Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter includes the abstract, background, objective, and statement of
the problem.

1.1 Abstract
This study attempts to reveal the factors affecting road construction from Arkit to Ganaan Christian
Academy to identify how delays can be mitigated. The emphasis here is limited to study the contractors point
of view. The main concern of the study is to identify the nature of the problem using statistical inference. The
other focusing areas are to identify main causes of delay and delay diversification, and delay mitigation.

1.2 Background
Road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been paved or otherwise
improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor vehicle, cart, bicycle, or horse.
It consist of one, or sometimes two, roadways each with one or more lanes and also any related sidewalks and
road side. Road plays an important role in connecting people all over the world. It is the convenient way of
transporting goods and people from one place to another. It also provides access to employment, social, health
and education services.
Starting in the year 1998, where the school was still named Cebu Christian Institute International, till
now, the difficult accessibility of the road was the problem of most students and parents that’s why they
transferred to another school.
Researchers conducted a survey to the teachers and to some students about the facilities of Ganaan
Christian Academy that needed to improve and to change. The survey consists of various choices and most of
the respondents answered the poor quality of the road. Most of the respondents provided reasons that there
is no ease to go to school and to depart specially when it’s raining because of the difficult accessibility of the
road. Having an accessible road will benefit most people, especially to the residents, and of course, the students.
Researchers focused much of their attention in studying the factors affecting road construction from Arkit to
Ganaan Christian Academy.
This paper provides information about factors affecting road construction from Arkit to Ganaan Christian
Academy and to present it in the clearest possible way. The researchers are also interested to know what really
is the outstanding reason of the road has not been constructed, that’s why they conducted a survey to the
landowners, residence and some of the barangay officials to collect information. They interviewed 10
landowners, 2 barangay representatives, 4 residents, giving a total of 15 respondents. Researchers have
received different answers and information to the respondents.
In this study, the researchers used the purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection. Purposeful
sampling is a technique widely used in qualitative research for the identification and selection of information-
rich cases for the most effective use of limited resources. This involves identifying and selecting individuals or
groups of individuals that are especially knowledgeable about or experienced with a phenomenon of interest.

1.3 Objective
 To unlock the confusions of the minds of the people specially the students of not understanding the factual
causes of constructing the road from Arkit to Ganaan Christian Academy.
 To encourage next researcher to continue our study by making this reference.
1.4 Statement of the Problem
This study focuses on factors affecting road construction from Arkit to Ganaan Christian Academy.

Chapter 2
RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
The literature and studies cited in this chapter tackle the different concept, understanding, and ideas,
generalization or conclusions and different development related to study of the factors affecting road
construction from arkit to Ganaan Christian Academy. Those that were also included in this chapter helps in
familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the study.

2.1 Related Literature

Republic Act No. 6763 is an act providing for the construction of concrete barangay roads/multipurpose
pavements in all barangays and for other purposes. According to the Republic Act No. 6763 Section 2 stated
that the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) shall undertake the construction of concrete
barangay roads/multipurpose pavements in all barangays throughout the country: Provided, That any such
construction is based on a program prepared by the DPWH in coordination with the Representative of the
legislative district and the Municipal or City Development Council: Provided, further, That the barangay council
shall assume full supervision and control of projects with a maximum length of 100 meters: Provided, further,
That these concrete barangay roads/multipurpose pavements shall be located in the population center of the
barangay: Provided, furthermore, That based on a classification by population and area to be formulated by
the DPWH, barangays shall be classified into small, which shall have a 100-meter road/pavement; medium,
which shall have a 200-meter road/pavement; and large, which shall have a 300-meter road/pavement: and
Provided, finally, That the municipal mayor and the barangay captain shall be furnished with pertinent
documents, data and information before any construction can be commenced. Also to the Republic Act No.
6763 Section 3 states that in the construction of concrete barangay roads/multipurpose pavements, the
DPWH shall give priority to barangays whose residents volunteer labor services in the construction thereof
and for this purpose, issue guidelines and receive applications therefor: Provided, That the construction of the
concrete barangay roads/multipurpose pavements shall be given the highest priority in economically
depressed areas or in barangays in the rural areas: Provided, further, That each barangay shall have at least
one concrete barangay road/multipurpose pavement: Provided, finally, That in barangays without any need
for a concrete barangay road/multipurpose pavement, the allocation may be used for cementing the grounds
of any public school, health center, multipurpose center, barangay hall or for barangay alleys.
Presidential Decree No. 702 Section 2 (Functions of the Bureau of Barangay Roads) states that the bureau shall
essentially be a staff bureau performing advisory, consultative and specialized staff functions, shall coordinate
with respect to the construction, rehabilitation, betterment, improvement, and maintenance of barangay
roads and bridges in so far as national funds are concerned; shall formulate and develop for the Secretary
policies, plans, programs and standards for the construction, rehabilitation, betterment, improvement and
maintenance of barangay roads and bridges within a province, city, municipality and barangay.
Article 649 of the civil code provides that the owner, or any person who by virtue of a real right may cultivate
or use any immovable, which is surrounded by other immovables pertaining to other persons and without
adequate outlet to a public highway, is entitled to demand a right of way through the neighboring estates,
after payment of the proper indemnity.

