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Donna H. Schumacher
To cite this article: Donna H. Schumacher (1995) Five Levels of Curriculum Integration
Defined, Refined, and Described, Research in Middle Level Education, 18:3, 73-94, DOI:
10.1080/10825541.1995.11670055
Donna H. Schumacher
University of Northern Iowa
Cedar Falls, Iowa
Abstract
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Curriculum Integration
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Research in Middle Level Education • Summer 1995
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Curriculum Integration
Research questions
The following research questions served to guide this study:
• How does curriculum integration at each level on the synthe-
sized continuum occur according to the selected middle school
interdisciplinary teams of teachers?
Assumptions
The following assumptions were considered during the course
of this study:
• Interdisciplinary team teachers provided rich, thick descrip-
tions of the levels of curriculum integration from the synthe-
sized continuum.
Method
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Research in Middle Level Education • Summer 1995
Results
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Curriculum Integration
Departmentalized
The team identified as most closely representing the criteria at the
Departmentalized level were the Astros at Winslow Middle School.
Descriptors. The descriptors for the Departmentalized level were:
• independent planning and teaching
• separate distinct disciplines
• connections not made between discipline content
• strong single content backgrounds
• do not influence/interfere with other team member's content
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Research in Middle Level Education • Summer 1995
curriculum integration:
Figure 2 Astros' Levels of Curriculum Integration
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I I I I
Departmentalized Reinforcement Complementa ry Webbed Integrated Learning
Reinforcement
The team identified as most closely representing the Reinforce-
ment level were the Mavericks at Winslow Middle School.
Descriptors. The descriptors for the Parallel level were:
• resequence lessons with other teacher(s)
• topics or units are rearranged/ resequenced to coincide with at
least one other class (Sometimes called interdisciplinary units,
though they do not meet the criteria of this study if they are only
resequencing topics.)
• "do" same things as when departmentalized, only the "when"
changes
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Curriculum Integration
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0 I I I
Departmentalized Reinforcement Complementary Webbed Integrated Learning
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Research in Middle Level Education • Summer 1995
Complementary
The team identified as most closely representing the criteria estab-
lished for the Complementary level were the Bears at Cary Middle
School. This level of curriculum integration on the original synthe-
sized continuum was referred to as "Complementary or Shared Units
of Study."
Descriptors. The descriptors for the Complementary level were:
• two or three teachers-selected areas brought together in a
unit-less than a full interdisciplinary unit
• related classes are brought together to investigate a theme or
issue
• shared planning and teaching of related areas, overlapping
concepts, or ideas emerge as organizing themes
• teachers plan unit of instruction
• support each other's instruction
• less than a" full-blown" unit-does not attempt to include" all"
areas of curriculum spectrum
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Curriculum Integration
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I I
Depa rtm entali zed Reinforcement Complementary Webbed Integ rated Learning
Webbed
The team identified as most closely representing the criteria estab-
lished for the Webbed level of curriculum integration were the Jets at
Cary Middle School.
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Research in Middle Level Education • Summer 1995
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Curriculum Integration
tion and voice their opinions. The language arts teacher instructs
students in "Power Writing," speech writing, and facilitates the stu-
dents drafting a list of Resolutions related to students, education, and
funding. All of the team teachers assist the students in organizing a
rally, "Support Education," as a culminating activity during which
student volunteers sing patriotic songs, present speeches incorporat-
ing the information from the different classes, and read their Resolu-
tions to the other team members and invited parents and guests.
Graphic Display. The following graphic display represents my
perception of the profile of the Jets at the Webbed level:
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0
I I I
Dep~1Ttml·ntali zed Reinfo rcement Compl crntm tary Webbed Integrated Learning
Integrated learning
The team identified as most closely representing the criteria estab-
lished for the Integrated Learning level were the Stars at Jefferson
Middle School. This level of curriculum integration on the original
synthesized continuum was referred to as "Integrated Themes."
