
2. Gardner, J.F. and M.M. Pul. 1998. Introduction to Sterilization,
Disinfection and Infection Control. 2nd Ed. Churchill, Livingstone,
London.
3. Wedding, M.E. and S.A. Toenyes. 1994. Medical Laboratory
Procedures, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi.
4. Hudson, L. and F.C. Hay. 1991. Practical Immunology, 3rd Ed.
Blackwell Scientific Pub., London.

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 POSTGRADUATE REFRESHER COURSE IN BACTERIOLOGY
VIROLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY & EPIZOOTIOLOGY

Theory
1. Bacteriology
Bacterial morphology, growth curves, antiseptics and disinfectant.
Bacteriostatic substances and their use. Antibotics and their use.
Identification of organisms and discussion of important disease condition
produced by Staphylococci, Streptococci, Clostridium, Bacillus,
Escherichia, Salmonella. Proteus, Shigella, Vibrio, Corynebacterium,
Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Pasteurella, Brucella, Mycobacterium,
Actinomyces, Actinobacillus, Leptospira and Mycoplasma.

Practical
Use and care of microscope. Staining techniques, Gram’s
method. Ziehl-Nielsen’s methods, Romanowski stain, preparation of glass
ware, sterilization, collection and despatch of material for bacteriological
examination. Preparation and use of culture media. Isolation and study of
pure cultures.

2. Virology
General Virology: Introduction. Nature and chemical composition,
classification, multiplication, general characteristic of virus infections. Viral
vaccines and viral immunity including interference phenomenon.
Special Virology: Discussions on important viral diseases with particular
emphasis on Rinderpest, Foot and Mouth disease, Rabies. African Horse
Sicknes, Blue Tong, Newcastle disease, Fowl Plaque. Avian Leukosis
complex, Pox disease, Encephalitis, Contagious pustular dermatitis, etc.

Practical
Collection, despatch and preparation of specimens for virus
isolation, filtration, centrifugation, virus assay in chicken embryos,

50
demonstration of tissue culture techniques, haemagglutination inhibition,
virus neutralization, LD50 determination. ELISA, Electrophoresis.

3. Veterinary Mycology
Introduction, classification, general characteristics of fungal
infections, discussion on dermatophytes, aspergillosis, phycomycosis,
coccidiomycosis, mspiromycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis,
rhinosporodiosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, candidiosis and
toxicoses.

Practical
Collection, isolation and identification of fungi; examination of
fungal slides.

4. Immunology and Epizootiology

Infections and resistance, defence mechanisms of body, Immunity
and immunization, general properties of antigens and antibodies, antigen
and antibody reactions, agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation
reactions. Hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis and allergy. Preparation and use
of veterinary biological vaccines, sera and diagnostic agents.

Herd infections, factors affecting host, parasite and environmental

conditions, prevention and control of epizootics.

Practical
Serological tests-agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation reaction,
tuberculin and mallein tests.

Books Recommended
1. Roitt, I. M. 2000. Essential Immunology, 9th Ed., ELBS/Blackwell
Scientific Publ., London.

51
2. Parker. M. T. and L. H. Collin.1998. Topley & Wilson’s Principles of
Bacteriology. Virology & Immunity. 9th Ed., Edward Arnold. A division
of Hodder & Stroughton, London.
3. Hudson, L. and C.H. Frank, 1992. Practical Immunology, 3rd Ed.,
Blackwell Scientific Publ, London.
4. Tortora, G. J., B. R. Funke and C. L. Case.1992. Microbiology - An
Introduction. The Benjeman/Cummings publishing company, Inc,
California.

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 RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Teachers should be sent for short training inland/abroad for updating
their knowledge especially on the latest techniques in the area of
their specialization. Expertise of different institutes/universities may
be pooled to offer an inland training course on emerging themes.
2. Teaching/Technical/Laboratories staff shortage may be rectified.
3. Well equipping of teaching labs in terms of equipment, operation of
the equipment and provision of adequate financial support is
recommended.
4. Appointments and adequate training of laboratory technicians on the
various equipments in the laboratory is recommended. Lab
Technicians should have their own service cadre.
5. The courses recommended in the microbiology for undergraduate
teaching to the DVM students are at the minimum required level
which should be adopted at the national level.
6. Adequate library facilities may be provided to teachers/students
especially for the literature search and availability of recommended
textbooks and other teaching aids.
7. Adequate space for teaching in lecture and practical may be
provided.
8. University teachers actively involved in research in addition to
teaching may be given research allowance.
9. The theory class should not exceed 50 and in practical 25 students.
In case university admits more than these numbers, separate
sections of multiple of 50 be created and the teachers may be
provided additional remuneration for taking evening classes.
10. There are chances of duplication in courses of different departments
both at undergraduate and postgraduate level. UGC should make
efforts to eliminate/minimize these duplications.
11. Adhocism in faculty appoints should be discouraged. Core faculty in
each department according to workload may be provided.
12. Career structure for the university teachers be planned. This should
include performance and time scale basis for the promotion of the
teachers.
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