2.2 Related Studies

Her inner thighs began to numb, as her legs stretched like hooks suspended on a rusty motorbike. The road
was unpaved and unforgiving. Heavy rains have turned it into a thick mix of mud and stones. Such trips could
probably go smoother and faster, if only the roads were better, Merenia Libog thought. Merenia is one of
millions of farmers in the country whose livelihoods are affected by bad road conditions. Merenia is not alone
in this daily ordeal. Other laborers could not afford a motorbike ride so they have to walk as early as 2 am.
Merenia leaves as early as 5 am. There are no street lamps, so she has to make do with her tiny flashlight.
Sometimes she would trip on a rock or get her foot stuck in mud, but these are the least of her worries, she
still has a long day ahead as a sugarcane laborer. Merenia and her husband each earn P150 to P200/day.
Work, however, is irregular. They supplement their meager income by selling vegetables which they grow in
their family farm. To Merenia and other Pangantucan residents, poorly constructed roads often mean rotten
vegetables, which typically leads to smaller income, hence less food on the table. “Roads are the foundation
of modern agriculture,” according to the Department of Agriculture’s (DA) farm-to-market network plan.
Roads provide market access to farmers, which could then help them increase their production, income, and
food security,
“They serve as catalysts in improving rural economy,” the DA added.
To sell her vegetables, Merenia has to hire a motorbike rider for P160/day, fees could go higher depending on
the number of vegetable sacks tied to the bike. Usually, Merenia has two big sacks on each side. She sells her
vegetables for around P200/sack, making the trip to the central market in neighboring barangays either every
week or every month. On rainy days, it is nearly impossible to transport goods without a truck. This means
bigger costs, something Merenia and other small-scale farmers could not afford.- Fritzie Rodriguez and Aika
Rey of Rappler.
My parents allowed Juan to occupy a portion of our land. The land, which was converted into a road, was
eventually named by the local government as “XYZ Street” and is now open to the public. My parents
demanded the surrender of this property from Juan but the latter refused. Hence, we initiated a complaint
before the barangay (village) to recover the property.
During a confrontation, Juan claimed that the road is already converted into a public property because of the
passage of an ordinance by the local government and for use of the same as public road for a long time.
Hence, he said, we do not have any right over the property. Juan further said he also owns the property
because the same was in his possession. Is this true?
Mere possession of the subject property by Juan will not ripen into ownership, which can prejudice the rights
of the registered owner. This is in accordance with Section 47 of Presidential Decree 1529, which states that
“no title to registered land in derogation of the title of the registered owner shall be acquired by prescription
or adverse possession.”Juan’s statement that your parents’ property was converted into a public property
because of the passage of the ordinance naming it as “XYZ” Street, and because it was used as a public street
for a long time have no legal basis. The fact that the land was being utilized as a public road will not
automatically convert it as a public property of the local government. This finds support in the case of
Gatchalian vs. Flores, et. al. (G. R. No. 225176, January 19, 2018), where the Supreme Court through Associate
Justice Noel Tijam stated:
“In the case of Abellana, Sr. v. Court of Appeals, the court held that ‘the road lots in a private subdivision are
private property, hence, the local government should first acquire them by donation, purchase or
expropriation, if they are to be utilized as a public road.’ Otherwise, they remain to be private properties of
the owner-developer. Contrary to the position of petitioners, the use of the subdivision roads by the general
public does not strip it of its private character. The road is not converted into public property by mere
tolerance of the subdivision owner of the public’s passage through it. To repeat, ‘the local government should
first acquire them by donation, purchase or expropriation, if they are to be utilized as a public road." - Persida
Acosta of the manila times. Government has right of eminent domain, which means if a piece of property is
required for a road, railroad or any other public infrastructure, government can get that property, but must
pay the owner just compensation. When a government agency like the DPWH has a project to widen a road or
build a new road, it secures what is known as the right of way according to Boo Chanco of the Philippine Star.

Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this study, I discuss the research design, area of study, population, sample of the population, sampling
technique, and instrument for data collection, validation of the questionnaire, administration of the
instrument and method of data analysis.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research chose a survey research design because it best served to answer the questions and the
purposes of the study.

The research is one in which a group of people or items is studied by collecting and analyzing data from
only a few people or items considered to be representative of the entire group. In other words, only a part of
the population is studied, and findings from this are expected to be generalized to the entire population. This
defines the survey assessing public opinion or individual characteristics by the use of questionnaires and
sampling techniques.

3.2 DELIMINATION OF THE STUDY

In this study, the options, perceptions and attitude of the respondents of Suba Basbas Lapu-lapu city:
10 landowners, 2 barangay representatives, 4 residents, giving a total of 15 respondents. They are shown in
Table 2 below.
 NAME OF THE RESPONDENTS ADDRESS POSITIONS

1. Carlos Degamo Suba Basbas, Sagporon Land owner

2. Luz I. Malubay Suba Basbas, Sagporon Land owner
3. Chu Pila Cantones Suba-Basbas, Upper Panas Land owner
4. Cosmie Espinosa Suba Basbas, Sagporon Land owner
5. Jesus Amaro Suba Basbas, Sagporon Land owner
6. Eduardo Melencion Suba Basbas, Sagporon Land owner
7. Remedios Tiongco Suba Basbas, Sagporon Land owner
8. Walter Suba Basbas, Sagporon Land owner
9. Luis Malubay Suba Basbas, Sagporon Land owner
10. Seatbyul Kim Suba Basbas, Sagporon Land owner
11. Salvador Ladrera Jr. Suba Basbas, Sagporon Brgy. Representative
12. Veronica Manching Suba-Basbas, Upper Panas Brgy. Representative
13. Edgar Triste Suba Basbas, Sagporon Residents
14. Carmen Malabay Triste Suba Basbas, Sagporon Residents
15. Doris Malubay Suba Basbas, Sagporon Residents

TABLE 2

3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The target population for this research defined to include the land owners, Barangay
Representatives, Barangay captain and residents in Suba-basbas, while the accessible population is the Land
owners Barangay representatives and the Residents, since they are the respondents with the research’s reach.

In this study, the accessible population comprised the land owners, Barangay representatives and the Residents
in Suba-Basbas Lapu-lapu City. Table 3 below presents a record of the number of the land owners, barangay
representative and the residents.
 S/N POSITIONS NUMBER OF POPULATION
1. Land Owners 10
2. Barangay Representative 2
3. Residents 3
TOTAL 15
TABLE 3

In addition, the Land Owner were considered appropriate as population of the study area because,
as stated in chapter one, they constitute the dramatis-personae responsible for the factors affecting road
construction from Arkit to Ganaan Christian Academy. Most of them have had several years living in Suba-
Basbas, Sagporon, therefore, they are in the best position to furnish the researcher with the information needed
to answer the research question of this study.

3.4 SAMPLE OF THE POPULATION

For some studies, the population may be small enough to warrant the inclusion of all of them in the
study. But a study may entail a large population which cannot all be studied. That portion of the population that
is called sample of the population. A sample in this study, therefore, a small group of elements making up this
sample are those that are actually studied.
The sample of the population of this study stood at 10 Land Owners, 2 Barangay representatives and 3
Residents which gave a total of 15 respondents.

3.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

A stratified random sampling procedure was used for selecting the participants in this study. This
technique was employed to ensure a fairly equal representation of the variables of the study. The stratification
was based on our Research Supervisors. Within the researchers, we were divided into two groups and assigned
each member for different roles on the research.
We interviewed the Land Owners from the list given from the Barangay personnel, as we were given
permission to the School for our research. After we gathered data, we analyzed and segregate the different
responses of the respondent, as well as the number of respondents in each different responses. Therefore, we
are able to find the main factor affecting road construction between Arkit to Ganaan Christian Academy.