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Research in Middle Level Education • Summer 1995
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Curriculum Integration
Figure 6
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Depa rtm ent ali zed Rein fo rcement Compk•m(•nt ary Webbed Integ ra ted Lea rning
Description of the Team. The Stars, at the Integra ted Learning level
of curriculum integration, seldom discussed curriculum integration
during team meetings. The entire team was able to meet only half of the
time the other teams were allotted, and that time was usually reduced
by bathroom breaks and interruptions by visitors with little time left
for in depth discussions. The team reported that curriculum was
discussed in a variety of places and times. They discussed curriculum
integration during team meetings, but discussions also occurred dur-
ing lunch, informally between a couple of teachers and then dissemi-
nated to the other team members for discussion, and over the phone
during non-school hours. The teachers had also been able to use one
school day to plan integrated curriculum units for next year because
the school had received grant money to pay for substitute teachers for
the team teachers.
Dana (the science teacher) was the "torch bearer" for this team. She
facilitated the student problem solving project, "Invention Conven-
tion" and the creative thinking project, "Shipwreck." Dana said, "I take
the children beyond what is "expected" of them in the ...curriculum
because I know that if you set goals obtainable by the students, that
[are] sometimes higher than what they've done, they can attain it. I also
do it to the point where it's more meaningful to them."
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Research in Middle Level Education • Summer 1995
Conclusions
Torch bearers
Curriculum integration occurred if at least one teacher on the team
was aware of and took a proactive stance for implementing integrated
curriculum. This "torch bearer" brought at least one other teacher into
a "curriculum partnership" to develop integrated curriculum. A sup-
portive and trusting environment fostered by the administration was
beneficial to the productivity of the torch bearer.
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Curriculum Integration
Team composition
The composition of an interdisciplinary team of teachers is crucial
to successful curriculum integration. Factors such as personalities,
working styles, and curriculum expertise need to be considered by
administrators as team assignments are made. Maintaining working
teams over a period of time longer than a year can significantly increase
the occurrence of curriculum reinforcement and integration. Inservice
related to group processes, conflict resolution, and effective communi-
cation skills supports successful team work.
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Research in Middle Level Education • Summer 1995
Time issues
The time to plan an integrated curriculum unit and to gather the
necessary resources prevents some teachers from attempting or con-
tinuing to implement integrated curriculum units. A system by which
teachers could access timely and appropriate resources needs to be
developed. Some options for this might include providing technology
to ease access to information such as using CO-Rom disks, maintaining
and up-dating vertical files in the school media center, and designating
a volunteer or staff member to gather, catalogue and store materials
requested by teachers. Availability of school funds for resource pur-
chases in a timely fashion would facilitate some curriculum integration
projects.
Organizational considerations
Programmatic and organizational changes in middle schools have
significantly changed schooling for young adolescents. Administra-
tors interested in curricular reform need to provide the opportunities
and support for teachers to rethink the curriculum and their role in its
implementation. Providing teachers with inservice regarding the lev-
els of curriculum integration and an environment in which curriculum
innovation is accepted and welcomed. Administrators interested in
furthering curriculum integration practices should hire teachers who
articulate a child-centered philosophy, value life-long learning, and
who are reflective regarding progressive educational philosophy and
practices. Administrators need to demonstrate their support of curricu-
lum conversations and integration by communicating that to the
teachers. They especially need to be clear about the value of curriculum
integration discussions during common planning time and limit the
amount of administrative duties and paperwork.
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Curriculum Integration
Final Thoughts
References
Beane, J. (1990). A middle school curriculum: From rhetoric to reality. Columbus,
OH: National Middle School Association.
Beane, J. (1991 , November). The middle level curriculum: A new vision. Paper
presented at the Annual Conference of the National Middle School
Association, Louisville, KY.
Faunce, R. & Bossing, N. (1958). Developing the core curriculum (2nd ed.).
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Research in Middle Level Education • Summer 1995
Appendix A
Appendix B
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Appendix C
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Appendix D
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