3.6 INSTRUMENTS FOR DATA COLLECTION

The researcher designed an interview schedule as one of the data collection instrument for this study.
The peoples that are involved about this matter were interviewed. The interview questions were aimed at
eliciting relevant information concerning problems affecting road construction from Arkit to Ganaan Christian
Academy, perceived problems that delayed road construction as well as the possible methods that could help
fix the problem about the road construction from Arkit to Ganaan Christian Academy were asked during the
interview schedule.
A questionnaire designed by the researcher titled “Problems affecting road construction from Arkit to GCA” was
also used in the study. The content of the instrument was based on the findings of the interview conducted with
the land owners, barangay officials, and other residents within the road from Arkit to GCA as well as on the
information from the literature reviewed.

The questionnaire has five sections: A, B, C, D and E.

 Section “A”, what the name of the respondents
 Section “B”, what is the age of the respondents
 Section “C”, how many years did the respondents stayed
 Section “D”, do you own a land from Arkit to GCA
 Section “E”, what are the factors affecting the road construction from Arkit to GCA

3.7 VALIDATAION OF THE QUESTIONAIRE

The questionnaire designed for the study was subjected to validation process for face and content validity. Face
and content validity have been defined by Charlie P. Baguio, Marvin I. Pacot and Janelyn T. Secuya as following:

 The questionnaire is the idea that the test should appear superficially to test what is is supposed to
test; and
 Content validity is the nation that the test should sample the range of behavior represented by the
theoretical concept being tested.
 The questionnaire should have specific concerning problems to be picked by the students.
 The questionnaire should only contain problems concerning the school.

In the validation process of this study, copies of the questionnaires and copies of the research questions were
kept inside the envelopes handed by the researchers. The research supervisors went to the research questions
and the questionnaire carefully to ascertain the appropriate and adequacy of the instrument. They suggested
structuring the questionnaire in the school. Researcher prefers the survey sheet, strongly agree by the Research
supervisors and the researchers. Many researchers and educationists feel that there is no logical enough reason
to change the option of the survey option. Therefore, the survey sheet is preferred. However, the other useful
observations and suggestions by the researchers were modified, and the corrections were made.
Having validated the questionnaire, the researchers approach the research supervisors to confirm the
questionnaire, therefore, there have been errors and corrections. Tis was done in order to see:
 how the subject will react to the questionnaire;
 whether the items are clear enough and easily understood;
 whether there is the needed to include more items in certain areas; or
 whether there are some items to which they would not like to respond; as well as
 to determine the workability of the proposed method of data analysis for the study.

However, from the research supervisors, the researchers was able to understand the ambiguity of some items
and so had to modify it to the level of the questionnaire. That is, the researcher resorted to using simple English
and correcting grammars.

3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

The data collected from the field were analyzed. Statistically weighted mean was used in answering the research
questions. The response options in the instrument are weighted as shown below:

THE PRIVATE THE ROAD THEY ARE THE

GOVERNMENT ROAD BELONGS TO STILL PAYING EQUIPMENTS
HAS NOT PAID THE TAX FOR SEMENTING TOTAL
THE BARANGAY THE ROAD HAVE
LANDOWNERS MALFUNCTIONED

7 POINTS 3 POINTS 1 POINT 1 POINT 1 POINT 13 POINTS

 The total point for the items above was 13 points, this is regarded to the qualified respondents. However,
there are still 2 unqualified respondents that is not counted in the graph.

The test is defined as testing hypothesis about the factors affecting road construction form Arkit to Ganaan
Christian Academy. It is therefore, the test statistical analysis that was employed in testing the 5 null
hypothesis used in this study. Then, when the calculated value is greater than the critical value of unqualified
value, the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative, which is ‘’significance’’ was accepted.

Referring in the graph above, the researcher have gather all data concerning the factors affecting road
construction from Arkit to Ganaan Christian Academy, the researcher was able to find the most acceptable
factor who has the most points among the rest. Therefore, the 2 unqualified answers are not needed.

3.10 SUMMARY
The main purpose of the survey design sets out to find the main factor concerning road construction
from Arkit to Ganaan Christian Academy so that we are able to unlock the confusions of the minds of the people
specially the students of not understanding the factual causes of constructing the road from Arkit to Ganaan
Christian Academy, and to encourage next researcher to continue our study by making this reference.
 Chapter 4
PRESENTATION , ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the data gathered, the results of thestatistical analysis done and interpretation of findings. These a
represented in tables following the sequence of the specific research problem regarding the studies that focuses the
factors affecting road construction from Arkit to Ganaan Christian Academy

4.1 PRESENTATION

S/N NAME OF THE RESPONDENTS REASONS

1. Carlos Degamo The government has not paid the owners
2. Luz I. Malubay Private road
3. Chu Pila Cantones States that the road is from the barangay
4. Cosmie Espinosa No response due to being deaf
5. Jesus Amaro The road is a private road
No follow Up and no contact to the government
6. Eduardo Melencion The government has not paid the owners
It is unfair to pay tax while they sement the road
7. Remedios Tiongco Private road
8. Walter Political issues
9. Luis Malubay The government has not paid the owners
10. Seatbyul Kim Has propose a project not yet approved by the
government
11. Salvador Ladrera Jr. Not yet paid by the government
12. Veronica Manching Not yet paid by the government
13. Edgar Triste Not yet paid by the government
14. Carmen Malabay Triste Not yet paid by the government
15. Doris Malubay Not yet paid by the government

S/N POSITIONS NUMBER OF POPULATION

1. Land Owners 10
2. Barangay Representative 2
3. Residents 3
TOTAL 15
 Pie chart
5%
5%

5%
not yet paid by the government
6% private road
road is owned by the barangay
6% no update from the government
political issues
55%
unfair to pay tax

18% not yet approved

4.2 ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION

The process by which sense and meaning are made of the data gathered in qualitative research, and by which the
emergent knowledge is applied to clients' problems. This data often takes the form of records of group discussions and
interviews, but is not limited to this. Through processes of revisiting and immersion in the data, and through complex
activities of structuring, re-framing or otherwise exploring it, the researcher looks for patterns and insights relevant to
the key research issues and uses these to address the client's brief. The research chose a survey research design because
it best served to answer the questions and the purposes of the study.The research is one in which a group of people or
items is studied by collecting and analyzing data from only a few people or items considered to be representative of the
entire group. In other words, only a part of the population is studied, and findings from this are expected to be
generalized to the entire population. This defines the survey assessing public opinion or individual characteristics by the
use of questionnaires and sampling techniques. In addition, the Land Owner were considered appropriate as
population of the study area because, as stated in chapter one, they constitute the dramatis-personae responsible for
the factors affecting road construction from Arkit to Ganaan Christian Academy. Most of them have had several years
living in Suba-Basbas, Sagporon, therefore, they are in the best position to furnish the researcher with the information
needed to answer the research question of this study. Other land owners wants the government top pay them first .
While some says that it’s a private road , One of them stated An Ex (Barangay Counselor) that if the government would
pay the land owners that can begin with the project because there is a project that is already pending. We just need to
go to the LGU’s to know more information’s about it . Based on the analyzed data, We conclude that if the
Government will not pay the landowners for the road to be constructed, there will be less possibilities that
the road will be cemented.
 Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary, the conclusion arrived at based on the response of the respondents and,
the recommendation made as an outgrowth of this study

Summary
Teamwork is considered as a key criteria to progress the research. Apart from teamwork, being wise as a
student equally keep importance in progressing the research study. This study is a qualitative purposeful
sampling which was design to investigate the factor affecting road construction from Arkit to Ganaan Christian
Academy. Looking at the objective of the research it was found to be appropriate. The total sample of the
study comprised of 10 landowners, 2 barangay representative, 3 residence, the whole sample consist of 15
respondents in total. All of them were interviewed and given survey questions that made the progress
successful. Hence, two group were made and assigned a role to make the progress. Therefore, we analyzed
the respondents answered and we have successfully understand the main factor affecting road construction
from Arkit to Ganaan Christian Academy.

Conclusion
From the analysis it was found out that:
• The Government has not paid the landowners.
• The road from Arkit to GCA is a private road.
• The road lacks the follow up from the Government.
• The road is not cemented because of Government issues.
• The equipment for constructing the road has malfunctioned.
• There are some landowners that did not agree to construct the road.

Based on the analyzed data, We conclude that if the Government will not pay the landowners for the road to
be constructed, there will be less possibilities that the road will be cemented.

Recommendations
1. The school owner has to go to the City Hall and talk to the Local Government Unit (LGU).
2. The government must pay the landowner to start constructing the road.
3. The government did not update the landowners.